Maslow

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Introduction

MaslowwasborninaJewishfamilyinBrooklyn,NewYorkCity,anddiedofaheartattackinMenloPark,California.HisparentsareJewswhoimmigratedtotheUnitedStatesfromtheformerSovietUnion.Heistheeldestofsevenchildreninthefamily.Hisfatherisaheavydrinkerandheisverydemandingonthechildren.Hismotherisextremelysuperstitious,andhispersonalityisindifferentandcruel.Maslowbroughttwokittenswithhimwhenhewasyoung.Goinghome,hewasbeatentodeathbyhismotherfacetoface.Maslowhadapainfulchildhoodandneverreceivedtheloveofhismother.Whenhismotherdied,herefusedtoattendthefuneral,whichshowsthebadrelationshipbetweenhismotherandchild.Heexperiencedalotoflonelinessandpaininhischildhood.Notonlythat,asJews,theylivedinanon-Jewishneighborhood,andafterschooltheybecameoneofthefewJewsintheschool.AllthismadeMaslowashy,sensitiveandneuroticchild.Inordertoseekcomfort,heUsebooksasrefuge.Later,whenherecalledhischildhood,hesaid:"Iamverylonelyandunfortunate.Igrewupamongbooksinthelibraryandhardlyhaveanyfriends."Afterschool,Maslowwasextremelytalentedandhisacademicperformancewasveryhigh.Excellent,itsstatuschangedlater.

Maslowhasbeenafanofreadingsincehewasfiveyearsold.Heoftenwenttotheblocklibrarytobrowsebooks.WhenhewasstudyingAmericanhistoryintheearlygrades,ThomasJeffersonandAbrahamLincolnbecamehisheartHero.Decadeslater,whenhebegantodevelopthetheoryofself-actualization,thesepeoplebecamethebasicexamplesofself-actualizershestudied.Whenhewasateenager,hewasextremelyinferiorduetohisweaknessandugliness(thenosewastoobig),andhetriedtogetcompensationbyexercising.Afterenteringuniversity,hereadabouttheconceptsofinferiorityandtranscendenceinA.Adler'sworks,andgotenlightenment,whichchangedhislifeeversince.Maslow'searlyexperiencenotonlyaffectedMaslowasachild,butalsomadeMaslowstillafraidofspeakinginpublicasanadultandevenafterhebecamefamous.Somuchsothathewouldexperienceextremelyintenseanxietybeforeeachspeech.

Hisparentswereuneducated,buttheyinsistedthathestudythelaw.AtfirsthemettheirwishesandenteredtheCityCollegeofNewYorkin1926,specializinginlaw.Butinonlytwoweeks,heconcludedthathisinterestwasnotinthelaw,andfeltthathewasnotsuitableforbeingalawyer,sohechosevariousothersubjectsextensively.Afterthreesemesters,hetransferredtoCornellUniversity.TheteacherofhisintroductorypsychologyclasswasW.Wundt’sstudent,E.Tiechenner,thefounderoftheconstructivistschool,buthequicklybecametiredoftheelementalanalysisofconstructivistpsychologyandtheboringnessofTiechenner.SoonhereturnedtotheCityCollegeofNewYork.In1928,Maslowmarriedhiscousin,ahighschoolclassmate,BerthaGoodman,despitetheoppositionofhisparents.Theyhadtwodaughters.MaslowclaimedthathisreallifebeganwhenhegotmarriedandtransferredtotheUniversityofWisconsin,whenMaslowwas20yearsoldandBerthawas19yearsold.Aftertheirmarriage,MaslowandBerthamovedtotheUniversityofWisconsin-MadisoninWisconsintocontinuehisstudies.Thiswasalsoanimportantturningpointforhimtotrulyenterhisacademicresearchfield.Atthistime,Maslowdiscoveredbehaviorismandwasecstatic,andsoonhestudiedanimallearningbehaviorunderC.Hull,oneoftherepresentativesofbehaviorismatthattime.However,asheincreasinglystudiedGestaltpsychologyandS.Freudianpsychology,Maslow'senthusiasmforbehaviorismgraduallydiminished.WhentheyoungMaslowshadtheirownfamily,Maslowmadeanotherimportantdiscovery.Hewrote:"Ourfirstbabychangedmypsychologycareer.HemadethebehaviorismthatIwasfascinatedbybeforeappearverystupid.Icannolongerbearthisdoctrine.Itcannotbeestablished."

MasloMaslowreceivedabachelor'sdegreeinpsychologyfromtheUniversityofWisconsinin1930,amaster'sdegreeinpsychologythefollowingyear,andadoctorateofphilosophyinpsychologyin1934.AttheUniversityofWisconsin,hetooktheleadingresearcherofAmericanprimatestudies,theresearchpracticeclassofH.Harlow,whoiswell-knownforhisresearchonrhesusmonkeysandattachmentbehavior,andbecameHarlow’sresearchassistant,andlaterbecamehisfirst.Adoctoralstudent.Duringthisperiod,anotherfamousGestaltpsychologistM.WittheimeralsoservedasMaslow'steacher.Atthispoint,hegraduallybecameinterestedinapesandconfidentlyfoundhisownresearchfield.Inthestudyofthedominanceandsexualbehaviorofapes,Maslowbrokeintoanalmostcompletelyunknownfield.FromFebruary1932toMay1933,Maslowspentseveralhoursadayquietlyobserving35primatesofdifferentspeciesandmakingdetailednoteswithoutdisturbingtheanimals.Andcompletedadoctoraldissertationtitled"TheDeterminingRoleofDominationDriveintheSocialBehaviorofGreatApePrimates",whichwasusedtoprovethatthedominancedriveisnotonlyinapes,butalsointhesocialbehaviorandorganizationofothermammalsandbirds.Isakeydeterminingfactor.Henoticedthatdominationseemedtooriginatefromakindof"innerconfidence"or"senseofsuperiority",ratherthanaphysicalattack.Inasense,heisconceivingapreliminarytheorybasedondominantdrivetoexplainmanysocialbehaviorsinadvancedanimals.Becauseofhisexcellentthesis,heimpressedE.Thorndike,abehavioristpsychologist.ThorndikeofferedMaslowapostdoctoralscholarshipatColumbiaUniversityandinvitedMaslowtoworkthere.TheSchoolofEducationalResearchassistsitselfinconductingresearchonnewtopics.In1935,MaslowworkedasanassistanttoThorndike'spsychologicalresearchatColumbiaUniversity.ThisshowsthatalthoughMaslowopposedbehaviorism,hereceivedabehaviorismeducation.Itwasnotuntil1937whenhebecameanassociateprofessorofpsychologyatBrooklynCollegeinNewYorkCitythathegaveupbehaviorisminthoughtandmovedtowardshumanisminstead.

