Division
1. According to Working power supply type, it can be divided into DC motor and AC motor.
1) DC motors can be divided according to structure and working principle: brushless DC motors and brushed DC motors.
Brushed DC motors can be divided into permanent magnet DC motors and electromagnetic DC motors.
Electromagnetic DC motors are divided into: series-excited DC motors, shunt-excited DC motors, separately-excited DC motors and compound-excited DC motors.
Permanent magnet DC motors are divided into: rare earth permanent magnet DC motors, ferrite permanent magnet DC motors and alnico permanent magnet DC motors.
2) Among them, AC motors can also be divided into: single-phase motors and three-phase motors.
2. According to structure and working principle, it can be divided into DC motors, asynchronous motors, and synchronous motors.
1) Synchronous motors can be divided into: permanent magnet synchronous motors, reluctance synchronous motors and hysteresis synchronous motors.
2) Asynchronous motors can be divided into induction motors and AC commutator motors.
Induction motors can be divided into three-phase asynchronous motors, single-phase asynchronous motors and shaded-pole asynchronous motors.
AC commutator motors can be divided into: single-phase series motors, AC and DC motors and repulsion motors.
3. According to starting and operation mode, it can be divided into: capacitor-starting single-phase asynchronous motor, capacitor-operating single-phase asynchronous motor, capacitor-starting single-phase asynchronous motor and sub Phase single-phase asynchronous motor.
4. According to purpose, it can be divided into: drive motor and control motor.
1) Drive motors can be divided into: motors for power tools (including drilling, polishing, polishing, grooving, cutting, reaming, etc.), home appliances (including washing machines, electric fans, refrigerators, etc.) , Air conditioners, tape recorders, video recorders, DVD players, vacuum cleaners, cameras, hair dryers, electric shavers, etc.) and other general small mechanical equipment (including various small machine tools, small machinery, medical equipment, electronic instruments, etc.) Electric motor.
2) Control motors are divided into stepping motors and servo motors.
5. According to the structure of the rotor, it can be divided into: cage induction motor (the old standard is called squirrel cage asynchronous motor) and wound rotor induction motor (the old standard is called winding Linear asynchronous motor).
6. According to running speed, it can be divided into: high-speed motor, low-speed motor, constant-speed motor, and speed-regulating motor. Low-speed motors are divided into gear reduction motors, electromagnetic reduction motors, torque motors and claw-pole synchronous motors.
In addition to the stepped constant speed motor, the stepless constant speed motor, the stepped variable speed motor and the stepless variable speed motor, the speed regulating motor can also be divided into electromagnetic speed regulating motor and DC speed regulating motor. , PWM variable frequency speed regulating motor and switched reluctance speed regulating motor.
The rotor speed of an asynchronous motor is always slightly lower than the synchronous speed of the rotating magnetic field.
The rotor speed of the synchronous motor has nothing to do with the size of the load and always maintains the synchronous speed.
DC type
The working principle of the DC generator is to use the alternating electromotive force induced in the armature coil to reli The principle of DC electromotive force when the brush end is drawn.
The direction of the induced electromotive force is determined by the right-hand rule (the magnetic line of induction points to the palm of the hand, the thumb points to the direction of movement of the conductor, and the other four fingers point to the direction of the induced electromotive force in the conductor).
Working principle
The direction of the conductor's force is determined by the left-hand rule. This pair of electromagnetic forces forms a moment that acts on the armature. This moment is called electromagnetic torque in a rotating electrical machine. The direction of the torque is counterclockwise in an attempt to make the armature rotate counterclockwise. If the electromagnetic torque can overcome the resistance torque on the armature (such as resistance torque caused by friction and other load torques), the armature can rotate in a counterclockwise direction.
DC motors are motors that run on DC working voltage and are widely used in tape recorders, video recorders, DVD players, electric shavers, hair dryers, electronic watches, toys, etc.
Electromagnetic type
Electromagnetic DC motor consists of stator poles, rotor (armature), commutator (commonly known as commutator), brushes, casing, bearings, etc.,< /p>
The stator magnetic poles (main magnetic poles) of electromagnetic DC motors are composed of iron cores and field windings. According to the different excitation methods (called excitation in the old standard), it can be divided into series-excited DC motors, shunt-excited DC motors, separately-excited DC motors and compound-excited DC motors. Due to the different excitation methods, the law of the stator magnetic pole flux (generated by the excitation coil of the stator pole is energized) is also different.
The field winding and the rotor winding of the series-excited DC motor are connected in series through the brush and the commutator. The field current is proportional to the armature current. The magnetic flux of the stator increases with the increase of the field current. Large, the torque is approximately proportional to the square of the armature current, and the speed drops rapidly as the torque or current increases. The starting torque can reach more than 5 times the rated torque, and the short-term overload torque can reach more than 4 times the rated torque. The speed change rate is large, and the no-load speed is very high (generally not allowed to run under no-load ). Speed regulation can be achieved by using external resistors and series windings in series (or in parallel), or by switching the series windings in parallel.
The excitation winding of the shunt-excited DC motor is connected in parallel with the rotor winding, and its excitation current is relatively constant. The starting torque is proportional to the armature current, and the starting current is about 2.5 times the rated current. The speed decreases slightly with the increase of current and torque, and the short-term overload torque is 1.5 times of the rated torque. The rate of speed change is small, ranging from 5% to 15%. The speed can be adjusted by weakening the constant power of the magnetic field.
The excitation winding of the separately excited DC motor is connected to an independent excitation power supply, and its excitation current is relatively constant, and the starting torque is proportional to the armature current. The speed change is also 5%~15%. The speed can be increased by weakening the magnetic field and constant power or by reducing the voltage of the rotor winding to reduce the speed.
In addition to the shunt winding on the stator poles of the compound-excited DC motor, there are also series windings connected in series with the rotor windings (the number of turns is less). The direction of the magnetic flux generated by the series winding is the same as that of the main winding. The starting torque is about 4 times the rated torque, and the short-term overload torque is about 3.5 times the rated torque. The speed change rate is 25%~30% (related to series winding). The speed can be adjusted by weakening the strength of the magnetic field.
The commutator segments of the commutator are made of alloy materials such as silver-copper, cadmium-copper, and molded with high-strength plastic. The brushes are in sliding contact with the commutator to provide armature current for the rotor windings. Electromagnetic DC motor brushes generally use metal graphite brushes or electrochemical graphite brushes. The iron core of the rotor is made of laminated silicon steel sheets, generally 12 slots, with 12 sets of armature windings embedded, and each winding is connected in series, and then respectively connected with 12 commutating plates.
DC motor
The excitation method of DC motor refers to how to supply power to the field winding and generate magnetomotive force to establish the main magnetic field. According to different excitation methods, DC motors can be divided into the following types.
