BriefIntroductiontoHistoryBooks
"Hanshu"createdthe"Baojugeneration"historystyle."HanShu"includestwelvechaptersinthe"Benji",eightchaptersinthetable,tenchaptersinthe"Zhi",andseventychaptersinthe"Biography",withatotalofonehundredchapters.Thedescendantsaredividedinto120volumes.ItshistorybeganinthefirstyearofEmperorLiuBangoftheHanDynastyandendedinthefourthyearofEmperorWangMangdi."HanShu"isahistoryofdynasties."BookofHan"changed"Benji"of"HistoricalRecords"as"Ji","Biography"as"Biography",and"Book"changedto"Zhi",abolished"AristocraticFamily",andtheHanDynastyXunchenFamilyLawwasincorporatedintothebiography..Thesechangeswerefollowedbysomelaterhistorybooks.
HanshuAtlas(3photos)
Theerarecordedinthe"Hanshu"overlapswiththe"Shiji".ThehistoryoftheHanDynastyandtheWesternHanDynastybeforethemiddleperiodofEmperorWuoftheHanDynasty,Bothbookshavedescriptions.Inthispart,"HanShu"oftenuses"HistoricalRecords".However,duetodifferencesintheauthor'sideologicalrealmanddifferentmaterialselectionstandards,therearealsoeasyadditions,deletions,andchangeswhentransferring."HanShu"newlyadded"CriminalLawHistory","FiveElementsHistory","GeographyHistory","ArtandLiteratureHistory"."CriminalLawHistory"systematicallydescribedtheevolutionofthelegalsystemandsomespecificlawsandregulationsforthefirsttime."Geography"recordstheadministrativedivisions,historicalevolutionandhouseholdregistrationfiguresofthecountyatthattime,andtherecordsoflocalproperties,economicdevelopment,andfolkcustomsaremoreeye-catching."Yiwenzhi"textualizestheoriginsofvariousacademicschoolsandrecordsthesurvivingbooks.Itistheearliestsurvivingbookcataloginmycountry."Shihuozhi"evolvedfromthe"levelingbook",butthecontentisricher.Ithastwovolumes.Thefirstvolumetalksabout"food",thatis,theeconomicsituationofagriculture;thesecondvolumetalksabout"goods",thatis,thesituationofcommerceandcurrency,whichisaspecialeconomicchapteratthattime.Intheeighttablesof"HanShu",thereisan"AncientandModernPeople'sTable".FromTaihaoEmperorJitoWuGuang,thereis"ancient"butno"modern",whichhasarousedridiculefromfuturegenerations.Latergenerationshighlypraisedthe"ListofBaiguanGongqing"in"HanShu".ThistablefirstdescribestheestablishmentofQinandHansub-offices,thepowersofvariousofficialpositionsandthenumberofsalaries,andthenitisdividedintofourteenandthirty.Abrieftableoffourofficialranks,recordingthepromotionandexemptionofministersintheHanDynasty.Itdoesnothavemuchspace,butitclearlyshowsusthebureaucracyandchangesinthebureaucracyatthattime.Thisconcentrationreflectsthedifferencesofthoughtbetweenthetwo.Theso-called"sage"isConfucius.SimaQian'sincompleteuseofConfucianismasacriterionforjudgingrightfromwrongisworthyofrecognition.ButBanGu'sknowledgeisnotasgoodasSimaQian's.ThischangefromSimaQiantoBanGureflectsthatConfucianismasafeudalorthodoxthoughtintheHanDynastyandtheEasternHanDynastyhasestablishedafirmfootholdinthefieldofhistory."HanShu"likestouseancientcharactersandwords,whichismoredifficulttoread.
Abouttheauthor
BanGu(32-92AD),thesonofBanBiao,thehistorianoftheHanDynastyandtheEasternHanDynasty,thebrotherofBanChao,whosenameisMengJian,wasborninAnling,Fufeng(TodayXianyang,Shaanxi).BornintheeighthyearofEmperorGuangwuoftheEasternHanDynastyintheHanDynasty,hediedinthefouryearsoftheEasternHanDynastyandEmperorYongyuanattheageofsixty-one.BanGuwassmartsincehewasachild.“Nine-year-oldcanbelongtoliteraryworksandrecitepoetryandfu”,andhehasreadmanybooksasanadult.Heistheauthorof"BaihuTongde"insixvolumes,"HanShu"in120volumes,and"Ji"in17volumes.
AfterthedeathofBanGu,the"EightTables"and"AstronomicalRecords"in"HanShu"hadnotyetbeencompleted,sotheHanandEmperorLiuZhaoorderedBanGu’ssisterBanZhaotomakeupthe"EightTables",andMaContinuetowrite"Astronomy".
BanZhao(about45AD-about117AD),alsoknownasJi,ZiHuiban,wasborninFufengAnling(nownortheastofXianyang,Shaanxi),ahistorianandwriterofHanDynastyandEasternHanDynasty,Confucianeverybody.ThedaughterofthehistorianBanBiaoandthesisterofBanGu,shemarriedCaoShishufromthesamecountyattheageoffourteen.
MaXu,thewordJize,theyearofbirthanddeathisunknown,anativeofFufengMaoling(nownortheastofXingping,Shaanxi),thegrandnephewofGeneralFuboMaYuan,willbetheseventhsonofmasterMaYan,afamousclassicscholarTheyoungerbrotherofMaRong,ageneralintheHanDynastyandtheEasternHanDynasty.
Theprocessofwritingthebook
Thebackgroundofcreation
Since"HistoricalRecords"wasonlywrittenintheearlyyearsofEmperorWuoftheHanDynasty,manypeoplewrotesequelsforitatthattime.Accordingtothe"ShiTongZhengYi"record,therearemorethanadozenpeoplewhohavewrittenthesequelto"HistoricalRecords",includingLiuXiang,LiuXin,FengShang,andYangXiong.Thetitleofthebookisstillcalled"HistoricalRecords."BanGu'sfather,BanBiao(AD3-AD54),wasverydissatisfiedwiththesesequels,sohe"takestheoldthingsandreadsfromthem"as"HistoricalRecords"and"makestheSixty-five"HouChuan".AfterthedeathofBanBiao,BanGu,whowasonly22yearsold,begantosortouthisfather'smanuscripts,determinedtoinherithisfather'sbusinessandcompletethissuccessionmasterpiece.
Formationprocess
Inthefirstfewyearsofwork,someonewrotetoEmperorMingEmperorofHanMingandreportedthatBanGuwas"privatelywritingahistoryofthecountry."BanGuwasarrestedandimprisoned,andallmanuscriptswereconfiscated.Hisyoungerbrother,BanChao,wrotetoEmperorHanMingandexplainedthatthepurposeofBanGuxiu's"HanShu"wastopraiseHanandsothatfuturegenerationscouldunderstandhistoryandlearnlessonsfromit,withoutslanderingtheimperialcourt.Later,BanGuwasacquittedandEmperorHanMinggavetheBanfamilysomemoneytohelpthemwriteitdown.
TheEmperorofHanMingappreciatedBanGu'stalents,andwascalledLantaiLingshi.Atthattime,LantaiLingshiFuyiwashiscolleague.Bothofthemwerewell-knownfortheirliterature.BanGuandhisyoungerbrotherBanchaosaid:"WuZhongcanbelongtoliterature,andforLantaiLingshi,hecan'trestonhisownwhenhewrites."Allusions.BanGuwasalsoorderedtocompletethebookwrittenbyhisfather.
InthefirstyearofEmperorYongyuanoftheHanDynasty(89AD),DouXianledtroopstodefeattheHuns.BanGuaccompaniedhimontheexpeditionandservedasthedefendingarmy.TheinscriptionofthemountaincomesfromBanGu'shandwriting.
BanGu"doesnotteachthescholars,mostofthemdonotfollowthelaw."LuoyangmakesZhongJingdrunkandscoldedbyBanGu'sdomesticslaves,andhehasnotforgottenhishatred.InthefouryearsofHanandEmperorYongyuan,DouXiancommittedsuicidebylosingpower.BanGuwasimplicatedandremovedfromoffice.ThiskindofcompetitiontookadvantageofDouXian'sfailuretoarrestBanGu,andJapanwashumiliated.BanGudiedinprisonattheageofsixty-one.Atthistime,the"HanShu",theeight"Biao"and"AstronomicalChronicles"werenotcompleted.
BanGu'sbook"HanShu"wasnotcompletedanddied.TheEmperorofHanHeorderedhissisterBanZhaotocontinuetowriteBanGu'sposthumousworkbasedonthedatastoredintheDongguanCollectionPavilion.However,whentheeighttableswerecompleted,BanZhaodied.MaXufromthesamecountywasadiscipleofBanZhao,andhewascalledbytheHanandEmperorstomakeuptheremaining"AstronomicalChronicles".
