Salientfeatures
ThekeyfeaturesoftheGestaltsystemareintegrity,specificity,organizationandconstancy.
TheGestaltschoolmaintainsthattheoperatingprincipleofthehumanbrainisthewhole,"thewholeisdifferentfromthesumofitsparts."Forexample,ourperceptionofaflowerisnotpurelybasedonsensoryinformationsuchastheshape,color,andsizeoftheflower.Italsoincludesourpastexperienceandimpressionsoftheflower.Together,itisourperceptionofaflower..
Integrity
Theemergenceargumentcanbefoundintheperceptionofthe"dogpicture",whichshowsaDalmatiansniffingonthegroundundertheshadeofatree.Thecognitionofadogisnottofirstdetermineitsparts(foot,ears,nose,tail,etc.)andinferthatitisadogfromthesecomponents,buttoimmediatelyrecognizethedogasawhole.
Reification
Reificationisthe"constructive"or"generating"aspectofperception.Thisperceptualexperience,comparedtothesensorystimulationonwhichitisbased,includesMoreexternalspatialinformation.Forexample,figureAcanbeperceivedasatriangle,eventhoughnotriangleisactuallydrawn.ThefigureCcanberegardedasathree-dimensionalfigure,butinfactthereisnothree-dimensionalfiguredrawn.
Organization
"Organization"(Multistabilityor"multistableperception")isatrendoffuzzyperceptionexperience,whichisunstableintwoormoredifferentinterpretationsBackandforth.Forexample"KerCube"and"RubinDiagram/VaseIllusion".
Persistence
Invariance(Invariance)Perceptuallyrecognizedsimplegeometriccomponents,formingindependentrotation,translation,sizeandotherchanges(suchaselasticdeformation,differentlightsanddifferentComponentfunctions).Forexample,thelegend'A'inthefigureisimmediatelyconfirmedtobethesamebasicform,whichisimmediatelydifferentfromtheformof'B'.Intheelasticdeformation'C',differentgraphicelementsareusedwhendrawing,suchasthe'D'type.Produce"reification","multiplestability","invariance"and"inseparablemodulestobemodeledseparately",whichareunifiedmechanismsfordifferentaspects.
Origins
Early20thcenturytheorists,suchasKaufka,Witmer,andKoehler(studentsofCarlStumpf)
Theoreticalframeworkandmethodology
Therearethefollowingtheoreticalprinciples:
GeneralprinciplesPsychophysicsIsotypesPrinciples
Methodologicalprinciples:
Phenomenaexperimentanalysisandlifeexperiment-GestaltSchool
Lawofimplication
Lawofclosure
ThemostbasicruleofGestaltschoolisLawofimplication(prägnanz),
LawofClosureLawofClosureLawofSimilarityLawofSimilarity
LawofProximityLawofProximityLawofSymmetryLawofContinuityLawofContinuity
see
structuralinformationtheoryWolfgangMetzger
KurtGoldstein
SolomonAsch
FritzPerls
Gestalttherapy
JamesTenney
GrazSchool
Gestaltpsychologyimportantpublication
p>Opticalillusion