Wordmeaninginterpretation
Federalgovernmentreferstothecentralgovernmentofafederalcountry.Thefederalgovernmentusuallyappearsindemocraticcountriesundertheruleoflaw,orincountrieswithstronglocalawareness.Incontrasttocentralization,federalismisasystemofdecentralization.Itsconstitutiondividesmostgovernmentpowerstolocalgovernments.Thecentralgovernmentcanonlyberesponsibleforlimitedaffairs.Financialpower.Thefirstlevelofgovernmentiscalledthefederalgovernment,whichisthecentralgovernmentacrossthecountry.Thesecondlevelofgovernmentisthestategovernment,whichisanintegralpartofthefederalgovernment.
Formofcomposition
IntheUnitedStates,thefederationiscomposedofvariousstates.Asalocalcomponentofthecountry,the"state"canonlybeusedinthenameofacertainstateintheinternationalcommunity.Activity.IfacertainstateintheUnitedStateswantstosecedefromtheUnion,thefederalgovernmentwilldefinitelyintervene,andtheinternationalcommunitywillnotrecognizeitsnationalstatus.UnlesstheUSfederalgovernmentitselfrecognizesit,theinternationalcommunitywillbeabletorecognizeitsqualificationsasasubjectofinternationallawafteritsrecognition.IntheformerYugoslavia,thecountryconsistsofseveralcountriesformingafederation.Eachcountryhasitsownconstitutionanditsownnationalautonomy.Theyuniteonlytobetterfightforrightsintheinternationalcommunity.Recently,thetwofederalentitiesofSerbiaandMontenegro(SerbiaandMontenegroforshort)split,andeachbecameindependentastheRepublicofSerbiaandMontenegro,whichwasrecognizedbytheinternationalcommunity.
Systemform
Unitarysystem
Thenationalstructureformofthegeneraladministrativeregionorautonomousregiondividedbyregionastheconstituentunit.Contrastwithcompoundsystem.Inaunitarycountry,thecentralgovernmentenjoysthehighestauthority,andthelocalgovernmentexercisesitspowersundertheunifiedleadershipofthecentralgovernmentandwithinthescopeofauthorityprescribedbytheconstitutionandlaws.Legally,allpowerinaunitarycountrybelongstothecentralgovernment,andlocalpowerisauthorizedbythecentralgovernment.Theobviousexternalcharacteristicsofaunitarycountryare:thecountryhasonlyonecentralpower,oneconstitution,andonelegalsystem.Itisthesubjectofinternationalrelationsininternationalexchanges,anditscitizenshaveonlyonenationality.Thisformisadoptedbymostmoderncountries.Accordingtothesizeoflocalauthority,unitarycountriescanbedividedintocentralizedunitarycountriesanddecentralizedunitarycountries.Inacentralizedandunitarycountry,thelocalgovernmentexercisesitspowersunderthestrictcontrolofthecentralgovernment.Officialsappointedbythecentralgovernmentorofficialselectedbythelocalgovernmentmanagelocaladministrativeaffairsonbehalfofthecentralgovernment.Localresidentshavenoautonomyorthelocalgovernmenthasautonomousagencies.,Buttheorgansofself-governmentarestrictlycontrolledbythecentralgovernment.Franceisatypicalcentralizedunitarycountry.Inacountrywithadecentralizedunitysystem,localresidentsindependentlyorganizelocalpublicagenciesinaccordancewiththelawandindependentlyhandlelocalaffairsunderthesupervisionofthecentralgovernment.Thecentralgovernmentshallnotinterfereinspecificlocalaffairs.Britainisatypicaldecentralizedunitarycountry.