Catalogueofworks
Compilationstyle
"Hanshu"isthefirstchronologicalhistoryofChina,andtherecordof"Hanshu"referstotheHanDynastyandtheWesternHanDynasty.Mainly,atotalof230yearsofhistoricaleventsstartingfromthefirstyearofEmperorHanGaozuandthelastfouryearsofEmperorMangdi.Thestyleof"HanShu"iscompletelyinheritedfrom"HistoricalRecords",exceptthat"shu"ischangedto"zhi",and"family"ismergedinto"biography".Thewholebookhastwelve"ji",eight"table",ten"zhi",Seventy"Biography",atotalof100articles,morethan800,000words.
IntheTangDynasty,YanShiguthoughtthatthe"HanShu"volumewastooheavy,sohedividedthelongeronesintotheupperandlowervolumesortheupper,middle,andlowervolumes,whichbecamethefirstvolumeofthecurrent"HanShu".Onehundredandtwentyvolumes.
Thehistoricalmaterialsofthe"Hanshu"areveryrichandaccurate.Theerarecordedinthebookoverlapswiththe"Shiji".ThehistoryoftheHanDynastyandtheWesternHanDynastybeforethemiddleofEmperorWuoftheHanDynastyisdescribedinbothbooks.Thispartof"Hanshu"mostlyusestheold"HistoricalRecords",butduetodifferencesintheauthor'sthoughtsandmaterialselectioncriteria,therearealsoadditions,deletionsandchangeswhentransferring.
InadditiontoabsorbingBanBiao’sposthumouswritingsandthematerialsfrommorethanadozen"HistoricalRecords,"thehistoricaleventsafterEmperorWuoftheHanDynastyadoptedalargenumberofedicts,memorials,poems,andsimilardailylife.Annotated"HanZhuji",astronomicalcalendarbook,andthe"earsandhears"ofBan'sfatherandson.Manyoriginalhistoricalmaterials,BanGuisenteredinfullinthebook,soitismorevaluablethan"HistoricalRecords".
Ji
Therearetwelve"Ji"in"HanShu",whichisachronicleofeventsfromHanGaozutoHanPingdi.
Althoughitiswritteninthesamewayas"HistoricalRecords",itisnotcalled"Benji",suchas"GaoDiJi","WuDiJi"and"PingDiJi".Sincethe"BookofHan"begantorecordthefirstyearofthefoundingoftheHanGaozu,thecharactersoriginallyinthe"HistoricalRecords·Benji",suchasXiangYu,etc.,werechangedintothe"biography";andbecausetheHanDynastyandtheEasternHanDynastydidnotrecognizetheregimeestablishedbyWangMang—-Thenewdynasty,soWangMangwasplacedinthe"biography"andrelegatedtotheendofthebiography.
Biao
Thereareeight"Biao"in"HanShu".Manyofthemarebasedontheoldtablein"HistoricalRecords",andnewonesafterEmperorWuoftheHanHistory.
Therecordsofthefirstsixchaptersinclude:"TheListofPrincesandKings"thatrecordstheprincesofthesamesurnameintheearlyHanDynasty,"TheListofPrincesandKingsofDifferentNames"thatrecordstheprinceswithdifferentsurnames,andthe"ChronologyofHeroesandMinisters"fromtheEmperorGaozuoftheHanDynastytoEmperorChengdioftheHanDynasty"Etc.,byrecordingtherulingclasstoachievethepurposeofrespectingtheHan.
Thelasttwoarticleswereaddedtothe"HanShu",including:"BaoGuanGongQingBiao","AncientandModernCharactersTable",amongwhichthe"AncientandModernCharactersTable",BanGutookfromthethreeemperorsandfiveemperorstoQinChuThefamousfiguresinConfucianismaredividedintofourcategoriesandnineclassesbasedonConfucianism,listedinthetable;"BaiguanGongqingTable"introducestheofficialsystemintheQinandHandynastiesindetail.
Zhi
The"Zhi"inthe"HanShu"isdividedintotenchapters,whicharedevotedtothehistoryoftheriseandfallofthecanonsystem.
Since"HanShu"hasalreadyused"shu"asthemaintitle,inordertoavoidconfusion,the"Book"in"HistoricalRecords"ischangedto"zhi".
Theten"zhi"of"Hanshu"wasdevelopedonthebasisoftheeight"books"of"HistoricalRecords".For"Liyuezhi","Lvshu"and"Almanac"werechangedto"Lvlizhi";"Tianguanshu"waschangedto"AstronomyChronicle",and"Fengchanshu"waschangedto"JiaosiZhi",and""HequBook"waschangedto"GullyRecords",and"LevelingBook"waschangedto"FoodandGoodsRecords".
Atthesametime,"CriminalLawChronicles","FiveElementsChronicles","ArtandLiteratureChronicles",and"GeographyChronicles"wereadded.Thecontentsofeachchroniclearemostlythroughtheancientandmodern,insteadoffocusingonthehistoryoftheWesternHanDynasty.
Amongthem,forexample,"Geography"detailstheterritories,architecturalhistory,feudallineage,situationandcustoms,theextravaganceoffamousfamiliesandemperorsinthepre-Qin,Qin,andWesternHandynasties.
Thecollectionof"TheFiveElements"iscomposedoftheoriesaboutthecatastropheofthefiveelements.Butfromanotherperspective,large-scalenaturalhistorydataarepreserved.
"Astronomy"preservesalargenumberofastronomicaldataaboutthestars,solareclipses,andlunareclipsesfromancienttimestothefirstbirthdayofEmperorAioftheHanDynasty.
"CriminalLawHistory"summarizesthecriminallawfromancienttimestotheWesternHanDynasty,andpointsouttheheavypunishmentsusedbyEmperorWenwenandEmperorJingofHanDynasty.ItalsopointsouttheevilconsequencescausedbyEmperorWuoftheHanDynastyusingcruelofficials.
"Shihuozhi"detailedtheeconomicdevelopmentfromancienttimestotheHanDynasty.
"Gouxiuzhi"describesthewaterconservancyprojectsfromancienttimestotheHanDynasty,andexplainsthestrategyofhydrologymanagement.
Biography
Thereare70"biographies"in"HanShu",stillaccordingtothelawof"HistoricalRecords",withGongqinggeneralsasbiographiesAtthesametime,itismainlybasedontheorderofthetimes,thefirstistheexclusivebiography,thesecondisthesecondcategory,andthefrontiertribesandforeignbiographyareagain,andfinallytherebelliouscourtier"WangMangBiography"isattheend,andthesystemisdistinct.
Asforthetitlesofthebiography,exceptfor"BiographyofPrincesandKings",allthetitlesaregivenbysurnameorgivenname.
Thesectionaboutscholarsofliteratureinthebiographiesof"HanShu"mostlyrecordstheiracademicandpoliticalcontent."XianliangStrategy"andsoon,thesearenotincludedin"HistoricalRecords".
Thebiographiesinthebiographiesinclude"TheLegendofTheScholars","TheLegendofXunLi","TheLegendoftheRanger","TheLegendofCoolOfficials",etc.Inaddition,the"BiographyoftheOutsiders"and"TheBiographyoftheQueenoftheYuanDynasty"wereadded."ZongShiChuan",thesearealsothe"HistoricalRecords"doesnothave.
FortheSiyi,therearethreebiographyof"TheHuns","TheBiographyofSouthwesternBarbarianandGuangdongKorea",and"TheBiographyofWesternRegions".
Inaddition,imitatingthemeaningof"Taishigong'sPreface",thelastchapterof"Biography"is"SuBiography",describingitswritingmotive,compilation,legends,etc."Biography"mainlyrecordstheWesternHanDynasty.Eachchapterofthe"Biography"isaccompaniedby"praise",i.e.,imitatingthestyleof"Taishigong"attheendofthe"HistoricalRecords"toillustratetheauthor'scriticismoropinionsonpeopleorthings.
