Camera (a device that uses optical principles to image and record images)

Development history

Camera development

The earliest camera structure was very simple, including only camera obscura, lens and photosensitive materials. Modern cameras are more complex, with lens, aperture, shutter, distance measurement, viewfinder, light metering, film transport, counting, Selfie, focus, zoom and other systems. Modern cameras are a combination of optics, precision machinery, electronic technology and chemistry. Complex products.

In 1550, Cardano of Italy placed the biconvex lens at the original pinhole position, and the image effect was brighter and clearer than the dark box.

In 1558, Barbaro of Italy added an aperture to Cardano’s device, which greatly improved the image clarity; in 1665, the German monk John Zhang designed and produced a small The single-lens reflex camera camera carried, because there were no photosensitive materials at the time, this camera camera could only be used for painting.

In 1822, Niepce of France produced the world's first photo on photosensitive materials, but the image was not clear and required eight hours of exposure. In 1826, he took another photo in a dark box on a tin substrate coated with photosensitive asphalt.

In 1839, France’s Daguerre made the first practical silver version of the camera. It was composed of two wooden boxes. One wooden box was inserted into the other for focusing. The lens cover is used as a shutter to control the exposure time of up to 30 minutes and can shoot clear images.

In 1841, the optician Vogeland invented the first all-metal camera. The camera is equipped with the world's first photographic lens designed by mathematical calculations with a maximum phase aperture of 1:3.4.

Camera (22 photos)

In 1845, German von Martens invented the world's first rotating machine that can pan at 150°. In 1849, David Bruster invented a stereo camera and a dual-lens stereo viewer. In 1861, physicist Maxwell invented the world's first color photograph.

In 1860, Sutton in the United Kingdom designed the original single-lens reflex camera with a rotatable mirror viewfinder; in 1862, De Terry in France stacked two cameras together, one for the view and the other Taking pictures only constitutes the original form of a dual-lens camera; in 1880, Baker in England made a dual-lens reflex camera.

In 1866, the German chemist Schott and the optician Aju invented the barium crown optical glass at Zeiss Company, which produced the positive light photographic lens, which enabled the design and manufacture of the photographic lens to develop rapidly.

With the development of photosensitive materials, in 1871, dry plates coated with silver bromide photosensitive materials appeared, and in 1884, films with nitrocellulose (celluloid) as the substrate appeared. In 1888, the Kodak Company of the United States produced a new type of photosensitive material-a soft, windable "film". This is a leap forward for photosensitive materials. In the same year, Kodak invented the world's first portable box camera with film installed.

In 1906, American George Silas used a flash for the first time. In 1913, the German Oscar Barnack developed the world's first 135 camera.

From 1839 to 1924, during the first stage of the camera development, some novel button-shaped and pistol-shaped cameras appeared at the same time.

From 1925 to 1938, it was the second stage of camera development. During this period of time, German companies such as Leitz (the predecessor of Leica), Rollei, and Zeiss developed and produced dual-lens and single-lens reflex cameras with a small size and aluminum alloy body.

With the advent of magnification technology and microfilm, the quality of the lens has improved accordingly. In 1902, Rudolph of Germany made use of the three-level aberration theory established by Seidel in 1855 and Abbe's successful high-refractive-index and low-dispersion optical glass in 1881 to make the famous "Tianstop" lens. The reduction of various aberrations greatly improves the image quality. On this basis, in 1913, Barnack in Germany designed and produced a small Leica camera with 35mm film with small holes in the negative-Leica single-lens rangefinder camera.

However, the 35mm cameras of this period all adopted a see-through optical rangefinder viewfinder without a rangefinder.

In 1931, the Contex camera in Germany has been equipped with a dual-image coincidence rangefinder that uses the principle of triangular rangefinder to improve the accuracy of focusing, and first adopts an aluminum alloy die-cast body and Metal curtain shutter.

In 1935, the Exakto single-lens reflex camera appeared in Germany, which made focusing and changing lenses more convenient. In order to make the camera exposure accurate, Kodak cameras began to use selenium photocell exposure meters in 1938. In 1947, Germany began to produce Contex S-shaped roof pentaprism single-lens reflex camera, so that the viewfinder image was no longer upside down, and the top view was changed to head-up focusing and framing to make photography more convenient.

In 1956, the Federal Republic of Germany first made a photo-eye camera that automatically controlled exposure; after 1960, cameras began to adopt electronic technology, and a variety of automatic exposure modes and electronic program shutters appeared; after 1975, The operation of the camera began to be automated.

Before the 1950s, Japanese camera production was mainly based on the introduction of German technology and imitating it. For example, in 1936, Canon imitated the 35mm rangefinder camera with the L39 interface according to the Leica camera. Nikon was in 1948. The rangefinder camera was modeled after Contex in the year.

PENTAX's predecessor, Asahi Optical Industry Co., Ltd. began to produce lenses in 1923. With the expansion of the Japanese war of aggression, the Japanese army’s demand for optical instruments increased sharply, and Japanese optical instrument factories such as Nikon, Pentax, and Canon received A large number of military orders were received to produce telescopes, theodolites, aircraft optical sights, sights, optical rangefinders, and other military optical instruments for the Japanese invaders. With the end of the war, these military orders were no longer available. After the war, military-industrial enterprises had to turn to the production of civilian goods for survival. Optical instrument manufacturers Nikon, Canon, and Pentax all started camera production.

In 1952, Pentax introduced German technology and introduced the German "PENTAX" brand to produce the first camera of "Asahi Optics". In 1954, Japan's first single-lens reflex camera was manufactured by Asahi Optics-Pentax Company. As a rising star of Japanese cameras in 1957, Japan's first Wuling mirror optical framing SLR camera was produced. Since then, companies such as Minolta, Nikon, Mamiya, Canon, and Ricoh competed to imitate and improve SLR cameras and lens technology, which promoted the development of civilian camera technology in Japan. The focus of world SLR camera technology gradually shifted from Germany to Japan.

In 1960, the PENTAX SP camera launched by Pentax came out, pioneering the camera's TTL automatic metering technology.

In 1971, Pentax’s SMC coating technology applied for a patent, and applied SMC technology to develop and produce an SMC lens, which made the lens greatly improved in terms of color reproduction and brightness, as well as the elimination of flare and ghosting. Improve, thereby significantly improving the quality of the lens. Thanks to SMC technology, the optical quality of Pentax lenses has been greatly improved since then. Many Pentax lenses have been praised by professional photographers, even surpassing the top German Zeiss lens, and have achieved the temporary glory of Pentax cameras. (SMC is the abbreviation of English Super-Multi Coating, which means super multi-layer coating technology. Using this technology, the single reflectance of light between the lenses in the lens can be reduced from 5% to 0.96-0.98%. The light transmittance is as high as 96% or more.) Although almost all camera lenses produced by manufacturers claim to use SMC technology, actual measurements have proved that the best at this point is the Pentax lens.

