Introduction
Carving printing is on a smooth wooden board in a thickness, paste the copies of the articles, the positive and transparent manuscript paper, the panel, the word is anti Body, pen painting clearly identical. The engraving worker uses the knife to cut the part of the layout of the layout, and become a font protruding, and the stone is quite different from the font concave. When printing, apply a ink on the raised font, then cover the paper on it, and gently wipe the paper back, and the writing is left on the paper.
Process of the application
May 20, 2006, the printing and technology were approved by the State Council to include the first national list.
June 5, 2007, after the National Cultural Department, Chen Yi is representative inheritance for the process of the cultural heritage application, and is included in the first national-level intangible cultural heritage project 226 Representative inheritance list.
September 30, 2009, UNESCO Protects the Fourth Meet of the Commission of Intangible Cultural Heritage Intergovernmental Committee to make a resolution in Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates, and reported by Yangzhou Guangling Ancient Books, representing China The engraving printing skills were officially selected as the "Representative of World Human Intangible Cultural Heritage".
Historic source
The engraving print is invented by the Chinese working people through long-term practice and research. Since the Han Dynasty invented the paper, the writing materials were more convenient than the oracle, simple, golden stone and 缣 缣, but the copying book is still very expensive, and it is far from adaptation.
Tang Dynasty invented the engraving printing and used in late Tang Dynasty. Although there is a letter typography, it is still a carving printing. People are inspired from the inventory, and the initial invent printing was first invented in human history. The engraving print is on a smooth wooden board in a thickness, paste the copies of the articles, the thin and almost transparent manuscript paper pare, the word is passed, the word is a back, the stroke is clear. The engraving worker uses the knife to cut the part of the layout of the layout, and become a font protruding, and the stone is quite different from the font concave. When printing, apply a ink on the raised font, then cover the paper on it, and gently wipe the paper back, and the writing is left on the paper. As the earliest print form, in China. The earliest carving print is the "Diamond Sutra" (now Tibetan British Museum), which is printed in 868 AD, but the mulk print may have appeared before about 2000.
824, Yuan Yi is a collection of Baijiyi poems, saying: "Twenty-year, banned provinces, temples, postal walls, no books, Wang Gong, Shu, Niu Child, horse walking There is no way. As for the writings, the streets are sold in the city, or they are in the past, all are everywhere. "Temple is typing, holding wine is holding white poetry and changing tea. . It can be seen that the application of tyrannical, and the application of typography has been expanded from Buddhist spell to the people like reading poetry.
835 years ago, the local folks in the north of Sichuan and Jiangsu have been "on the board", and I will sell it on the market. At that time, some people said that the folks' inscriptions "have been full of worlds", I can know that they are not only printed in Sichuan and Jiangsu.
In 883, Chengdu Book can see some books of "Yin and Yang miscellaneous dreams of dreams of the five-palace," word book "," 版 印 "... in In the first two hundred years after the printed invention, it is an important medium of the people's popularization culture.
Although the orthodontics in the Song Dynasty are invented, it is still a carving printing.
AD 971 Chengdu is engraved all 5048 volumes of the "Da Tibet", 300,000 pieces of engraving, spend 12 years. China still saves a discipline of circulating printed in about 700 Song Dynasties.
Inheriting the genre
Ancient carving print books can be divided into official engraving, siding and family according to its organizational form, and the feature of the inheritance is different. The official rule is a centralized engraving book from the officially collected excellent traps. The craftsmen come from all directions, together with each other, play an important role in the improvement and promotion of carving printing. Square is the master's mulk printing artist, focusing on the content of Bookwitch, its selection and engraving types are closely related to the master's knowledge, interest hobbies, and have gradually forming a book unique engraving style or A genre in a certain area forming a square. For example, Chen Heng and his father and son in the Republic of China have founded "Chen Heng and Bookin", engaged in the engraved version of the school, they carefully collected the remember of the township document, the "Yangzhou Congjun", was known as Yangzhou Square Rear show. During the late Qing Dynasty, the engraving printing is attenuated, and the main force that can inherit and continuity is a square. Finally, they inherited their family inheritance or by apprentice. After the late Qing Dynasty, this inheritance method also went to the decline.
This is a lot of carved artists since the Qing Dynasty, "Hang Jiyang", writing, engraving, printing, and printing, writing, engraving, writing, writing, writing, writing, engraving, writing, writing, engraving, writing, writing, writing, engraving, writing, writing, writing, writing, engraving Complete the binding work, the generation of generations. After Chen Yuliang died, his son Chen Zhengchun will lead to "Yang Gang". In 1958, Chen Zhengchun was employed in Yangzhou ancient bookstore and participated in the construction of a community.
Value Form
Carving printing is a human intangible cultural heritage having a highlighted value and national characteristics, traditional crafts. It condenses several excellent Chinese traditional techniques such as China's papermaking, ink, engraving, and transfer, and finally formed this unique Chinese cultural process; it is the world, the world is the world. The oldest technical source of modern typography has a prominent contribution to human civilization; its implementation provides the most convenient conditions for cultural dissemination and civilized exchanges. In other words, in the four major inventions in China, two papermaking and printing are directly related to it, which is rare in other traditional Chinese crafts in China.