Separately excited
The field winding and the armature winding have no connection relationship, and the DC motor powered by other DC power sources to the field winding is called a separately excited DC motor, the wiring is shown in Figure 1 ( a) Shown. In Figure 1, M represents a motor, if it is a generator, it is represented by G. Permanent magnet DC motors can also be regarded as separately excited DC motors.
Parallel excitation
The excitation winding of the shunt-excited DC motor is connected in parallel with the armature winding. As a shunt-excited generator, the terminal voltage from the motor itself supplies power to the field winding; as a shunt-excited motor, the field winding and armature share the same power source, which is the same as a separately-excited DC motor in terms of performance.
Series excitation
After the field winding of the series excitation DC motor is connected in series with the armature winding, it is connected to the DC power supply. The excitation current of this DC motor is the armature current.
Compound excitation
Compound excitation DC motor has two excitation windings: parallel excitation and series excitation. If the magnetomotive force generated by the series winding is in the same direction as the magnetomotive force generated by the shunt winding, it is called product compound excitation. If the two magnetomotive forces have opposite directions, it is called differential compound excitation.
DC motors with different excitation methods have different characteristics. In general, the main excitation modes of DC motors are shunt excitation, series excitation and compound excitation, and the main excitation modes of DC generators are separate excitation, shunt excitation and compound excitation.
Permanent magnet type
Permanent magnet type DC motors are also composed of stator poles, rotors, brushes, shells, etc. The stator poles use permanent magnets (permanent magnets) with ferrite Body, Al-Ni-Co, NdFeB and other materials. According to its structure, it can be divided into cylinder type and tile type. Most of the electricity used in VCRs are cylindrical magnets, while most of the motors used in electric tools and automotive electrical appliances use special block magnets.
The rotor is generally made of laminated silicon steel sheets, which has fewer slots than the electromagnetic DC motor rotor. The low-power motors used in VCRs are mostly 3 slots, and the higher-end ones are 5 slots or 7 slots. The enameled wire is wound between the two slots of the rotor core (three slots means three windings), and its joints are respectively welded to the metal sheet of the commutator. The brush is a conductive part that connects the power supply and the rotor winding. It has both conductive and wear-resistant properties. The brushes of permanent magnet motors use single-sex metal sheets, metal graphite brushes, and electrochemical graphite brushes.
The permanent magnet DC motor used in the VCR adopts an electronic speed stabilization circuit or a centrifugal speed stabilization device.
Brushless DC
Brushless DC motors use semiconductor switching devices to achieve electronic commutation, that is, electronic switching devices are used to replace traditional contact commutators and brushes. It has the advantages of high reliability, no reversing sparks, low mechanical noise, etc., and is widely used in high-end audio jacks, video recorders, electronic instruments and automated office equipment.
Brushless DC motor consists of permanent magnet rotor, multi-pole winding stator, position sensor and so on. The position sensor commutation of the stator winding current in a certain sequence according to the change of the rotor position (that is, it detects the position of the rotor pole relative to the stator winding, and generates a position sensing signal at a certain position, which is processed by the signal conversion circuit To control the power switch circuit, switch the winding current according to a certain logical relationship). The working voltage of the stator winding is provided by an electronic switch circuit controlled by the output of the position sensor.
Position sensors have three types: magnetic-sensitive, photoelectric and electromagnetic. Brushless DC motors using magnetic-sensitive position sensors, whose magnetic-sensitive sensor components (such as Hall elements, magnetic diodes, magnetic sensitive pole tubes, magnetic resistors or application-specific integrated circuits, etc.) are mounted on the stator assembly. To detect the change of the magnetic field generated when the permanent magnet and the rotor rotate.
The brushless DC motor adopts photoelectric position sensor, the photoelectric sensor is arranged on the stator assembly according to a certain position, the rotor is equipped with a shading plate, and the light source is a light-emitting diode or a small bulb. When the rotor rotates, the photosensitive components on the stator will generate pulse signals intermittently at a certain frequency due to the effect of the light shield.
Brushless DC motors using electromagnetic position sensors are equipped with electromagnetic sensor components (such as coupling transformers, proximity switches, LC resonance circuits, etc.) on the stator assembly. When the permanent magnet rotor position changes , The electromagnetic effect will cause the electromagnetic sensor to produce a high-frequency modulation signal (the amplitude of which varies with the position of the rotor).
Superiority
DC motors have fast response, large starting torque, and can provide rated torque performance from zero speed to rated speed, but the advantages of DC motors are also It is its shortcoming, because the DC motor needs to produce constant torque performance under the rated load, the armature magnetic field and the rotor magnetic field must be constantly maintained at 90°, which requires the use of carbon brushes and commutators. Carbon brushes and commutators will generate sparks and carbon powder when the motor rotates. Therefore, in addition to damage to the components, the use occasions are also restricted. AC motors do not have carbon brushes and commutators, are maintenance-free, sturdy, and have a wide range of applications. However, in order to achieve the performance equivalent to DC motors, complex control technology can be used to achieve them. Nowadays, the rapid development of semiconductors has accelerated the switching frequency of power components to improve the performance of the drive motor. The speed of the microprocessor is also getting faster and faster, which can realize the control of the AC motor in a rotating two-axis Cartesian coordinate system, and appropriately control the current components of the AC motor in the two axes, so as to achieve similar control of the DC motor and equivalent to that of the DC motor. Performance.
In addition, there have been many microprocessors that have made the necessary functions for controlling the motor in the chip, and the volume is getting smaller and smaller; like analog-to-digital converter (ADC), pulse Pulse wide modulator (PWM)...etc. The brushless DC motor is to electronically control the commutation of the AC motor, and obtain an application similar to the characteristics of the DC motor without the lack of the DC motor mechanism.
Control structure
Brushless DC motor is a kind of synchronous motor, that is to say, the speed of the motor rotor is affected by the speed of the motor stator rotating magnetic field and the number of rotor poles (p):
n=120. f / p. In the case of a fixed number of rotor poles, changing the frequency of the stator rotating magnetic field can change the rotor speed. The brushless DC motor is a synchronous motor with electronic control (drive), which controls the frequency of the stator rotating magnetic field and feeds the motor rotor speed back to the control center for repeated corrections, in order to achieve a way close to the characteristics of the DC motor. That is to say, the DC brushless motor can still control the motor rotor to maintain a certain speed when the load changes within the rated load range.
The DC brushless drive includes a power supply unit and a control unit. The power supply unit provides three-phase power to the motor, and the control unit converts the input power frequency according to demand.