Compositesystem
Compositesystem(symmetryofunitarysystem).Aformofnationalstructureinwhichseveralcountries(states,states,republics,etc.)unitethroughagreementstoformvariousnationalalliances.Acountrythatimplementsacompositesystemisacompositecountry.Therearefederal,confederateandotherforms.)Themainformofthestatestructure.Aformofnationalstructurewithacompletepoliticalentitythatenjoysrelativesovereigntyasitsconstituentunit.Inafederalstate,therelationshipbetweenthecountryasawholeanditsconstituentpartsisnottherelationshipbetweenthecentralandlocalgovernments,buttherelationshipbetweenthecentralandcentralgovernmentswithdifferentjurisdictions.ThescopeofauthorityofthecountryasawholeanditsconstituentpartsisstipulatedbytheFederalConstitution.Theyeachhavethehighestauthoritywithinthestipulatedscopeofauthority,andtheyaredirectlyexercisedbythepeoplewithoutanyinterferencewitheachother.Theobviousexternalcharacteristicsoffederalcountriesare:inadditiontothefederalgovernment,eachcomponentalsohasitsowncentralgovernment;thefederallegislatureusuallyhasachambercomposedofrepresentativesofthefederalcomponents;inadditiontothefederalconstitutionandthefederallegalsystem,EachcomponentoftheFederationalsohasitsownconstitutionandlegalsystem.Insomefederalcountries,itscomponentscanbecomethemainbodyofinternationalcommunicationoncertainissues;citizensoffederalcountrieshaveaunifiednationality.
TheUnitedStatesofAmericaisatypicalfederalsystem,andcountriessuchasCanada,Australia,andSwitzerlandalsoadoptafederalsystem.TheUnitedStates,Russia,Germany,India,Brazil,andMexicoarefederalstates,whiletheformerSovietUnion,BosniaandHerzegovina(BosniaandHerzegovina),andtheoriginalCzechoslovakiaarefederalstates.
RussianFederation
OnMay13,2000,RussianPresidentVladimirPutinsignedadecreetounite89entitiesoftheRussianFederation(republics,territories,andregions)into7ThepurposeoftheRussianFederation’sjurisdictionistoconsolidatenationalunityandstrengthenthepresident’slocalmanagementsystem.Thesevenfederaldistrictsare:theCentralDistrictwithMoscowasthecenter,theNorthwestDistrictwithSt.Petersburgasthecenter,theNorthCaucasusDistrictwiththeDonRostovasthecenter(laterchangedtotheSouthernDistrict),andthefollowingNovgorodTheareaalongtheVolgaRiverasthecenter,theUralareawithYekaterinburgasthecenter,theSiberiaareawithNovosibirskasthecenter,andtheFarEastareawithKhabarovskasthecenter.(Note:Thecenterofeachfederaldistrictisinbrackets)
CentralFederalDistrict(Moscow)
VolgaCoastFederalDistrict(NizhnyNovgorod)
NorthwestFederalDistrict(St.Petersburg):
UralFederalDistrict(Yekaterinburg)
SiberianFederalDistrict(Novosibirsk)
NorthCaucasusFederalDistrict(Rostow-on-DonHusband)
TheRussianFederationisnowcomposedof85federalsubjects:
(1)22republics:Adygea(Adygea),AltaiRepublic,BashkortostanRepublic,Buryatia,Dagestan,Ingushetia,Kabardino-Balkaria,Kalmykia-HalimGetangechi,Karachay-CherkessiaRepublicofLelia,RepublicofKomi,RepublicofMariel,RepublicofMoldavia,RepublicofSakha(Yakutia),RepublicofNorthOssetia,RepublicofTatarstan(Tatarstan),RepublicofTuva,UdmurRepublicofKorea,RepublicofKhakassia,RepublicofChechnya,RepublicofChuvash-Chavash,RepublicofCrimea·;
(2)9Krai:AltaiKrai,KrasnodarTerritory,KrasnoyarskTerritory,PrimoryeTerritory,StavropolTerritory,KhabarovskTerritory,PermTerritory,KamchatkaTerritory,TransbaikalTerritory
(3)46states:Amur,Arkhangelsk,Astrakhan,Belgorod,Bryansk,Vladimir,Volgograd,VologdaOblast,VoronezhOblast,IvanovoOblast,IrkutskOblast,KaliningradOblast,KalugaOblast,KirovOblast,KostromaOblast,KurganOblast,KurskOblast,LeningradOblast,MagadanOblast,MoscowOblast,MurmanskOblast,NizhnyNovgorodOblast,NovgorodOblast,NovosibirskOblast,OmskOblast,OrenburgOblast,OrelOblast,PenzaOblast,PskovOblast,RostovOblast,RyazanOblast,SamaraOblast,SaratovOblast,SakhalinOblast,SverdlovskOblast,SmolenskOblast,TambovOblast,SpecialVilOblast,TomskOblast,TulaOblast,TyumenOblast,UlyanovskOblast,ChelyabinskOblast,YaroslavlOblast,LipetskOblast,KemerovoOblast;
(4)3federalmunicipalities:Moscow,St.Petersburg,andSevastopol;
(5)1autonomousregion:JewishAutonomousRegion;
(6)4autonomousregions:NenetsAutonomousRegion,ChukotkaAutonomousRegion,Yamal-NenetsAutonomousRegion,Khanty-MansiAutonomousRegion.
