Basicinformation
Historicalevolution
Foundingperiod
Attheendofthe15thcentury,theAtlanticOceanfromEuropetoAmericaThewaterwaywasopenedbyColumbus,andEuropeanshavetraveledacrosstheoceanstotheAmericas.Atthebeginningofthe17thcentury,thefirstBritishimmigrantsarrivedinNorthAmerica,wheretheyopeneduptheirown"GardenofEden"-NewEngland.Amongtheimmigrants,therearemorethan100PuritanswhohavereceivedclassicalhighereducationatOxfordandCambridgeuniversities.Inordertoallowtheirchildrenandgrandchildrentoreceivethiseducationintheirnewhomes,theyestablishedtheestablishmentontheCharlesRiverinMassachusettsin1636.ThefirstinstitutioninAmericanhistory-HarvardCollege.
HarvardCollege
JohnHarvardbronzestatue(3photos)
OnOctober28,1636,theMassachusettsBayColonyAssemblypassedaresolutiontodecideModeledontheUniversityofCambridgeintheUnitedKingdom,preparingfortheestablishmentofahighereducationinstitutionwithanannualallocationof400pounds;theschoolwasoriginallynamed"NewCollege"or"thecollegeatNewTowne"andbecamethefirsthighereducationinstitutionintheUnitedStates.September14,1638,J.ReverendandDeanofEmanuelCollege.Harvarddiedofillness,hedonatedhalfofhissavingsof£720andmorethan400bookstotheschool.
Theschoolofficiallyopenedinthesameyear,withatotalof9studentsinthefirstclass.
OnMarch13,1639,tothankandcommemorateRev.JohnHarvard’sgenerousdonationtothecollegeintheearlydaysofitsestablishment,theMassachusettsBayColonyCouncilpassedaresolutiontochangetheschool’snameto"HarvardCollege."
In1650,HarvardCollegewasapprovedtoestablishalegalentity.
In1693,WilliamandMaryCollege,theseconduniversityinNorthAmerica,wasborn;in1701,YaleCollege(thefirstcollegeofYaleUniversity)wasestablished.TheemergenceofthesetwocollegesgaveHarvardCollegeapartnerandarival;HarvardCollege,whichisdeeplyinfluencedbythetraditionoftheancientBritishuniversities,facespowerfulchallenges.
HarvardCollegeinitiallyimitatedtheBritishuniversitymodeltorunschools,butthePuritanphilosophywasretained.Foralongtime,theleadersofthecollegewereheldbyclergy.Itwasnotuntilthefirstnon-Puritanpresidenttookofficein1708thatHarvardbecameindependentfromthecontrolofPuritanism.
In1721,theschoolofficiallyestablishedthepositionofprofessoroftheology.
In1727,inordertocomplywiththerisingmomentumoftheNorthAmericanindustrialrevolutionandtheemergingindustrialandcommercialneedsforappliedsciences,HarvardCollegeestablishedaprofessorshipinmathematicsandnaturalsciences.Aftertheestablishmentofmathematicsandnaturalsciences,HarvardCollegealsopurchasedanumberofscientificinstrumentsandequipment.Professorsusedexperimentalmethodstoteachstudentsastronomy,physicsandchemistry;inthefieldofmathematics,technologiessuchassurveyingandnavigationwereestablished.Subject.
HistoryofHarvardUniversity
From1775to1783,theindependencewarbrokeoutin13BritishcoloniesinNorthAmericaagainstBritishcolonialrule.HarvardCollegefollowsthetrendandstandsonthesideofthejustcauseofsympathyandsupportfortheWarofIndependence.InMassachusetts,almostallfamousrevolutionariesaregraduatesofHarvard,includingoneofthedraftersofthe"DeclarationofIndependence"andthesecondpresidentoftheUnitedStates,JohnAdams.
OnJuly3,1775,GeorgeWashingtonassumedthecommandoftheArmyoftheNorthAmericanRevolutionaryWarinCambridge,whereHarvardCollegeislocated,andhisheadquarterswasoncelocatedinCambridge.AfterthebirthoftheUnitedStatesofAmericain1776,HarvardCollegebecamethemainleadersoftheWarofIndependence,GeorgeWashington,ThomasJefferson(themaindrafteroftheDeclarationofIndependence,thethirdpresidentoftheUnitedStates),andJohnJay(thefirstUnitedStatesSupremeCourt)ChiefJustice),AlexanderHamilton(thefirstU.S.SecretaryoftheTreasuryoftheFederalGovernment)andothersawardedhonorarydoctoratesoflaw.
In1780,Massachusettspromulgatedanewconstitution,andHarvardCollegewasexpandedandrenamedHarvardUniversity;thepositionofprofessorofmedicinewasestablishedinthesameyear.Afterthemedicaldepartmentwasopened,professorscarriedoutvariousscientificresearchesandpublishedtheirresearchresultsinacademicjournalsinNorthAmericaandtheUnitedKingdom.NaturalsciencesfinallyestablishedastrongpositionatHarvardandbegantohaveanimpactonothercolleges.
IntheearlyyearsoftheWarofIndependenceinNorthAmerica,theHarvardCollegefund,includingtherentoftherealestate,waslessthan£1,700.In1793afterthewar,Harvard'sfundhadexceeded$182,000.
HollisProfessorofTheologyDavidTappanandPresidentJosephWillardwentthroughastruggleaftertheirdeathsin1803and1804respectively.In1805,HarvardwasgovernedbyaphilosopherHenryWaretoruntheschool.ThespiritbegantotransitiontoArminianism;thisalsomadeAmericaneducationalinstitutionssecularized.TheyalliedwiththeFederalistPartyandopenedmanyinstitutionstoexpanditspoliticalandculturalpower;atthesametime,someconservativetheologicalpeopleusedthemassmediatocriticizetheotherparty'sattemptstocondenseanoligarchypoliticalcultureandunderminethepoliticalprinciplesoftheRepublic.Harvardwasthereforecalledthe"VaticanofUnitarianism"inthe1850s.
Theseminarywasestablishedin1816,andthelawschoolwasestablishedin1817.
In1829,J.QuincybecamethepresidentofHarvardUniversity.HemadedrasticeffortstoreversethedirectionofHarvardUniversityandstronglyadvocatedtheimportanceofscienceteaching.Duringhis16yearsinoffice(1829~1845),heestablishedtheFacultyofScienceatHarvardUniversityandestablishedanobservatory.Inthe18thand19thcenturies,withthedevelopmentofHarvardUniversity,thescopeoftheschool'scurriculumwasexpandedandthefocuswasswitched,andnaturalsciencesreceivedgreatattention.
Inthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury,HarvardUniversity’sinfluencewentbeyondMassachusettstothecentralandsouthernpartsoftheUnitedStates.