Directorydetails
TheJi,dividedintotwelvevolumes
HanShuJuanI,GaoDiJiI(thefirstofHanTaizuLiuBang)
HanScrolls,thefirstpartoftheGaodiji(HanTaizuLiuBang)
HanScrollsErhuiDijiSecond(HanHuidiLiuying)
HanShuJuanSanGaoHouJiThird(HanGaoHouLvPhae,HanShaoEmperorLiuGong,HanShaoEmperorLiuHong)
HanShuJuanSiWenDiJiFourth(HanWenEmperorLiuHeng)
HanShujuanWujingdiJiNo.5(HanJingdiLiuQi)
HanShujuanLiuwudiJiNo.6(HanWudiLiuChe)
HanShujuanQizhaodiJiNo.7(HanZhaodiLiuFuling)
HanShujuanEightXuanEmperorJiEighth(HanXuanEmperorLiuXun)
HanShuJuanJiuYuanEmperorJiNinth(HanYuanEmperorLiuShi)
HanShujuanShichengdijiTenth(HanChengdiLiuYu)
HanShujuanShichengdiJixiNo.11(HanAidiLiuxin)
Hanshujuan12The12thPingEmperorJi(HanPingEmperorLiuYan)
Thetableisdividedintoeightchapters
HanScrolls,thethirteendifferentsurnameprincesandkingstablefirst(LiuPrincesoutsidethefamily)
HanShujuanfourteenprincesandkingsformthesecond(Liuclanprincesandkings)
HanShujuanfifteenprincesandprincesformthethirdone
HanShujuan15thPrinceandHouFormationPartIII
HanShujuan16thGaoHuigaoHouwenMeritoriousList4th
HanShujuan17thJingWuzhaoXuanyuanSuccessfulMinisterListNo.Five
HanShujuaneighteenrelativesEnzehouformsixth
HanShujuannineteenhundredofficialsformtheseventhone
HanShujuannineteenhundredofficialsformtheseventhTableSeventhPartII
HanShujuanTwentyAncientandModernPeopleTableEighth
Chronicles,dividedintotenchapters
HanShujuanIITheFirstPartoftheElevenLvsAlmanac(DengPing's"TaichuCalendar")
TheFirstPartoftheTwenty-OneLvsChroniclesoftheHanScroll(LiuXin's"SantongCalendar")
HanShujuanTwenty-twoRitualsandRecordsNo.2
HanShujuanTwenty-threeandCriminalLawRecordsNo.3
HanShujuanTwenty-fourShihuoZhiNo.4
HanShujuanTwenty-FourShihuoZhi,PartIV
HanShujuanTwenty-FiveJiaoSiZhi,FifthPart
HanShuJuanTwenty-FiveJiaoSiZhi,PartFifth
p>HanShujuantwenty-sixthandfifthelementsofthesixthchapter
HanShujuantwenty-seventhandfiveelementsoftheseventhchapter
HanShujuantwenty-seventhandfiveelementsoftheseventhmiddleschool
HanShujuan27thFiveElementsHistorySeventhMiddleLower
HanShujuan27thFiveElementsHistory7thLowerUpper
HanShuJuan27TheSeventhPartoftheFiveElementsHistory
TheEighthPartofHanShujuan28Geography
HanShujuan28GeographyChapterEighth
HanShujuantwenty-nineGouXiazhininth
HanShujuanthirtyartandWenzhitenth(accordingtoLiuXiang’s""Nottoberecorded"andLiuXin's"SevenLue")
Biography,dividedinto70chapters,Gongqingwillbiographthem
HanScroll301ChenShengXiangjiBiographyFirst(ChenSheng,XiangJi)
HanShuJuanthirty-twoZhangErChenYuChuantwo(ZhangEr,ChenYu)
HanShuJuanthirty-threeWeiLeopardTianDanHanWangXinChuanthird[WeiBao,TianDan,HanWangXin(notthesamepersonasHanXin.)]
HanScrollThirty-FourHanPengyingLuWuChuanFourth(HanXin,PengYue,TingBu,LuWan,WuRui)
HanScrollThirtyFiveJingYanWuChuandiFive(JingWangLiuJia,YanWangLiuZe,WuWangLiuBi)
HanScroll36ChuYuanWangChuanSixth(ChuYuanWangLiuJiao,LiuXiang,LiuXin)
HanShuJuan37JiBuLuanBuTianShuZhuanseventh(JiBu,LuanBu,TianShu)
HanShuJuanthirtyeighthighfiveWangChuaneighth(LiuFei,LiuRuyi),LiuYou,LiuHui,LiuJian)
HanScrollThirty-nineXiaoHeCaoCanBiographyNinth(XiaoHe,CaoCan)
HanScrollFortyZhangChenWangZhouBiographyTenth(ZhangLiang,ChenPing,WangLing,ZhouBo)
HanShuVolume41FanLiTengGuanFuJinZhouBiographyNo.11(FanKuo,LiShang,XiaHouying,GuanYing,FuKuan,JinShe,ZhouSu)
HanScrollsforty-twoZhangZhou,ZhaoRenandShentuBiographytwelfth(ZhangCang,ZhouChang,ZhaoYao,RenAo,Shentujia)
HanScrollsForty-threeLi,Luzhu,LiuShusun'sbiography,thethirteenth(LiShiqi,LuJia,ZhuJian,LiuJing,Shusuntong)(HuainanLiKingLiuChang,HengshanKingLiuCi,JibeiZhenKingLiuBo)
HanShuJuan45KuaiWuJiangXifuBiographyNo.15(KuiTong,WuBei,JiangChong,XifuBow)
HanScrollofFortySixteenth,ShiWeizhi,ZhouZhangChuan(ShiFen,WeiWan,Zhibudou,ZhouRen,ZhangOu)
HanScrollfortySeventeenthoftheSeventeenthStoryofThreeKings(LiangXiaoWangLiuWu,DaiXiaoWangLiuCan,LiangHuaiWangLiuYi)
HanShuVolume48JiaYiBiographyNo.18(JiaYi)
HanShujuanforty-nineYuanAn,ChaoCuo'sbiography,nineteenth(YuanAn,ChaoCuo)
HanShujuan50ZhangFengjiZhengChuan20(ZhangShizhi,FengTang,JiAn,Zhengthen)
HanScroll51JiaZoumeiLuChuan21(JiaShan,ZouYang,MeiCheng,LuWenshu)
HanScroll52DouTianGuanHanChuan22(DouYing,TianFu,GuanFu,HanAnguo)
HanScrolls,53Scenery,ThirteenWangChuan23(LinjiangMinWangLiuRong,HeJianXianWangLiude,WangLiude,WangLiuyuofLinjiang,WangLiuyuoftheCommunistPartyofChina,LiuFei,KingofJiangduYi,YuWangLiuDuanofJiaoxi,KingZhaoJingsuLiuPengzu,JingWangLiuShengofZhongshan,LiuFaofDingWang,WangLiuYueofGuangchuan,LiuJiofKingKangofJiaodong,LiuChengofKingofQinghe,ChangshanXianwangLiuShun)
HanScrollsfifty-fourLiGuangsuJianzhuantwenty-fourth(LiGuang,SuJian)
HanScrollsfifty-fifthWeiQinghuoQuBingzhuantwenty-fifth(WeiQing,HuoQubing)
HanShuJuan56DongZhongshuBiography26(DongZhongshu)
HanShuJuan57SimaXiangruBiography27th(SimaXiang)Suchas)
HanScroll57SimaXiangruChuan27thPart(SimaXiangru)
HanScroll58Thetwenty-eighthbiographyofGongsunHongbuShierKuan(Gongsunhong,BuShi,NiKuan)
HanShujuan59ZhangTangChuan29(ZhangTang)
HanScroll60DuZhouBiographyNo.30(DuZhou)
HanScroll60OneQianLiGuangliBiography31(ZhangQian,LiGuangli)
HanScroll60TheThirty-secondSimaQianBiography(SimaQian)
HanShuJuan63WuZiBiographyThirty-third(PrinceLiuZheng,QiHuaiWangLiuHong,YanThornKingLiuDan,GuanglingLiWangLiuXu,ChangThekingofmourning,LiuLi,HaiyunhouLiuhe)
HanScroll64,YanZhuwuqiu,thefatherofXuYanzhong,JiaChuan34th(YanZhu,ZhuMaichen,WuqiuShouwang,FatherYan,XuLe,YanAn,Junjun,WangBao,JiaTuanzhi)
HanScrollsSixty-fiveDongfangShuoChuan35(DongfangShuo)
HanScrollsSixthSixteenGongsunLiuTianWangYangCaiChenZhengChuan36(GongSunHe,LiuQuyao,TianQianqiu,WangYu,YangChang,CaiYi,ChenWannian,ZhengHong)
HanScrollSixSeventeenthSeventeenthStoryofYang,Hu,ZhumeiandYun37(YangWangsun,HuJian,ZhuYun,MeiFu)
HanScroll69,ZhaoChongguo,XinQingjiBiography39(ZhaoChongguo,XinQingji)
HanScroll70FuChangZhengGanChenDuanChuan40(FuJiezi,ChangHui,ZhengJi,GanYanshou,ChenTang,DuanHuizong)
Theseventy-onescrollsofHanDynastyweresparsefromXuePingandtheforty-firstofPengChuan(JunDou,ShuGuang,YuDingguo,XueGuangde,Pingdang,PengXuan)