In 1969, the CCD chip was used as a photosensitive material for the camera in the camera mounted on the American Apollo moon landing spacecraft, which laid the technical foundation for the electronicization of photographic photosensitive materials.

In 1981, after years of research, Sony produced the world's first camera using CCD electronic sensors as photosensitive materials, laying the foundation for electronic sensors to replace film. Immediately afterwards, Panasonic, Copal, Fuji, and some electronic chip manufacturers in the United States and Europe have invested in the technical research and development of CCD chips, laying the technical foundation for the development of digital cameras. In 1987, a camera using a CMOS chip as a photosensitive material was born in Casio.

In September 2018, the 62nd meeting of the Harmonized System Committee of the World Customs Organization made a decision beneficial to China's drone products, classifying drones as "flying cameras".

Lens development

Let’s talk about Leica first, and the Leica brand was not established in 1849. The 23-year-old German mathematician Karl. Carl Kellner established the "Optics Association" in Wetzlar and began the development of lenses and microscopes. This is the predecessor of Leica. In 1869 Ernst Leitz took over the company and became the sole manager. He named the company after himself. This is the famous Leitz company. When it comes to the birth of the Leica brand, I have to talk about the birth of the 135 camera first. Oskar Barnack, a talented mechanic in Germany, is also a dedicated photographer like us. At the beginning of the last century, the industrial revolution flourished.

The history of Leica cameras began when Oscar Barnack served as the research director of Leitz.

German optical heroes, Leica swords go slant, pursuing compactness. What Schneider emphasizes is that tolerance is great, and his internal strength is strong. Rodons is best known for dark (room) (sharp) tools (that is, zoom lens) and Chase is an all-around master. The 135-frame Carl Zeiss T* lens is the only brand that can compete with Leica. In the 120 medium-frame Hasselblad also relies on the Zeiss T* lens group to dominate the professional field. Even at the large size, Carl Zeiss also has a Planar T* 135mm/3.5 with a small image field, which is known as the maximum aperture of a large lens.

The ancient town of Jena in Germany is the hometown of the famous Karl Zeiss Optics. Maybe no one thought that Carl Zeiss (1816～1888), an apprentice who graduated from high school, would create a world optical giant here.

Relying on his many years of interest in optics and chemistry, Karl spent a long time as an auditor at the local University of Jena after his apprenticeship. In 1846, when Carl Zeiss was just 30 years old, he founded a studio with 20 employees. Early products were magnifying glasses and simple microscopes, thanks to the two scientists Ernst-Abbe and Otto. -With the help of SCHOTT, the quality of the optical lens of Zeiss factory has been in the leading position in the world. The production workshop in Dresden before World War II was the world's largest camera factory.

The disaster struck. On the night of February 14, 1945, the Dresden camera factory was blown up by the US military. This was a disaster. At the end of World War II, General Patton’s Third Army occupied Jena. It was intended to restart the factory. However, due to the Yalta Treaty stipulating that the US military must retreat to the west, Germany was divided into two, the town of Jena and Germany. All of Resden was occupied by the Soviet army, so before Patton withdrew from Dresden, in order to prevent the Soviet troops who would occupy Jena from acquiring and using the technology and factories of the world's optical capital, Patton ordered the bombing. The core part of the Dresden camera factory. When the U.S. troops withdrew, they also took away 126 key managers and technicians from Zeiss. They rebuilt the factory in Oberkochen in Baden-Württemberg in the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) supported by the United States. Carl Zeiss has gained a new life in a "capitalist" society. After the Soviet army entered Jena, the former Soviet Union would certainly not make use of the wealth of this optical giant, so a large number of Zeiss technicians were transferred to the Soviet Union’s Kipu city. As a war compensation, the Soviet army also demolished the remaining 94% of Carl Zeiss processing plants and manufacturing plants. The Kiev camera manufacturing plant was established in Kipu (so Russian lenses still have a place in the field of optical imaging thanks to the technology they grabbed). But the German technology seemed to be robbed, and Carl Zeiss Jeona's LOGO quickly appeared in Dresden with the support of the University of Jena. But since then, the Zeiss factory has been divided into two.

The title of East German products: Carl Zeiss Jeona (Carl Zeiss. Jena) is known as "East Cai" in history. West German product title: Carl Zeiss historically called "West Cai"

In fact, both East and West Cais inherited the Zeiss tradition in design, but they all advertised themselves as authentic Zeiss. It is this kind of competition that has made Zeiss further advances in optical design.

After the reunification of the two Germanys, the Zeiss factory in East and West Germany jointly operated. The headquarter is still located in Oberkauchen, with 3,500 employees, and there are branch plants all over the world. At this time, the Zeiss double sword combined wall is already the first strong in a wide range of optical fields. In the 135 field, Contax still has Leica to compete with it, but in the 120 professional field, Carl Zeiss T* is already dominating the world. Those who follow me will prosper, and those who go against me will die! Hasselblad and Lulai used Zeiss lenses to sit in the top two positions. Without Zeiss support, Mamiya and Bronnica were destined to survive in the cracks.

In the digital age, Zeiss has turned sony, who was originally an optical layman, into one of the big names in the consumer dc industry.

Same as introducing Leica, let’s meet someone: Paul Rudolph, one of the most famous designers in the history of lens manufacturing, and a person who has the greatest influence on the development of Zeiss. In 1890, he designed the first astigmatic positive light photography lens (Anastigmat), opening a new era of lens manufacturing at Zeiss factory. In 1896, Rudolph published the famous Planar lens with double Gaussian structure, which made excellent corrections to various lens aberrations. Since then, the design of standard lenses of various brands (including Leica) produced all over the world has benefited Planner. In 1902, he designed the "Eagle Eye"-Tessar lens with three groups of four elements. Although the structure is simple and the price is reasonable, the image quality is shocking, bright and sharp. In popular photography, there is an article on "A Hundred Years of Tianshou" which talks about the lens of this Tiansai and its derivative designs. On April 25, 1902, the Royal Patent Committee of Berlin issued a patent certificate numbered 142294 to a lens named Tesser produced by Carl Zeiss Jena. Since then, a brilliant lens family has gradually developed and grown.