ThereasonsthatinfluencedMaslow’spsychologicalthoughtsduringtheBrooklynCollegewereasfollows:Afterhisfirstchildwasborn,heobservedthestrangephenomenonofinfantbehavior,whichmadehimrealizethebehavioralpsychologistAttemptingtousetheresultsofanimalresearchtoinferhumanbehaviorissimplyunrealistic.Therefore,heoncesaidtopeople:"Idareyoutosaythatanyonewhohasraisedachildwillneverbelieveinbehaviorism!"DuringMaslow'steachinginBrooklyn,itwastheperiodwhentheGermanNazispersecutedacademicthoughts.ManyfamousEuropeanpsychologistsThescientisttookrefugeintheUnitedStates,andhealsogottoknowGestaltpsychologistsWittheimer,W.KohlerandKaufka,andpsychoanalyticpsychologistsK.Horney,Adler,andE.Fromm..Thesepeople'sthoughtshavehadanimpactonhishumanisticpsychology.

Personalresume

AbrahamHaroldMaslowwasbornonApril1,1908inaJewishfamilyinBrooklyn,NewYork.FamousAmericanphilosophers,socialpsychologists,personalitytheoristsandcomparativepsychologists,themaininitiatorsandtheoristsofhumanisticpsychology,andleadersofthethirdforceofpsychology.EnteredCornellUniversityin1926andtransferredtotheUniversityofWisconsintostudypsychologythreeyearslater.UndertheguidanceofthefamouspsychologistHarlow,hereceivedhisdoctoratein1934.Afterthat,hestayedinschooltoteach.In1935,heworkedasaresearchassistantinThorndike'sstudypsychologyatColumbiaUniversity.In1937,heservedasassociateprofessoratBrooklynCollegeinNewYork.In1951,hewashiredasaprofessorandheadofpsychologyatBrandeisUniversity.In1967,heservedasthechairmanoftheAmericanSocietyofPersonalityandSocialPsychologyandthechairmanoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.In1969,heleftBrandeisUniversityandbecamethefirstresidentjudgeoftheLawGreenCharitableFoundationofCalifornia.HediedofheartfailureonJune8,1970.InAugust1970,theInternationalHumanistPsychologySocietywasestablished,andthefirstInternationalHumanistPsychologyConferencewasheldinAmsterdam,thecapitaloftheNetherlands.In1971,theAmericanPsychologicalAssociationestablishedaprofessionalcommitteeofhumanisticpsychology.ThesetwoeventsmarkedtheofficialrecognitionofhumanisticpsychologyintheUnitedStatesandinternationalpsychologycircles.Regrettably,Maslowhimselfhasnotbeenabletoseewithhisowneyestheresultsofhisyearsofhardworkonthismatter.

Mainworks

"TheTheoryofHumanMotivation"(1943)

"MotivationandPersonality"(1954)

"ThePsychologyofBeing"ExplorationofScience"(1962)

"ScientificPsychology"(1967)

"TheRealmofHumanPerformance"1970

PsychologyFoundation

Maslow’shumanisticpsychologyprovidesapsychologicalbasisforhisaesthetictheory.Thecoreofitspsychologicaltheoryisthatpeoplecanmeetthemulti-levelsystemofneedsthrough"self-realization",achieve"peakexperience",rediscoverthevalueofpeoplerejectedbytechnology,andrealizeperfectpersonality.Hebelievesthatasanorganicwhole,peoplehaveavarietyofmotivesandneeds,includingphysiologicalneeds,securityneeds,loveandbelongingneeds,andrespect&esteemneeds.)Andself-actualizationneeds.Maslowbelievesthatwhenpeople'slow-levelneedsaremet,theywillturntoseektoachievehigher-levelneeds.Amongthem,theneedforself-realizationistranscendence.Thepursuitoftruth,goodness,andbeautywillultimatelyleadtotheshapingofperfectpersonality.Peakexperiencerepresentsthebeststateofpeople.

Creatingbeautyandappreciatingbeautyisanimportantgoalofself-realization.Aestheticneedsoriginatefrompeople'sinnerimpulse,andaestheticactivitieshavebecomeanecessarywaytosatisfytheneedsofself-realization.Thevividness,non-directutilitarianism,timeandspace,andthefusionofsubjectandobjectofaestheticactivitiesmakeitextremelyimportantforthecreationofperfectpersonality;atthesametime,thecloserelationshipbetweenaestheticsandperfectionmakesbeautytrueandgood.Andinformativenature.Inthisway,throughaestheticactivities,aperfectpersonalityincludingtruth,goodnessandbeautyisformed,andaestheticactivitieshavebecomeabasicwayoflifeforpeople.