From1869to1909,CharlesWilliamEliotservedaspresident,whichfundamentallytransformedHarvardintoamodernAmericanresearchuniversity.DuringCharlesEliot’stenureaspresident,hedeletedtheinherentChristianculturalelementsinthecurriculum,allowingstudentstovoluntarilyandselectivelylearnrelatedreligiousculture;hegavethelawschoolandmedicalschoolanewvitalityandbuiltanewThenumberofregisteredstudentsincreasedfrom1,000to3,000,thenumberofteachingstaffincreasedfrom49to278,andtheschoolfundincreasedfromUS$23milliontoUS$225million.Eliot'sreformmeasuresincludeelectivecourses,smallclassteaching,andentranceexams.This"Harvardmodel"hasinfluencedthehigherandsecondaryeducationpoliciesoftheUnitedStates.Inaddition,Eliotisalsoresponsibleforpublishingthefamous"HarvardClassics",collecting"greatbooks"frommultipledisciplines.Afterhisdeathin1926,hisnameand"Harvard"havebecomesynonymouswithAmericanhighereducation.
Inthe20thcentury,Harvard’sstatusandreputationincreasedrapidlywiththeincreaseindonationsandthenumberofprofessors.Thenumberofstudentsapplyingforadmissionalsoincreasedduetotheincreaseinthenumberofcoursesandtheexpansionofthecampus.BecameafoundingmemberoftheAssociationofAmericanUniversitiesin1900.RadcliffeCollege,establishedin1879,formedanalliancewithHarvardasasisterschoolandbecamethemostfamousgirls’schoolintheUnitedStates.LaterthetwomergedandRadcliffebecamepartofHarvardUniversity.
From1909to1933,AbbottLwrenceLowellservedasthepresidentofHarvardUniversity.HereformulatedtheundergraduatecurriculumplanandimplementedasystemthatcombinescurriculumconcentrationanddistributionsothatstudentscanbeGoodbasiceducation;andLowell'stutorialsystemisstillusedbyHarvardUniversity.Theimplementationofthissystemallowsundergraduatesinlargecomprehensiveuniversitiestohaveasmallcollegeenvironment.FreshmenliveindormitoriesonorneartheHarvardcampusforthefirstyearafterenrollment.Afteroneyear,studentsliveinseparateresidences.Inthe12dormitorybuildings,a13thdormitorybuildingisalsosetupforasmallnumberofdaystudents.Thereisaresidentteacherandatutorgroupineachdormitorybuildingtoguidestudents'studyandlife.
TheprincipalJamesBryantConant,whotookofficein1933,re-establishedthecreativescholarshipsystemtoencourageandattracttalentsandensuretheschool’sleadershipinresearchinstitutions.Hebelievesthathighereducationisforthetrulytalentedpeopleratherthanthechildrenoftherich.Headjustedthecurriculumsystemtoidentify,recruit,andsupporttalentedyoungpeople.In1943,heaskedfacultyandstafftogiveclearviewson"whatisthepurposeofsecondaryandhighereducation."In1945,theresultingreportbecameoneofthemostinfluentialeducationaldeclarationsintheUnitedStatesinthe20thcentury.
From1945to1960,Harvardchangeditsadmissionpolicyandbegantoacceptstudentsfromdifferentbackgrounds,notjustsomechildrenfromaristocraticschools.Thetypesofstudentshavealsobeguntodiversify.TherearealotofJewsandCatholicsoncampus,butblacksandAsiansarestillveryfew.
From1953to1971,Puseyservedaspresident.Underhisauspices,HarvardUniversityconductedthelargestfund-raisingeventinthehistoryofAmericanhighereducation.Thesalariesofuniversityteachershaveexpandedfundingforstudents,establishednewprofessorships,andenrichedteachingequipment.
From1971to1991,Bockservedastheprincipal.Hecarefullyhandledsomeofthemajorissuesinhighereducation,includingadministration,ethnicminoritiesandwomen’seducationalopportunities,andtechnologybetweenacademiaandindustry.Forissuessuchasconversion,PresidentBockalsoreorganizedthemanagementorganizationofHarvardUniversityandintroducedmodernmanagementmethodsandprocedurestothevariousgraduateschoolsanddepartmentsofHarvardUniversity.
In1991,LuDengtingbecamethe26thpresident.Inordertobettercoordinatetherelationshipbetweenthecollegesandteachers,hecreatedaschool-wideacademicplanwiththepurposeofidentifyingthemostimportantandprioritypartsofHarvard.Inaddition,LuDengtingalsoemphasizedtheresponsibilityofuniversities:excellentundergraduateeducation,thedoorsofuniversitiesarealwaysopentopeopleofdifferenteconomicclasses,howcanresearchuniversitiesadapttotheeraofrapidinformationgrowthandseverefinancialconstraints,andmeetchallengesinafreeexpressionsociety.
HarvardUniversity(19photos)
Attheendofthe20thcentury,thestatusofwomeninHarvardbegantorise.Intheearlydays,femalestudentswerestillconcentratedinRadcliffeCollege.AlthoughmoreandmorefemalestudentsarewillingtoenrollinHarvardcourses,themajorityofHarvardstudentsarestillmale,withanaverageofonlyonefemaleinfivestudents.In1999,RadcliffeCollegeofficiallybecameHarvardUniversity’sRadcliffeSchoolofAdvancedStudies.DrewGilpinFoster,thedeanatthetime,alsoofficiallybecamethefirstfemalepresidentofHarvardinthemorethan300yearssincethefoundingofHarvardin2007.ItisalsoanIvyLeagueschoolaftertheUniversityofPennsylvania,BrownUniversityandPrincetonUniversity.Thefourthfemaleprincipal.
ThecurrentprincipalisLawrenceS.Bacow.
School-runningstrength
Departmentsetting
Asof2019,HarvardUniversity’smaincampusinCambridgehas10academicunitsand1advancedresearchinstitute,ThemainbodyofundergraduateeducationisundertakenbyHarvardCollege.These11academicunitsare:
HarvardCollege(HarvardCollege)
GraduateSchoolofArtsandSciences
HarvardExtensionSchool
HarvardDesignSchool(HarvardDesignSchool)
HarvardDivinitySchool(HarvardDivinitySchool)
HarvardGraduateSchoolofEducation(HarvardGraduateSchool)SchoolofEducation)
HarvardLawSchool
HarvardKennedySchool
HarvardJohnA.PaulsonSchoolofEngineeringandAppliedSciences(HarvardJohnA.PaulsonSchoolofEngineeringandAppliedSciences)
RadcliffeRadcliffeInstituteforAdvancedStudy
HarvardArtandScienceMuseums
Inaddition,HarvardUniversity’sAllstonCampusandLongwoodCampusalsohavethefollowing4academicunits.Theschoolhas46undergraduatemajorsand134graduatemajors:
HarvardBusinessSchool(HarvardBusinessSchool)
HarvardDentalSchool
HarvardMedicalSchool
HarvardTHChanSchoolofPublicHealth)
HarvardCollege/HarvardCollege | 1636 | Extension | 1910 |
Medicine/Medical | 1782 | Design | 1914 |
Divinity/Theology | 1816 | Education/Education | 1920 |
Law/Law | 1817 | PublicHealth/PublicHealth | 1922 |
DentalMedicine/dentist | 1867 | Government/Government | 1936 |
ArtsandSciences/文理 | 1872 | EngineeringandAppliedSciences | 2007 |
Business/Business | 1908 | GraduateSchool |
AfricanandAfricanAmericanStudies | HumanDevelopmentalandRegenerativeBiology |
Anthropology | HumanEvolutionaryBiology |
AppliedMathematics p> | Linguistics |
Astrophysics | Literature |
BiomedicalEngineering | Mathematics |
ChemicalandPhysicalBiology | MolecularandCellularBiology |
Chemistry | Music |
ChemistryandPhysics | NearEasternLanguagesandCivilizations |
Classics | Neurobiology |
ComputerScience | OrganismicandEvolutionaryBiology |
EarthandPlanetarySciences | Philosophy |
EastAsianStudies | Physics |
Economics | Psychology |
EngineeringSciences | Religion,ComparativeStudyof |
English | RomanceLanguagesandLiteratures |
EnvironmentalScienceandPublicPolicy | SanskritandIndianStudies |
FolkloreandMythology | SlavicLanguagesandLiteratures |
GermanicLanguagesandLiteratures | SocialStudies |
Government | Sociology |
History | SpecialConcentrations |
HistoryandLiterature | Statistics |
HistoryandScience | VisualandEnvironmentalStudies |
HistoryofArtandArchitecture | Women,Gender,andSexuality,Studiesof |
DepartmentIntroduction
HarvardLawSchool)Wasfoundedin1817.AlthoughitwasnearlytwohundredyearsaftertheestablishmentofHarvardCollege(1636),itisstilltheoldestlawschoolintheUnitedStates.
