Developmentprocess
Origin
FanqiewasfirstcalledironyintheHanDynasty.FanqiehasdevelopedandmaturedintheHanDynasty.ItwasnotinfluencedbyforeignBuddhismduringtheWeiandJinDynasties.SanskritwasonlyaletteranddidnothavethefunctionofFanqie.TheYanzhiFamilyInstructionsoftheYanFamilyinNorthernQisaid:"SunShurancreatedanelegantsoundandmeaning,hewasanativeofthelateHanDynasty.Knowingironyalone,asfortheWeiDynasty,thismatterwaspopular."(SunYan,ZiShuran,MingYan)LuDeming's"ClassicalExplanation"alsosaid:"SunYanbegantobeironic,andithasbecomemorecomplexsincetheWeiDynasty."Infact,SunYanhadalreadyusedfanqiebefore,suchastheEasternHanFuqian's"HanShu""Xiang,YinzhangRuifan".SunYansortedoutFanqieandcompileditinto"EryaYinyi".TheabovearticleclearlystatedthatFanqiewasbornduringtheHanDynasty.
FanqieintheSuiandTangDynastiesisthebasicmaterialforstudyingthephoneticsystemofMedievalChineseandoneofthefoundationsofChinesephonology.
AccordingtotheresearchofhistorianFanWenlan,phonologybeganinthelateEasternHanDynasty.Atthattime,someConfucianscholarswereinspiredbySanskritpinyinandcreatedFanqiemethodtoannotatecharacters.SunYanmade"EryaSoundandMeaning",usedFanqiephoneticnotation,generallybelievedthatSunYanisthefounderofFanqie.
DuringtheTangDynasty,monkskeptwarmandtookChinesecharactersas30initials,Songpeopleadded36letters,andusedrhymecharactersasfinals.Fanqiemethodispreciseandhasbecomethemostpopularphoneticmethod.
Improved
Theuseoffanqiephoneticnotationhasgreatlimitations.Thisismanifestedinthreeaspects:
①Fanqieupperandlowercharacterscontainredundantcomponents,andtherearecertainobstacleswhencombiningthem;
②Fanqieupperandlowercharactershavetoomanywordsavailable,anditisdifficultforpeopletousethem.Master;
③Somenarrowrhymeshavetooccasionallyborrowotherrhymestomakereversecuts,resultingininaccuratecuts.
BecauseoftheseriousshortcomingsoftheearlyFanqie,futuregenerationscontinuetoimprovetheFanqiefromallaspects.Representativepropositionsarereflectedinthefollowingbooks:LvKun's"JiaotaiYun"intheMingDynasty,andPanLei's"LikeYin"intheQingDynasty.ThesetwobooksaredeterminedtogetridoftheillsoftheoldFanqie.ThebasicstartingpointforthedesignofFanqieistomakethepronunciationofthecutcharacterspelledoutbyreadingthetwocharacterstogether.Theirimprovementscanbesummarizedasfollows:
①Fanqieonthecharacternotonlyconsidersthesametoneasthecutcharacter,clearandvoicing,butalsotakesintoaccounttheresponseofwaiting.ThecutwordisaHongyinword,andtheupperwordusesHongyin;thecutwordisafine-soundword,andtheupperwordusesafinetone;thecutwordisanopenword,andtheupperwordusesanopening;thecutwordisaclosedword,andtheupperwordusesaclosedword.
②Trytousecharacterswithoutconsonantsinthenextcharacters.
③DonotuseallcharacterswiththesametonesasthecharacterstobecutastheuppercharactersofFanqie.Onthisissue,LuKunandPanLei'sapproachisnotcompletelyconsistent.LuKunadvocatedcuttingflatwiththeentry,cuttingwiththeflat,cuttingabove,andcuttingwiththetop;PanLeiadvocatedcuttingwiththesquare,andcutwiththeflat.
④Thecutwordisaflat-soundword,andthereversecutwordtakescareoftheclassificationofyinandyang.Thisisbecausethenortherndialectandmostdialectshavebeendividedintotwotypesofyinandyangatthattime.