Peakexperienceisthehigheststateofaestheticactivityandatypicalstateofperfectpersonality.Peakexperiencecanbeobtainedthroughthepursuitofperceptualimpressionsotherthanaestheticactivities.Aslongasitisanactivitythatcanobtainavarietyofperceptualimpressions,itmaybringpeakexperience,suchasloveexperience,mysteriousexperience,creativeexperience,andsoon.Inthepeakexperience,subjectandobjectareunited,withneitherselfnorothersorotherthings;theexperienceoftheobjectistransformedintothewholeworld;meanwhile,meaningandvaluearereturnedtotheaestheticsubject;thesubject’semotionisperfectionandecstasy,andthesubjectishereTimeisthemostconfident,abletocontroloneself,dominatetheworld,andcanbestuseallintelligence.

Maslowbelievesthathumannatureisneutralandgood,andadvocatestheachievabilityofperfecthumanity,whichisanoptimisticaesthetics,butheleavessocialpracticetotalkaboutaestheticexperienceandaestheticactivities.,Thereisasuspicionofabstractionandone-sidedness.

SocialEvaluation

ThefamousphilosopherNietzschehasacautionarysaying-Beyourself!Inhislonglife,Maslownotonlydevotedhislifetothis,butalsoprovedthisideawithhisuniquepersonalitycharm,andsuccessfullyestablishedagroundbreakingimage."TheNewYorkTimes"commented:"Maslowpsychologyisamilestoneintheprocessofhumanunderstandingofoneself."Otherscommentedonhimlikethis:"BecauseofMaslow’sexistence,beingatalentisseenasapromisinggoodthing.Inthischaoticandturbulentworld,heseesthelightandthefuture,andhecomparesallthiswithLet'sshareittogether."Indeed,Freudprovideduswithhalfofthepsychologysickness,andMaslowsupplementedthehealthyhalf.

Theory

Maslowbelievesthattherearesevendifferentlevelsofneedshiddeninpeople,andtheurgencyoftheseneedsisdifferentindifferentperiods.People’smosturgentneedsarethemainreasonandmotivationformotivatingpeopletoact.Humanneedsarethegradualtransformationfromexternalsatisfactiontointernalsatisfaction.Maslowputforwarddifferentviewsinthetwostagesoflife,sowecanonlyseethefivelevelsofMaslow’sneedsinsomebooks:physiologicalneeds,safetyneeds,loveandbelonging,andrespect.,Theneedforself-realization.Specifically,inorderofimportanceandhierarchy,thesevendifferentlevelsofneedsmainlyreferto:

Physiologicalneeds

Physiologicalneedsarethemostprimitiveandbasicneedsofpeople,Suchaseating,dressing,housing,medicaltreatment,etc.Ifyouarenotsatisfied,yourlifeisindanger.Thatistosay,itisthestrongestinevitablebottom-levelneed,anditisalsoapowerfuldrivingforceforpeople'sactions.Whenapersoniscontrolledbyphysiologicalneeds,allotherneedsarerelegatedtoasecondaryposition.

Safetyrequirements

Safetyrequirementsrequirelaborsafety,occupationalsafety,lifestability,hopetoavoiddisasters,hopethatthefutureisguaranteed,etc.Safetyneedsareahigherlevelthanphysiologicalneeds,andthisneedmustbeguaranteedwhenphysiologicalneedsaremet.Everyonewholivesinrealityhasadesireforsecurity,freedom,anddefensivestrength.

Socialneeds

Socialneedsarealsocalledtheneedsofbelongingandlove.Itreferstotheindividual’sdesiretogetthecareandunderstandingoffamily,group,friends,andcolleagues.Itisaboutfriendship,trust,andunderstanding.Theneedforwarmthandlove.Socialneedsaremoresubtleandelusivethanphysicalandsafetyneeds.Itisrelatedtopersonalcharacter,experience,livingarea,ethnicity,livinghabits,religiousbeliefs,etc.Thiskindofneedisdifficulttoperceiveandcannotbemeasured.

RespectNeeds

Respectneedscanbedividedintothreecategories:self-esteem,otherrespectanddesireforpower,includingself-respect,self-evaluationandrespectforothers.Theneedforrespectisrarelyfullysatisfied,butbasicsatisfactioncangenerateimpetus.

Cognitiveneeds

Alsoknownastheneedforcognitionandunderstanding,itreferstotheneedsofindividualstoexplore,understand,andsolvedifficultproblemsforthemselvesandtheworldaroundthem.Maslowseesitasatooltoovercomeobstacles.Whencognitiveneedsarefrustrated,thesatisfactionofotherneedsisalsothreatened.

Aestheticneeds

"Everyonehasthehearttolovebeauty".Everyonehasthepursuitandappreciationofthebeautifulthingsaround.

Self-actualization

Theneedforself-actualizationisthehighestlevelofneed,aneedforcreation.Peoplewhoneedself-realizationoftendotheirbesttoperfectthemselves,realizetheiridealsandgoals,andgainasenseofaccomplishment.Maslowbelievesthatintheprocessofself-realization,aso-called"peakexperience"isproduced.Atthistime,thepersonisinthehighest,mostperfect,andmostharmoniousstate,withakindofecstasy,suchasFeelingdrunk.