The power supply unit can be directly input by direct current (usually 24v) or by alternating current (110v/220v). If the input is alternating current, it must first be converted to direct current by a converter. Regardless of whether it is DC input or AC input, the DC voltage must be converted from an inverter (Inverter) to a 3-phase voltage to drive the motor before it is transferred to the motor coil. Inverter (Inverter) is generally divided into upper arm (q1, q3, q5)/lower arm (q2, q4, q6) by 6 power transistors (q1～q6) to connect the motor as a switch that controls the flow through the motor coil. The control unit provides PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) to determine the switching frequency of the power transistor and the inverter (Inverter) commutation timing. Brushless DC motors generally hope to be used in speed control where the speed can be stabilized at the set value when the load changes, without changing too much. Therefore, a Hall-sensor that can sense the magnetic field is installed inside the motor as a speed control. Closed loop control is also used as the basis for phase sequence control. But this is only used as speed control and cannot be used as positioning control.
Control principle
To make the motor rotate, the control unit must according to the position of the motor rotor sensed by the Hall-sensor, and then decide to open (or close) the change according to the stator winding The sequence of the power transistors in the Inverter causes the current to flow through the motor coils in order to generate a forward (or reverse) rotating magnetic field, and interact with the magnets of the rotor, so that the motor can rotate clockwise/counterclockwise. When the motor rotor rotates to the position where the Hall-sensor senses another set of signals, the control unit turns on the next set of power transistors, so that the circulating motor can continue to rotate in the same direction until the control unit decides to stop the motor rotor and turn off the power Transistor (or only turn on the lower arm power transistor); if the motor rotor is to be reversed, the power transistors are turned on in the reverse order.
Fixed field brushless motor
The general brushless DC motor is essentially a servo motor, which is composed of a synchronous motor and a drive, and is a variable-frequency speed-regulating motor. The variable-voltage and speed-regulating brushless DC motor is a true brushless DC motor. It is composed of a stator and a rotor. The stator is composed of an iron core. The coil adopts "forward-reverse-forward-reverse..." windings, resulting in NS The fixed magnetic field of the group, the rotor is composed of a cylindrical magnet (with a shaft in the middle), or composed of an electromagnet and a slip ring. This brushless DC motor can generate torque but cannot control the direction. It is a very meaningful invention. When used as a direct current generator, the present invention can generate continuous amplitude direct current, thereby avoiding the use of filter capacitors. The rotor can be permanent magnet, brush excitation or brushless excitation. When used as a large motor, the motor will generate self-inductance and a protection device is required.
Asynchronous motor
I. AC asynchronous motor
AC asynchronous motor is a motor that runs on AC voltage and is widely used in electric Fans, refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, hair dryers, vacuum cleaners, range hoods, dishwashers, electric sewing machines, food processing machines and other household appliances and various electric tools, small electromechanical equipment.
AC asynchronous motors are divided into induction motors and AC commutator motors. Induction motors are divided into single-phase asynchronous motors, AC and DC motors and repulsion motors.
The speed of the motor (rotor speed) is less than the speed of the rotating magnetic field, so it is called an asynchronous motor. It is basically the same as an induction motor. s=(ns-n)/ns. s is the slip,
ns is the magnetic field speed, and n is the rotor speed.
Basic principle:
1. When the three-phase asynchronous motor is connected to the three-phase AC power supply, the three-phase stator winding flows through the three-phase magnetomotive force generated by the three-phase symmetrical current ( The stator rotates magnetomotive force) and generates a rotating magnetic field.
2. The rotating magnetic field has a relative cutting motion with the rotor conductor. According to the principle of electromagnetic induction, the rotor conductor generates induced electromotive force and induced current.
3. According to the law of electromagnetic force, the current-carrying rotor conductor is subjected to electromagnetic force in the magnetic field to form an electromagnetic torque to drive the rotor to rotate. When the motor shaft is mechanically loaded, it outputs mechanical energy .
Asynchronous motor is an AC motor, and the ratio of its speed at load to the frequency of the grid connected is not a constant relationship. It also changes with the size of the load. The greater the load torque, the lower the speed of the rotor. Asynchronous motors include induction motors, doubly-fed asynchronous motors and AC commutator motors. Induction motors are the most widely used. Generally speaking, induction motors can be called asynchronous motors without causing misunderstanding or confusion.
The stator winding of the ordinary asynchronous motor is connected to the AC grid, and the rotor winding does not need to be connected to other power sources. Therefore, it has the advantages of simple structure, convenient manufacture, use and maintenance, reliable operation, low quality and low cost. Asynchronous motors have higher operating efficiency and better working characteristics. They run near constant speed from no-load to full-load, and can meet the transmission requirements of most industrial and agricultural production machinery. Asynchronous motors are also easy to generate various protection types to meet the needs of different environmental conditions. When an asynchronous motor is running, it must draw reactive excitation power from the power grid to make the power factor of the power grid worse. Therefore, synchronous motors are often used to drive high-power, low-speed mechanical equipment such as ball mills and compressors. Because the speed of the asynchronous motor has a certain slip relationship with the speed of its rotating magnetic field, its speed regulation performance is poor (except for AC commutator motors). For transportation machinery, rolling mills, large-scale machine tools, printing and dyeing and papermaking machinery that require a wide and smooth speed range, it is more economical and convenient to use DC motors. However, with the development of high-power electronic devices and AC speed regulation systems, the speed regulation performance and economy of asynchronous motors suitable for wide speed regulation are comparable to those of DC motors.
Second, single-phase asynchronous motor
The single-phase asynchronous motor is composed of a stator, a rotor, a bearing, a casing, and an end cover.
The stator is composed of a base and an iron core with windings. The iron core is made of silicon steel sheets punched and laminated, and two sets of main windings (also called running windings) and auxiliary windings (also called starting windings into secondary windings) with a space of 90° electrical angles apart are embedded in the slots. The main winding is connected to the AC power source, and the auxiliary winding is connected to the centrifugal switch S or the starting capacitor and the running capacitor in series, and then the power source is connected.
The rotor is a cage-type cast aluminum rotor. The core is laminated with aluminum and cast into the groove of the core, and the end rings are cast together to short-circuit the rotor bar into a squirrel cage.
Single-phase asynchronous motors are divided into single-phase resistance-start asynchronous motors, single-phase capacitor-start asynchronous motors, single-phase capacitor-running asynchronous motors and single-phase dual-value capacitor asynchronous motors.
Three-phase and three-phase asynchronous motors
The structure of three-phase asynchronous motors is similar to that of single-phase asynchronous motors, with three-phase windings embedded in the stator core slots (There are three structures of single layer chain type, single layer concentric type and single layer cross type). After the stator winding is connected to a three-phase AC power supply, the rotating magnetic field generated by the winding current generates an induced current in the rotor conductor, and the rotor generates an electromagnetic rotating cabinet (ie asynchronous rotating cabinet) under the interaction of the induced current and the air gap rotating magnetic field. , Make the motor rotate.
Four. Shaded pole motor
The shaded pole motor is the simplest one of the unidirectional AC motors, usually using cage chute casting Aluminum rotor. It is divided into salient pole shaded pole motor, hidden pole shaded pole motor according to the different shape and structure of the stator.