When we turn our attention to the beginning of the history of optical development, we will see that in the early days of optical history (that is, the Daguerre period in 1839-1855/60), the market was dominant There are actually only two lenses. They are the Chevalier lens designed in 1839 and the Petzcval lens developed in 1840. In 1839, Ch. Chevalier designed an achromatic lens with an aperture of 1:18 for the Daguerreotype camera in Paris. This is composed of a group of cemented convex and concave lenses. It can correct chromatic aberration and spherical aberration, but it cannot change the distortion and chromatic dispersion at the edge of the image field. (In 1924, C.P. Goerz improved this lens so that it had a maximum aperture of 1:11, and named it Frontar, which was sold with Tengor box cameras).

The small aperture caused the exposure time of the Daguerreotype camera to take at least 15 minutes. Professor Josef Petzval of Vienna has been working to solve the problem of too small lens aperture, and in 1840 developed a A new lens with a full-open aperture of up to 1:3.7. The emergence of large-aperture lenses has significantly shortened the exposure time of Daguerreotype cameras. Among them, the Daguerreotype camera used for shooting portraits has an exposure time of less than 1 minute. Level. The corrected Petzval lens is still widely used in today's slide lens. The Petzval lens also has its own optical limitations, which is mainly manifested in the blurring of the fringe image field when used in landscape photography. Voigtlaender, the oldest camera manufacturer in the world, produced a metal camera equipped with this lens in the same year. This type of camera has become the object of controversy among collectors due to its very small production. The price of a metal camera with a Petzval lens was quite high at that time, at 120 gold shields. (In contrast, a good racehorse is only 100 gold shields.) Despite this, Fulanda has sold 600 such cameras.

In 1865, designer Carl August Von Steinheil designed Periskop. This is a two-lens structure lens with two groups of concave-convex lenses. (Each group of lenses contains a concave-convex lens. The so-called concave-convex lens is also called a meniscus lens. As the name suggests, it is shaped like a meniscus. It is composed of a convex lens and a concave lens.)

1866 His son Hugo Adolph Steinleil further developed it and designed the Aplanat lens, which also has a symmetrical two-lens structure. This lens has corrected spherical distortion and chromatic aberration very well, but failed to solve the problem of astigmatism at the edge of the image field. Subsequent types similar to this structure include Lynkeioskop produced by C.P.Goerz and Euryskop produced by Voigtlaender. It can be said that Aplanat is the ancestor of the symmetrical two-lens structure lens. Many popular lenses have borrowed from Aplanat's design.

With the advent of the dry plate camera in 1879, photography became more popular. At the end of the 19th century, lens design has undergone significant development. In the early days, designers had been able to design lenses with a large aperture but a small shooting angle. By this time, the demand for large-aperture and large-angle shooting had been raised by photographers. Professor Petzval realized that in order to design a large-angle lens, the problem of astigmatism at the edge of the image field must be solved first, but the type of glass that could be used at that time could not meet the needs of designers.

Adolph Steinheil obtained a patent for an asymmetrical two-lens structure lens in 1881 and named it Gruppen-Antiplanet. This lens is composed of two sticky lens feet. Through the action of the convex lens of the front lens group and the concave lens of the rear lens group, a shooting angle of 60 degrees can be reached at an aperture of 1:6.5. This lens also overcomes the problem of astigmatism within a certain limit. In the same year, Adolph Steinheil designed a portrait lens "Portrait-Antiplanet". The difference from Gruppen-Antiplanet is that the rear lens group of this lens is separate. This structure became the basis for the design of Triplet lenses in the future. In 1890, Ernst Abbe and Otto Schott in Jena, Germany, trial-produced a new glass variety. The production of this type of glass played a decisive role in solving the problem of lens astigmatism. Harold Dennis Taylor, technical director of the British T. Cooke & Sons Optical Company, applied this new type of glass and obtained a lens that can correct astigmatism by simplifying the design of Petzval. This Taylor lens with an aperture of 1:4.5 has a slight asymmetric structure. It is worth mentioning that it consists of only three mirrors, the so-called Triplet, with two convex lenses and one concave lens separating the aperture blades.

In 1889, Dr. Paul Rudolph, the designer of the Carl Zeiss company in Jena, proposed his principle of astigmatism correction at the edge of the field. The first lens that can truly correct astigmatism was developed in 1890. This is a wide-angle lens, using the 2-group 4-element structure of a telescope lens designed by Gauss in 1840. Dr. Rudolph also designed Planar and Unar lenses in 1897 and 1900. In the decade from 1890 to 1900, a total of 10,000 non-astigmatic lenses were sold. These lenses produced by Zeiss are all marked with Anastigmat. Since this name has not been patented, in order to prevent counterfeiting, Zeiss has used the three patent names of Protar, Planar and Unar to label its own non-astigmatic lenses since 1900. Among them, Unar is composed of four independent lenses. A convex lens is placed in the front section, and then a concave lens. Two meniscus lenses are at the end of the lens; Protar is composed of two asymmetric lens groups glued together. The barium silicate glass developed after 1900 enabled the lens to not only correct astigmatism, but also to obtain a flat image field.

In 1902, Dr. Rudolph designed the birthday star Tesser, which is closely related to Unar and Protar. This lens is composed of 4 lenses, two groups of two asymmetrically distributed on both sides of the aperture Among them, the front group is composed of two independent pieces of glass, and the back group is made by bonding a concave lens and a convex lens. The light is converged by the front group of lenses, and then the bonding plane of the back group is divergent and projected onto the substrate plane. The Tessar lens has always been regarded as a modification of the Triplet lens. Through modern research on the history of optics, we have traced the origin of the Tessar lens to Portrait-Antilanet.

In 1902, Zeiss began to sell Tessar lenses, including the Tessar series with a maximum aperture of 6.3 for fast shooting, and the Tessare series with a maximum aperture of 10 for remakes. In 1905 and 1906, designer E. Wanderleb increased the maximum aperture of Tessar to 4.5 and 3.5. These developments depended on the production of new varieties of glass. In 1912, Dr. Wandersleb further revised the Tessar lens to make it more popular. At this time, people could already install Tessar on a fixed large landline.

In 1921, the calculation data of Tessar was further adjusted. In this year, Dr. Willy developed the Tele-Tessar suitable for telephoto with apertures of 6.3 and 8, respectively. The actual rear cuts of these two Tele-Tessars The distance is shorter than the focal length of the lens, and they are not a typical Tessar structure. Only the Kino-Tele-Tessar produced for the film machine and the Tele-Tessar-K produced for Contax are the telephoto lenses with the typical Tessar structure. In order to meet the needs of aerial photography, Zeiss launched the f 4.5/250 f5/500 and f5/700 three lenses in the same year.