HanScrolls72WangGongliangGongBaoChuan42(WangJi,GongYu,GongSheng,GongShe,BaoXuan)
HanScrolls73WeiXianBiography43(WeiXian)
HanScrolls74WeiXiangBingjiBiography44(WeiXiang,Bingji)
HanShuJuan75SuiLiangXiaHouJingyiLiChuan45(SuiHong,XiahouShichang,XiaHouSheng,JingFang,YiFeng,LiXun)
HanShuJuan76ZhaoYinHanZhangLiangWangChuan46(ZhaoGuanghan,YinWenggui,HanYanshou,ZhangChang,WangZun,WangZhang)
HanScroll77CoverZhugeLiuZhengSunWuJiangHeChuan47(GaiKuanrao,Zhugefeng,LiuFu,ZhengChong,SunBao,WuJianglong,HeBin)
HanShujuan78XiaoWangZhiBiography48(XiaoWangZhi)
HanShujuan79FengFengshizhuan49(FengFengshi)
HanShujuan80XuanyuanSixWangzhuan50th(HuaiyangXianWangLiuQin,ChuXiaoWangLiuXiao,DongpingsiWangLiuyu,ZhongshanAiWangLiuJing,DingtaoGongWangLiuKang,ZhongshanXiaoWangLiuXing),MaGong)
HanShuVolume82WangShangShiDanFuXiBiography52(WangShang,ShiDan,FuXi)
HanShuVolume83,XueXuan,ZhuBoBiography53(XueXuan,ZhuBo)
HanShuJuan84ZhaiFangjinBiography54(ZhaiFangjin)
HanShuJuan80WuGuYongDuYeChuan55(GuYong,DuYe)
HanShuJuan86HeWuWangJiaShiDanChuan56(HeWu,WangJia,ShiDan)
HanScroll87YangXiongChuan57thPart(YangXiong)
HanScroll87YangXiongChuan57Part(YangXiong)
HanShujuanEighty-EightScholarsBiography58
HanShujuanEighty-NineXunLiZhuan59
HanShuJuanNinetyKuLiBiographyNo.6Ten
HanShujuanNinety-oneHuoShizhuan61
HanShujuanNinety-twoTheLegendofRangers62
HanShujuanNinety-threeLuckyBiography63
HanScrollsNinety-fourHunsBiography64thPart(TheXiongnu)
HanScrollsNinety-fourHunsBiography64thPart(TheXiongnu)
HanScrollNinety-Five,SouthwesternYi,GuangdongandKoreanBiography65(SouthVietnam,WeishiKorea)
HanScrollNinety-sixWesternRegionBiography66th(WesternRegion)
HanScrollNinety-SixBiographyoftheWesternRegions,66thPart(WesternRegions)
HanScrollsNinety-sevenBiographyofForeignRelatives,67thPart(foreignrelatives)
HanShujuanNinety-seven,BiographyofForeignRelatives67thPart(Foreignrelatives)
HanShujuanNinety-EightYuanDynastyBiography68(WangZhengjun)
HanShujuanNinetyTheSixty-ninthOneoftheLegendofNineKingsMang(WangMang)
TheSixty-ninthMiddleSchooloftheninety-nineWangMang'sbiographyofHanShujuan(WangMang)
JiuXia(WangMang)
HanShujuanHundredXuzhuan70thPart(BanFamilyHistory,BanGuPreface)
HanShujuanHundredXuzhuan70thPart(BanjiaHistory,PrefacebyBanGu)
Appendix
Hanshunarrativeexample
TangZhengyi,secretaryofthedoctor,wassupervisedandsupervisedthefoundingofLangxianCountyAncientessaysbyZiyanshi
ChuJun’spostureofphilosopher,theweightofguardian,thethreevirtuesofsurrender,theversatilityofninestreams,theremainingwindoftheYanHan,thebeginningandthebeginning,thenarrationofYiMengjian,JiaQihong'ssupport,thoughtthattherearestillmanysparsedisordersinclothingandying,andtheSuandJinfamiliescutoffthesand,andtheCai'scompilationisespeciallythescorpion.Sincethepresent,thereisenoughcontempt.Perplexedbytheearlydaysofthepreviousgenerationandthemanydoubtsinthefuture,GuZhaoisquiet,utterlyexhausted,andcorrectstheviolation,stimulatesthedepressionandstagnation,andwilluseitasametaphorfortheteeth,farawayfromthecountry,promotethesilkbelt,andenlightentheyouth.Quowesgreatregulations,preparesfavors,increasesgloryandchangesoutlook,emphasizesthesoundofpriceandflow.Dousun’smaterials,thoughtfulnessandstrength,andstubbornfeet,willeventuallybefar-reaching.Inthelightoftheyear,DaluinthelawissaidtobeTuyue,andhisbookisjustbeginning.Don'tbeashamedofmadness,usesuccinctly,succinctlyrefertoprecedents,andkeepupanddiscussthestyle."HanShu"hasnoannotations,onlyFuqian,YingShao,etc.areallsoundandmeaning,andtheyareimplementedseparately.Inthemiddleofthenoon,lovehasJinzhuo,thecollectionisonepiece,withfourteenvolumes,anditisquiteintendedtoincrease,whenthepredecessorsofthetimedebatewhetherornot,thetitleis"HanshuJizhu".ItbelongedtoYongjia'sfuneralandJinxingbroadcastmoved.Althoughthisbookexists,itwillnotreachJiangzuo.ItistheopinionoflovefromtheEasternJinDynastytoLiangandChen.ThosewhohaveChenZan,theMozhiclan,testtheirtime,alsointheearlyJinDynasty,andcollectedallthesoundsandmeaningsofallthefamilies,alittlebitofwhattheysaw,andcontinuedthetoiletattheend.ItissaidthatZhenMingisnotwithoutdifference.Therearetwenty-fourvolumes,dividedintotwopieces.Today'sJiJie,soundandmeaningarehisbook,butlaterpeoplewillnotknowChenZan'swork,itiscalled"JiJie"suchasYingShao.Wang's"SevenRecords"andRuan's"SevenRecords"arealsoinscribedinYunran,withoutexaminingtheears.ScholarsalsoconsideredZan'ssurname,attachedtoAnshi,orYunfuclan,thereisnocleartext,notenoughtowinthetrust.CaiMoquantookthefirstpartofChenZanandscattereditintothe"HanShu",andsincethentherehasbeenanannotation.However,themeaningissuperficial,withoutconcealment,itisanobscurecompilation,andtherearemanyconfusingfacts.Thereasonforthisjobisquitedifferentfrombefore.Moalsohastwoorthreewrongideas,butthescholarshavenoHongyi.
Therearemanyancientcharactersintheoldtextsof"HanShu".Afterthecommentary,thescriptureshavebeenchangedandchanged,andlatergenerationslearnedtoreaditandchangeditwiththemeaningofthemagazine.Today,theancientversionofQucoreistrue,andthosewhoaredifficulttounderstandwillbeexplainedaccordingly.
Ancientandmodernvocabulary,dialectsandspeciallanguage,havenotlearnedtheskin,orfailedtounderstand,ifthemeaningisdoubtful,itwillincreaseanddecrease,strayandforgettoreturn,andthereisalotoffilthandabuse.Alltodayaredeleted,andtheoldisrestored.
Althoughtherearearticlesinthetables,therearemanytexts,whichleadtomiscellaneousmischief,lossoftimebeforeandafter,upanddown,upanddown,mixedinname,andbadinname.Today,Iamlookingforacasestudyofthearticle,thegeneralupdateispublished,clearandstunned,andtheterracesareexaminedandapproved.Intermsofitsarea,itismorelocalized.
Ritual,music,songsandpoems,eachaccordingtotherulesofthetime,shouldbeshortandstylized,andshouldnotbeconsistent.Thereadersareignorant,havenore-understandingofthebrokenchapters,theuncomprehensiveisseparated,andtherhymeofthesentenceiswrong,whichmakesagenerationofliterarytalents,emptyanddelicate,tiredandhardtolearn,andrarelycanlearn.Today,Ifollowitstwistsandturnstoanalyzethetruth,anditiseasytounderstand,anditisundoubtedlysluggish.Youcangetsatiricalandhappy.