⑤Thereversecutcharactersshouldbeminimizedandunifiedtoreducetheburdenonusers.Suchimprovementshavebroughtgreatconveniencetopeople,butatthesametimeithasalsoproducednewdrawbacks.Besuretousethewordsbeginningwithavoweltodothereversecut,andthesamerhymingwordsthatstartwiththevowelarerareafterall.Thiswillinevitablyfindsomeuncommonwordstomakethereversecut.Ifyouuseillegiblecharacterstomakefanqieforcommoncharacters,youlosetheeffectofphoneticnotation.
IntheMingandQingDynasties,YangXuanqi's"SoundandRhymeCollection".Thisbookwaswrittenin1659.PingruErshenghasbeendrafted,buttheupperErshenghasnotbeencompleted.WhatremainsintheworldisthepartofPingshengandRusheng.Therearetwomainpointsofhisimprovement:
①ReducethenumberofcharactersintheupperandlowercharactersofFanqie.Yangcategorizesallrhymesinto25categories,whicharecalled"DaYun";theysetthetoneniuinto31,whicharecalled"ZiZu".Each"bigrhyme"isdividedintothreecategories:"macro","medium"and"fine"."Macro"isequivalenttoHekouHongyin.Inthe"Hong"soundrhyme,15charactersaredeterminedastheupperwordforFanqie,and13charactersareusedasthelowerwordforFanqie;"中"isequivalenttotheopeningHongyin,and21wordsareidentifiedinthe"中"Soundandrhyme.Thecharactersserveastheuppercharactersforthefanqie,andthe24charactersserveasthecharactersforthefanqie;"Xi"isequivalenttotheopeningandhekoufine-yinnedcharacters.Inthe"Xi"phonology,31charactersaredeterminedastheuppercharactersforthefanqie,and24charactersareusedasthecharactersforthefanqiedown.Thesumofthethreetypesof"macro","zhong"and"fine"Fanqieupperandlowercharactersis124,whichislessthan1/12ofthetotalnumberofFanqieupperandlowercharactersin"Guangyun".
②Trytochoosethewordswithnoconsonant"YingYuLiangNiu"asthereversecut.ForsomewordswithnorhymeandYuLiangNiu,IhavetochooseXiaoXiaandotherNiucharacters.YangXuanqi'simprovementhasachievedcertainresults,butatthesametimetherearealsoshortcomings.BecausethenumberofupperandlowercharactersinFanqieistoosmall,sometimesthemethodof"borrowing"cannotbeavoided.Thebooksays"toborrow","toask"oreven"toencourageandencourage"manytimes.
LiGuangdiandWangLanshengintheQingDynasty"ElaborationofSoundandRhyme"andLiuXizaiintheQingDynasty"FourTonesDingqie".Thesetwobookswerecompletedin1726and1878respectively.Theauthorof"YinYunZhiWei"wasinspiredbythetwelve-characterbeginningsofManchuandabsorbedalltheadvantagesofimprovedfanqiesuchas"JiaoTaiYun"and"LikeYin"."FourToneDingqie"isbasedon"SoundandRhymeExplanation",whichismorepreciseandrigorousthanit.Theimprovedfanqieofthesetwobookshasreacheditsbeststate,butitstillhascertainlimitations.Forexample,ifthefinalsare[徲],[宐],nowordsstartingwithvowelsareavailable,andonlyconsonantscanbeused.Thecharactersarereversed,sothereisstillaphenomenonofinconsistencyinthestitchingprocess.
Theabove-mentionedcompanieshavemadevariousimprovementstoFanqie,buttheyhaveneverreachedtheidealsituation.Onlybyusingasetofsymbolsthatanalyzevariousphonemescanthiscontradictionberesolved.
Elimination
In1918,theMinistryofEducationoftheBeiyangGovernmentannouncedthephoneticalphabetinMandarin(24initialsand16finals),andtheFanqiemethodwaseliminated.
PrincipleofFanqie
ThetwocharactersusedforFanqie,thefirstoneiscalledFanqieShangzi,whichisabbreviatedas"FanqieShangzi"or"Qi"forshort,andthelatteriscalledFanqiexiazi,whichisreferredtoas"Qi".Nextwordornextword.