The shape of the stator core of the salient-pole shaded pole motor is a square, rectangular or circular magnetic field frame, with protruding magnetic poles, and each magnetic pole has one or more auxiliary short-circuit copper rings , Namely the shaded pole winding. The concentrated winding on the salient poles serves as the main winding.
The stator core of the hidden-pole shaded pole motor is the same as that of the ordinary single-phase motor. Its stator winding adopts distributed winding. The main winding is distributed in the stator slot. The shaded pole winding does not need to short-circuit the copper ring, but Use thicker enameled wire to form distributed windings (short-circuit after series connection) and install them in stator slots (approximately 2/3 of the total number of slots), acting as an auxiliary group. The main winding and the shaded pole winding are spaced at a certain angle.
When the main winding of the shaded pole motor is energized, the shaded pole winding will also generate an induced current, which causes the magnetic flux of the part of the stator pole covered by the shaded pole winding and the uncovered part to rotate in the direction of the covered part.
Five, single-phaseseries-excited motor
The stator of single-phase series-excited motor is composed of salient pole core and field winding , The rotor is composed of a hidden pole core, armature winding, commutator and rotating shaft. A series circuit is formed between the field winding and the armature winding through the brush and the commutator.
Single-phase series motors are AC and DC dual-purpose motors. It can work with AC power supply or DC power supply.
Synchronous motor
Synchronous motor is a common AC motor like induction motor. The characteristic is: during steady-state operation, there is a constant relationship between the rotor speed and the grid frequency n=ns=60f/p, and ns becomes the synchronous speed. If the frequency of the power grid does not change, the speed of the synchronous motor in the steady state is constant regardless of the size of the load. Synchronous motors are divided into synchronous generators and synchronous motors. The AC machines in modern power plants are mainly synchronous motors.
Working principle
The establishment of the main magnetic field: the excitation winding is passed through the DC excitation current to establish the excitation magnetic field between the polarities, that is, the main magnetic field is established.
Current-carrying conductor: The three-phase symmetrical armature winding acts as a power winding and becomes the carrier of induced electric potential or induced current.
Cutting movement: The prime mover drives the rotor to rotate (input mechanical energy to the motor), the excitation field between the polarities rotates with the shaft and sequentially cuts the stator phase windings (equivalent to the reverse cutting of the conductors of the windings) Excitation field).
Generation of alternating electric potential: Due to the relative cutting motion between the armature winding and the main magnetic field, a three-phase symmetrical alternating electric potential whose size and direction changes periodically will be induced in the armature winding. Through the lead wire, AC power can be provided.
Alternation and symmetry: Because the polarities of the rotating magnetic field are alternated, the polarity of the induced electric potential is alternating; because of the symmetry of the armature winding, the three-phase symmetry of the induced electric potential is guaranteed.
1.AC synchronous motor
AC synchronous motor is a constant speed drive motor, its rotor speed and power frequency Maintaining a constant proportional relationship is widely used in electronic instrumentation, modern office equipment, textile machinery, etc.
Second,Permanent magnet synchronous motor
Permanent magnet synchronous motor belongs to asynchronous start permanent magnet synchronous motor, and its magnetic field system is composed of It is composed of one or more permanent magnets, usually in the cage rotor welded with cast aluminum or copper bars, and is equipped with magnetic poles inlaid with permanent magnets according to the required number of poles. The structure of the stator is similar to that of an asynchronous motor.
When the stator winding is connected to the power supply, the motor starts and rotates on the principle of an asynchronous motor, and when it accelerates to a synchronous speed, the synchronous electromagnetic torque generated by the rotor permanent magnetic field and the stator magnetic field (by the rotor permanent magnet The electromagnetic torque generated by the magnetic field and the reluctance torque generated by the stator magnetic field are synthesized) to pull the rotor into synchronization, and the motor enters synchronous operation.
Reluctance synchronous motor Reluctance synchronous motor, also known as reactive synchronous motor, is a synchronous motor that uses the rotor quadrature axis and direct axis reluctance to generate reluctance torque. Its stator and asynchronous motor The stator structure is similar, but the rotor structure is different.
Three, reluctance synchronous motor
It evolved from the cage-type asynchronous motor. In order to make the motor generate asynchronous starting torque, the rotor is also equipped with Cage type cast aluminum winding. The rotor is provided with reaction slots corresponding to the number of stator poles (only the role of salient poles, no excitation windings and permanent magnets), which are used to generate reluctance synchronous torque. According to the structure of the reaction tank on the rotor, it can be divided into an inner reaction type rotor, an outer reaction type rotor and an inner and outer reaction type rotor. Among them, the outer reaction type rotor has the reaction groove open on the outer circumference of the rotor to make its straight axis and quadrature axis direction. The air gap varies. The inner reaction type rotor has grooves inside, so that the magnetic flux in the quadrature axis direction is blocked, and the magnetic resistance is increased. The internal and external reactive rotors combine the structural characteristics of the above two types of rotors, and the difference between the straight shaft and the quadrature shaft is large, which makes the motor more powerful. Reluctance synchronous motors are also divided into single-phase capacitor operation type, single-phase capacitor starting type, single-phase dual-value capacitor type and many other types.
Four.Hysteresis synchronous motor
Hysteresis synchronous motor uses hysteresis material to generate hysteresis torque to work Synchronous motor. It is divided into inner rotor type hysteresis synchronous motor, outer rotor type hysteresis synchronous motor and single-phase shaded pole type hysteresis synchronous motor.
The rotor structure of the inner rotor type hysteresis synchronous motor is a hidden pole type, and the appearance is a smooth cylinder. There is no winding on the rotor, but there is a ring-shaped effective layer made of hysteresis material on the outer circle of the iron core. .
After the stator winding is connected to the power supply, the rotating magnetic field generated causes the hysteresis rotor to generate asynchronous torque to start the rotation, and then it will automatically enter the synchronous operation state. When the motor is running asynchronously, the stator rotating magnetic field repeatedly magnetizes the rotor at the slip frequency; when running synchronously, the hysteresis material on the rotor is magnetized and permanent magnetic poles appear, thereby generating synchronous torque. The soft starter uses a three-phase parallel thyristor as a voltage regulator, which is connected between the power supply and the motor stator. Such a circuit is a three-phase fully controlled bridge rectifier circuit. When the soft starter is used to start the motor, the output voltage of the thyristor gradually increases, and the motor gradually accelerates until the thyristor is fully turned on. The motor works on the mechanical characteristics of the rated voltage to achieve smooth starting, reduce the starting current, and avoid starting over-current tripping. When the motor reaches the rated number of revolutions, the start-up process ends, and the soft starter automatically replaces the thyristor that has completed the task with a bypass contactor to provide the rated voltage for the normal operation of the motor, so as to reduce the heat loss of the thyristor and prolong the service life of the soft starter , Improve its work efficiency, and make the grid avoid harmonic pollution. The soft starter also provides a soft stop function. The soft stop is the opposite of the soft start process. The voltage gradually decreases and the number of revolutions gradually drops to zero to avoid the torque impact caused by the free stop.