Anyonewhosaysyesinthepastwillbeseamless,andtheywillbekeptinordertoshowthattheyarenothidden.Thereareafewhints,butthecontracthasnotbeenextended,anditcanbepassedthrough,sothateveryoneknowsit.Asfortheuncommonknowledge,themorechaoticyouare,themoreyoucancorrectittodispelconfusion.Ifyousaythatitisnotappropriate,youwillcompetewithwords,goforaheresy,andbeannoying,ugly,andyouwon'tgetanythingoutofit.Thereisnoexplanationoftheoldplace,butitisexplainedinmoredetail,andallcanbenegotiated.GoingtothetestofDianmo,andstudying"Cang"and"Ya"nexttoit,thereisnoconjecture,buttherearesupportingevidences.Thesixartsareincomplete,soyoucan'tseethefulltext.Therefore,thescripturesquotedbyXiang,Xin,Ban,Ma,Zhongshu,andZiyunmaybequitedifferentfromthoseofmodernConfucianism.Theymustnotrefutetheformersages.Painted.Today,eachisbasedonthisarticle,applyingChangJue'spoints,notwithoutexaminationandpractice,andtherationaleisappropriate,anditisalsoannotated"Li",whichisdifferentfrom"Shu"and"Yi".YuanKai'sinterpretationof"Zhuan"isnotrelatedtoMao,Zheng"Poetry"essay.Intermsofcategory,itismeaningful.Loveisself-reporting,Xiang,withmourningandpeace.Theyearshavebeennumerous,andallthetimeiswide.Therefore,thechronologyofthebiographyisdifferentfromtimetotime.Whenthepenisnotstopped,thebarnyardisstillleft,anditisalsotaughtbyfuturegenerations.Thesequenceismixed.Hewasfrankandperverted.Today,thewisdomofthepoorwavediscussesthesource,andthestructurewillexplainit.
Thewordmaybedifficulttorecognize,andithasborrowedsounds.Ifyouaskformoreotherscrolls,itwilleventuallybeabandoned.Todayisallunderneath,andthentranscribed.Asfarasitisoftenknown,thereisnoambiguity,everyoneknowsit,andthereisnotrouble.
Modernannotatedhistory,competingfortheblog,citingmiscellaneousstatements,attackingthisarticle,tothepointofslanderousremarks,stubbornness,showingtheinfrequenceofpreviousrepairs,thestrengthsandstrengthsofself-conception,andtheeffectofcontradictionTheenemy,thesuperbpowderandtheradiance.Today’scomment,Yipraisestheoldbooks,abidesbythetrack,andclosestheroad.
Thenotesofvariousfamilies,althoughyoucanseethename,asforJueli,itisquitedifficulttoknow.Thereisnothingleftinthebiography,asshownontheleft:
XunyuecharacterZhongyu,anativeofYingchuan,thesecretaryoftheLaterHanDynasty.(Hewrote30volumesof"HanJi",allofwhicharein"HanShu".)
FuqianZiShen,fromXingyang,laterHanShangshuminister,GaoPingling,Jiujiangprefect.(Theinitialnameisheavy,thenameischangedonly,andthenameislaternamedQiang.)
YingShaocharacterZhongYuan,(onecharacterZhongYuan,onecharacterZhongYuan.)RunanNandun,laterHanXiaoLing,YuShiCamporder,Taishanprefect.
FuyancharacterJinghong,amanfromLangxie.
LiuDe,fromBeihai.
Zheng,JinZhuo’sprefaceto"YinYi"doesnotknowitsname,butChenZan’s"JiJie"isnolongerknowntoZhengDe.Thereisnoevidence,butnowitiscalledZheng'searbyJinzhuo.
LiFei,thecountywherehecamefromisunknown.
LiQi,fromNanyang.
DengZhan,anativeofNanyang,WeiJian'anisGeneralFenwei,andheisnamedGaoleTownship.
WenyingcharacterShuliang,anativeofNanyang,workedinJingzhouinthelateHanDynasty,andWeiJiananwastheChenglingMansionofGanling.
ZhangYi'scharacterisZhirang,anativeofQinghe,(Yiyunhejian.)WeiTaiheisaPh.D.(ExplanationofthefirstvolumeofSimaXiangruBiography.)
SuLincharacterXiaoyou,ChenLiuwaiHuangren,WeiGeshizhong,SecretarySupervisor,SanqiChangshi,YonganWeiwei,TaizhongThedoctor,Dr.Huangmovedtojuniorhighschool,FengAnChengTinghou.
ZhangYanZibo,fromZhongshan.
RuChun,FengYi,WeiChenJuncheng.
Mengkangcharacterpublicholiday,AnpingGuangzong,WeiSanqiChangshi,HongnongTaishou,LingdianAgriculturalSchoolLieutenant,BohaiTaishou,Qishizhong,SanqiShilang,Zhongshuling,latertransferAsasupervisor,FengGuanglingTinghou.
XiangZhao,whoisfromHeCountyisunknown.
WeiZhaocharacterHongsi,anativeofYunyang,Wujun,WuShangshulang,Taishiling,Zhongshulang,DoctorJijiu,Zhongshubushe,FengGaolingtinghou.
JinZhuo,fromHenan,JinShangShulang.
LiuBaoziDaozhen,anativeofGaoping,JinzhongShulang,HanoiPrefect,YushiZhongcheng,PrinceZhongshuzi,OfficialBulang,GeneralAnbei.(Theprinceattendingtheemperortalksabout"HanShu",don'thave"Refutation".)
ChenZan,surnameandcountyareunknown.
GuoPu'scharacterisJingchun,anativeofHedong,andagiftfromtheJinDynastytotheprefectofHongnong.(Stopnote"PrefacetotheLegendofXiangru"andsafaripoems.)
CaiMoisanativeofDaoming,ChenLiukao,ascholaroftheFiveSoldiersoftheEasternJinDynasty,thesecretaryoftheTaichang,andthegovernorofXu,Yan,ThemilitaryoftheQingthreestates,ledtheXuzhouprovincialgovernor,Dr.ZuoGuangluopenedthemansiontothethreedivisions,ledtheYangzhoupastoralist,servedthemiddleSitunotworship,gavethewaiterthemiddleSikong,posthumousposthumoustitleofMuGong.
CuiHao'scharacterisBoshen,anativeofQinghe.LaterWeiShizhongenteredtheFujungeneral,ZuoGuanglu,andSitu,Fengdongjun.(Thesoundandmeaningof"HanJi"writtenbyXunYue.)
Jingyoupublishedtheschoollanguage
InSeptemberofthefirstyearofJingyou,SecretaryChengYuJingsaid："ThetextsoftheHanDynastyprintedbytheImperialCollegewerecorrupted,forfearofmistakesinlaterstudies.Theministerswouldliketorefertoallthebooks,accordingtothebooks,anddistinguishthemfromeachother.Ihopethatthepublicationsarecorrect."
ZhangGuan,etc.detailedthememorial,andorderedtheImperialCollegetotellWangZhuandJingkaitogotoChongwenyuan.InMarchofthesecondyear,Jingsaidagain:"AnexamplefromtheancientcaseofYanYan:BanGu's"HanShu",oldwithoutannotations,onlyFuqian,YingShao,etc.,eachofthesoundsandmeanings,namedhimselfhisfamily.TotheWesternJinDynasty,Zhuo,Theanthologyisonepiece,withfourteenvolumes,anditisquiteenrichedwithintentions.Whetherthesecondstudyofthetimedebateshouldbeornot,thetitleis"HanshuJizhu".IntheYongjiaRebellion,thisbookdoesnotreachJiangzuo.ThosewhohaveChenZan,theMozhiclan,Examininghisera,itwasalsointheearlyJinDynasty,andthesoundsandmeaningsofallfamiliesweregatheredtogether.Frommyownpointofview,Icontinuedattheendofthetoilet.CaiMoquantookthisbookandscattereditintothevariouschapterswhereitiscalledthecollectionofexplanationsandsoundmeanings.Sincethen,therehasbeenanannotation.WhenEmperorTaizongoftheTangDynasty,thecrownprinceinheritedtheorderofYanShigutopublishitanddeleteit.Replenishingstrategy,decidingtoself-speak,Confucianscholarssubscribetotheirdetailedknowledge,andthentheyformafamily.ThetotalnumberofConfucianannotations,thefirstnameisvisible,therearetwentyoutoffivepeople,andthejue,theage,andthehistoryarealmosthalfofthem.ExaminationofitsattachmentThesource,name,andageofthenotesinheritedbytheoldsayingsareengravedattheendofthisbookinordertohearandhope.Today’scolumnisasleft:
XunYue,thefollowingcontentisthesameas"HanshuXuru"
Fuqian,thefollowingcontentisthesameas"HanshuXuru"
YingShao,thefollowingcontentisthesameas"HanshuNarrativeExample"
FuYan,thefollowingcontentisthesameas"HanshuNarrativeExample"
LiuDe,thefollowingcontentisthesameas"HanshuNarrativeExample""
Zheng,anativeofYunbeihaiinJinzhuo's"Annotation",doesnotknowhisname,butChenZanthinksofZhengDe.Inthisbook,itiscalledZheng's.