Thephoneticizedcharacteriscalledthe"Fanqie"character,whichiscalled"Fanqie"forshort.ThebasicprincipleofFanqieisthattheuppercharacteristhesameastheinitialsofthecutcharacter,thelowercharactersarethesameasthefinals(includingthemedialsound)andtonesofthecutcharacter,andtheupperandlowerspellingsarethepronunciationofthecutcharacter.Forexample,"Dong,DuZongqie"in"Guangyun"usestheinitialsofDu,thefinalsofZongandthetonesofDongZhuyin.Fanqiewascreatedtoremedytheshortcomingsofthephoneticnotationofruoandzhiyin.ItwasahugeimprovementinthephoneticnotationofChinesecharacters,anditmarkedthebeginningofChinesephonetics.
Differences
ThedifferencebetweenFanqieandPinyin
①Pinyinusesoneorseveralphonemesymbolstorepresenttheactualphoneticvalueofinitialsandfinals,andFanqieusesEachChinesecharacterrepresentsasyllable.Chinesecharactersthatsimplyrepresentconsonantsdonotexist,andChinesecharactersthatbeginwithvowelsarealsoaminority.Therefore,theuppercharacterofFanqierepresentingtheinitialconsonantcannotbewithoutthevowel,andthelowercharacterofFanqierepresentingthefinalvoweloftenhastheinitialconsonant.Inthisway,theupperandlowercharactersofFanqie,whichrepresentinitialsandvowels,allcontainextraelements.Whentheyarecombined,theextraelementsmustberemoved—thevowelsoftheuppercharacterandtheinitialsofthelowercharacter.Infurtherdetail,theprincipleofFanqieshouldbeasfollows:Fanqieuppercharacteronlyusesitsinitials,ignoringitsvowelsandtones;Fanqiecharactersonlyusesitsfinalsandtones,ignoringitsinitials.
②Aninitialorvowelinanidealpinyincharactercanonlyberepresentedbyafixedletteroragroupofletters,anditisneverallowedtochangeatwill;theselectionoftheupperandlowercharactersofFanqieisflexible.Anywordthatisthesameastheinitialsandfinalsofthecutcharacterwillnotchangetheactualpronunciationofthecutcharacterifitisusedfortheupperandlowercharacters.Forexample,"Guo,GuHuqi".Iftheuppercharacterdoesnotuse"古",butusesthewords"guo","古","公",andthelowercharacterdoesnotuse"Hu",butusesthewords"Hu","Wu","都",etc.,thewordwillbecutThepronunciationwillnotchange.Thisisbecausetheformerinitialsareall[g]andthelatterfinalsareall[u].Inprinciple,thesametypeofinitialsorvowelscanberepresentedbyonecharactereach.Ifitisstipulatedthatonlyonecharacterisusedtoexpress,thenthecharacteritselfcannotbephoneticized.Therefore,atleasttwocharactersmustbeusedforthesametypeofinitialsorvowels,andtherearefarmorethantwointheactualapplicationprocess."Guangyun"hasatmost17firstcharactersofthesamekindofinitials,andthelowercharactersofthesamekindoffinalsarebasicallysimilar.
③Inadditiontodoublespelling,modernChinesepinyinalsohasthreespellsandfourspells.Intermsofwritingform,asyllablecanberepresentedby1to4phonemeletters;whileFanqiecanonlyberepresentedbyShuangpin,andonlytwocharactersareallowed.Evenifitisazero-consonantcharacter,theremustbeafanqieuppercharacter.Forexample,inMandarin,"Love,Udaiche",thecutword"爱"aiiszeroinitials.Ifitispinyin,theinitialscanbeomitted.InFanqiephoneticnotation,a"wu"charactermustbeusedtorepresentthezeroinitialstomaketheupperwordforFanqie.Evenifthefinalrhymehasbotharhymeandarhymeending,thewholewordcanonlybeusedasareversecut.Forexample,"Persuade,gowishtocut."Thefinalvowelofthecutword"Quan"isüan,whichcontains3phonemes.Fanqiephoneticnotationonlyusesthesamecharacter"Yuan"asthevowelof"Quan"asthewordforFanqie.