Geared motor
Geared motor refers to the integrated body of reducer and motor (motor). Such an integrated body can also be commonly referred to as a gear motor or a gear motor. Usually integrated and assembled by a professional reducer manufacturer, it is supplied as a complete set. Geared motors are widely used in the steel industry, machinery industry, etc. The advantage of using a geared motor is to simplify the design and save space.
1. The geared motor is manufactured in accordance with international technical requirements and has a high technological content.
2. Space-saving, reliable and durable, with high overload capacity, and the power can reach more than 95KW.
3. Low energy consumption, superior performance, and the reducer efficiency is as high as 95%.
4. Low vibration, low noise, high energy saving, high-quality section steel material, rigid cast iron box body, high-frequency heat treatment on the surface of the gear.
5. After precision machining, the positioning accuracy is ensured. The gear reduction motor that constitutes the gear transmission assembly is equipped with various motors, forming an electromechanical integration, which fully guarantees the quality characteristics of the product.
6. The product adopts serialized and modular design ideas, and has a wide range of adaptability. This series of products has extremely many motor combinations, installation positions and structural schemes, and any speed can be selected according to actual needs. And various structural forms.
Classification of reduction motors:
1. High-power gear reduction motors
2. Coaxial helical gear reduction motors
p>3, parallel shaft helical gear reducer motor
4, spiral bevel gear reducer motor
5, YCJ series gear reducer motor
reducer motor It is widely used in the reduction transmission mechanism of various general machinery and equipment such as metallurgy, mining, lifting, transportation, cement, construction, chemical industry, textile, printing and dyeing, and pharmaceuticals.
Frequency conversion motor
The frequency conversion technology actually uses the principle of motor control to control the motor through the so-called frequency converter. The motor used for this type of control is called a variable frequency motor.
Common variable frequency motors include: three-phase asynchronous motors, DC brushless motors, AC brushless motors and switched reluctance motors.
Control principle of variable frequency motor
Usually the control strategy of variable frequency motor is: constant torque control at base speed, constant power control above base speed, and field weakening control in ultra-high-speed range.
Base speed: Because the motor will generate back electromotive force when it is running, and the size of the back electromotive force is usually proportional to the speed. Therefore, when the motor runs to a certain speed, since the magnitude of the back electromotive force is the same as the magnitude of the applied voltage, the speed at this time is called the base speed.
Constant torque control: The motor performs constant torque control at the base speed. At this time, the back electromotive force E of the motor is proportional to the speed of the motor. In addition, the output power of the motor is proportional to the product of the torque and the rotation speed of the motor, so the power of the motor is proportional to the rotation speed at this time.
Constant power control: When the motor exceeds the base speed, the motor's back electromotive force is basically kept constant by adjusting the motor's excitation current to increase the motor's speed. At this time, the output power of the motor remains basically constant, but the motor torque decreases in inverse proportion to the speed.