Maslowbelievesthatthesevenlevelsmustberealizedinorder,fromlowerlevelstohigherlevels.Onlythelow-levelneedscanbesatisfiedbeforethehigh-levelneedsaremet.Sotoacertainextent,itistoomechanized.ButwealsoneedtoaffirmtheintegrityofMaslow'stheory,aswellashiscontributionandenlightenmenttomanagement,educationandotheraspects.

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Twotypesofneeds

Maslowbelievesthattherearetwodifferenttypesofneedsinthehumanvaluesystem.Oneistheinstinctorimpulsethatgraduallyweakensalongtheupwarddirectionofthebiologicallineage,calledlow-levelneeds.Andphysiologicalneeds.Onetypeisthepotentialorneedthatgraduallyemergeswithbiologicalevolution,calledadvancedneeds.

Peoplearelatentwiththesefivedifferentlevelsofneeds,buttheurgencyofthevariousneedsdisplayedindifferentperiodsisdifferent.

Beforethehigh-levelneedscanfullyemerge,thelow-levelneedsmustbeproperlymet.

PeakExperience

Maslowalsobelievesthatinthecreativeprocessofself-realization,aso-called"peakexperience"emotionisproduced.Atthistime,peopleareinthemostThemomentthatstirspeople'sheartsisthehighest,mostperfect,andmostharmoniousstateofhumanexistence.Atthistime,peoplehaveafeelingofecstasy,ecstasy,andecstasy.

Psychology

Maslowproposedahierarchyofneedsinhisbook"ATheoryofHumanMotivationPsychologicalReview"publishedin1943.Thecompositionofthistheoryisbasedontwobasicassumptions:

Ifapersonwantstosurvive,hisneedscanaffecthisbehavior.Onlyunmetneedscanaffectbehavior,andmetneedscannotactasamotivationaltool.Humanneedsarearrangedinacertainorderaccordingtoimportanceandhierarchy,frombasic(suchasfoodandhousing)tocomplex(suchasself-realization).Whenaperson'sneedsatacertainlevelaremetataminimum,hewillpursuetheneedsofahigherlevel,andsuchagradualincreasebecomestheinternaldrivingforceforcontinuingtoworkhard.Theoriginaltextof"DescendantPsychology"is"TranspersonalPsychology".Ortranslate"superpersonalpsychology","transcendencepsychology".Maslowwroteintheprefaceofthe"ExplorationinExistentialPsychology"reprintedin1968:"Ithinkthatthehumanistic,third-strengthpsychologyistransitional,anditisahigherfourthpsychology.Thepreparatorystageforthedevelopmentofscience.Thefourthtypeofpsychologyisbeyondtheindividualandthehuman.Ittranscendstheconceptsofhumannature,self-identity,andself-realization.Itiscenteredontheuniverse,ratherthanhumanneedsandinterests."(Maslow:"ExplorationofExistentialPsychology",translatedbyLiWentian,p.6,YunnanPeople'sPublishingHouse,1988)

"Weneedsomething'biggerthanus'asouraweAndtheobjectofdevotion."(Maslow:"ExplorationofExistentialPsychology",translatedbyLiWentian,p.6,YunnanPeople’sPublishingHouse,1988)

MaslowdidnotfurtherpointoutthethirdWhatisthespecificrelationshipbetweenpsychologyandthefourthtypeofpsychology,anditdoesnotpointoutwhat"thingsgreaterthanus"are.ButMaslow’spsychologicalthoughtsareextremelyopen.Hemakeshumanisticpsychologyakindofpsychologywithultimateconcern,abridgetotranscendentalpsychology.ThiskindofbridgeisalsoakindofbridgeleadingtobeliefinGodinabroadsense.

Maslowalsoclearlyputforwardtheconceptof"transcendenceneeds"(Metaneeds)inhislateryears.Insomeplaces,hedidnotdistinguishthisconceptfromtheneedforself-realization,buthewroteinanarticletheyearbeforehisdeath:

"WhatisnecessaryforhumannatureisthatwhenweAfterourmaterialneedsaremet,wewillfollowtheneedsofbelonging(includinggroupbelonging,friendship,brotherhood),theneedsofloveandfamilyaffection,theneedsofachievingdignityandself-esteem,untilself-realization,formationandexpressionTheneedforouruniquepersonalityrisesuptheladder.Andfurtherupistheneedfortranscendence(ie,theneedforexistence)"(Maslow:"InsightintotheFuture",p.258,transliteratedbyXuJin,ReformPress,1998)Maslowdidnotpublishthisarticlebeforehisdeath,andwaslatereditedbyAmericanpsychologistEdwardHoffmanandincludedinthebook"InsightintotheFuture".

ShouldwethinkthatMaslowrevisedhishierarchyofneedsinhislateryears?Regardingtheneedfortranscendence,Maslowseemstohavenotconsideredmaturity.Hedidnotexplicitlyproposetoaddanotherleveltotheneedforself-realization,buthehasincreasinglystudiedthedifferentlevelsofself-realization.

Maslowpublishedthepaper"ZTheory-TwoDifferentTypesofSelf-Realizers"in1969.Thisarticleproposedthedifferencebetweentwodifferenttypesofself-actualizers.LaterthisarticleThearticleisincludedinthebook"TheRealmThatHumanNatureCanAchieve"publishedafterhisdeath.Inthisarticle,hesummarizedatotalof24differencesbetweentwodifferentself-actualizers.Themostimportantoftheseisthataself-fulfilleroftenhastranscendentalexperience(iepeakexperience),andaself-fulfillerhasnoorseldomtranscendentalexperience.Theformerisa"transcendenceself-actualizer"andthelatterisa"healthyself-actualizer".Themaindifferencebetweenthetwoisthattheformerhasmorepeakexperienceswhilethelatterdoesnot.(RefertoMaslow:"TheSelf-RealizingMan",p.56,translatedbyXuJinshengandothers,SanlianBookstore,1986)

Here,wecanalreadyseethekeytotheproblem,MaslowpointedoutComparedwiththeself-actualizerswithouttranscendenceexperience,self-actualizerswithtranscendentalexperiencehavemorefullpotentialandahigherdegreeofself-realization.However,Maslowdidnotputforwardself-actualization.Thereisahigherneed.Sincetheneedforself-realizationalreadycontainsthetranscendencelevel,isitnecessaryforustodoso?