Differentunderstandingsoffanqieterms
ThedifferentunderstandingsoffanqietermsinChinesephonologycanberoughlydividedintothreetypes:
①Ambiguousexplain.InSongDynastyDingDuetal.'s"RitualRhymeLue"(1037),itisstated:"Thephonologicaldevelopmentandtheassociationmeanstheopposite,andalsothetranslation;thetwocharactersarerubbedtogethertomakethesoundcalledthecut."Thisseemstothinkthatthe"anti"isTheupperandlowercharactersofFanqiehavethesamesoundandrhymeasthecharacterstobecut."Qie"referstotheprocessofcombiningtheupperandlowercharactersofFanqie.DuringtheSongandYuandynasties,HuangGongshaoandXiongZhong’s"AncientandModernRhymeMeetingJuYao"(1297)said:"One-syllableexhibitionistheoppositeofconversion,andonerhyme-exhibitionisconvertedtoeachother.Itistangent,callingthemotherbytheson,andcallingthesonbythemother."Thisseemstobetrue.Sayingthattheuppercharacterofthefancutiscalledreverse,andthelowercharacterofthefancutiscalledcut.Butitisnotclear.
②“ant”and“cut”aresynonymous,andtheybothmeantojointogether.GuYanwu's"FiveBooksofPhonology:YinTheory"intheQingDynastysaid:"ThenameofFanqiehasbeencalledtheoppositesincetheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.SunLian's"TangYun"wascalledZhiqie,andthewordsweretabooatthetime....TangXuandu's"NineClassics"·Theprefacereads:'Avoidusingestoppel,butNiuhasfourtones,andthetoneisdetermined.'Thewordsinthevolume,theword'cover'goesunderthecloudofpublicnuisance,andthesubstitutionisreversed,andtheword''goesunderthecloudtoshowNiu.,Onbehalfoftheanti-Islander.Itistheantidote,theantidote,thenewyed,theonefortheone."GuYanwubelievesthat"anti"means"cut",and"cut"means"anti",andtherearealso"turned"and"new".However,hisviewthattheSouthernandNorthernDynastieswerereferredtoas"anti"andtheTangDynastyafter"Qi"wasnotprecise.ThepreservedFanqieofSunYan's"ErYaYinyi"isindeedcontrary,butitwasalsocalledQibeforetheSuiandTangDynasties.TheNorthernQiYanzhitui(531~?)"TheFamilyInstructionsoftheYanFamily·Yinci"said:"XuXianmin(344~397)"MaoShiyin"isasuddenchange,and"ZuoChuanyin"cutstheraftersasafate","HebeicutsThewordattackisGuCong".Yan's"reverse"and"cut"areusedtogether.
③Startingfromtheanalysisofthetwocharacters"Qieyun",itisbelievedthattheupperwordofFanqieiscalled"Qie"andthelowerwordofFanqieiscalled"Yun".TheSuiDynastyLuFayan"QieYunPreface"criticizedthepredecessors:"ZhizhiYuyu,atotalofonerhyme;thefirstimmortalYouhou,alltalkiscut."Thismeansthattheword"zhizhi"ismistakenforthesamekind."Yuyu"Fanqielowercharactersaremistakenlyofthesamekind,Lucalled"Yun";"Xianxian"Fanqieuppercharactersaredifferenttypes,"Youhou"Fanqieuppercharactersaredifferenttypes(ZengYunqiansaid),Luiscalled"Qie".SongDynastyShenKuo(1029~1093)"MengxiBiTan"Volume15said:"Theso-calledcutrhyme,theuppercharacteriscutting,andthelowercharacterisrhyme."HanDaozhaooftheJinDynastysaidin"PentagramRhyme·Preface":"Husband"In"QieYun",thecoverisabove,therhymeiscutoff,andtherhymeiscombinedandturnedover,becausethenameisthename."ShenandHanbothexplainedclearly.Variousclaimsareinconsistent,andfurtherstudyisneeded.