In 1927, Dr. Willy Merte further increased the aperture of the Tessar lens to 1:2.7. At that time, this newly developed Tessar lens was used in most cameras and cameras. However, compared with the f/3.5, which was also popular at the time, the sharpness of the edge imaging of this lens was slightly insufficient. In 1931, Zeiss Company replaced 1:2.7/120 and 1:2.7/165 with Bio-Tessar 1:2.8/135, 1:2.8/165. The new Bio-Tessar is a six-element three-group achromatic Triplet lens designed by Dr. Willy Merte. The front lens group is made of a concave lens and a concave-convex lens. The middle is an independent concave lens and the rear group. It is composed of a concave-convex lens, a concave lens, and a convex lens. The independent concave lens set in the middle can effectively change the phase difference at the edge of the image field. Zeiss then designed Apo-Tessar f1:9/1200mm and S-Tessare f6.3/1200mm for remake.

In the early 1930s, Dr. Willy.Metre designed a Tessar lens dedicated to small format cameras for Zeiss. The structure of this lens was derived from Tessar f3.5, but the aperture was increased to 1:2.8 This lens was first used on Kolibri 3*4cm cameras, and then used as a header by the Contax1 camera produced by Zeiss Ikon Camera Factory in Dresden. In 1934, Zeiss developed the coated Tessar f2 in the foreground group. In 1939, the further improved Tessar through the correction of the sixth or seventh lens made the Tessar f2 a better solution to the problem of image distortion at the full aperture. In the field of wide-angle photography, Zeiss designed a 28mm lens with an aperture of f1:8 for Contax. Although the aperture is small, the imaging angle of this lens has reached 75 degrees. Until the end of the 1930s, Zeiss always regarded Tessar as the sharpest lens produced by Zeiss, as described in Zeiss's advertisement at that time as "Zeiss Tessar-Camera's Eagle Eye".

After World War II (1947), Dr. Harry Zoellner (now the technical director of the Carl Zeiss Jena factory) designed the Tessar f2.8/5cm through the application of newly developed thorium element glass, this one in 1951 The Tessar lens has only been officially put on the market and started to be sold. Compared with f3.5, in addition to the increased aperture, it has also reached a new peak in the imaging quality of the Tessar lens. The Tessarf2.4 designed by Dr. Harry Zoellner in 1965 has reached the peak of the optical level at that time, but the image quality loss caused by the excessively large aperture made the development of this lens halfway.

The Carl Zeiss Oberkochen factory located near Stuttgart is also committed to the development of Tessar lenses, and has made a great contribution to the improvement of the optical quality of the Tessar series of lenses. In 1956, Wandersleb improved it in 1938. The patented Tessar original lens design produces inter-lens shutter type Super Tessar f4/35mm and f4/85mm suitable for Contaflex 3/4. In 1962, the full aperture of the Super Tessar was increased to 1:3.2. Afterwards, Zeiss revised the front lens groups of the wide-angle Tessar and telephoto Tessar, so that the Tessa

r lens can finally be serialized and applied to Contaxflex cameras to meet the needs of users at various focal lengths. So far, the organizational construction of the Tessar lens family has been basically completed. Since the 1950s, more improved Tessar lenses have been used by photographers. At the same time, other camera manufacturers have also produced a series of anamorphic varieties based on the design of Tessar lenses, including Leitz's early Elmar series of lenses. If anyone wants to collect Tessar lenses, there are at least more than 400 different varieties of Tessar to choose from in the world.

The huge Tessar family showed people how advances in optical technology enabled a simple four-element lens in 1840 to develop into a lens that is still pivotal in today's photographic field.

Material composition

The lens turns the scene into an inverted image and focuses on the film. In order to make the image of the subject at different positions clear, in addition to the aberration correction of the lens itself, the object distance and the image distance should also be kept in a conjugate relationship. For this reason, the lens should be able to move back and forth for focusing, so the camera should generally have a focusing mechanism.

Different brands of SLR cameras usually use different mounts. The table below lists some common lens mounts.

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Mamiya NC/ZE series camera

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Name	The positioning distance of the camera field (mm)	Bayonet ring diameter (mm)	Bayonet ring type	Rotation direction < /th>	Common camera brands
4/3	38.6	46.5	Inner three claws	Clockwise< /p>	Olympus, Panasonic, Leica
AR	40.5	47.0	Inner three claws	Clockwise	Konica
FD/FL	42.1	48.0	Outer three claws td>	Clockwise	Canon T, A, F
MD/MC	43.5	45.0	Claw	Clockwise	Minolta, Seagull
AX	43.5	49.0	Inner three claws	Clockwise	Fujica
EF	44.0	54.0	Inner three claws	Clockwise	Canon EOS series
SA	44.0	48.5	Inner Three Claw	Clockwise	Sigma
A	44.5	50.0	Inside and outside three Claw	Clockwise	Sony, Konica Minolta, Minolta AF
C/Y	45.5	48.0	Inner Three Claws	Clockwise	Contax, Yashica, Phoenix p>
Kyocera/Yashica AF	45.5	< p>50.0	Inner Three Claws	Clockwise	Kyocera, Yashica AF
K/PK/RK	45.5 < /td>	48.5	Inner three claws	Clockwise	Pentax, Ricoh, Chinon, Cosina, Phoenix
M42	< p>45.5	50.0	Thread	Clockwise< /p>
Mamiya	45.5	49.0	Inner Three Claws	Clockwise
OM	46.0 p>	47.5	Inner three claws	Clockwise	Olympus
F	46.5	47.0< /p>	Inner three claws	Clockwise	Nikon, Phoenix< /p>
R	46.9	49.0	Thread	Clockwise	Leica R
Kyocera Contax-N	48.0	< p>55.0	Inner three claws	Clockwise	Contax N

Viewfinder

In order to determine the scope of the subject and facilitate shooting composition, the camera should be equipped with a viewfinder . The viewfinder of modern cameras also has the functions of ranging and focusing.

Shutter and aperture

Aperture and shutter (2 frames)

The mechanism that controls exposure-shutter and aperture

In order to adapt to the light In order to obtain the correct amount of light on the film for dark and different subjects, the length of the exposure time and the intensity of the light entering the lens must be controlled. Therefore, the camera must set the shutter to control the length of the exposure time, and set the aperture to control the amount of light through the adjustment of the aperture size.

Film counting mechanism

In order to prepare for the second shooting, the exposed film needs to be pulled away, and the unexposed film needs to be pulled over. Therefore, modern cameras need a film transport mechanism. In order to indicate the number of shots of the film, a counting mechanism is needed.

Body

It is not only the camera obscura, but also a combination of the various components of the camera. A block diagram can be used to represent the most basic components of a camera.

In fact, as far as the basic function of the camera is concerned, whether it is an early "silver camera" or a highly electronic, automated, and computerized camera, the basic principles are not much different.