HarvardBusinessSchoolisthelargest,richest,mostprestigious,andmostauthoritativemanagementschoolintheUnitedStatesandtheworldtoday.Thisisameccaforthecultivationofbusinesstalents.ItisknownastheWestPointMilitaryAcademyforbusinessmen,supervisors,andgeneralmanagers.ManyAmericanentrepreneursandpoliticianshavestudiedhere.Amongthetop500managersintheUnitedStates’500largestcompanies,thereare1/5graduatedfromthiscollege.TheHarvardMasterofBusinessAdministration(MasterofBusinessAdministration)isasymbolofpowerandmoney,anditisalsoadegreecovetedbymanyyoungAmericans.
HarvardGraduateSchoolofDesign(GSD):HarvardUniversity’sarchitecturaleducationbeganinthelate19thcentury.Planningandlandscapeareintegrated,anditisoneofthemostprestigiousdesigninstitutesintheworld.
FacultyStrength
Asof2014,thereareabout2,400facultymembersatHarvardUniversity,includingmanyNobelPrizes,Pulitzers,PritzkerPrizes,andFieldsAwardwinners;theschoolhasmorethan300academiciansoftheNationalAcademyofSciences(NAS),theNationalAcademyofEngineering(NAE),andtheNationalAcademyofMedicine(IOM),amongwhichtheacademiciansoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesandtheNationalAcademyofMedicinerankfirstintheUnitedStates.
MartinCapras | ErwinRose | JackShostak | AlbertGore | EricMuskin |
RoyGlauber | LindaBuck | RicardoGiaconi | MitchellSiBins | AmartyaSen |
SeamusHeney | AriasJamesCorey | JosephMurray | NormanRamsey | DudleyHerschbach |
NicholasBlombergen | TosdenWiesel | DavidHuber | WalterGilbert | BajúBenaselav |
Grashaw | JohnVanflex p> | WilliamLipscombe | WassilyLeontief | KennethJosephArrow |
SimonSmithKuznets | StevenWeinberg | CarolRubyAsia | RobertMorton | ThomasSchelling |
GeorgeWald | Woodward | JulianSchwinger | ConradBloch | JamesWatson |
coverOrgvonBekesch | EdwardPurcell | PercyW.Bridgeman | GeorgeMinot | TheodoreWilliamRichards |
StudentEducationSystem
Untilthe19thcentury,theHarvardCollegestillfollowsthemodelofOxfordUniversityandCambridgeUniversityintheUnitedKingdom,withthegoalofcultivatingpastors,lawyersandofficials,focusingonthehumanities,andstudentscannotfreelychoosecourses.Atthebeginningofthe19thcentury,theclarioncallforhighereducationcurriculumreformwassoundedatHarvard,advocating"academicfreedom"and"freedomoflecture".Theoldframeof"fixedacademicyear"and"fixedcourses"hasbeenimpacted,andthesystemoffreeelectivecourseshasgraduallyemerged.
In1839,HarvardUniversitylaunchedacurriculumreformagain.In1841,Harvardofficiallyimplementedtheelectivesystem,butitquicklyregressedundertheoppositionofconservativeforces.
Inthe1860s,the"CivilWar"brokeoutintheUnitedStates.TheCivilWaropenedthewayforthedevelopmentofAmericancapitalism.Productivityincreasedbyleapsandbounds,andthestatusofscientificandtechnicalworkersgraduallyimproved.Engineers,naturalscientists,andindustrialtechnicalpersonnelwereabletokeeppacewithlawyersandofficials.Thechangesinthesituationareverybeneficialtothecurriculumreformofcollegesanduniversities.Theelectivesystemhasrisenagain,andHarvardhasonceagainbeenattheforefrontofreforms.
In1869,Elliott,whowasonly35yearsold,servedasthepresidentofHarvardUniversity.Afterthat,heservedaspresidentfor40yearsandwastheleaderinimplementingtheelectivesystem.Underhisleadershipandpromotion,HarvardUniversityimplementedElectivesystem.By1895,onlyEnglishandmodernforeignlanguagesremainedcompulsorycourses,andtheotherswereelectivecourses.ManyuniversitiesintheUnitedStateshavefollowedHarvardUniversity'sfootsteps,reducingorabolishingcompulsorycoursesandincreasingelectivecourses.
Accordingtotherequirementsofthefreeelectivesystem,youcanstudyforadegree.Thereare16coursesforstudentstochoose.Aslongastheymeettherequirements,theycangetthecorrespondingdegree.Thismethodbreaksthefixedfour-yearschoolsystem,andthosewithexcellentgradescanobtainthecorrespondingdegreewithinthreeyears.ThankstoElliott’sefforts,HarvardUniversityrecruitedcelebrityscholarstoteach,andelectivecourseswereopenedmorethanotheruniversities.Theknowledgeofstudentsexpandedandtheirlearningpotentialwasfullyutilized.
Elliott’seducationalthoughtsandcurriculumreformhaveaprofoundimpactonthedevelopmentofAmericanhighereducation.Heemphasizedthatcollegesanduniversitiesshouldgivestudentsthreemagicweapons:OneistolearnfromstudentsFreedomofchoice;thesecondistogivestudentstheopportunitytodisplaytheirtalentsinthesubjecttheyaregoodat;thethirdistotransformstudents’learningfrompassivebehaviorsintoautonomousbehaviors,freeingstudentsfromtheirdependenceonandsubordinationtoteachers.