Examples
Whenthefan-cuttingwasfirstcreated,itwaseasytolearnandmaster.Atthattime,ordinarypeoplecouldnotonlyusefanqietorecognizecharactersandmakefanqieforphoneticnotation,butalsousefanqietopuzzleandspeakcrypticwords.Later,Fanqiebecamedifficulttounderstand,andevensomescholarsoftendidn'tunderstandit.Thisisbecausethevoiceisconstantlyevolvingandchanging,andusingcontemporarysoundstoreadancientman-madefanqieisnaturallyinevitable.FromMiddleAgestomoderntimes,theinitialsandvowelsofChinesehavechangedalot.ThisisthefundamentalreasonwhymodernpeoplefeelinconvenienttouseMedievalFanqie.VoicechangeshaveagreatinfluenceontheFanqieprinciple,buttherearegenerallyrulestofollow.Hereareafewexamples.
Thetoneisthesameasthefanqie.
①Oneofthebasicrequirementsofthefanqieisthatthetonesofthefanqiearethesameasthefanqie.Thenextwordisflatsound,andthecutwordisalsoflatsound.However,theflatsoundofthemodernsoundisdividedintoyinandyang.ThisisbecausetheflatsoundoftheMiddleAgesdoesnotdistinguishbetweenyinandyang,andtheyinandyangofthemodernsoundarechangedfromtheclearvoiceoftheMiddleAges.IntheMiddleAges,theQingconsonantcharacterisyin,andthevoicedconsonantcharacterisyang.Forexample:"Journal,bittercoldcut."Thelowerword"han"isYangping,butthecutword"Journal"readsYinping,becausetheupperword"ku"isamiddleancientQingconsonant.Anotherexampleis:"Altar,Tuganqie."Thelowerword"gan"isthewordYinping,butthecutword"Altar"readsYangpingbecausetheupperword"tu"isavoicedinitialintheMiddleAges.
TheinitialsofthecharacterstobecutarethesameasthoseontheuppercharactersofFanqie
②ThesecondbasicrequirementofthecharacterstobecutisthattheinitialsoftheuppercharactersofFanqiearethesame.However,thereisatypeoffanqiethatispronouncedaccordingtothepresentsound,andtheaspirationandnon-aspirationofthecutcharacterandthecharacteronthefanqieareinconsistent.Thisisbecausethemiddleancientfullyvoicedconsonantshavenowbecometwotypesofvoicelessconsonants,aspiratedandnon-aspiratedinMandarin.Theflatvoiceisaspirated,andtheflatvoiceisnotaspirated.Whentheuppercharacterisafullyvoicedconsonant,thelowercharacterisaflatsound,andthecurrentsoundofthecutcharacterisaspiratedclearconsonant;thelowercharacterisaflatsound,andthecurrentsoundofthecutcharacterisaclearconsonantwithoutaspiration.Forexample:"Quan,giantmembercut."Theupperword"ju"cannotbereadtodaywithaspiratedinitials,andthecutword"Quan"isnowpronouncedwithaspiratedinitials.Thisisbecausethelowerword"member"isamiddleancientflatsoundcharacter,whiletheupperword"ju""It'salsoavoicedconsonantintheMiddleAges.Anotherexampleis:"degree,socut."Theupperword"tu"readstheaspiratedinitialstoday,butthecutword"du"doesnotreadtheaspiratedinitialstoday.Thisisbecausethelowerword"Gu"isaflattoneword,whiletheupperword"徒""It'salsoavoicedconsonantintheMiddleAges.