Working principle

There are many types of cameras, which can be divided into landscape photography cameras, printing plate cameras, document micro-cameras, microscope cameras, underwater cameras, aerial cameras, and high-speed cameras. According to the size of the film, it can be divided into 110 cameras (picture 13×17 mm), 126 cameras (picture 28×28 mm), 135 cameras (picture 24×18, 24×36 mm), 127 cameras (picture 45×45 mm) ), 120 cameras (including 220 cameras, screen 60×45, 60×60, 60×90 mm), disc camera (frame 8.2x10.6 mm); according to the viewfinder, it is divided into perspective viewfinder camera, double lens reflex camera, Single lens reflex camera.

SLR camera collection (23 photos)

Any kind of classification method cannot include all cameras, and a certain camera can be divided into several categories, such as 135 According to the different methods of framing, shutter, metering, film transport, exposure, flash, focusing, and Selfie, the camera constitutes a complex spectrum. The camera uses the linear propagation properties of light and the law of light refraction and reflection, and uses photons as the carrier to transfer the light information of the subject at a certain moment to the photosensitive material through the camera lens in the form of energy, and finally becomes a visible image. The optical imaging system of the camera is designed according to the principle of geometric optics, and through the lens, the scene image is accurately focused on the image plane through the straight line propagation, refraction or reflection of light. When shooting, you must control the appropriate amount of exposure, that is, control the appropriate amount of photons that reach the photosensitive material. Because the amount of photons received by the silver salt photosensitive material has a limited range, if the amount of photons is too small, a latent image nucleus will not be formed, and the amount of photons will be overexposed, and the image cannot be distinguished. The camera uses the aperture to change the aperture of the lens to control the amount of photons reaching the photosensitive material per unit time, and at the same time to change the opening and closing time of the shutter to control the length of the exposure time.

From the perspective of completing the function of photography, the camera generally needs to have three major structural systems: imaging, exposure and auxiliary. The imaging system includes imaging lens, distance measurement and focus, viewfinder system, additional lens, filter, effect lens, etc.; exposure system includes shutter mechanism, aperture mechanism, metering system, flashing system, Selfie mechanism, etc.; auxiliary system includes film winding Mechanism, counting mechanism, rewinding mechanism, etc.

Lens is an optical system used for imaging. It consists of a series of optical lenses and lens barrels. Each lens has two characteristic data: focal length and relative aperture; the viewfinder is used to select scenes and composition The device, through the viewfinder, all parts that can fall within the frame of the frame can be shot on the film; the rangefinder can measure the distance of the scene, it is often combined with the viewfinder, through linkage The mechanism can link the distance measurement with the lens focus, and complete the focus adjustment at the same time as the distance measurement.

Optical see-through or single-lens reflex viewfinder rangefinders must be manually operated and judged with the naked eye. In addition, there are methods such as photoelectric ranging, sonar ranging, infrared ranging, etc., which can avoid manual operation and avoid errors caused by naked eye judgment to realize automatic ranging.

The shutter is the main component that controls the exposure. The most common shutters are lens shutter and focal plane shutter. The lens shutter is composed of a set of very thin metal blades. Under the action of the main spring, the action of the connecting rod and dial ring makes the blades open and close quickly; the focal plane shutter is composed of two sets of partially overlapping curtains (front curtain和后帘)构成，装在焦平面前方附近。两帘幕按先后次序启动，以便形成一个缝隙。缝隙在胶片前方扫过，以实现曝光。

光圈又叫光阑，是限制光束通过的机构，装在镜头中间或后方。光圈能改变光路口径，并与快门一起控制曝光量。常见的光圈有连续可变式和非连续可变式两种。

自拍机构是在摄影过程中起延时作用，以供摄影者自拍的装置。使用自拍机构时，首先释放延时器，经延时后再自动释放快门。自拍机构有机械式和电子式两种，机械式自拍机构是一种齿轮传动的延时机构，一般可延时8～12秒 ；电子式自拍机构利用一个电子延时线路控制快门释放。

结构和元件

通常，照相机主要元件包括：成像元件、暗室、成像介质与成像控制结构。

成像元件可以进行成像。通常是由光学玻璃制成的透镜组，称之为镜头。小孔、电磁线圈等在特定的设备上都起到了“镜头”的作用。

成像介质则负责捕捉和记录影像。包括底片、CCD、CMOS等。

暗室为镜头与成像介质之间提供一个连接并保护成像介质不受干扰。

控制结构可以改变成像或记录影像的方式以影像最终的成像效果。光圈、快门、聚焦控制等。

成像过程

传统相机成像

1．镜头把景物影象聚焦在胶片上

2、片上的感光剂随光发生变化

3．片上受光后变化了的感光剂经显影液显影和定影

4. 形成和景物相反或色彩互补的影象

5. 所形成的像是实像

数码相机成像

1．经过镜头光聚焦在CCD或CMOS上

2． CCD或CMOS将光转换成电信号

3．经处理器加工，记录在相机的内存上

4．通过电脑处理和显示器的电光转换，或经打印机打印便形成影象。具体过程：光线从镜头进入相机，CCD进行滤色、感光（光电转化），按照一定的排列方式将拍摄物体“分解”成了一个一个的像素点，这些像素点以模拟图像信号的形式转移到“模数转换器”上，转换成数字信号，传送到图像处理器上，处理成真正的图像，之后压缩存储到存储介质中。

对胶片相机而言，景物的反射光线经过镜头的会聚，在胶片上形成潜应影，这个潜影是光和胶片上的乳剂产生化学反应的结果。再经过显影和定影处理就形成了影像。

数码相机是通过光学系统将影像聚焦在成像元件CCD/ CMOS 上，通过A/D转换器将每个像素上光电信号转变成数码信号，再经DSP处理成数码图像，存储到存储介质当中。

分类划分

1.照相机根据其成像介质的不同

可以分为胶片相机与数码照相机以及宝丽来相机。胶片相机主要是指通过镜头成像并应用胶片记录影像的设备。而数码照相机则是应用半导体光电耦合器件和数字存储方法记录影像的摄影设备，有使用方便，照片传输方便，保存方便等特点。宝丽来相机又称一次成像相机，是将影象直接感光在特种像纸上，可在一分钟内看到照片，合适留念照等。

2．按照相机使用的胶片和画幅尺寸

可分为35mm照相机(常称135照相机)、120照相机、110照相机、126照相机、中幅照相机、大幅照相机、APS相机、微型相机等。 135照相机使用35mm胶片，其所拍摄的标准画幅为24mm X 36mm，一般每个胶卷可拍照36张或24张。