In1909,Lowellbecametheprincipal.Onthepremiseofretainingtheadvantagesofthefreeelectivesystem,heproposedanewteachingreformplan.Since1914,the"centralizationanddistribution"systemhasbeenimplemented.Theso-called"concentration"meansthatfromthe16availablecourses,6professionalcoursesofthedepartmentmustbeselectedtoensurethefocus;theso-called"distribution"meansthattheother6coursesarefrom3differentknowledgefieldsChoosetwoeachtoensurethatstudentshaveawiderrangeofknowledge.Theremainingclassesarefreeforstudentstochoose.Thissystemnotonlyguaranteesthedepthofprofessionalcourses,butalsoexpandsthestudents'horizons,andcanalsoleaveappropriateroomforstudents'personalhobbies.
In1933,Conant,achemist,servedastheprincipal.Heworkedhardtogovern.In1940,hepresidedovertheestablishmentofaspecialcommitteetostudycurriculumreform.Afterfiveyearsofrepeatedresearch,aspecialreportwasproposed,advocatingthestrengtheningofgeneraleducation.Inaccordancewiththerecommendationsofthespecialreport,HarvardUniversityconductedanotherfive-yearexperimentandformallyimplementedthe"generaleducation"systemin1951.Accordingtotheregulationsofthegeneraleducationsystem,studentsinthefirst,first,andsecondgradesshouldtake6professionalcoursesfromtheirowndepartment,andthenchooseoneofthethreegeneraleducationcoursesofhumanities,society,andnature.3courses,plusatleast3coursesfromotherdepartments;thesecond,third,andfourthgradesalsohavegeneraleducationcourses.Thosewhohavenotstudiedthefirstorsecondgradegeneraleducationcoursesarenotallowedtotakethethirdandfourthgrades.Thirdly,studentsstudyingformaster’sanddoctoratedegreescantakepartofthegeneraleducationcoursesforgradesthreeandfour;fourth,studentsarenotallowedtotaketwocoursesthatbelongtothesameexaminationgroup.Inthisway,generaleducationandprofessionaleducationarecloselyintegrated,andtheyareconnectedinanorderlymanner.Thisapproachdrawsontheadvantagesoftheprevioussystemandintegratesittoformafreeelectivesystembasedoncommunicationeducationandguidedbyconcentrationanddistribution.
TherearegenerallyfourscoringmethodsforHarvardUniversitystudents’performance:first,scoreaccordingtofivelevelsofA,B,C,D,andE,withAbeingthehighestscore;second,passandfail;Third,satisfactionanddissatisfaction;fourth,creditsandnocredits.
ThecurriculumreformofHarvardUniversityhasnotstagnated.Theywentontostudywhichcoursesingeneraleducationarecorecourses,orbasiccourses.Theydeeplyrealizethatnomatterwhatmajortheystudy,theymusthaveadeepbasicknowledge.
DerekBokbecamethepresidentin1971.Hepaidgreatattentiontothebasiceducationofundergraduatesandtookeffectivemeasures.Atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,Americangeneraluniversityliberalartscoursesweresetupaccordingtotheprincipleofcombiningdepthandhorizontality,whichnotonlyallowedstudentstohaveadeeperunderstandingofacertainfield,butalsorequiredstudentstohaveawiderrangeofexposuretootherfields.Bythemiddleofthe20thcentury,studentsarerequiredtohaveageneralbasicunderstandingofthethreefieldsofhumanities,socialsciencesandnaturalsciencesintermsofknowledgebreadth.Inthe1960sand1970s,theabove-mentionedcurriculummodelwaschallengedagain.Duetotheunprecedentedexpansionofhumanknowledge,thetraditionalboundariesbetweenvariousdisciplineshavebeenbroken,leavingthetraditionalliberalartscurriculumstructureinasituationthathastobereformed.
In1973,PresidentBockappointedHenryRosovskyasthedeanoftheHarvardSchoolofArtsandSciences,instructinghimtoberesponsibleforstudyingthegoalsoftheSchoolofArtsandSciencesandthevariousproblemsthatexistinHarvardundergraduateeducation.Teachersofferedideasandideastobrainstormandreformulatethegoalsandmethodsofuniversityteaching.RosowskiappointedProfessorWilsontostudycommonbasiccoursesandproposedareformplanin1976,the"WilsonReport."Thisreportadvocatedthedevelopmentofamandatorycommonbasiccourse,whichwasdiscussedandrevisedrepeatedly.DeanRosovskypersonallypresidedoverthefurthermodificationwork.Asaresult,areportonthecommonbasiccoursewasputforwardin1978.Anddecidedtostartimplementationinthesecondyear.
During1978-2008,allundergraduatestudentsneedtocompletesevencoursesotherthanthemajorcoursesaspartofthecorecourses.Afterthat,thecourseshavechanged.After2008,allundergraduatestudentsexceptthemajorcourses,Thereareeighttypesofuniversitygeneraleducationcoursesthatneedtobecompleted.Theyare:aestheticsandunderstanding,cultureandbelief,mathematicsandsimplifiedinterpretation,moralunderstanding,lifescience,physicalscience,worldandsociety,andtheUnitedStatesandtheworld.Ontheotherhand,Harvard'sgraduatecoursesareverydiverseandhavealottodowithitsundergraduatecourses.However,acertainpartofstudentsandeducationalorganizationscriticizedHarvard'sundergraduatecoursesforrelyingtoomuchonteachingassistants,sayingthatthiswouldaffectthequalityofeducation.
Harvardadoptsahalf-year/two-semestersystemofteaching.EachacademicyearstartsinearlySeptemberuntilmid-May.Undergraduatesneedtocompletefourdesignatedsubjectsineachsemester/halfacademicyear,andmustmaintainthisenrollmentratetomaintaintheirqualificationsasfull-timeundergraduates.Eachmajorsubjectprovidesbasiccoursesandadvancedcoursesforstudentstochoose.Studentsgraduatingwiththetop4-5%resultswillbeawardedthehighesthonor"summacumlaude"degree,theremainingtop15%ofstudentswillbeawardedthetitleof"magnacumlaude",andtheremaining30%willbe"cumlaude".Therearedifferentscholarshipsandawardsfordifferentdisciplinesoftheuniversity.However,HarvardandmanyotherAmericanuniversitieshavebeencriticizedfor"gradualrise",andmanyscholarshipsandhonorrequirementshavecontinuedtorise.Forexample:HarvardCollege’snumberofstudentsreceivinghonorsinLatinliteraturedroppedfrom90%in2004to2005.60%ofit.However,therearealsoreportsthatthestudents'learningmotivationandfightingspirithavebeenimprovedasaresult.
Researchreputation
Overallranking
ThefollowingistherankingofHarvardUniversityintheworld’sfourauthoritativeuniversityrankings.