Actually,itisaboutpeople'spursuitoftranscendence.Manythinkershavediscussedthepursuitoftranscendence.Forexample,RudolfEucken(1846--1926)believesthatbeingconfusedanddisturbedaboutthemeaningoflifejustprovesthatthereisaninnerimpulsetoseekmeaninginthedepthsofournature.Sinceallpossibleexternallifecannotsatisfyus,itmustbebecauseourlifehasadepththatcannotbereachedfromtheimmediateenvironment.(Oyken:"TheMeaningandValueofLife",translatedbyWanYi,ShanghaiTranslationPublishingHouse,1997)

Hebelievesthatthereisaninnerspirituallifeinus.Lifeisthemanifestationofcosmiclifeinthehumanbody.Therefore,itisbothinternal,"ourtrueself","theinnermostessenceofourlife"andtranscendence,"universalsupernaturallife".

Whatexactlyisthis"ourtrueself","theinnermostessenceofourlives"asRudolfOykencallsit?Infact,whathesaidcanbebetterexpressedinMaslow'slanguage,whichisthe"transcendenceneed".Maslowbelievesthatthistranscendenceneed,likeotherbasicneeds,hasthenatureof"kindofinstinct".

"Classinstinct"isaverykeyconceptthatMaslowneedstheory.Theso-called"quasi-instinct"meansthatthebasicneedsofhumanbeingshavebothsimilaritiestoinstinctsanddifferentaspectsfrominstincts.Theword"Instinctoid"(instinctive)wascreatedbyMaslowhimselfandconsistsof"Instinct"followedbythesuffix"oid".Themeaningof"oid"is"similar","similar","slightlyweaker"andsoon.Maslowbelievesthatbasicneedsareinstinctive,theyhaveaninnategeneticbasis,buttheirsatisfactionandperformancedependontheacquiredenvironment.Thehigherthelevelofneed,theweakertheconnectionwithinnateinheritanceandthegreaterthedependenceontheacquiredenvironment.

Nomatterfromtheperspectiveofevolutionorreligion,theconceptof"kindofinstinct"hasalotofroomforthinking.

Fromtheperspectiveofthetheoryofevolution,andfurtherdeductionfromMaslow’sconceptof"quasi-instinct",weseemtobeabletodrawtheviewthathumannatureisconstantlyevolvingandthelevelofhumanneedsisconstantlyincreasing.Wecanthinkthathumantranscendenceneedsaretheproductofhumanevolution.Ifexpressedintheologicallanguage,thereasonwhyourneedsare"kindofinstinct"ratherthan"instinct"isthatGodhasgivenusthefreedomofwill,andthesatisfactionofself-realizationneedsisthebasisforhumanbeingstoapproachGod.Onlyatthelevelofself-realizationcantherebeatruestateofreligiousbelief.

Fromtheperspectiveoftheunificationofthebiologicalandsocialoccurrencesofbehavior,wecancompletelythinkthatintheself-actualizingpeople,duetotheirfurtherexpansionoftranscendence,theyhavefurtherdevelopedsomenewneeds.,But,isitnecessaryforustouse"transcendenceneeds"toexpressthesenewneeds?Doesthismeettherequirementthatthetheoryshouldbeconcise?

Ifeelthatalotoffurtherresearchandthinkingmustbedoneonthisissue.

Personalitycharacteristics

Maslow’spersonalitycharacteristicsofself-actualizersbasedonthepersonalitiesofsuccessfulpeopleinhismind:

(1)ComprehensivePerceiverealityaccuratelyandaccurately.Self-fulfillers’perceptionoftheworldisobjective,comprehensiveandaccurate,becausewhentheyperceivetheworld,theywillnotbemixedwiththeirsubjectivewishesandprejudices,orwithself-defense,Butreflectitinaccordancewiththeoriginalappearanceoftheobjectiveworld.Incontrast,mentallyunhealthypeopleperceivetheworldintheirownsubjectiveway.Theytrytomaketheworldmatchtheirsubjectivedesires,anxiety,andworry.

(2)Acceptnature,yourselfandothers.Self-actualizerscanaccepttheshortcomingsandshortcomingsofnature,themselvesandotherswithoutworryingabouttheseshortcomings.Ofcourse,theywilltakeapositiveattitudetowardsthedeficienciesanddeficienciesthatcanbemodifiedoradjusted,andtheycangowiththeflowofthedeficienciesanddeficienciesthatcannotbechanged,andwillnothavetroublewiththemselves,others,andnature.

(3)Spontaneous,frankandtruthfultopeople.Ininterpersonalcommunication,self-actualizershaveatendencytorevealtheirtruefeelings.Theywillnotpretendorpretend,andtheirbehaviorisfrankandnatural.Generallyspeaking,theyhaveenoughself-confidenceandsenseofsecurity,whichenablesthemtoexpressthemselvestruly.

(4)Focusontheproblemratherthanself-centered.Self-fulfillerslovewhattheydo,devotethemselvestoacertaincauseormission,andcandotheirbest.Comparedwithordinarypeople,theyworkharderandmorefocused.Forthem,workisnotrealhardwork,becausehappinessliesinwork.