LiFei,thefollowingcontentisthesameas"HanshuNarrativeExamples"
LiQi,thefollowingcontentisthesameas"HanshuNarrativeExamples"
DengZhan,thefollowingcontentSameas"HanshuXuru"
WenYing,thefollowingcontentisthesameas"HanshuXuru"
ZhangYi,thefollowingcontentisthesameas"HanshuXuru"
SuLin,thefollowingcontentisthesameas"HanshuNarrative"
ZhangYan,thefollowingcontentisthesameas"HanshuNarrative".
RuChun,thefollowingcontentisthesameas"HanshuNarrative"
MengKang,thefollowingcontentisthesameas"HanshuNarrative"
XiangZhao,thefollowingcontentSameas"HanshuNarrativeExamples".
WeiZhao,thefollowingcontentisthesameas"HanshuNarrativeExamples"
JinZhuo,thefollowingcontentisthesameas"HanshuNarrativeExamples".
LiuBao,thefollowingcontentisthesameas"HanshuNarrativeExamples".
ChenZan,Idon’tknowhissurname.CasePeiQi's"PrefacetoHistoricalRecords"saysthatMoknowshissurname.WeiLeng's"ContinuedTraining"wasunclear,whileLiuXiaobiao's"Leiyuan"thoughtYuZan,andLiYuan'sannotationof"ShuiJing"thoughtitwasXueZan.AccordingtoYaoCha's"XunZhuang",thecaseof"YuYiJi"YuZanwasthemasterofYi,thesoldierCaojoinedthearmy,andthenGeneralJianwei."JinZhongXingShu"statesthatYidiedofillness,butthegeneralYuZanandothersmadetrouble,thewingleaderShiJiangYuZhuzhi.YuZanisawinggeneralanddoesnotcontainannotated"HanShu".However,thevoicesandmeaningsadoptedbyallthefamiliesarenotpassedonJiangzuo.Inthecaseof"GaoJi""MaoLingShu"and"WenJi""HanLuZhiLing",thesetwobookswerealsolost,andtheywerenotallowedtocrosstheriver.ItisclearthatthisZanwasanativeofJinzhongDynasty,soitwasgranted.Thesoundandmeaningofitspredecessorsand"MaoLingShu""HanLing"andotherears.CaiMozhiJiangZuo,scatteredintothe"HanShu"withtwenty-fourvolumesofZan,thepresentnoteisalso.IfitiscalledYuZan,hewasfromtheEasternJinDynastyanddidnotmeeteachotherintheperiodoftime.ThisZanisnotenoughtoknow.Inanothercase,"TheBiographyofMuTianzi"islistedinthecatalog.Thesecretaryreadstheancienttext"TheBiographyofMuTianzi"bythesecretary,LangFuZan,andthosewhohaverecordedthe"BiographyofMuTianzi"arenotallowedtostealthebooksfromtheancienttomb.InthecaseofChenZaninthe"HanShuYinyi",the"JiShu"isoftencitedtorefutethepreceptsofmanyfamilies.ThisZanissuspectedtobeFuZan.ZanShi'svocationaldiarywasproofread,sohewascalledaminister.YanShigusaidthatfuturegenerationsconsideredZan'ssurnameandattachedFu'sears.Thereisnocleartextandnotenoughtowintheletter.
GuoPu,thefollowingcontentisthesameas"HanshuNarrative"
CaiMo,thefollowingcontentisthesameas"HanshuNarrative"
CuiHao,thefollowingcontentSameas"StudyofHanshu"
YanYan,thecharactermasterofancienttimes,wasanativeofYongzhouWannian.TangZhongshuShiLang,alsomasterofZhiSanqiChangShi,secretaryyoungsupervisor,bachelorofHongwenguan,FengLangxianCounty.
Septemberofthesecondyearoftheschoolbookiscompleted,everyincreaseof741characters,lossof212characters,correctionof1,330characters.
Appreciationofworks
Narrativegenre
Intermsofnarrative,"Hanshu"ischaracterizedbythesystematicandcompletenessofhistoricalevents,andstrivesforthebeginningandtheendofeverything,andthedescriptionisclear.ThisprovideduswithgreatconvenienceforunderstandingandstudyingthehistoryoftheWesternHanDynasty.Sofar,allstudiesofthehistoryoftheWesternHanDynastyhaveused"HanShu"asthebasichistoricaldata.
Intermsofgenre.Both"HanShu"and"ShiJi"arehistoricalbooksofJiChuanstyle.Thedifferenceisthat"HistoricalRecords"originatedfromthelegendary"FiveEmperors"andendedintheeraofEmperorWuoftheHanDynasty.Itisageneralhistory;while"HanShu"isachronologicalhistorydedicatedtothehistoricaleventsoftheWesternHanDynasty.ThisgenreofchronologicalhistoryisthecreationofBanGu.Thisgenrehasbeenadoptedinthe"officialhistory"ofsubsequentdynasties.ThisisBanGu'smajorcontributiontomycountry'shistoriography.
Evolutionofstyle
Comparedwiththestyleof"HistoricalRecords",thestyleof"Hanshu"haschanged."HistoricalRecords"isageneralhistory,and"HanShu"isachronologicalhistory.
"HanShu"changedthe"Benji"of"HistoricalRecords"to"Ji","Biography"to"Biography","Shu"to"Zhi",abolished"AristocraticFamily",andafamilyofscholarsintheHanDynastyAllareincludedinthe"biography".Thesechangeswerefollowedbysomelaterhistorybooks.
Therelativelycompletequotationofedictsandmemorialsinthe"HanShu"hasbecomeanimportantfeatureofthe"HanShu".Inaddition,thecontentoftheborderethnicminoritiesisalsoquiterich.
"Hanshu"newlyadded"CriminalLawHistory","FiveElementsHistory","GeographyHistory","ArtandLiteratureHistory".
"CriminalLawHistory"systematicallynarratesnationallawsandregulations,whichisofreferencesignificanceforstudyingthedevelopmentoflawsinourcountry.
"Geography"recordedtheadministrativedivisions,householdregistration,properties,economy,andpeople'sconditionsatthattime.
"Yiwenzhi"textualizestheoriginsofvariousacademicgenresandrecordsthesurvivingbooks.Itistheearliestsurvivingbookcataloginmycountry.
"Shihuozhi"evolvedfrom"levelingbook",butthecontentisricher.Ithastwovolumes.Thefirstvolumetalksabout"food",thatis,theeconomicsituationofagriculture;thesecondvolumetalksabout"goods",thatis,thesituationofcommerceandcurrency,whichisaspecialeconomicchapteratthattime.
Thedescendantsofthe"BaiguanGongqingForm"in"HanShu"arehighlyrespected.Itisabrieftableofthefourteenthandthirty-fourofficialranks,recordingthepromotionandexemptionofministersoftheHanDynasty.
Thehistoricalsourceof"HanShu",beforeEmperorWu,itwas"HistoricalRecords".Thelatteriswrittenbyhisfather,thesecondisthe"HistoricalRecords"continuedbyeachfamily,andthethirdisotherrecords.
Relatednotes
Annotation
"Hanshu"mostlyusesancientcharactersandancientmeanings.Thecharactersaredifficulttounderstand,sothatthepeopleofBanGu'scontemporarieshadtoMakethephoneticandmeaningnotesforthe"Hanshu"sothatitcanbereadandunderstood.Accordingto"SuiShu·JiZhi"records,fromtheEasternHanDynastytotheSouthernandNorthernDynasties,therewereabout20annotationstothe"HanShu",andmostofthemwerenoteswithsoundandmeaning.
Asfortheannotationsof"HanShu",alltheannotationsmadebyvariousscholarsbeforetheTangDynastyhavebeenlost.WangXianqianoftheQingDynastyimitatedtheclassicsuccinctstyletoannotatetherepresentativeworkoftheoldhistory,"HanShuSupplementaryNote".Thebookisbasedontheopinionsofvariousfamilies.Afteryearsofintensiveresearch,theinexplicablepointscanbeunderstood.Therefore,itisstillrespectedbythedomesticandforeignhistorians..Theseannotationshavedetailedresearchonthepronunciation,meaningandhistoricalfactsofthecharactersinthe"Hanshu",whichprovideuswithconvenienceforreadingthe"Hanshu"andbecomeanimportanttoolforusingthe"Hanshu"today.