2021 | AcademicRankingofWorldUniversityRankings | Number1intheworld | |
2021-2022 | QSWorldUniversityRankings (QSWorldUniversityRankings) | 5thintheworld | |
2020-2021 | TimesHigherEducationWorldUniversityRankings (THEWorldUniversityRankings) | 3rdintheworld | |
2020-2021 | QSWorldUniversityRankings (QSWorldUniversityRankings) | No.3intheworld | |
2020-2021 | USNewsWorldUniversityRankings (USNewsBestGlobalUniversities) | No.1intheworld p> | |
2020-2021 | AcademicRankingofWorldUniversityRankings (AcademicRankingofWorldUniversities) | WorldNo.1 | |
2019-2020 | USNewsWorldUniversityRankings (USNewsBestGlobalUniversities) td> | Number1intheworld | |
2019-2020 | USNewsBestNationalUniversityRankings (USNewsBestNationalUniversityRankings) | No.2intheUnitedStates | |
2019-2020 | TimesWorldUniversityofHigherEducationRanking (THEWorldUniversityRankings) | No.7intheworld | p>|
2019-2020 | TimesHigherEducationWorldUniversityReputationRanking (THEWorldReputationRankings) | Number1intheworld | |
2019-2020 | QSWorldUniversityRankings (QSWorldUniversityRankings) | No.3intheworld | |
2019-2020 | AcademicRankingofWorldUniversities (AcademicRankingofWorldUniversities) | Number1intheworld |
Inaddition,in2019-20,inthe"WorldUniversityRankingCenter(CWUR)"announcedtheworldIntheuniversityrankings,HarvardUniversityranksfirstintheworld.From2017-18,the"Forbes"rankingofthe"100MostValuableUniversitiesintheUnitedStates"wasreleased,andHarvardUniversityranked5th;inAugust2017,inthe2017ForbesAmericanUniversityRankings,HarvardUniversityranked1st.InNovember2017,"TimesHigherEducation"releasedthe2017rankingoftheworld'smostemployableschools,andHarvardrankedsecondintheworld;inNovember2018,"TimesHigherEducation"releasedthe2018GlobalUniversityGraduateEmploymentCompetitionInthepowerrankings,Harvardranksfirst.Ranked1stinthe2020MoscowInternationalUniversityrankings.
SubjectRankings
HarvardUniversityhasworld-classacademicinfluenceinlifesciences,naturalsciences,law,medicine,business,andsociology.ThefollowingisadetailedrankingofHarvardUniversityinvariousfields.
(1)2019-20TimesHigherEducationWorldUniversityRankings(THE)SubjectRanking:
ScienceandEngineering | WorldRanking | HumanitiesandSocialSciences | WorldRanking |
NaturalScience | 4 | Economics | 7 |
LifeScience | 1 | SocialScience | 4 |
ComputerScience | 9 | HumanitiesandArts | 5 |
Engineeringtechnology | 3 | Laws | 7 |
Medical | 2 | Education | 2 |
Psychology | 7 |
(2)2019-20QSWorldUniversityRankings(QS)SubjectRanking:
Subjects | WorldRanking | Subjects | WorldRanking | Discipline | WorldRanking |
ComputerScience | 7 | Medicine | 1 | PhysicsandAstronomy | 2 |
Architecture | 5 | Bioscience | 1 | Mathematics | 2 |
SocialPolicyandManagement | 2 | Psychology | 1 | EnvironmentalScience | 5 |
ElectronicEngineering | 7 | Pharmacology | 2 | EarthandOceanSciences | 3 |
MechanicalandAerospaceEngineering | 5 | EconomyandEconometrics | 1 | Chemistry | 3 |
Philosophy | 6 | Sociology | 1 | MaterialsScience | 7 |
Modernlanguage | 1 | History | 1 | StatisticsandOperationsResearch | 2 |
Linguistics | 5 | EnglishandLiterature | 3 | Geography | None |
PoliticsandInternationalRelations | 1 | Law | 1 | AgriculturalScience | None |
AccountingandFinance | 1 | Education | 2 | CommunicationandMediaResearch | None |
anthropology | 3 | DevelopmentStudies | 2 | ChemicalEngineering | None |
Archaeology | 5 | PerformanceArt | 8 | ArtandDesign | None |
TheologyandReligiousStudies | 1 | DentalMedicine | 7 | CivilEngineering | None |
(3)2019-20AcademicRankingofWorldUniversities(ARWU)SubjectRanking:
ScienceandEngineering | WorldRanking | HumanitiesandSocialSciences | WorldRanking |
Mathematics | 12 | Economics | 2 |
Physics | 8 | Laws | 1 |
Chemistry | 6 | SocietyLearn | 1 |
Biology | 1 | Psychology | 1 |
ComputerEngineering | 6 | Politics | 1 |
ClinicalMedicine | 2 | Finance | 2 |
(4)2018-19USNewsrankingofmajorgraduateschoolsintheUnitedStates:
NaturalScience | NationalRanking | HumanitiesandSocialSciences | NationalRanking |
Mathematics | 2 | Economics | 1 |
Physics | 3 | Sociology | 1 |
Chemistry | 2 | History | 4 |
LifeScience | 4 | EnglishandLiterature | p>8 |
ComputerScience | 16 | Psychology | 3 |
Statistics | 3 | Politics | 1 |
EarthScience | 8 | Criminology | None |
2019-20USNewsProfessionalSchoolRanking:
ProfessionalSchool | BusinessSchool | p>LawSchool | MedicalSchool | SchoolofEducation | SchoolofEngineering | NursingCollege |
NationalRanking | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 21 | None |
AcademicResources
ScientificResearchInstitutions
BethIsraelDeaconessMedicalCenter(BIDMC)
BrighamandWomen'sHospital(BWH)
CambridgeHealthAlliance(CambridgeHealthAlliance,CHA)
Children'sHospitalBoston
Dana–FarberCancerInstitute
ForsythInstitute
HarvardPilgrimHealthCare
HebrewSeniorLife
JoslinDiabetesCenter(JoslinDiabetesCenter)
BakerJudgeBakerChildren'sCenter(JudgeBakerChildren'sCenter)
MassachusettsEyeandEarInfirmary
MassachusettsGeneralHospital
MikeForestHospital(McLeanHospital)
MountAuburnHospital(MountAuburnHospital)
SchepensEyeInstitute(SchepensEyeResearchInstitute)
SpauldingRehabilitationHospital
VeteransAffairsDepartmentBostonHealthcareInstitution(VeteransAffairsBostonHealthcareSystem)
Library
HarvardUniversityhasthelargestacademiclibraryintheUnitedStatesandthefifthlargestintheworld(aftertheLibraryofCongress,theBritishLibrary,theNationalLibraryofFrance,andtheNewYorkPublicLibrary).
ThecentralsystemoftheHarvardUniversityLibraryislocatedintheWidenerLibraryintheHarvardCourtyard.Theentiresystemcovers80differentlibrarieswithanoverallcollectionofmorethan16millionvolumes,makingitaThelargestacademiclibrarynetworkintheUnitedStates,andalsorankedthirdintheUnitedStates(aftertheU.S.LibraryofCongressandtheBostonPublicLibrary).Differentlibrariesaresuitablefordifferenttypesofreaders:CabotScienceLibrary,LamontLibraryandWidenerLibrarylocatedinthemainpartofCambridgearethebooksmostfrequentlyvisitedbyundergraduatesTheHoughtonLibraryandtheArthurandElizabethSchlesingerLibraryspecializeinhistoricalreferencesonthedevelopmentofwomen’sstatusintheUnitedStates;theHarvardUniversitydatabasecollectsavarietyofpreciousbooksandHand-writtencopy;someoftheoldestmapsandplacelistsintheUnitedStatescanbefoundinHarvard’sPuseyLibrary;andHarvardYenchingLibrarykeepsdocumentsrelatedtoancientEastAsianlanguages.