3.按照相机的外型和结构

可分为平视取景照相机(VIEWFINDER)和单镜头反光照相机（单反相机）。此外还有折叠式照相机、双镜头反光相机、平视测距器相机(RANGFINDER)、转机、座机等等。

4.按照相机的快门形式

可分为镜头快门照相机(又称中心快门照相机)、焦平面快门照相机、程序快门照相机等。

5.按照相机具有的功能和技术特性

可分为自动调焦照相机，电测光手控曝光照相机，电测光自动曝光照相机等。此外还有快门优先式、光圈优先式、程序控制式、双优先式、电动卷片(自动卷片、倒片)照相机，自动对焦(AF)照相机，日期后背照相机，内装闪光灯照相机等。

有时也可按照相机的用途来分，如专业相机和消费类相机（傻瓜相机）、一步成象照相机、立体照相机；有时也可按镜头的特性分为变焦或双焦点照相机。实际上一架现代照相机往往具有多方面的特征，因此应以综合性的方式来定义。

术语解释

成像平面(焦平面)：一般是指成像材料所在的平面。光经过镜头聚集在成像平面上，从而形成清晰的照片。

焦距：是指镜头距底片的距离。如果焦距合适，景物反射的光通过镜头能够聚集在成像平面上，成为一个点，如果焦距不合适，则成为一个圆，从而导致照片发虚。

曝光：快门打开时，光线透过镜头，经过光圈，进入暗室，最后照在成像材料上，这个过程称为曝光。

曝光量：曝光量是指一次曝光中光线的多少。如果曝光量过低会使得照片颜色发暗，如果曝光量过高会使照片颜色发白，过低或过高都会使照片中的细节丢失。曝光量通常是由光圈值和快门速度共同决定的。

光圈值：是指暗室窗口的大小，光圈值越低，窗口越大，则透进的光越多，使得曝光量增加，反之亦然。

快门速度：是指快门打开的时间，如果快门速度越慢，打开的时间越长，光透进的越多，使得曝光量增加，反之亦然。如果被摄物是移动的物体，则需要较快的快门速度。

景深：指照片中景物都能清晰显示的前后距离，在风景照片中要求景深大，较小的焦距能获得较大的景深。

变焦：数码相机之变焦分为光学与数位两种。光学变焦是通过镜片移动来放大与缩小需要拍摄的景物；数码变焦是简单地将CCD所截取之影像加以裁剪。

光圈优先：指拍摄人手动指定一个光圈值，照相机根据测光结果自动计算对应快门速度的曝光模式，适合需要控制景深的场景

快门优先：指拍摄人手动指定一个快门速度，照相机根据测光结果自动计算对应光圈值的曝光模式，适合拍摄快速移动物体的场景。

数码相机

数码相机（又名：数字式相机　英文全称：Digital Camera　简称DC）

数码相机，是一种利用电子传感器把光学影像转换成电子数据的照相机。与普通照相机在胶卷上靠溴化银的化学变化来记录图像的原理不同，数字相机的传感器是一种光感应式的电荷耦合-{zh-cn：器件；zh-tw：组件}-(CCD)或互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)。在图像传输到计算机以前，通常会先储存在数码存储设备中〔通常是使用闪存；软磁盘与可重复擦写光盘（CD-RW）已很少用于数字相机设备〕。

数码相机是集光学、机械、电子一体化的产品。它集成了影像信息的转换、存储和传输等部件，具有数字化存取模式，与电脑交互处理和实时拍摄等特点。数码相机最早出现在美国，20多年前，美国曾利用它通过卫星向地面传送照片，后来数码摄影转为民用并不断拓展应用范围。

优点：

1、拍照之后可以立即看到图片，从而提供了对不满意的作品立刻重拍的可能性，减少了遗憾的发生。

2、只需为那些想冲洗的照片付费，其它不需要的照片可以删除。

3.色彩还原和色彩范围不再依赖胶卷的质量。

4.感光度也不再因胶卷而固定。光电转换芯片能提供多种感光度与选择。

诞生：

数码相机的历史可以追溯到上个世纪四五十年代，电视就是在那个时候出现的。伴随着电视的推广，人们需要一种能够将正在转播的电视节目记录下来的设备。 1951年宾·克罗司比实验室发明了录像机（VTR），这种新机器可以将电视转播中的电流脉冲记录到磁带上。到了1956年，录像机开始大量生产。同时，它就很快被视为电子成像技术产生。

第二个里程碑式的事件发生在二十世纪六十年代的美国宇航局（NASA）。在宇航员被派往月球之前，宇航局必须对月球表面进行勘测。然而工程师们发现，由探测器传送回来的模拟信号被夹杂在宇宙里其它的射线之中，显得十分微弱，地面上的接收器无法将信号转变成清晰的图像。于是工程师们不得不另想办法。 1970年是影像处理行业具有里程碑意义的一年，美国贝尔实验室发明了CCD。当工程师使用电脑将CCD得到的图像信息进行数字处理后，所有的干扰信息都被剔除了。后来“阿波罗”登月飞船上就安装有使用CCD的装置，就是数码相机的原形。 “阿波罗”号登上月球的过程中，美国宇航局接收到的数字图像如水晶般清晰。

在这之后，数码图像技术发展得更快，主要归功于冷战期间的科技竞争。而这些技术也主要应用于军事领域，大多数的间谍卫星都使用数码图像科技。

在数码相机发展史上，不得不提起的是索尼公司。索尼公司于1981年8月在一款电视摄像机中首次采用CCD，将其用作直接将光转化为数字信号的传感器。索尼每年生产的CCD占据了全球50%的市场，这正是索尼能够在数码相机市场上傲视群雄的一个原因,因为核心命脉掌握在自己手中。

在冷战结束之后，军用科技很快地转变为了市场科技。 1995年，以生产传统相机和拥有强大胶片生产能力的柯达（Kodak）公司向市场发布了其研制成熟的民用消费型数码相机DC40。这被很多人视为数码相机市场成型的开端。 DC40使用了内置为4MB的内存，不能使用其它移动存储介质，其38万像素的CCD支持生成756×504的图像，兼容Windows 3.1和DOS。苹果（APPLE）公司的QuickTake 100也同时在市场上推出。当时两款相机都提供了对电脑的串口连接。

单镜头反光相机原理图(2张)