Inaddition,YangShuda's"HanshuGlimpse"and"HanshuSupplementsandCorrections"canbereadforreference.
ExaminationandOrdering
"ReadingHanshuMagazine"(QingDynasty·WangNiansun),"HanshuAnnotationandCorrection"(QingDynasty·ZhouShouchang),betterthanYinxunandWenyi."HanShuShuzheng"(QingDynasty·ShenQinhan),"HanShuDiscrimination"(QingDynasty·QianDazhao),"HanShuGuanJian"(QingDynasty·ZhuYixin),"HanShuSuoYan"(QingDynasty·ShenJiaben),Goodattextualresearch,exegesisandcollationarealsoquitedesirable."HanShuJingguan"(RepublicofChina·YangShuda),goodatcollationofexegesis.
"HanShuXinzheng"(modern·ChenZhi),systematicuseofancientartifactssuchasHanbambooslips,Hansteles,QinandHanbronzes,lacquerwareunearthedinJuyanandDunhuang,QinandHanseals,sealmudWordssuchasVadang,etc.,havebeeninventedasnewtestimony.Amongthem,thereleaseof"BiaoguanGongqingTable"isparticularlyaccurate.
Inaddition,JinShaoying's"HanshuShihuoZhiJiShi"isanimportantreferencebookforstudyingtheeconomyoftheHanDynasty.CenZhongmian's"HanShuXiyuChuandili"isamust-readforstudyingtheevolutionofthenamesoftheWesternRegions.
WangXianqianattheendoftheQingDynastycollectedtheessenceof67researchbooksandwrote"HanShuSupplementaryNotes."Althoughtherearenotmanypersonalinventions,hehasstrongcomprehensivedecision-makingabilityandoutstandingachievements.Thereisnosubstituteforitsofar.Itisthemostbasicreferencebookforreading"HanShu".ThedisadvantageisthattheopinionsofQianDazhao,ZhouShouchangandothersareunprepared.Therefore,thetextbooksofscholarsintheQingDynastyshouldnotbediscardedlightly,andthenewachievementsofscholarsinmoderntimesneedmoreattention.
TheQingpeoplehavemademanycorrectionsandcorrectionsrelatedtothe"HanShu"tablerecords,andtheirachievementsarealsogreat.Representativemasterpiecesareincludedinthetwobooks"Twenty-FiveHistorySupplements"and"TenKindsofSupplementstotheTablesoftheRecordsoftheHanDynasty".Amongthem,XiaXie's"EightBiaosofSchoolBooks",LiangYusheng's"RenbiaoKao",YangShoujing's"HanshuGeographySupplements",andYaoZhenzong's"HanshuYiwenZhiSupplements"arethemostimportant.
WangYinglinintheSongDynastywrotetenvolumesof"ATextualResearchonHanshuArtandLiteratureRecords",andadetailedexaminationandorderingofmorethan380books.Thelanguage,DengXiziisnotkilledbyZichan,andZhuangHuqi’ssternhelpisretorted.ItmeansPangmengateverydoor,butonlythreeorfivearticles.”Italsocontains27unrecordedbooks,“TheBookofChanges”.Added"Lianshan","ReturntoTibet","ZiXiaYiZhuan";"Poetry"added"YuanWangShi";"Rite"added"BigDaiLi","LittleDaiLi","WangZhi","HanYi";"Le"categoryadded"YueJing","YueYuanYu";"ChunqiuLei"added"MingshiChunqiu";Taoistadded"LaoziZhigui","SuWangMiaoLun";Legalistadded"LawofHanDynasty","LingofHanDynasty";politicalexpertsadded"Guiguzi";astronomicaladded"Xia'sSunandMoonBiography","Gan'sSuiXingJing","Shi'sStarJing","WuxianFive-StarZodiac",""ZhouTi","StarBiography"..."isthefirstacademicworktosystematicallystudy"HanShuYiWenZhi".WangYinglinbelievedthatitwasinappropriateforthelieutenantpresidentofthe"Hanshu·ArtsandWenzhi"tobeincludedinthe"YinyangFamily",andhealsodeterminedthatHuangfuMiSuoyun's"YiyinTangye"isthe"Tang"of"Hanshu·ArtsandWenzhi"LiquidClassics.Anotherexample:"LaoZiZhiguiCannotRecordSuiZhi:ElevenVolumes,writtenbyYanZun.LieziexplainedWenyun:Zun,thewordJunPing,composesfourteenchaptersandexplainsfivethousandessays."YaoZhenzongofQingDynastyalsowrote"Han"SupplementstoCalligraphy,ArtandLiterature,sixvolumes,thirty-fourkindsofsupplements.
Influenceoflatergenerations
Historicalstatus
Thehistoriographyof"Hanshu"isdividedinto12chapters,mainlyrecordingthedeedsoftheWesternHanemperors;Table8,MainlyrecordsthedeedsofthecharactersintheHanDynasty;10chapters,dedicatedtothesystem,astronomy,geography,andvarioussocialphenomena;70chapters,mainlyrecordingthelivesofvariouscharactersandthehistoryofethnicminorities.
BanGu’s"HanShu"followsthestyleof"HistoricalRecords".Thedifferenceisthat"HistoricalRecords"has"aristocraticfamilies"but"HanShu"doesnot.","HanShu"wasrenamed"Zhi".
"HistoricalRecords"runsthroughtheancientandmodern,notlimitedtodynasties,soitiscalledGeneralHistory."HanShu"chroniclesareallhistoricalfactsoftheWesternHanDynasty,soitiscalledthehistoryofdynasties.
ThehistoryofdynastiesbeganinBangu,andtheso-called"regularhistory"ofthelaterdynastiesallfollowedthegenreof"HanShu",asLiuZhijisaid,"Sincethepresent,thereisnochange."Itcanbeseenthatitshistoricalstatusisveryimportant.
Thestatusof"HanShu"inthehistoryofChineseliteratureisalsoveryprominent.Itwritespeoplefromallwalksoflifeinthespiritof"factualrecords",whichisvividintheplain,andcanbecalledamodelofbiographicalliteratureforlatergenerations,suchas"HuoGuangZhuan","SuWuZhuan","WaiQiBiography","ZhuMaichenBiography"andsoon.Inaddition,"HanShu"alsorecordsthehistoryofethnicminorities."HanShu"inheritsthefinetraditionof"HistoricalRecords"asaspecialbiographyofethnicminorities,andusesnewhistoricalmaterialstoexpand"HistoricalRecordsDawanBiography"into"BiographyoftheWesternRegions",narratingthehistoryofdozensofregionsandneighboringcountriesintheWesternRegionstosupplement,AddedalargenumberofhistoricalfactsafterEmperorWuoftheHanDynasty.TheserecordsarepreciousmaterialsforstudyingthehistoryofrelevantcountriesinAsia.
Influenceofthework
Createastyleofdatinghistory
Firstofall,"Hanshu"pioneeredahistorynarrativemethodofdatinghistory,thestyleisforlatergenerationsInheritance.SincetheQinandHandynasties,ithasbeenamonarch-basedgovernment.Thepeopleofthisdynastyoftendarenotdirectlycommentonthepoliticsofthedynasty,andtherearemanytaboos.Thehistoryofthedynastyconformstotheauthor’spsychology,becausethepreviousdynastyhasdied,andtherearefewerdoubtsaboutthepoliticalaffairsofthepreviousdynasty.Easiertoplay.Therefore,assoonasthe"HanShu"waspublished,theofficialhistoryofalldynastiesafterwardswasbasedonthedatingofdynasties.
ThereasonwhyBanGuisdatedtohistoryisnotaccidental,buttoadapttotherequirementsofthetimes.HesummarizedthehistoricalworksofEmperorWuoftheHanDynastyintheearlyyearsoftheEasternHanDynasty,aboutacenturyandahalf,andcreativelydevelopedthemwiththepurposeofservingthepoliticalserviceoftherulingclassatthattime.BanGubelievesthatthegeneralhistorystyleof"HistoricalRecords"putstheHanDynastyandtheWesternHanDynasty"attheendofahundredkings,sidebysidewiththeQinitems",whichisnotconducivetothepromotionof"Hanmorality",anditisdifficulttohighlightthehistoricalpositionoftheHanDynasty.Thisisthebasisforthe"HanShu"tobehistory.Therefore,the"BookofHan""includesonegeneration",startingfromtheestablishmentoftheHanDynastyandtheWesternHanDynasty,andfinallytheendofthenewdynasty,inordertohighlightLiuBang,"GaoDiJi"wasplacedinthefirstchapter.Thisstyleofdatinghistorywaspraisedbylaterfeudalhistoriansandbecamethebasisforthecompilationofthe"AuthenticHistory"ofthepastdynasties.