Theinitialsofthecutcharactersareinconsistentwiththeinitialsofthecharactersonthefanqie
③SomefanqieintheMiddleAges,accordingtothemodernpronunciation,theinitialsofthecutwordarej[tɕ],q[tɕʰ],x[ɕ],andtheinitialsoftheuppercharactersofFanqieareg[k],k[kʰ],h[x]orz[ts],c[tsʰ],s[s].TheinitialsofthecutcharactersareinconsistentwiththeinitialsoftheuppercharactersofFanqie.Thisisbecausethemiddleancientg[k],k[kʰ],h[x]andz[ts],c[tsʰ],s[s]twosetsofinitials,eachofwhichhasapartofthecharacterintothemodernsoundj[tɕ],q[tɕʰ],x[ɕ].Theconditionofdifferentiationliesinthepresenceorabsenceofi[i],ü[y]intermediatesounds(ormainvowels,thesamebelow).TheoriginalinitialsofHongyincharacterswithouti[i]andü[y]intersoundsremainunchanged;forfine-soundcharacterswithi[i]andü[y]intersounds,theinitialsbecomej[tɕ],q[tɕʰ],x[ɕ].Forexample:
绛古巷切[tɕiɑŋ]←—[ku]+[ɕiɑŋ]
悭bitterfreecut[tɕʰiεn]←—[kʰu]+[ɕiεn]
p>
filialpietycalltoteachcutting[ɕiau]←—[xu]+[tɕiɑu]
Saucebrightcutting[tɕiɑŋ]←—[tsɿ]+[liɑŋ]
QingcangSutraCut[tɕʰiŋ]←—[tsʰɑŋ]+[tɕiŋ]
XiaosuHanging[ɕiɑu]←—[su]+[tiɑu]
Theabove6examples,Thecutwordnowreadsj[tɕ],q[tɕʰ],x[ɕ],thereversecutupperwordnowreadsg[k],k[kʰ],h[x],z[ts],c[tsʰ],S[s].Ofcourse,thereisalsothereversesituation,forexample:
guiqiweiqie[kuei]←—[tɕy]+[wei]
匡去王切[kʰuɑŋ]←—[tɕʰy]+[wɑŋ]
DestroyXuWeiqie[xuei]←—[ɕy]+[wei]
Drillingtheofficialcut[tsuan]←—[tɕie]+[kuan]
Sevenchaoticcutting[tsʰuan]←—[tɕʰi]+[luan]
SaiXiandaicutting[sai]←—[ɕiεn]+[tai]
Therearetenortwentysimilarrulesofchange,butitstillcannotincludeallexceptions.
Sound.Thefirstcharacter(Fanqieonthecharacter)isannotatedwiththeinitials,andthesecondcharacter(Fanqieonthecharacter)isannotatedwithvowels.Forexample:酒子酉切.Thesub-consonantistheessencemother,andtheunitaryvowelisrhyme,sothealcoholicsoundunitaryrhyme.BecausethepronunciationoftheTangDynastyisdifferentfromthatofmoderntimes,itisnotpossibletopronouncetheFanqieatthattimeinMandarin.
Controversyarises
AsforthegenerationofFanqie,theunderstandingofscholarsinthepastgenerationsisverydifferent.Therearemainlythefollowingthreeviews.
ThecreationofSunYanattheendoftheHanDynasty
①Theso-calledendofHanDynastytheoryisthemostcredible.Thebasisisthewordsin"TheFamilyInstructionsoftheYanFamily:Yinci":"SunShuyancreated"EryaYinyi",whichisauniqueironyinthelateHanDynasty.AsfortheWeiDynasty,thismatterwaspopular."CarefullyplaytheYanfamily'swords,justsaySunYan'sbook"Creating"EryaYinyi""usesfanqiephoneticnotation,anddoesnotsaythatSunYanfirstcreatedfanqie.Itseemsthatpeoplemayhaveone-sidedunderstandingofYan'swords.