这之后，数码相机就如雨后春笋般不断由各相机厂商推出，CCD的像素不断增加，相机的功能不断翻新，拍摄的图像效果也越来越接近于传统相机。

照相机品种繁多，按用途可分为风光摄影照相机、印刷制版照相机、文献缩微照相机、显微照相机、水下照相机、航空照相机、高速照相机等。

选购指南

购买相机主要要认准“六要素”，依次是：用途、价位、像素、经济性、外观及功能、品牌，下面就让小编为大家一一解读一下。

1、用途：根据不同产品的性能特点，数码相机可分为家用、准专业、专业相机，小编觉得对于大众用户来说，我们没有学习过专业的摄影知识，也并非资深的摄影爱好者，相机通常都是用来进行一些日常拍摄，所以并不需要选择所谓的高端产品，卡片相机足矣。

2、价位：对于价位方面，小编建议家用DC相机不要买超过2000元的，出于对性价比的考虑，2000元以上的DC相机可能会在性能方面有所溢出。而且对于一般工薪阶层的家庭来说，2000元以内的价位比较容易接受，毕竟数码相机对家庭的作用还是很单一的。无外乎旅游的时候拍个纪念照，家庭聚会的时候拍个全家福之类，肯定不会有人每天拿着DC在大街上拍花花草草、蓝天白云。所以经济实用型才是家用相机的主旨。

3、品牌：在确定了预算之后就可以考虑该买哪个牌子了，对于品牌而言，佳能、尼康、索尼是相机市场的三大巨头，市场占有率最高，但是这并不代表其它品牌就不好，奥林巴斯、松下、卡西欧等品牌在卡片相机市场同样很受欢迎。其实任何一个品牌都可能有自己的顶尖产品，也都会有败笔，选购相机还是要看什么最适合自己。从品牌上讲，国内市场上主要是中、日、美、韩四分天下，国产（联想、明基、拍得丽、中恒等）、日系（佳能、尼康、索尼、奥林巴斯、理光等）、美国产（柯达）、韩国产（三星）。有时候也会根据品牌知名度和市场占有率，分为一线（佳能、尼康、索尼）、二线（奥林巴斯、富士、松下、卡西欧、理光、柯达、三星等等）和三线品牌。小编认为选一款相机，品牌还是比较重要的，毕竟这不光涉及到产品质量，同时还有售后等一系列服务，所以大品牌总是靠谱一些的。

4、像素：许多对于相机并不是很了解的朋友往往在购买相机的时候最在意的就是有多大的像素，而许多商家往往也都会利用消费者追求高像素的特点而大肆推销，其实对于一般家庭需求来说，过高的像素并没有多少实际意义。一般来说300万像素就能够冲洗6寸大小的照片，400万像素则可以轻松输出A4幅面的照片了，所以像素的概念只是可以冲洗的幅度和加工的容量而已，并非是越高像素就越好。有一些数码相机厂家在尺寸很小的CCD上，放进去了极高的像素，听起来像素很高，实际上成像品质还不如一般的200万甚至100万像素的相机。如今，随着相机成本的降低，1000多元的数码相机基本上都能具备1000万以上的像素，足以满足用户的使用需求。

5、经济性：所谓经济性说白了就是省钱，那么对于数码相机来说在哪方面能省钱呢？自然是配件了，主要以电池和储存卡为主，卡片相机一般都是采用大尺寸液晶屏进行取景，电子取景器相比光学取景器来说自然要费电的多。市面上的大多数卡片相机大多采用的都是锂电池，基本上用AA电池的相机已经找不到了。一般锂电池的话大概能够拍200张左右的照片。储存卡可分为XD卡、记忆棒、SD卡、MMC卡、CF卡、SM卡等，不同型号的相机需要配备不同类型的存储卡。比如索尼相机一般需要配备记忆棒，奥林巴斯一般需要配备XD卡，佳能一般配备CF卡，多数相机配备SD卡等。其中XD卡和记忆棒是比较昂贵的两种存储卡，而SD卡则以高速、廉价等特点，正在成为如今的主流存储介质。

6、外观及功能：小编决定把外观放在最后考虑是因为这完全是靠个人喜好，女性用户往往都喜欢比较小巧、颜色艳丽一些的，例如佳能IXUS系列、尼康S系列。而一般男性用户则喜欢厚实一些。功能方面，一般是指有无手动操控、可选模式的多少、动态影像格式以及是否限时、录音以及MP3等其他功能。这里面，应该认真对待的是要不要手动功能，手动功能的操作需要一定的技巧和知识，合理使用肯定能拍出比没有手动的相机更好的片子。不过，家用相机都提供了丰富的可选模式，也不必强求手动。

使用方法

1．拍摄时，相机要拿正。在拍摄人像、建筑物时，相机镜头不能过仰、过俯或左右倾斜，否则会使拍摄对象上大下小或上小下大，或使景物的水平向偏离地平线，使景物有东倒西歪的感觉。

2.拍摄时，相机要拿稳。否则会使影像出现双影或模糊不清。持之以按快门不要用力过猛，特别是在1/30秒以下更要注意稳定。要像射击时扣扳机一样，先轻轻地按下第一道簧，抓住时机再及时按第二道簧。 1/15秒以下最好用三脚架，或将相机依托在固定物上拍摄。

3.使用自拍器时，要轻轻地拨。在没按下快门之前，切勿硬拨回原位，否则容易损坏自拍器的弹簧和齿轮。

4.在使用帘式，小型相机时，特别要注意保护布帘，切勿用手指使劲摸触，尤其不能让尖的东西弄破布帘。

5.相机镜头不能长时间对着太阳，防止漏光。尤其是布帘快门的相机，因为太阳光聚焦的作用，容易烧坏布帘。

6.定快门速度时，不能定在相邻的两级速度中间。相机调速盘的每个刻度上，都有个小穴或小槽，必须拨定到位，才能正常运行，指在两级速度之间，不但得不到准确的速度，而且容易损坏快门。光圈的级数，可以指在两级光圈系数之间。

7.在使用小型相机时，最好要养成先上胶卷后调速度盘的习惯，有的小型相机在上胶卷前是定不准速度的。

8.使用相机后，必须检查快门和自拍设备是否放松，因快门结构的核心机件是弹簧，弹簧紧张的时间过长，易使弹力减弱，影响快门速度的准确性。

总之，相机的种类很多，使用相机的方法也不尽同。使用相机时，先要查看相机的型号、镜头的规格、使用的方法等。新的相机都有说明书，要仔细阅读，熟悉各部件的性能和操作方法。没有说明书而以不清楚的，一定要问清，切勿强行拨弄。在拍照前，还要检查一下相机的附件带全了没有，甚至连胶片卷轴这类小件都要考虑周到，稍有疏忽便会影响摄影的顺利进行。