Field weakening control: When the motor speed exceeds a certain value, the excitation current is already quite small and basically cannot be adjusted anymore. At this time, it enters the field weakening control stage.
The speed regulation and control of electric motors are one of the basic technologies for all kinds of industrial and agricultural machinery and office and people’s livelihood electrical equipment. With the amazing development of power electronic technology and microelectronics technology, the AC speed regulation method of "special frequency induction motor + frequency converter" is being used for its excellent performance and economy, leading a field to replace the traditional in the field of speed regulation. The renewal of the speed regulation method. The gospel it brings to all walks of life lies in: greatly improving the degree of mechanical automation and production efficiency, saving energy, improving product qualification rate and product quality, correspondingly increasing the capacity of the power supply system, miniaturizing equipment, and increasing comfort. Fast speed replaces traditional mechanical speed regulation and DC speed regulation schemes.
Due to the particularity of the variable frequency power supply, as well as the system’s requirements for high-speed or low-speed operation, and rotational speed dynamic response, stringent requirements are put forward on the motor as the main body of power. , New topics in all aspects of insulation.
Application of variable frequency motor
Variable frequency speed regulation has become the mainstream speed regulation scheme, which can be widely used in continuously variable transmission in all walks of life.
Especially with the increasing application of frequency converters in the field of industrial control, the use of frequency conversion motors has become increasingly widespread. It can be said that due to the advantages of frequency conversion motors over ordinary motors in frequency conversion control, usually It is not difficult to see the frequency conversion motor where the frequency converter is used.
Linear motor
The traditional "rotating motor + ball screw" feed transmission method on the machine tool is limited by its own structure, and it is limited in feed speed, acceleration, and rapid positioning accuracy. It is difficult to make breakthrough improvements in such areas, and it has been unable to meet the higher requirements of ultra-high-speed cutting and ultra-precision machining on the servo performance of the machine tool feed system. The linear motor directly converts electrical energy into linear motion mechanical energy without any intermediate conversion mechanism transmission device. It has the advantages of large starting thrust, high transmission rigidity, fast dynamic response, high positioning accuracy, and unlimited stroke length.在机床进给系统中，采用直线电动机直接驱动与原旋转电机传动的最大区别是取消了从电机到工作台（拖板）之间的机械传动环节，把机床进给传动链的长度缩短为零，因而这种传动方式又被称为“零传动”。正是由于这种“零传动”方式,带来了原旋转电机驱动方式无法达到的性能指标和优点。
1、高速响应
由于系统中直接取消了一些响应时间常数较大的机械传动件（如丝杠等），使整个闭环控制系统动态响应性能大大提高，反应异常灵敏快捷。
2、精度
直线驱动系统取消了由于丝杠等机械机构产生的传动间隙和误差，减少了插补运动时因传动系统滞后带来的跟踪误差。通过直线位置检测反馈控制，即可大大提高机床的定位精度。
3、动刚度高由于“直接驱动”，避免了启动、变速和换向时因中间传动环节的弹性变形、摩擦磨损和反向间隙造成的运动滞后现象，同时也提高了其传动刚度。
4、速度快、加减速过程短
由于直线电动机最早主要用于磁悬浮列车（时速可达500km/h），所以用在机床进给驱动中，要满足其超高速切削的最大进给速度（要求达60～100M/min 或更高）当然是没有问题的。也由于上述“零传动”的高速响应性，使其加减速过程大大缩短。以实现起动时瞬间达到高速，高速运行时又能瞬间准停。可获得较高的加速度，一般可达2～10g(g=9.8m/s2），而滚珠丝杠传动的最大加速度一般只有0.1～0.5g。
5、行程长度不受限制在导轨上通过串联直线电机，就可以无限延长其行程长度。
6、运动动安静、噪音低。由于取消了传动丝杠等部件的机械摩擦，且导轨又可采用滚动导轨或磁垫悬浮导轨（无机械接触），其运动时噪音将大大降低。
7、效率高。由于无中间传动环节，消除了机械摩擦时的能量损耗，传动效率大大提高。
基本结构
一、三相异步电动机的结构，由定子、转子和其它附件组成。
（一）定子（静止部分）
1、定子铁心
作用：电机磁路的一部分，并在其上放置定子绕组。
构造：定子铁心一般由0.35~0.5毫米厚表面具有绝缘层的硅钢片冲制、叠压而成，在铁心的内圆冲有均匀分布的槽，用以嵌放定子绕组。
定子铁心槽型有以下几种：