Museum
1.CarpenterCenterfortheVisualArts(CarpenterCenterfortheVisualArts)Arts):DesignedbythefamousarchitectLeCorbusier,itisthedatabaseoftheUniversity'sDepartmentofFilmandArt.
2,HarvardArtMuseums(HarvardArtMuseums)
1.ArthurM.SacklerMuseum,containingAsianart.
Second,theBusch-ReisingerMuseum(Busch-ReisingerMuseum)containsCentralEuropeanandNordicartworks.
3.FoggMuseumofArt(FoggMuseumofArt),containingWesternmedievalart.
3,HarvardArtMuseumsOnlineCollections
4,StrausCenterforConservation
5.HarvardMuseumofNaturalHistory(HarvardMuseumofNaturalHistory)
6.HarvardUniversityHerbaria(HarvardUniversityHerbaria)
7.Mineralogical&GeologicalMuseumMuseum)
8.MuseumofComparativeZoology
9.ArnoldArboretum
10.ScientificInstruments(History)CollectionofHistoricalScientificInstruments
11.FisherMuseumattheHarvardForest(FisherMuseumattheHarvardForest)
12,PeabodyMuseumofArchaeologyandEthnology(PeabodyMuseumofArchaeologyandEthnology)
13,SemiticMuseum(SemiticMuseum)
14,WarrenAnatomicalMuseum(WarrenAnatomicalMuseum)
15,DatabaseofZoologicalCollections
16,DigitalHarvard
17,PeabodyMuseumOnline
18.HarvardMuseumsofScienceandCulture
19,metaLAB(at)Harvard
Scientificresearchresults
Scientificresearchfunding
HarvardUniversity’sdonatedfundsrankfirstamongtheworld’sscientificresearchinstitutions.In2013,ithasaccumulatedtoUS$32billion,secondonlytoThelargestendowmentfundoftheBillandMelindaGatesFoundation;Harvardhasanaverageannualscientificresearchfundingofmorethan750millionU.S.dollars,providingsupportforhundredsofresearchinstitutionsin14colleges.
Impactfactor
OnMarch27,2014,"Nature"magazinereleaseditsannualreportIn2013,HarvardUniversityrankedfirstinthecontributionindexofhigh-qualitypaperspublishedinthejournalNature,andtheChineseAcademyofSciencesrankedsixthintheworldonthislist.HarvardUniversityalsorankedfirstinthe1999-2009ten-yearpapercitationrankingspublishedby"Sciencewatch".
1. | HarvardUniversity,USA | 158.99 | 387 |
2. | MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT),USA | 84.68 | 228 |
3. | StanfordUniversity,USA | 80.21 | 170 |
4. | NationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH),USA | 73.46 | 181 |
5. | MaxPlanckSociety,Germany | 70.65 | 216 | p>
6. | ChineseAcademyofSciences(CAS),China | 63.15 | 165 |
7. | FrenchNationalCentreforScientificResearch(CNRS),France | 59.37 | 297 |
8. | TheUniversityofTokyo,Japan | 57.19 | 128 |
9. | UniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco(UCSF),USA | 49.81 | 107 |
10. | UniversityofCambridge,UK | 48.52 | 151 |
TheMost-CitedInstitutionsOverall,1999-2009 | ||
Papers | Citations | Citations PerPaper |
95,291 | 2,597,786 | 27.26 |
69,373 | 1,366,087 | 19.69 |
54,022 | 1,222,166 | 22.62 |
54,198 | 1,147,283 | 21.17 |
48,846 | 1,138,795 | 23.31 |
55,237 | 1,077,069 | 19.5 |
54,612 | 948,621 | 17.37 |
46,984 | 945,817 | 20.13 |
36,106 | 939,302 | 26.02 |
46,235 | 931,399 | 20.14 |
Majorachievements
In1922,themedicalschoolcompletedthefirstinsulininjectioninEngland.
In1954,BostonChildren’sHospitalscientistJohnFranklinEndersandhisteamwontheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicineforsuccessfullycultivatingpoliovirusinanartificialmanner.
In1960,BethIsraelDeaconessMedicalCentercompletedthefirstpacemakerimplantationoperation.
In1961,GeorgvonBekeschwontheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinefordiscoveringthephysicalmechanismoftheinnercochleatoanalyzeandtransmitsound.
In1962,JamesWatson,amolecularbiologist,wontheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicineforproposingthedoctrineofthedoublehelixmodelofDNA.
In1964,KonradBlochwontheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicineforhisdiscoveryofcholesterolandfattyacidbiosynthesis.
In1965,ProfessorofPhysicsJulianSchwinger,RichardFeynmanandShinichiroAsaagasharedtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsthatyear,becausethethreeofthemwereinvolvedinquantumelectrodynamicsandparticlephysics.Fundamentalcontributionsmadebytheparties.
In1965,Woodward,thefatherofmodernorganicsynthesis,wontheNobelPrizeinChemistry.
In1967,ophthalmologistGeorgeWaldwontheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicineforhispioneeringresearchinthefieldofretina.
In1971,SimonSmithKuznets,thefatherofGDP,wontheNobelPrizeinEconomicsthatyear.
In1972,KennethJosephAroinwontheNobelPrizeinEconomicswithJohnHicksforhisoutstandingcontributionstogeneralequilibriumtheory.
In1973,WassilyLeontiefwontheNobelPrizeinEconomicsforhisresearchoninput-outputanalysismethods.
In1976,theinorganicchemistWilliamLipscombewontheNobelPrizeinChemistryforhisresearchonthestructureofborane.
In1977,for"basictheoreticalresearchontheelectronicstructureofmagnetismanddisorderedsystems",JohnVanFreckandNevilleMottwonthe1977NobelPrizeinPhysics.
In1979,StevenWeinbergwasawardedtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsforhisexperimentalverificationoftheparitybreakingcausedbythemixingofZbosonsandelectromagneticinteractions.HealsowontheNobelPrizeinPhysics.ThefounderoftheGrandUnificationTheory,Glashaw,alsoaprofessoratHarvardUniversity.
In1980,BahruBenaselavwontheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicineforhisdiscoveryofthegeneticcellsurfacestructurethatcontrolstheimmuneresponse;
Inthesameyear,becauseDevelopedmethodsfordeterminingDNAsequences,andWalterGilbertandFrederickSangerwontheNobelPrizeinChemistry.
In1981,DavidHuberwontheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicineforhisresearchonthevisualsystem(theabilityofvisualcortexcellstointerprettheencodedpulseinformationoftheretina).
In1984,CarloRubiawontheNobelPrizeinPhysicsinthesameyearforhisdecisiveroleinthelarge-scaleexperimentalprogramforthediscoveryoftheweaklyactingpropagatorsW±andZ°.
In1986,ProfessorofChemistryDudleyHirschbachsharedwithLiYuanzheandJohnPolanyiforstudyingthedynamicsofthechemicalelementaryreactionsysteminthemovementprocessofthepotentialenergysurface.TheNobelPrizeinChemistryin1986.