(5)Havetheneedtobedetachedfromtheworldandbealone.Self-fulfillersusetheirownvalues​​andfeelingstoguidetheirlives.Theydonotrelyonothersforsafetyandsatisfaction.Theyrelyonlyonthemselves.Theygenerallyliketobequietandalone.Thisisnotbecauseoffearofothers,norisittodeliberatelyescapefromreality,buttobetterthinkdeeplyandcomparemorecomprehensivelyundertheconditionsofreducinginterference,soastofindmorereasonablesolutionstotheproblem.Theyarecalmandserene,keepcalm,andsurviveorwithstandallkindsofdisastersandmisfortunessafely.

(6)Ithasautonomyandcanmaintainrelativeindependenceintheenvironmentandculture.Themotivationofself-actualizersmainlycomesfromtheirowninternaldevelopmentandself-realizationneeds(thatis,B-drive),notfromthelackofcertainmaterialorspiritualthingsthatneedexternalsupplements(D-drive),sotheyRelyingmoreononeselfratherthanexternalenvironment,abletoresistthepressureofexternalenvironmentandculture,exerttheabilityofthinkingindependently,self-directionandself-management.

(7)Appreciationthatneverdeclines.Self-actualizerscanmaintainapeculiarandenduringappreciationofthesurroundingrealityandfullyexperienceallthebeautifulthingsinnatureandlife.Theywillnotbecomeaccustomedtotherepetitionofthingsandlosetheirsensitivity.Onthecontrary,theyareasfreshandwonderfultoeverynewborn,everysunriseorduskastheywerewhentheyfirstsawit.

(8)Hasanindescribablepeakexperience.Peakexperienceisastrong,ecstaticecstasyoraweemotionalexperiencethatpeoplefeel.Whenitcomes,peoplewillfeelinfinitelybeautiful,withgreatstrength,self-confidenceanddetermination,andevenordinarydailyactivitiescanbeelevatedtooverwhelmingandwonderfulactivities.Maslowbelievesthateveryonehasthepotentialtoenjoypeakexperiences,butonlyself-actualizersaremorelikelyandmoreoftentogetthisexperience.

(9)Fulloflovetoothers.Self-fulfillersarenotonlyconcernedwiththeirfriendsandrelatives,butextendtoallmankind.Theyregardhelpingthepoorandsufferingastheirboundenduty.Theyhaveastrongsenseofsharingthejoysandsorrowswithallothers,andtheydoeverythingpossibletoconsiderothers.Fromtheperspectiveofself-fulfillers,thehappinessofothersistheirownhappiness,andtheyhaveliberatedthemselvesfromthecageofsatisfyingtheirownnarrowneeds.

(10)hasadeepfriendship.Self-actualizersfocusonfriendshipwithfriends.Althoughthenumberoffriendstheymakeisnotmany;thecircleofpeersisrelativelysmall,butthefriendshipisdeepandfulfilling.Asfarastheunderstandingofloveisconcerned,theybelievethatloveshouldbetotallyselfless,atleastitshouldbeasimportantasgivingloveandreceivinglove.Theycancareaboutthegrowthanddevelopmentoftheirlovedonesjustastheycareaboutthemselves.

(11)Havethespiritofdemocracy.Self-actualizerstreatothersmodestly,respecttherightsandindividualityofothers,andaregoodatlisteningtodifferentopinions.Forthem,socialclass,educationalprocedures,religiousbeliefs,race,orskincolorarenotimportant.Whatmattersiswhethertheyhavethetruth.Self-actualizershaveveryfewprejudicesandarewillingtolearnfromeveryonewhoisworthlearning.

(12)Distinguishmeansandpurpose.Thebehaviorofself-actualizersalmostalwaysshowstheboundarybetweenmeansandends.Generallyspeaking,theyemphasizetheend,andthemeansmustbesubordinatetotheend.Self-actualizersoftenregardordinarypeopleasameanstoanend,andregardactivityexperienceastheenditself,sotheycanexperiencethefunoftheactivityitselfbetterthanordinarypeople.

(l3)Becreative.ThisisoneofthecommoncharacteristicsofallthesubjectsstudiedbyMaslow,eachofthemshowsuniquenessandcreativityinacertainaspect.Althoughsomeofthemarenotnecessarilywriters,artists,orinventors,theyhaveabilitiessimilartochildren’snaiveimagination,andhavethecharacteristicsoforiginality,inventionandthepursuitofinnovation.

(14)Behumorousandfunny.Self-actualizersaregoodatobservingtheabsurditiesandinconsistenciesintheworld,andcanproperlyexpresstheminawittyandfunnyway.Buttheyneverapplythisskilltopeoplewithdefects.Theyalwayssympathizewiththeunfortunate.

(15)Againstblindcompliance.Self-actualizersareverydisgustedwiththeopinionsandbehaviorsofothers.Theybelievethatpeoplemusthavetheirownopinionsandinsistondoingwhattheybelieve,insteadoftakingintoaccountthetraditionalpowerorthepressureofpublicopinion.Theirtendencytoopposeblindcomplianceisobviouslynotadeliberatecontemptofculturaltraditionsorpublicopinion,butareflectionoftheirself-reliantandself-reliantpersonality.