ThegenerationperiodofChinesecharacters
②ItisbelievedthatfanqieoccurredwhenChinesecharactersweregenerated.LiuXizai(1813～1881)"ShuangshengPrefacetoShuowen"oftheQingDynastysaid:"Qiyin...alsostartedfromtheoriginalwriting.Xu's"Shuowen"isbasedonthesoundundertheword,andithasbeeninfluencedbyit.ThemoredifficulttoknowintheSixBooksoftheHusbandistheharmonicsound,therepetitiverhymeandthedoublesound,whichareallharmonicsounds.Xu'stheoryonthephoneticsound,andtheword"Jianghe",didnothavethenameofdoublerhymeanddoublesoundintheFangXufamily.Workisadoubletone,itisactually."ThereisasimilarviewofHeyin.ShenKuoandZhengQiaointheSongDynasty,andGuYanwuintheMingandQingDynastiesalsoheldthisview.GuYanwu's"FiveBooksofPhonetics·TheoryofPhonetics"said:"AccordingtothelanguageofFanqie,ithasexistedsincetheHanDynasty.SongShenkuosaidthatthetwotonesoftheancientsayinghavebeencombinedintooneword.Ifitcannotbe叵,whynotbe盍...ZhengQiaosaidthattheslowvoiceistwo,theurgentvoiceisone,theslowvoiceisstubborn,theurgentvoiceisawkward,theslowvoiceisthesame,theurgentvoiceisall,...,yes..Forexample,thebiographyof"Poetry·WallYouci",Ci,TribulusYe,TribulusZhengqie..."Whetheritisapictophoneticcharacteroracombinationcharacter,itisneitherthebeginningofFanqinorthesameasFanqi.ThefundamentaldifferencebetweenthetwoandFanqieisthat:Fanqieconsciouslyanalyzestheinitialsandvowelsofasyllable,andstipulatestheupperandlowercharactersofFanqie;whiletheerawhenalargenumberofpictophoneticcharacterswereproduced(Zhou,Qin),itwasimpossible.MakeaphoneticanalysisofChinesecharacters;double-soundcharactersareaquestionofurgentandslowreading.Sotheyareunconsciousoraccidental,whichisfundamentallydifferentfromFanqie'sphoneticpurpose.
Thepost-HanfuqianandYingshaoera
③ItisbelievedthatFanqiewasborninthepost-HanfuqianandYingshaoera.ZhangBinglin,WuChengshi(1884～1939)andothersstronglyadvocatedthis.ZhangBinglinbelieves:"Fu,YingXunsaid"HanShu",itsironyhasbeenwritteninthearticle,itisclearthatitscreationattheendoftheHanDynasty,notShuran'soriginality.Moreover,WangZiyongandSunShuran,talkabouteachotherlikeanenemy,butZiyongalsousesirony,anditisnotknownatfirst.”(QuotedfromHuangKan’s"SoundandRhyme")WuChengshi’s"ClassicInterpretationofPrefacesandNotes"said:"XunyanMaster’sAncientAnnotation"Hanshu",CitedtheironyofFuqianandYingShao,nolessthanadozenthings.FuqianandYingShaobothdiedinJian'an,atthesametimeasZhengXuan.ItistheironythathasbeenpracticedinthelateHanDynasty,whichisroughlyinlinewiththeYanclan.,It’salmostuntrue.”Theseviewsaremorereasonable.Firstofall,FuQianandYingShao’sFanqieispreservedintheNotesofHanShu,whichisafact;second,WangSuandSunYan’sacademicthoughtsandopinionsarecompletelyopposite.WangSuhasbeenattackingSunYan’steacherZhengXuan.IfFanqiewascreatedbySunYanandWangSualsousedFanqie,itwouldbeequivalenttogivingpeopleahandleandworshippingthewind.Thisisimpossible.Again,FuqianandYingShaowerebothfromthelateHanDynasty,whichisinferiortoYanZhi'sinference."ItistheironyofthepeopleofthelateHanDynasty"isconsistent.
FanqiewascreatedtoremedytheshortcomingsofthepronunciationofRuoandZhiyin.FanqieisundoubtedlyahugeimprovementcomparedwiththepronunciationofRuoandZhiyin.Fromtheperspectiveofthehistoryofphonology,theemergenceoffanqiemarkedthebeginningofHanphonetics-fromthenon,IlearnedtoanalyzethephonologyofChinesesyllablesanddivideasyllableintotwoparts:soundandrhyme.
Bibliography
GuYanwu:"FiveBooksonPhonetics·TheoryonPhonetics",photocopiedbyZhonghuaBookCompany,Beijing,1982.
ChenLi:"QieYunKao"VolumeVI,photocopyofChinaBookstore,Beijing,1984.