In1989,NormanRamseywontheNobelPrizeinPhysicsforhisresearchanddevelopmentofultra-precisioncesiumatomicclocksandhydrogenmasers.
In1990,JosephMurraywontheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicineforhiscontributionto"ResearchonHumanOrgansandCellTransplantation";
Inthesameyear,Elias·JamesCoreywontheNobelPrizeinChemistryfordevelopingthetheoryandmethodofcomputer-assistedorganicsynthesis.
In2002,RicardoGiaconiwonthe2002NobelPrizeinPhysicsforhispioneeringcontributionstoX-rayastronomy.
In2004,LindaBarkerwonthe2004NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinewithRichardAxelforheroutstandingresearchonsmell.
In2005,RoyGlauberwontheNobelPrizeinPhysicsforhiscontributiontothequantumtheoryofopticalcoherence.
In2009,JackShostaksharedtheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinewiththetwoscientistsfordiscoveringthemechanismbywhichtelomeresandtelomeraseprotectchromosomes.
In2013,MartinCapraswontheNobelPrizeinChemistryfor“creatingamulti-scalemodelforcomplexchemicalsystems”.
OnMarch19,2018,thefirstcomprehensive"academicmappublishingplatform"inChinajointlyestablishedbytheInstituteofSocialSciencesofZhejiangUniversityandtheGeographicAnalysisCenterofHarvardUniversitywasofficiallylaunchedatZhejiangUniversity.
CulturalTradition
SchoolMotto
Theearliestschoolmottois"VeritasChristoetEcclesiae",Englishis"TruthforChristandtheChurch",whichmeans"pursuingChristianityandTrueinthesenseofthechurch".Later,withthesecularizationofHarvardanditsseparationfromreligion,thissentencewasnaturallysimplifiedintooneword-Veritas.Thiswordisoftentranslatedas"truth".Itisnotonly"truth"butalso"truth"and"truth".AtHarvard,thepursuitof"truth","truth"and"truth"invariousfieldssuchasknowledge,theworld,society,andmankindisaneternalgoal.
SchoolEmblem
HarvardUniversity(2photos)
TheHarvardUniversityemblemisatraditionalshieldshape,whichmeansperseveranceanddefense;thebackgroundcolorisHarvardstandardColor"Crimson".Themainpartisbasedonthreebooks,twofacingupwardsandonefacingdownwards,symbolizingthedynamicrelationshipbetweenreasonandrevelation.Thetwobooksaboveareengravedwiththetwoletters"VE"and"RI"respectively,whichtogetherwiththenextbookformthe"VERITAS"intheschoolmotto."VERITAS"means"truth"inLatin.
Schoolsong
IllegitimumNonCarborundum
Dominesalvumfac
IllegitimumNonCarborundum
DominesalvumfacGaudeamusigitur
Veritasnonsequitur
IllegitimumnonCarborundum-ipsofacto
TenthousandmenofHarvardwantvictrytoday
FortheyknowthatoeroldEliFair
Harvardholdssway
SothenwellconqueroldElismen
Andwhenthegameends
wellsingagain
p>TenthousandmenofHarvard
gainedvictrytoday
Athletics
HarvardUniversity’sbiggestsportscompetitionopponentisthesamefamousYaleUniversity.Thiscompetitiverelationshiphasbecomeatraditionbetweenthetwoschools.ThesportscompetitionbetweenHarvardUniversityandYaleUniversityhasalwaysbeenveryfierce.Amongthem,theAmericanfootballmatchesthatbeganin1875havereceivedthemostattention.Thetwoschoolsareoftencalled"TheGame";thistraditionhasalsoinfluencedAmericanfootball.Thedevelopmentmodelofthecompetition.In1903,thenewdesignandlayoutofHarvardStadiumreducedtheriskofplayersfallingandgettinginjuredduringthegame.ThefatherofAmericanfootball,thenYaleUniversityfootballteamcaptainWalterKemp,praisedthis,buthehopedThevenuecanbealittlewider,andHarvardisdifficulttotravelduetothelimitedlandarea.ThisdirectlypromptedCamptoproposenewcompetitionrulesin1906tomakeupforthelackofspace,whichhadaprofoundimpactonthedevelopmentofAmericanfootball.
Inadditiontorugby,thesportscompetitionbetweenHarvardandYalealsoincludesrowing.TheeventisheldeveryyearintheThames,Connecticut.Fromtimetotime,theywillalsojoinhandsagainstCambridgeandOxforduniversitiesintheUnitedKingdom.Thiscompetitionisalsotheoldestmultinationalcollegesportsevent.
CampusEnvironment
HarvardUniversity’sfacilitiesaredistributedinmorethan20places,withatotalareaof4882acresandaconstructionareaof21,565,000squarefeet.ThemaincampusinCambridgecoversanareaof224acreswithaconstructionareaof13,202,000squarefeet.
TheheadquartersofHarvardUniversityislocatedontheHarvardCourtyardinCambridge,whichisabout5.5kilometersnorthwestoftheBostonbusinessdistrict.ItincludestheCentralAdministrativeOfficeandtheUniversityCentralLibrary.Therearealsoseveralacademicbuildings,suchastheuniversityhall,memorialchurch,andfreshmandormitory.Thereareatotaloftwelveresidentialbuildingsforundergraduates.NinearelocatedinthesouthernpartofHarvardYard,closetotheCharlesRiver;theremainingpartisinthenorthwestoftheYard,whereitwasoriginallythestudentdormitoryofRadcliffeCollegeuntilthetwomerged.Usethesameaccommodationpolicy.Therearetransportationservicessuchasbusesandrailwaysnearthecampusforstudentsandfacultymemberstoshuttlethroughthecampus.
HarvardUniversity’sbusinessschoolandmostofitssportsfacilitiesarelocatedtothewestofBoston,coveringanareaof145hectares.Thepedestrianbridgeintheurbanarea-JohnWaiteBridgespanstheCharlesRiverandconnectsthetwocampuses.TheHarvardSchoolofMedicine,SchoolofDentistry,andSchoolofPublicHealthareintheLongwoodMedicalDistrict,coveringanareaofabout8.9hectares,about5.3kilometerssouthwestoftheBostonbusinessdistrict,andalso5.3kilometersawayfromtheheadquarters.Therearebusesnearthemedicalareatotheheadquarters,andthemidwaystopsincludeBackBayandMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.
Famouspeople
HarvardUniversityhasproduced8AmericanpresidentsandhundredsofNobelandPulitzerPrizewinners.Inaddition,ithasalsotrainedalargenumberofwell-knownacademicfounders,world-classacademicleaders,writers,andthinkers,suchasNorbertDana,RalphEmerson,HenryThoreau,HenryJames,CharlesPeirce,RobertFrost,WilliamJames,JeromeBruner,GeorgeMayo,etc.;famousdiplomat,formerU.S.SecretaryofStateHenryKissinger,formerMongolianPresidentChahyaElbegdorjialsocamefromHarvard.