Related Experts introduced that in seven intangible cultural heritage, paper-cut, lacquerware, reviews, etc. generally have north-south points, have certain regional restrictions. However, the carving printing is the only cultural form without regional limits throughout the country, and its influence is even overseas. As a national heritage, it is not only China, but also the world.
Inheritance Status
Carving printing has "activated stone" in printing history, in 2006, Yangzhou's "carving version of the printing skill" project was included in the first national non-substance Cultural heritage representatives are represented; in 2009, the "China Carving Printing and Printing and Printing and Printing and Printing and Printing and Printing and Printing and Printing" represented by Yangzhou were included in the "Human Intangible Cultural Heritage Representation". Yangzhou has nearly 300,000 ancient books since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and a large number of ancient books have been published in the national lane, which has become a largest online bookwork base.
With the rise of modern printing technology, the market space of the engraving print is getting smaller. I rarely have a young man is willing to apprentiate the art, Chen Yi, etc., to recommend the relevant departments, and create a sculpture and printing skills, will re-call the old artists who have retired home, recruit a group of students who are interested in the mandrel, teach the skill.
Skilled resurrection
Yangzhou City's largest scale, the oldest carving version of the printing place, Yangzhou Guangling Ancient Bookstock, said that after nearly 6 years of preliminary work, the Song Dynasty of the millennium The mud live call is printed and printed, and the Society has successfully developed a full mud living word "Mengxi pen".
Song Dynasty Bi Sheng invent "Thin Ruyi Qian Lips, Silk Silk" mudly engraving printing stunts, because the requirements for raw materials, hand-engraving technology and printing are too high, the death is missing, Modern also did not discover the mold of backed mud. In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the Xixian Xiji, Anhui Province, was 30 years, and the successful "mud word" was developed. He first made "wooden live word", and then made into a mud "word model", which was printed for many books. But strictly, "mouse" and "mud living words" have no gap, "mud word" has not formed directly in special mud, "anti-word" skills, Song Dynasty Bi Sheng's "stunt" has not recovered .
Modern Development
Since 2000, Guangling Ancient Bookstick Society began to make mud living words, and started the relevant preliminary work. After many trials, the above-mentioned loess as "muddy word" is selected as the soil of "muddy words", after screening, filtering, etc. (ie, repeated manual tapping, kneading) It will take a year. Then one word is written on the mud block on the mud block. This kind of carving is more difficult to engrave "correct words" on the wooden block. The mud live word "Mengxi pen" is carefully Carving is successful. In addition to the difficulty of engraving, after many failures, overcome the difficulty of mud, printed, and resurrected the printing skills of the bone gum in Yoglu.
October 2005, the trial is open. "All Tang Poetry" first printed by the Qing Dynasty, Yangzhou sculpture printing, returned to Yangzhou and the world.
It appears in the Mid-Tang Dynasty, and develops until the Qing Dynasty reaches the peak, the scale and quality are unprecedented. Kangxi forty-four years (AD 1705), "Red Man Dream" Author Cao Xueqi's grandfather Cao Yin is published "All Tang Poetry", from the school, write to the carving, printing, loading, unreasonable, is the largest, the largest in Yangzhou history, One of the highest quality books. The Yangzhou Library, Yangzhou Ancient Bookstore, etc., is the "All Tang Poetry" after the "Tang Poetry", and the "All Tang Poet" collected by the Yangzhou Carving Museum is 120 this set of 120, which makes up this lack of regret.
On July 12, 2005, Yangzhou "Carving Printing Skilled Training Institute" officially listed, will adopt the open heritage method of "mouth passage to training to the training", supplementing freshness for carving printing team blood. Sun Yong, deputy mayor of Yangzhou City, attended the listing ceremony.
It is understood that the carving printing skills will achieve the open heritage of this skill through the "Opp2" of the "Opp2". "It is complement to the open heritage of the technique for the mandatory printing team. The first is the traditional "dividend". The Church of the Phabitation has a national intangible cultural heritage inheritor, and the three municipal craftsmen, more than 10 people with rich experience, and enrolled 9 internships for the society. It will also conduct assessments a year later. Can only turn forward or continue to study.
Carving Printing Skills Phase The Guangling Ancient Book Cutoch and Nanjing Mozhen Secondary Professional School, Yangzhou Business School jointly founded, and used as a sculpture printing and technological internship base to direct students. As long as it is a fan of interest in the engraving, you can go to the carving printing skills training, and the masters will teach the carving printing skills without reservation.
Setting a carving printing skills, and the inheritance unit of the previous Yangzhou Qingqu Chung, which has been taken for rescue protection for these traditional skills, but how to make a long-lived traditional skills Integrate with modern society, get rid of development difficulties, still an urgent need to solve problems.
Culture influence
"Traditional skill is an important part of the national excellent culture, is a historical business card in Yangzhou." A expert said that the establishment of a training office, which can make these The traditional skills that disappear, but more importantly, in the process of protecting the traditional outstanding national process, innovation, in the continuation of traditional crafts and historical culture, and the traditional artistic style, for it more Good modern elements and vitality make it more to show Chinese traditional characteristics, which can adapt to the value orientation of modern people and the needs of traditional culture.