半闭口型槽：电动机的效率和功率因数较高，但绕组嵌线和绝缘都较困难。一般用于小型低压电机中。 半开口型槽：可嵌放成型绕组，一般用于大型、中型低压电机。所谓成型绕组即绕组可事先经过绝缘处理后再放入槽内。
开口型槽：用以嵌放成型绕组，绝缘方法方便，主要用在高压电机中。
2、定子绕组
作用：是电动机的电路部分，通入三相交流电，产生旋转磁场。
构造：由三个在空间互隔120°电角度、队称排列的结构完全相同绕组连接而成，这些绕组的各个线圈按一定规律分别嵌放在定子各槽内。
定子绕组的主要绝缘项目有以下三种：（保证绕组的各导电部分与铁心间的可靠绝缘以及绕组本身间的可靠绝缘）。
1）对地绝缘：定子绕组整体与定子铁心间的绝缘。
2）相间绝缘：各相定子绕组间的绝缘。
3）匝间绝缘：每相定子绕组各线匝间的绝缘。
电动机接线盒内的接线：
电动机接线盒内都有一块接线板，三相绕组的六个线头排成上下两排，并规定上排三个接线桩自左至右排列的编号为1（U1）、2（V1）、3（W1），下排三个接线桩自左至右排列的编号为6（W2）、4（U2）、5（V2），.将三相绕组接成星形接法或三角形接法。凡制造和维修时均应按这个序号排列。
3、机座
作用：固定定子铁心与前后端盖以支撑转子，并起防护、散热等作用。
构造：机座通常为铸铁件，大型异步电动机机座一般用钢板焊成，微型电动机的机座采用铸铝件。封闭式电机的机座外面有散热筋以增加散热面积，防护式电机的机座两端端盖开有通风孔，使电动机内外的空气可直接对流，以利于散热。
（二）转子（旋转部分）
1、三相异步电动机的转子铁心：
作用：作为电机磁路的一部分以及在铁心槽内放置转子绕组。
构造：所用材料与定子一样，由0.5毫米厚的硅钢片冲制、叠压而成，硅钢片外圆冲有均匀分布的孔，用来安置转子绕组。通常用定子铁心冲落后的硅钢片内圆来冲制转子铁心。一般小型异步电动机的转子铁心直接压装在转轴上，大、中型异步电动机（转子直径在300~400毫米以上）的转子铁心则借助与转子支架压在转轴上。
2、三相异步电动机的转子绕组
作用：切割定子旋转磁场产生感应电动势及电流，并形成电磁转矩而使电动机旋转。
构造：分为鼠笼式转子和绕线式转子。
1）鼠笼式转子：转子绕组由插入转子槽中的多根导条和两个环行的端环组成。若去掉转子铁心，整个绕组的外形像一个鼠笼，故称笼型绕组。小型笼型电动机采用铸铝转子绕组，对于100KW以上的电动机采用铜条和铜端环焊接而成。
2）绕线式转子：绕线转子绕组与定子绕组相似，也是一个对称的三相绕组，一般接成星形，三个出线头接到转轴的三个集流环上，再通过电刷与外电路联接。
特点：结构较复杂，故绕线式电动机的应用不如鼠笼式电动机广泛。但通过集流环和电刷在转子绕组回路中串入附加电阻等元件，用以改善异步电动机的起、制动性能及调速性能，故在要求一定范围内进行平滑调速的设备，如吊车、电梯、空气压缩机等上面采用。
（三）三相异步电动机的其它附件
1、端盖：支撑作用。
2、轴承：连接转动部分与不动部分。
3、轴承端盖：保护轴承。
4、风扇：冷却电动机。
二、直流电动机采用八角形全叠片结构，不仅空间利用率高，而且当采用静止整流器供电时，能承受脉动电流和快速的负载电流变化。直流电动机一般不带串励绕组，适用于需要正、反 电动机转的自动控制技术中。根据用户需要也可以制成带串励绕组。中心高100～280mm的电动机无补偿绕组，但中心高250mm、280mm的电动机根据具体情况和需要可以制成带补偿绕组，中心高315～450mm的电动机带有补偿绕组。中心高500～710mm的电动机外形安装尺寸及技术要求均符合IEC国际标准，电机的机械尺寸公差符合ISO国际标准。
检查方法
起动前的检查方法：
1、新的或长期停用的电机，使用前应检查绕组间和绕组对地绝缘电阻。通常对500V以下的电机用500V绝缘电阻表；对500-1000V的电机用1000V绝缘电阻表；对1000V以上的电机用2500V绝缘电阻表。绝缘电阻每千伏工作电压不得小于1MΩ，并应在电机冷却状态下测量。
2、检查电机的外表有无裂纹，各紧固螺钉及零件是否齐全，电机的固定情况是否良好。
3、检查电机传动机构的工作是否可靠。
4、根据铭牌所示数据，如电压、功率、频率、联结、转速等与电源、负载比较是否相符。
5、检查电机的通风情况及轴承润滑情况是否正常。
6、扳动电机转轴，检查转子能否自由转动，转动时有无杂声。
7、检查电机的电刷装配情况及举刷机构是否灵活，举刷手柄的位置是否正确。
8、检查电机接地装置是否可靠。
行业标准
GB/T 1993-1993 旋转电机冷却方法
GB 20237-2006 起重冶金和屏蔽电机安全要求
GB/T 2900.25-2008 电工术语 旋转电机
GB/T 2900.26-2008 电工术语 控制电机
GB 4831-1984 电机产品型号编制方法
GB 4826-1984 电机功率等级
JB/T 1093-1983牵引电机基本试验方法
主要用途
1、伺服电动机
伺服电动机广泛应用于各种控制系统中，能将输入的电压信号转换为电机轴上的机械输出量，拖动被控制元件，从而达到控制目的。
伺服电动机有直流和交流之分，最早的伺服电动机是一般的直流电动机，在控制精度不高的情况下，才采用一般的直流电机做伺服电动机。直流伺服电动机从结构上讲，就是小功率的直流电动机，其励磁多采用电枢控制和磁场控制，但通常采用电枢控制。
2、步进电动机
步进电动机主要应用在数控机床制造领域，由于步进电动机不需要A/D转换，能够直接将数字脉冲信号转化成为角位移，所以一直被认为是最理想的数控机床执行元件。
除了在数控机床上的应用，步进电机也可以用在其他的机械上，比如作为自动送料机中的马达，作为通用的软盘驱动器的马达，也可以应用在打印机和绘图仪中。
3、力矩电动机
力矩电动机具有低转速和大力矩的特点。一般在纺织工业中经常使用交流力矩电动机，其工作原理和结构和单相异步电动机的相同。
4、开关磁阻电动机
开关磁阻电动机是一种新型调速电动机，结构极其简单且坚固，成本低，调速性能优异，是传统控制电动机强有力竞争者，具有强大的市场潜力。
5、无刷直流电动机
无刷直流电动机的机械特性和调节特性的线性度好，调速范围广，寿命长，维护方便噪声小，不存在因电刷而引起的一系列问题，所以这种电动机在控制系统中有很大的应用。
6、直流电动机
直流电动机具有调速性能好、起动容易、能够载重起动等优点，所以直流电动机的应用仍然很广泛，尤其在可控硅直流电源出现以后。
7、异步电动机
异步电动机具有结构简单，制造、使用和维护方便，运行可靠以及质量较小，成本较低等优点。异步电动机主要广泛应用于驱动机床、水泵、鼓风机、压缩机、起重卷扬设备、矿山机械、轻工机械、农副产品加工机械等大多数工农生产机械以及家用电器和医疗器械等。
在家用电器中应用比较多，例如电扇、电冰箱、空调、吸尘器等。
8、同步电动机
同步电动机主要用于大型机械，如鼓风机、水泵、球磨机、压缩机、轧钢机以及小型、微型仪器设备或者充当控制元件。其中三相同步电动机是其主体。此外，还可以当调相机使用，向电网输送电感性或者电容性无功功率。
保养方法
专业电机保养维修中心电机保养流程：清洗定转子--更换碳刷或其他零部件--真空F级压力浸漆--烘干--校动平衡。
1、使用环境应经常保持干燥，电动机表面应保持清洁，进风口不应受尘土、纤维等阻碍。
2、当电动机的热保护连续发生动作时，应查明故障来自电动机还是超负荷或保护装置整定值太低，消除故障后，方可投入运行。
3、应保证电动机在运行过程中良好的润滑。一般的电动机运行5000小时左右，即应补充或更换润滑脂，运行中发现轴承过热或润滑变质时，液压及时换润滑脂。更换润滑脂时，应清除旧的润滑油，并有汽油洗净轴承及轴承盖的油槽，然后将ZL-3锂基脂填充轴承内外圈之间的空腔的1/2（对2极）及2/3（对4、6、8极）。
4、当轴承的寿命终了时，电动机运行的振动及噪声将明显增大，检查轴承的径向游隙达到下列值时，即应更换轴承。
5、拆卸电动机时，从轴伸端或非伸端取出转子都可以。如果没有必要卸下风扇，还是从非轴伸端取出转子较为便利，从定子中抽出转子时，应防止损坏定子绕组或绝缘。
6、更换绕组时必须记下原绕组的形式，尺寸及匝数，线规等，当失落了这些数据时，应向制造厂索取，随意更改原设计绕组，常常使电动机某项或几项性能恶化，甚至于无法使用。
保护器
电机保护器的作用是给电机全面的保护，在电机出现过载、缺相、堵转、短路、过压、欠压、漏电、三相不平衡、过热、轴承磨损、定转子偏心时，予以报警或保护的装置。
电机保护常识
1、电机比过去更容易烧毁：由于绝缘技术的不断发展，在电机的设计上既要求增加出力，又要求减小体积，使新型电机的热容量越来越小，过负荷能力越来越弱；再由于生产自动化程度的提高，要求电机经常运行在频繁的起动、制动、正反转以及变负荷等多种方式，对电机保护装置提出了更高的要求。另外，电机的应用面更广，常工作于环境极为恶劣的场合，如潮湿、高温、多尘、腐蚀等场合。所有这些，造成了电机更容易损坏，尤其是过载、短路、缺相、扫膛等故障出现频率最高。