Secondly,intermsofcompilationstyle,"HanShu"inheritedanddevelopedthecompilationformof"HistoricalRecords",makingJiBiographyamorecompletecompilationstyle.TheBiographyiscenteredonbiographies.Althoughtheyareindependentofeachother,theyareconnectedtoeachother,sothewholebookcanbeintegratedintoawhole.Itcannotonlyenumeratetheoutlineofhistoricaldevelopment,butalsodescriberelatedhistoricaleventsindetail.Itisnotonlyeasytochecktheactivitiesofindividualcharacters,butalsotakesintoaccountthehistoricalevolutionofthecanonsystem.Itsadvantagesaresomanythatitcanbeusedbylaterhistorians.
Forexample,althoughthe"HistoricalRecords"establishedthe"LüHouBenji",itusedtheHuiEmperortorecordtheyears,andthe"HanShu"supplementedthe"HuiDiJi"tosolvetheconfusioninthe"HistoricalRecords";Therecordsoftheyearandmontharealsomoredetailedandclearerthaninthe"HistoricalRecords".Regardingthelayoutofthebiography,the"HanShu"isbasicallychronologicallyordered,andthestyleismoreuniformthanthatofthe"HistoricalRecords"."HanShu"inheritedtheadvantagesofJiChuanstyle,andsincethen,theofficialhistoryhasfollowedthestyleofJiChuanstyle.
Furthermore,thefournewlycreated"Hanshu"recordsthepolitical,economicsystemandsocialcultureoftheHanDynastyandtheWesternHanDynasty,whicharemorecompletethanthe"HistoricalRecords",thusimprovingthe"Hanshu"Thehistoricalvalueofthedata.
Expandingthefieldofhistoricalresearch
Amongtheten"Zhis"of"HanShu","ShiHuoZhi"provideseconomicsystemandsocialproductionstatus.Abundanthistoricalmaterials;"GouXiaZhi"systematicallydescribestheconstructionofwaterconservancyintheQinandHanDynasties;"Geography"isChina'sfirstgeographyworkwithterritorialandpoliticalareasasthemainbody,andpioneeredthestudyofthehistoryofgeographyandthehistoryofgeographyinfuturegenerations;"LiYueZhi","JiaoSiZhi",and"CriminalLawHistory"recordpolitics,militaryaffairs,lawandrelatedordinances,respectively;"FiveElements","AstronomyHistory"and"LvLiZhi"areallresearchesofancientnaturalsciencesValuableinformation."Yiwenzhi"discussesthesourceandschoolofancientacademicthoughtanditsmeritsanddemerits.Itisanextremelyprecioushistoricalmaterialofancientculture.
Establishingthebibliographicstyle
Theten"Chronicles"arelargeinscaleandrichinrecords.Theyhavedetailedrecordsonpolitics,economy,ideologyandculture,especiallyThepartaboutSinicizationismoredetailed.Thecalligraphystylewasoriginallycreatedinthe"HistoricalRecords",andthe"Hanshu"wasdeveloped.Thefuturegenerationsoftheofficialhistoryofthebookaremostlybasedontheten"zhi"ofthe"Hanshu".Thecalligraphystylehasalsobecomeimitatedbythecompilationofthehistoryofthecanonsystemoflatergenerations,suchas"TongDian"byDuYouintheTangDynasty.
CreatingBibliography
In"Yiwenzhi",LiuXin's"SevenLue"isusedtodividetheancientacademicworksintosixmajorThethirty-eightsub-categoriesarediscussedtoenablepeopletohaveaclearerunderstandingoftheevolutionanddevelopmentofvariousacademicschools.Inaddition,itretainsthegeneralappearanceofthe"SevenLue",whichhasbecomeanimportantworkforpeopletostudytheevolutionofacademicdevelopmentfromancienttimestotheendoftheWesternHanDynasty.ItistheearliestsurvivingbookcatalogandacademicculturalhistoryinChina.
Preservingimportanthistoricaldocuments
Theexisting"Hanshu"isabout800,000characters,andthevolumeisricherthanthe"ShiJi".Itaddedalotofimportantedicts,mainlyinthepartofEmperorJi.Amongmanybiographies,"HanShu"alsocontainsalotofmemos,countermeasures,writingsandlettersrelatedtopolitics,economy,militaryandculture.IntheTenChroniclesofHanshu,therearealsosimilarimportanthistoricaldocumentsincluded,suchas"Shihuozhi"includedinChaoCuo's"OnGuisuShu"andsoon.
The"Hanshu"alsosupplementsthe"HistoricalRecords"onthehistoryofvariousnationalitiesathomeandabroad.Forexample,onthebasisof"HistoricalRecords:TheBiographyoftheXiongnu",the"BookofHan"addsalargenumberofhistoricalfactsafterEmperorWuoftheHanDynasty,andmorecompletelydescribesthehistoryoftheHunsfromancienttimestotheendoftheWesternHanDynasty.The"HanShu"mergedtheNanyue,Dongyue,Korean,andSouthwesternBarbarianBiographyofthe"HistoricalRecords".Onthebasisofsupplementingalargenumberofhistoricalfacts,itwaswritteninamoredetailed"SouthwestBarbarianandGuangdongKoreanBiography"intheformofacombinedbiography.Atthesametime,"HanShu"changed"History·DawanBiography"to"WesternRegionsBiography",whichrecordsthehistoryofvariousethnicgroupsinXinjiangtoday,aswellasthehistoryofCentralandSouthwestAsiancountries.TheserecordsarepreciousmaterialsforstudyingthehistoryofrelevantcountriesinAsia.
Strongfeudalorthodoxthought
IntheeraofBanGu’slife,feudaltheologicalthoughthaddevelopedintotherulingthoughtatthattime,andBan’sfatherandsonwere"onlyHistorianswhohavedevotedthemselvestothesage’swaynaturallytakethemaintenanceoffeudaltheologyastheirresponsibility,andregardthesage’swayastheguidingideologyoftheirwritings.Inthisway,whileinheritingthecontentof"HistoricalRecords",theauthoraccusesitofbeing"quiteridiculoustothesaints",thustamperingwiththeviewpointsof"HistoricalRecords",makingthe"HanShu"moreinlinewithfeudalorthodoxy.
Fromtheperspectiveofideologicalcontent,"Hanshu"isnotasgoodas"HistoricalRecords".BanGuoncecriticizedSimaQianforbeing"ridiculousaboutrightandwrongthanasaint."Theso-called"sage"isConfucius.SimaQiandidnotcompletelyuseConfucianthoughtasthecriterionforjudgingrightandwrong,whichisworthyofrecognition,butBanGu'sknowledgeisnotasgoodasSimaQian's.ThischangefromSimaQiantoBanGureflectsthatConfucianismasafeudalorthodoxyintheEasternHanDynastyhasestablishedafirmfootholdinthefieldofhistory.
HanShudeifiedtheimperialpoweroftheHanDynastyandtheWesternHanDynastyandsupportedtheHanastheorthodoxthought.ItspurposewastodemonstratethelegitimacyoftheHanDynastyandtheEasternHanDynastyandtodeifytheimperialauthorityoftheHanDynastyandtheEasternHanDynasty.Therefore,the"FiveVirtues"basedonthetheoryofYinandYangandtheFiveElementsandthedoctrineoffeudalgodsconferredbythegodofkingshipbecamethedominantideasofthe"HanShu".Inordertopromotethefeudaltheologicalthoughtsof"HeavenandHumanReception"anddisasterauspiciousness,the"BookofHan"firstcreatedthe"FiveElements",whichspecificallydescribedthemysticaldoctrineofthefiveelementsanddisasters.Deeds.
Versions
Therearemanyversionsof"HanShu",andmostofthepreviousversionsoftheTangDynastyhavebeenlost.
DuringtheQianlongperiodoftheQingDynasty,the"DianBen"wasprintedintheWuyingHall,alsoknownasthe"WuyingHall".
DuringtheTongzhiperiodoftheQingDynasty,theQinggovernmentalsopublishedthe"Juben".
The"DianBen"and"JuBen"publishedintheQingDynastyarebothbetterversionsof"HanShu".
DuringtheRepublicofChina,the"BaiNunEdition"publishedbytheCommercialPresswasaphotocopyofthe"JingyouEdition"oftheNorthernSongDynasty.Itcontainsfewerrorsandisararecopyofthe"HanShu".
In1962,thepunctuationprints(12volumesintotal)publishedbyZhonghuaBookCompanywereintensivelyeditedbyexpertsandscholars.
,Istoday'spassbook.
YanShi’sancientannotations"HanShu"isacollectionofannotations.