Asthemostoutstandingrepresentativeofthehumanistmovement,Maslowhasconductedthemostsystematicresearchonmentalhealthissues.Maslow'sresearchinterestinmentalhealthissuesbeganwithhisloveforhistwomentors,BenedictandWittheimer,incollege.Hefoundthatthephysicalappearanceandculturalbackgroundofthetwotutorsaredifferentinmanyaspects,buttherearemanypsychologicalcharacteristicsthatarethesame.Theyarementallyhealthy,academicallysuccessful,andtheirabilitieshavebeenfullyutilized.AccordingtoMaslow'swords,theyhaveachievedself-realization.Maslowfeltthatthepsychologicalbehaviorpatternsembodiedinthesetwomentorsmightserveasamodelforordinarypeopletolearnandpursue.

Forthisreason,Maslowusedavarietyofmethodssuchasfreeassociation,psychologicaltests,andbiographiestoexplorethementalbehaviorpatternsof"self-actualizers".Heselected48peoplefromthegreathistoricalfiguresandthestudentsandacquaintancesaroundhimforfurtherresearch.Thesepeoplecanbedividedintothreecategories:Thefirstcategoryhecalls"cases",whichbasicallyconformstohisenvisioned"self-realization"Thepeoplerequiredbythe"people"includeLincoln(A.Lincoln),Jefferson(T.Jefferson),Roosevelt(T.ROOsevelt),Spinoza(B.SPinoza),JamesandHuxley(THHUxley),etc.12people:Thereare10peopleinthesecondcategory,whichhecalls"incompletecases",or"partial"self-actualizers,whicharefarfromtheenvisagedstandard;thereare26peopleinthethirdcategory,whichhecalls"Potentialorpossiblecases"includenotonlyyoungpeoplewhoaredevelopingtowardsself-realizationinreallife;butalsosomehistoricalfigureswhohavecontributedtoacertaindegree.

Intheresearch,Maslowfoundthatpeoplewhotrulyachieveself-actualizationaregenerallymiddle-agedorold,anditisoftendifficultforyoungpeopletoachieveself-actualization.Thisisbecauseyoungpeoplestillhavemanylower-levelneeds,suchassafety,love,self-esteem,etc.,whichhavenotbeenmettoanappropriatedegree,havenotformedlastingvalues,wisdom,willpower,andstableloverelationships,andhavenotmadeclearchoices.AcareerthatIhavetofightformylife.However,youngpeoplehavegreatpotentialfordevelopment.Throughactiveefforts,theycangraduallyapproachthislevelorgoal.

Transcendencecharacteristics

In"ZTheory",Maslowdistinguishesbetweenonlyhealthyself-realizationandtranscendingself-realization.Onlyhealthyself-realizationreferstoself-realizationintheindividualsense.Itisaprocessofcontinuouslyrealizingpotential,fulfillingvocation,destinyordisposition,acknowledgingtheinnernatureoftheindividual,andconstantlytendingtowardsunityandintegrationwithintheindividual.Suchpeoplearemorepractical,morerealistic,moreworldly,morecapableandmoremundanepeople,andtheylivemoreintheworldhereandnow.Transcendentalself-actualizationreferstoself-actualizationinthesuper-personalsense.Suchpeoplearemoreawareofthekingdomofexistence,liveatthelevelofexistence,thatis,thelevelofpurposeorthelevelofintrinsicvalue,andaremoreobviouslygovernedbytranscendentalmotives.Theyoftenhaveunifiedconsciousnessorplateauexperiences,andtheyhavealsohadpeaks.Peakexperiencesareaccompaniedbyrevelationorunderstandingoflifeintheuniverse.

Therefore,inMaslow’sview,therearetwodifferentlevelsofself-actualizers,oneatthepersonallevelandtheotheratthesuper-personallevel.Theformerismainlyhumanistic.Thelatterismainlytheresearchobjectoftranspersonalpsychology.Maslow'sdescriptionofthepersonalitycharacteristicsofself-fulfillersatthetranscendentallevel(hereinafterreferredtoastranscendents)isoneofhisfoundationalworkfortranspersonalpsychology.

Maslowfoundthattranscendorsnotonlyexistinreligiouscircles,poets,intellectuals,andmusicians,butalsoinentrepreneurs,businessmen,managers,educators,andpoliticalfigures..Heinterviewedandobserved30or40peopleindetail,andconductedgeneralconversationsandresearchonanotheroneortwohundredpeople.HeadmitsthathisresearchonTranscendentsisonlypreliminarycontactratherthanprudentandfinalresearch,anddoesnotnecessarilymeettherequirementsofformallyconfirmedscience.Thesampleisonlyconcentratedonwhathethinksisthebestsample,notnecessarilyhighlyrepresentative.Therefore,itsresearchresultscanonlyberegardedaspre-scientific.Butheemphasizedthateachofhisargumentscanbeverified.

Thetwolevelsofself-actualizershaveallthedescriptivecharacteristicsoftheaforementionedself-actualizers.Thedifferenceisthatpeakexperience,plateauexperience,andexistentialcognitionexistorexistmoreintranscendants,whiletheydonotexistoronlyexistinindividual-levelself-actualizers.Inaddition,transcendantshavemoreofthefollowingcharacteristics:(1)Fortranscendors,peakexperienceandplateauexperiencehavebecomethemostimportantthingsintheirlives,thecommandingheights,thetestimonyoflifeandthemostpreciousaspectoflife.(2)Transcendantsliveatthelevelofexistenceandcanspeakthelanguageofexistencefreelyandnaturally.Abletounderstandfables,rhetoricaldevices,paradoxes,music,art,non-verbalcommunicationandcommunication.(3)Transcendentscanobservethingsontheactualanddailylacklevel,butalsoseethesacredsideofeverything,andcansacredeverythingatwill,thatis,observethingsfromtheeternalaspect.(4)Transcendentsaremoreconsciouslyandconsciouslydominatedbytranscendencemotivation.Existentialvalues,suchastruth,perfection,beauty,kindness,unity,andtranscendenceofdifferencesaretheirmainmotivations.andmanymore.Maslowlistedatotalof23characteristics.⑤InMaslow'sview,peoplehaveapositive,biologically-based,andspirituallyself-fulfillingnature.Spirithasanaturalisticmeaningwithoutanyreligiousormetaphysicalassumptions.