2、传统的保护装置保护效果不甚理想：传统的电机保护装置以热继电器为主，但热继电器灵敏度低、误差大、稳定性差，保护不可靠。事实也是这样，尽管许多设备安装了热继电器，但电机损坏而影响正常生产的现象仍普遍存在。
3、电机保护的发展现状：电机保护器已由过去的机械式发展为电子式和智能型，可直接显示电机的电流、电压、温度等参数，灵敏度高，可靠性高，功能多，调试方便，保护动作后故障种类一目了然，既减少了电机的损坏，又极大方便了故障的判断，有利于生产现场的故障处理和缩短恢复生产时间。另外，利用电机气隙磁场进行电机偏心检测技术，使电机磨损状态在线监测成为可能，通过曲线显示电机偏心程度的变化趋势，可早期发现轴承磨损和走内圆、走外圆等故障，做到早发现，早处理，避免扫膛事故发生。
3.保护器选择的原则：合理选用电机保护装置，实现既能充分发挥电机的过载能力，又能免于损坏，从而提高电力拖动系统的可靠性和生产的连续性。具体的功能选择应综合考虑电机的本身的价值、负载类型、使用环境、电机主体设备的重要程度、电机退出运行是否对生产系统造成严重影响等因素，力争做到经济合理。
4、理想的电机保护器：理想的电机保护器不是功能最多，也不是所谓最先进的，而是应该满足现场实际需求，做到经济性和可靠性的统一，具有较高的性能价格比。根据现场的实际情况合理地选择保护器的种类、功能，同时考虑保护器安装、调整、使用简单方便，更重要的是要选择高质量的保护器。
保护器的选型
选型基本原则：
市场上电机保护产品未有统一标准，型号规格五花八门。制造厂商为了满足用户不同的使用需求派生出很多的系列产品，种类繁多，给广大用户选型带来诸多不便；用户在选型时应充分考虑电机保护实际需求，合理选择保护功能和保护方式，才能达到良好的保护效果，达到提高设备运行可靠性，减少非计划停车，减少事故损失的目的。
选型的基该方法：
1、与选型有关的条件
1）电机参数：要先了解电机的规格型号、功能特性、防护型式、额定电压、额定电流、额定功率、电源频率、绝缘等级等。这些内容基本能给用户正确选择保护器提供了参考依据。
2）环境条件：主要指常温、高温、高寒、腐蚀度、震动度、风沙、海拔、电磁污染等。
3）电机用途：主要指拖动机械设备要求特点，如风机、水泵、空压机、车床、油田抽油机等不同负载机械特性。
4）控制方式：控制模式有手动、自动、就地控制、远程控制、单机独立运行、生产线集中控制等情况。启动方式有直接、降压、星角、频敏变阻器、变频器、软起动等。
5）其他方面：用户对现场生产监护管理情况，非正常性的停机对生产影响的严重程度等。
与保护器的选用相关的因素还有很多，如安装位置、电源情况、配电系统情况等；还要考虑是对新购电机配置保护，还是对电机保护升级，还是对事故电机保护的完善等；还要考虑电机保护方式改变的难度和对生产影响程度；需根据现场实际工作条件综合考虑保护器的选型和调整。
2、电机保护器的常见类型
1）热继电器：普通小容量交流电机，工作条件良好，不存在频繁启动等恶劣工况的场合；由于精度较差，可靠性不能保证，不推荐使用。
2）电子型：检测三相电流值，整定电流值采用电位器或拔码开关，电路一般采用模拟式，采用反时限或定时限工作特性。保护功能包括过载、缺相、堵转等，故障类型采用指示灯显示，运行电量采用数码管显示。
3）智能型：检测三相电流值，保护器使用单片机，实现电机智能化综合保护，集保护、测量、通讯、显示为一体。整定电流采用数字设定，通过操作面板按钮来操作，用户可以根据电机具体情况在现场对各种参数修正设定；采用数码管作为显示窗口，或采用大屏幕液晶显示，能支持多种通讯协议，如ModBUS、ProfiBUS等，价格相对较高，用于较重要场合；高压电机保护均采用智能型保护装置。
4）热保护型：在电机中埋入热元件，根据电动机绕组的温度进行保护，保护效果好；但电机容量较大时，需与电流监测型配合使用，避免电机堵转时温度急剧上升时，由于测温元件的滞后性，导致电机绕组受损。
5）磁场温度检测型：在电机中埋入磁场检测线圈和测温元件，根据电机内部旋转磁场的变化和温度的变化进行保护，主要功能包括过载、堵转、缺相、过热保护和磨损监测，保护功能完善，缺点是需在电机内部安装磁场检测线圈和温度传感器。
3、保护器类型的选择
1）对于工作条件要求不高、操作控制简单，停机对生产影响不大的单机独立运行电机，可选用普通型保护器，因普通型保护器结构简单，在现场安装接线、替换方便，操作简单，具有性价比高等特点。
2）对于工作条件恶劣，对可靠性要求高，特别是涉及自动化生产线的电动机，应选用中高档、功能较全的智能型保护器。
3）对于防爆电机，由于轴承磨损造成偏心，可能导致防爆间隙处摩擦出现高温，产生爆炸危险，应选择磨损状态监测功能。对于大容量高压潜水泵等特殊设备，由于检查维护困难，也应选择磨损状态监测功能，同时监测轴承的温度，避免发生扫膛事故造成重大经济损失。
4）应用于有防爆要求场所的保护器，要根据应用现场的具体要求，选用相应的防爆型保护器，避免安全事故发生。
常见故障
在家用电器设备中，如电扇、电冰箱、洗衣机、抽油烟机、吸尘器等，其工作动力均采用单相交流电动机。这种电动机结构较简单，因此有些常见故障可在业余条件下进行修复。
电动机通电后不启动，电动机转速慢而无力，电动机外壳带电，电动机运转时温升加剧，电动机运行噪声大，机身过热。
能效提升
工业和信息化部 国家质量监督检验检疫总局关于组织实施电机能效提升计划（2013-2015年）的通知
工信部联节[2013]226号各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市、新疆生产建设兵团工业和信息化主管部门、质量技术监督局，有关中央企业：为贯彻落实“十二五”节能减排规划和工业节能“十二五”规划，提高电机能效，促进电机产业升级，工业和信息化部、质检总局组织编制了《电机能效提升计划（2013-2015年）》，现印发给你们。有关组织实施工作要求如下：
一、抓紧组织制定电机系统节能改造计划
各地区要组织工业企业对照电机能效提升计划淘汰路线图，开展自查摸底（参照附件2），指导重点企业制定2013-2015年电机系统节能改造及淘汰落后方案，支持企业优先选用高效电机替换低效电机，对电机与拖动设备进行匹配性改造。年耗电1000万千瓦时及以上的重点企业（各地可根据实际扩大重点企业范围）要按要求填报电机系统节能改造计划表（见附件3），报省级工业和信息化主管部门进行审查、汇总和存档。请各省级工业和信息化主管部门于9月底前，将电机系统能效提升计划汇总表（附件4）报工业和信息化部。各级工业和信息化主管部门要加强监督检查，对自查不认真、节能改造方案不明确的企业进行重点检查，指导企业按要求制定三年改造及淘汰落后方案。
二、认真组织电机生产企业执行强制性能效标准
各地区要组织本行政区内电机生产企业对照《中小型三相异步电动机能效限定值及能效等级》国家标准(GB18613-2012)进行自查，按照2013年底前电机产品全部达标的总体要求，指导企业制定达标计划并加快组织实施。电机生产企业应填报电机生产企业基本情况自查表（见附件5）并报省级工业和信息化、质量技术监督主管部门。各省级工业和信息化、质量技术监督主管部门应于8月底前将电机生产企业达标计划汇总表（附件6）报工业和信息化部、质检总局。 2013年年底前，工业和信息化部、质检总局将组织对执行能效标准和标识情况开展专项核查，对不达标的企业，将采取公开曝光等处罚措施。
三、编制电机高效再制造试点方案
上海市、安徽省、陕西省、湖南省、江西省等省市，要加快编制电机高效再制造试点工作方案。试点方案要围绕建设规范化的废旧电机回收体系、培育规模化的电机高效再制造示范工程、提高再制造技术水平、加强再制造产品质量控制等重点工作，确定目标任务，制定具体举措，明确支持政策，强化保障措施。请上述地区将试点工作方案于2013年9月底前报工业和信息化部。
四、推荐一批先进适用的电机技术
各级工业和信息化主管部门要积极推荐高效电机设计、控制及电机系统匹配等领域的先进适用技术，组织本地电机生产企业、节能服务公司等，填报高效电机及电机系统先进适用技术申报表（见附件7），由省级工业和信息化主管部门对申报材料进行初审并出具审查意见后，于8月20日前将相关材料报工业和信息化部。工业和信息化部将筛选编制电机能效提升先进技术目录，对重点关键共性技术，将加强组织，加快推广应用。
五、加强宣传培训
各地区要充分利用网络、广播、电视等渠道，加强宣传报道，迅速将国家提升电机能效工作的政策、举措宣贯给重点用电企业、电机生产企业及相关机构。省级工业和信息化主管部门要制定本地培训计划，组织对市县工业和信息化主管部门、节能监察机构、重点企业负责人和技术人员开展培训，2015年年底前，完成年耗电1000万千瓦时以上重点用电企业的业务培训。为做好此项工作，工业和信息化部将建立专家队伍，编印教材，组织对省级工业和信息化主管部门、节能监察机构及部分重点企业进行培训，支持指导地方培训工作。