TheAmericanSystem
Thecountryisdividedinto10regions,50states,and1DC(Washington,DistrictofColumbia).Thereare3042countiesorcounties(county,Louisianacounty)Isparish)
Regions:NewEngland,Central,Mid-Atlantic,Southwest,Appalachian,Alpine,Southeast,Pacific,GreatLakes,AlaskaandHawaiiStates,Alabama,Alaska,Arizona,Arkansas,California,Colorado,Connecticut,Delaware,Florida,Georgia,Hawaii,Idaho,Illinois,Indiana,Iowa,Kansas,Kentucky,Louisiana,Maine,Maryland,Massachusetts,Michigan,Minnesota,Mississippi,Missouri,Montana,Nebraska,Nevada,NewHampshire,NewJersey,NewMexico,NewYork,NorthCarolina,NorthDakota,Ohio,Oklahoma,Oregon,Pennsylvania,RhodeIsland,SouthCarolina,SouthDakota,Tennessee,Texas,Utah,Vermont,Virginia,Washington,WestVirginia,Wisconsin,Wyoming;
FederalTerritories
PuertoRicoCommonwealthandNorthernMariana;
Overseasterritories
(inhabited):AmericanSamoa,Guam,MidwayIsland,U.S.VirginIslands;
(uninhabited):BakerIsland,HowlandIsland,JarvisIsland,JohnstonIsland,KingmanReef,NavassaIsland,PalmerIsland,WakeIsland.
Canada
TheCanadianParliamentBuildingCanadaisdividedintotenprovincesandthreeregions.Theprovincehasconsiderableautonomyfromthefederalgovernment,whilethespecialzonehasless.
TheFederalGovernmentofCanada
Eachprovinceandterritoryhasasingle-chamberassembly.
Alberta(English,French:Alberta,yearofestablishment:1905,capital:Edmonton)
BritishColumbia(English:BritishColumbia,French:Colombie-Britannique,Joiningyear:1871,capital:Victoria)
Manitoba(English,French:Manitoba,joiningyear1870,capital:Winnipeg)
NewfoundlandandLatinAmericaBrado(English:NewfoundlandandLabrador,French:Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador,joiningyear:1949,Capital:St.John's)
NewBrunswick(English:NewBrunswick,French:Nouveau-Brunswick,joiningyear:1867,capital:Federicton)
Northwest(English:NorthwestTerritories,French:TerritoiresduNord-Ouest,joiningyear:1870,capital:Yellowknife)
NovaScotia(English:NovaScotia,French:Nouvelle-Écosse,joiningyear:1867,capital:Halifax)
Nunavut(English,French:Nunavut,SeparatedfromtheNorthwestTerritoriesin1999,capital:Iqaluit)
Ontario(English,French:Ontario,joiningyear:1867,capital:Toronto)
PrinceEdwardIsland(English:PrinceEdwardIsland,French:Île-du-Prince-Édouard,joiningyear:1873,capital:Charlottetown)
Québec(French:Québec,English:Quebec,joiningyear:1867,Capital:QuebecCity)
Saskatchewan(English,French:Saskatchewan,yearofestablishment:1905,Capital:Regina)
Yukon(English,French:YukonTerritory,joinedyear:1898,capital:Whitehorse)
Othercountries
Germany
Austria
Switzerland
Australia