Maslow'sworkandlifecourseitselfisatestimonyofhowhumanisticpsychologydevelopsnaturallytotranspersonalpsychology.Maslowbeginswithastudyofwhatitmeanstobeafullyhuman(fullyhuman),andendswithanexplorationoftranspersonalissues.Payingattentiontothefulldevelopmentofhumansisthesoulofhumanisticpsychology,andthesuper-individualistheresultofthefulldevelopmentofhumannature.

MotivationalPersonality

BriefIntroduction

Inthisbook,heputforwardmanywonderfultheories,includingthetheoryandneedsofthescientificviewofhumanpsychologyHierarchicaltheory,self-actualizationtheory,metamotivetheory,psychotherapytheory,peakexperiencetheory,etc.ThehierarchyofneedstheoryisoneofthemostinfluentialtheoriesinMaslow'spsychology,anditstillexertsahugeinfluenceinmanydisciplinesandpracticalwork.

ThisbookisthefoundationworkofMaslow'stheory.Itmainlyfocusesonthehierarchyofneedsandthetheoryofself-realizationtoexplainitsbasicviews.MotivationtheoryistheessenceofMaslow'stheory.ThebookcontainsMaslow’simportantquestionsandearlyexplorationsofhumanpsychology.Ithasahugeimpactoncreatingapositiveandcomprehensiveviewofhumannature.

Contents

TheinfluenceofAbrahamMaslowwritteninthefront

PartIMotivationTheory

ChapterIMotivationTheoryIntroduction

ChapterIITheoryofHumanMotivation

ChapterIIISatisfactionofBasicNeeds

ChapterIVRe-examinationofInstinctTheory

FifthChapterNeedLevels

ChapterSixNon-MotivatedBehaviors

PartTwoPsychopathologyandNormalState

ChapterSevenTheOriginofPsychopathology

Chapter8isdestructivenessinstinctive?

Chapter9:Psychotherapyforgoodinterpersonalrelationships

Chapter10:Methodstoachievenormalityandhealth

PartIIISelf-realization

Chapter11TheSelf-RealizingPerson

Chapter12TheLoveoftheSelf-RealizingPerson

Chapter13TheCreativityoftheSelf-RealizingPerson

FourPartHumanScienceMethodology

ChapterFourteenQuestionsofNewPsychology

ChapterFifteenResearchonScientificPsychology

ChapterSixteenMethodCenterandProblemCenter

Chapter17StereotypedCognitionandTrueCognition

Chapter18HolisticMethodofPsychology

Towardsapositivepsychology

Postscript

AbrahamMaslow’sfruitfulresults

Commentson"MotivationandPersonality"Citedreview

Recommendedreading

ChronologyofMaslow’sWorks

SubjectIndex

AppendixMaslowandMarx

Development

Sincethe1980s,thehumanisticmovementhasdeepened.Itsinternalself-actualizationtheorywithMaslowandRogersononesideandtheself-selectiontheorywithRolloMayandotherexistentialpsychologistsontheotherside.AfterMaslow'sdeath,RollomeandRogersbegantodiscusstheissueofhumannature.Duringthepublicdebate,RollomedisagreeswithRogers’sstatementthateviliscausedbytheenvironment.Hebelievesthatbothevilandgoodexistinhumannatureandarehumanpotentials.Notfacingtheproblemofevilhasaprofoundeffectonthehumanistmovement.Harmfuleffects.

Inaddition,theself-actualizationtheory,whichrepresentsthemainstreamofhumanisticpsychology,alsohasdifferentdevelopmenttrends.TheRogersschoolstillinsistsonresearchcenteredonindividualpsychology,butsomeothershavebeguntostudytranspersonalpsychology,exploringhowindividualconsciousnesstranscendsitselfandmergeswiththewiderworld.

Maslow'spsychology,especiallyhislaterworks,laidthetheoreticalfoundationfortranspersonalpsychology.Hisresearchonthepersonalitycharacteristicsofself-actualizingpeopleandtranscendentspromotedtheempiricalresearchofpsychologyonthestateofconsciousness.Thehierarchyofneedsmodelrevisedinhislateryearsistheforerunnerofcontemporarysuper-personaldevelopmenttheory.Maslowappliedthishierarchyofneedstheorytothefieldsofbusinessadministration,religion,philosophyandpolitics,whichopenedthewayforthelaterappliedresearchoftranspersonalpsychology.

Finallyistheconstructionofmethodology.Maslowoncepointedoutthattraditionalscientificmethodsarenotenoughtosolvethecomplexproblemsofhumanpsychology.Humanisticmethodologydoesnotexcludetraditionalscientificmethodsbutexpandsthescopeofscientificresearchtosolvehumanswhohavebeenexcludedfrompsychologicalresearchinthepast.Issuesofbeliefsandvalues.Attheendofthe1970s,therewasanattempttostrengthenhumanisticpsychologywithscientificmethodology.TherepresentativewasRitchick.Hebelievedthattheintroductionofteleologyintopsychologybyhumanismwastoreplacetheoldparadigmwithanewparadigm,butitmustOnlybystrengtheningthescientificnatureofhumanisticpsychologywithdialecticalmethodsandrigorouslogiccanthistransformationbecompleted.