Inmoderntimes,manyChinesescientists,writers,andscholarshavestudiedatHarvardUniversity,suchasHuGangfu,ZhuKezhen,YangXingfo,ZhaoYuanren,ChenYinke,LinYutang,LiangShiqiu,LiangSicheng,JiangZehan,HuXiuying,YuYingshi,LiOufan,etc.
MarkZuckerbergandBillGatesaretheschool’sprestigiousdropouts.
TsheringTobgay | 2004 | PrimeMinisterofBhutan |
TsakhiagiinElbegdorj | 2002 | PresidentofMongolia |
FelipeCalderónHinojosa | 2000 | PresidentofMexico |
BarackObama | 1991 | PresidentoftheUnitedStates |
JoséMaríaFigueresOlsen | 1991 | PresidentofCostaRica |
JamilMahuad | 1989 | PresidentofEcuador |
EduardoRodriguez | 1988 | PresidentofBolivia |
MasakoOwada | 1985 | CrownPrincessofJapan |
BanKi-Moon | 1984 | Secretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNations |
SirDonaldTsang | 1982 | ChiefExecutive&President,ExecutiveCouncil,HongKong |
MaYing-jeou | 1981 | PresidentofTaiwan |
JuanManuelSantos | 1981 | PresidentofColombia |
LeeHsienLoong | 1980 | PrimeMinister,Singapore |
AnnetteLu | 1978 | FormerdeputyleaderofTaiwan |
SebastianPinera | 1976 | PresidentofChile |
JohnRoberts | 1976;1979 | ChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStates |
GeorgeW.Bush,Jr. | 1975 | PresidentoftheUnitedStates |
BenazirBhutto | 1973 | PrimeMinisterofPakistan | tr>
EllenJohnson-Sirleaf | 1971 | PresidentofLiberia |
AlGore | 1969 | VicePresidentoftheUnitedStates |
MigueldelaMadrid | 1965 | PresidentofMexico |
WilliamRehnquist | 1950 | ChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStates | p>
PierreTrudeau | 1945 | PrimeMinisterofCanada |
AndreasPapandreou | 1943 | PrimeMinisterofGreece | tr>
JohnF.Kennedy | 1940 | PresidentoftheUnitedStates |
FanS.Noli | 1912 | PrimeMinisterofAlbania |
FranklinDelanoRoosevelt | 1904 | PresidentoftheUnitedStates |
WilliamLyonMackenzieKing | 1898 | PrimeMinisterofCanada |
TheodoreRoosevelt | 1880 | PresidentoftheUnitedStates |
RutherfordB.Hayes | 1845 | PresidentoftheUnitedStates |
JohnQuincyAdams | 1787 | PresidentoftheUnitedStates | tr>
JohnAdams | 1755 | PresidentoftheUnitedStates |
StephenGreenblatt | 2012 | Nonfiction |
CarolineElkins | 2006 | Nonfiction |
GeraldineBrooks | 2006 | Fiction |
SamanthaPower | 2003 | Nonfiction |
JorieGraham* | 1996 | Poetry |
BertHölldobler | 1991 | Nonfiction |
EdwardO.Wilson | 1991 | Nonfiction |
LaurelThatcherUlrich* | 1991 | History |
DavidDonald | 1988 | Biography |
BernardBailyn | 1987 | History |
ThomasK.McCraw | 1985 | History |
BernardRands* | 1984 | Music |
PaulE.Starr | 1984 | Nonfiction |
EdwardO.Wilson | 1979 | Nonfiction |
WalterJacksonBate | 1978 | Biography |
AlfredChandlerJr. | 1978 | History |
JohnE.Mack | 1977 | Biography |
DonaldMartino* | 1974 | Music |
RobertColes | 1973 | Nonfiction |
MarioDavidosky* | 1971 | Music |
BernardBailyn | 1968 | History |
GeorgeF.Kennan | 1968 | Biography |
LeonKirchner | 1967 | Music |
BernardMalamud | 1967 | Fiction |
PerryMiller*** | 1966 | History |
HowardMumfordJones | 1965 | Nonfiction |
WalterJacksonBate | 1964 | Biography |
DavidDonald* | 1961 | Biography |
WalterPiston | 1961 | Music |
SamuelEliotMorison** | 1960 | Biography |
ArchibaldMacLeish | 1959 | Drama |
ArchibaldMacLeish | 1953 | Poetry |
OscarHandlin p> | 1952 | History |
WalterPiston | 1948 | Music |
ArthurM.SchlesingerJr. | 1946 | History |
RobertFrost | 1943 | Poetry |
SamuelEliotMorison | 1943 | Biography |
PaulHermanBuck | 1938 | History |
RalphBartonPerry | 1936 | Biography |
RobertHillyer | 1934 | Poetry |
ArchibaldMacLeish* | 1933 | Poetry |
FrederickJ.Turner | 1933 | History |
EdwardChanning | 1926 | History |
HarveyCushing | 1926 | Biography |
MarkA.DeWolfeHowe | 1925 | Biography |
CharlesMcIlwain | 1924 | History | tr>
HenryAdams | 1919 | Biography |
Controversy
InMay2015,64AsianstudentsreportedtotheUSFederalGovernmentFiledacomplaintallegingthatHarvardUniversity’sadmissionsprocessclearlydiscriminatesagainstAsianstudents.TheUSDepartmentofJusticeisinvestigatingthecaserecently,andpreviouslyrequiredHarvardUniversitytosubmitrelevantdocumentsbeforeDecember1,otherwiseitwillbeprosecuted.
OnDecember2,2017,thewebsiteoftheHarvardUniversitynewspaper"TheCrimsonNews"reportedthatUSDepartmentofJusticeofficialsconfirmedthatHarvardUniversityhadagreedtoincludestudentapplicationdocumentsandstudentstatusthatwereoriginallyclassifiedasconfidential.Theinformationishandedover.
At10a.m.localtimeonOctober15,2018,the"HarvardAdmissionsDiscriminationagainstAsians"caseopenedintheFederalDistrictCourtofBoston.TheHarvardUniversitylegalteamdeniedanydiscriminationinitsopeningstatement,sayingthatraceisonlyoneoftheconsiderationsandwillonlyhelpstudentsgetadmission.“StudentsforFairAdmission”(StudentsforFairAdmission,SFFA)chairmanEdwardBlum(EdwardBlum)saidthatHarvardUniversity’sillegalparticipationin“racialbalance”activitiesartificiallylimitedthenumberofAsianstudentsintheschool,makingAsianTheenrollmentofAmericansremainsatorbelow20%.
OnJuly8,2020,HarvardUniversityandtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyfiledalawsuitagainsttheDepartmentofHomelandSecurityandtheU.S.ImmigrationandCustomsEnforcement(ImmigrationandCustomsEnforcement,ICE).
WorldRecord
Therichestuniversityintheworld:TheoldestuniversityintheUnitedStates,HarvardUniversity(foundedin1636)isalsotherichestintheworldUniversity.WhenassessedinJune2009,HarvardUniversity’sendowmentfundwasUS$26billion(£15.85billion),downfromUS$36.9billion(£22.4billion)thepreviousyear.(GuinnessWorldRecords)