注意事项

(1)尽量不要直接拍摄烈日

数码相机在使用时尽量不要直接拍摄太阳或者强光，单反相机虽然只是快门按动一下进行曝光，强光对传感器影响比较小，但是长时间的对着强光很可能会损坏相机的测光系统。而卡片相机光路是直接对着光源的，传感器一直是处于工作状态，对着太阳时间长会造成传感器的老化，所以尽量不要去尝试拍摄太阳，特别是中午的烈日。

(2)卡片相机开启“休眠”，缩回镜头

对于镜头可以伸缩的卡片机而言，其伸缩镜头都是很脆弱的，建议最好开启相机的“休眠”功能，这样在一段时间不进行操作后镜头可以自动缩回，自带镜头盖会关闭，避免镜头在无意的磕碰中损坏变形，轻触快门就会回到拍摄状态。

(3)不要经常在户外将镜头从机身上拧下来

不要经常在户外将镜头从机身上拧下来，在户外不可避免地会进入灰尘。更换镜头时，要在灰尘不大的情况下，尽量在室内完成，刚刚扫完地或者刚刚叠完被子均不可更换镜头。

保养技巧

保养综述

一台相机只要好好保养，就一定可以长寿。所以我们建议相机在长时间不用时，应加以保养。

如果在海边或山上，你可用气吹将相机上的灰尘去掉，并用软布擦干净，注意：不要直接擦镜头。不要使用润滑油。避免剧烈的震动。不要将相机直接放在行驶的汽车和火车上。清洁镜头时应用气吹、毛笔将灰尘去掉，用清洁镜头专用的麂皮擦拭镜头。当镜头发霉时，应将相机送到维修中心。此外，应将相机放在通风的环境中，在天气潮湿时，别忘了放一包干燥剂在相机旁。当然，高温跟灰尘多的地方，都不适合收放相机。最后要提醒您，定期检查胜于一切。

注意清洁

相机的镜头要用专用的拭纸、布擦拭，或以骆驼毛拂 ，以免刮伤。要去除镜头上的尘埃时，最好用吹毛刷，不要用纸或布；用嘴吹风时，要小心避免口水沾上镜片。要湿拭镜片时，请用合格清洁剂，不要用酒精之类的强溶剂。镜头上最好加装保护镜或滤光镜，可加长镜头上透镜寿命。如果到海边照相，回家后务必要用软布沾干净的水，将相机全部擦拭一次，因为盐份的吸水性及腐蚀性都非常强。

不幸发霉

镜头发霉极轻微时，应尽速送至合格的照相器材行清洗。但如果可以清楚看到发霉腐蚀镜头的样子时，表示它已经回天乏术了。相机镜头是非常精密的组件，稍有瑕疵就不可能对得好焦距，因此要小心预防长霉的情形。

(1) 镜头部分—用擦眼镜的鹿皮及清镜头的药水反复清洁。不过清得掉也先别高兴，因为已经长过霉的部分以后很容易再长。如果是长在镜头里面的，就没法自己清，送去洗花费又等于再买一台。总之要特别注意保存在干燥的地方。

(2) 其它部分—用擦眼镜的鹿皮及清镜头的药水反复清洁。不管怎么样，已经长过霉的部分，就是很容易旧疾复发。所以如你发现已影响到拍摄，你的相机大概就快寿终正寝了。

(3) 送洗相机—可能会打乱原厂的设定或破坏镜头原有的最佳分辨率。相机出厂时都会经电脑调整，尤其是镜头组件，所以送洗时品质可能会受影响。这就是为什么有些人宁愿再买一台新的相机。

保养之道

不管你有没有常在使用相机，建议每半年最好还是进行一次保养收藏的动作。步骤如下：

(1) 洗手。取下相机套、电池、底片。

(2) 用干净的一般软毛刷或空气喷嘴清除里外所有的灰尘，切记镜头部分最好不要随便清理以免刮坏。清镜头要用镜头用的软毛刷或是眼镜用的鹿皮，药水可在镜头脏时才用，但不可直接滴在镜头上A要滴在鹿皮或拭镜纸上才擦。 (千万别用面纸)

(3) 除镜头外，其它部分可用稀释过的稳洁加鹿皮来轻擦，去除脏污及指纹。

(4) 准备有封口的那种透明塑胶袋(有拉那种，完全隔绝空气流通，可装液体用的)， 置入相机，再放入一个除湿剂(糕饼盒中常有，但注意是除湿剂或除氧 剂，别用错了！)，再放入一张白纸(写上保养日期)，捏捏袋子让袋内空气减少即可封口。

有关相机收藏

当相机保养好后，还要妥善收藏。

(1) 有电子防潮箱最好。只要清洁好，相机没有明显水份在上面，不用塑胶袋就可以直接放进去了。

(2) 相机套及相机要分开收藏。如果相机还套在套子里就收起来，时间一久你会发现不透气的地方居然长出霉花了。等到霉花霉花满天下，那就麻烦了。

(3) 记得阴凉不潮湿的位置即可。这样子你的相机用个一二十年应没问题。

(4) 不用时应先检查确认电源已经关闭，然后保存到相机袋里。

(5) 较长时间不用时，应把电池取出来，防止有些电池漏液而损坏机件。

(6) 快门、自拍机、计数器和反光镜必须释放复位，有内测光装置的相机还应把镜头光圈开到最大位置。

怎样清洁镜头

数码相机大多无法安装保护滤镜，或者安装非常不便。平时在拍摄时镜头裸露在外面很容易一不小心就弄上点灰尘、按上一个手印或留下点唾沫什么的。虽说镜头表面的指印灰尘、水渍对于成像并无太大影响。只要不让强烈的阳光直射到镜头上引起灰雾眩光就可以了。但是喜爱相机的你又怎能容忍心爱的相机镜头变成大花脸？不干净怎么办？擦呗！

镜头一般都有多层镀膜，一不小心就会把镀膜擦伤，镜片擦花。对镜头造成不可挽回的损失。我到底是擦还是不擦呢？我的经验是镜头总是越擦越糟，而不是越擦越好，不要指望可以把镜头恢复到刚出厂时崭新模样。所以建议不到万不得已不要擦拭镜头。开擦之前先得准备一些工具。常规相机有镜头水、镜头纸（或者湿镜头纸）、镜头布（或麂皮）、吹气球、脱脂棉。好，下面开始动手。

先用吹气球吹去灰尘，个别吹不走的用镜头纸小心剔去，一定要小心，不要用力。取少许脱脂棉，沾镜头水，湿一点好，小心粘去仍在镜头上的灰尘、污渍。这个过程不可硬来，否则易损伤镜头。在确保表面无可见的灰尘颗粒后，可以大面积擦拭。

先准备较小的棉花球（用湿镜头纸也可）若干，压遍成饼状，大小以镜面三分之一为宜。再准备大棉花球若干，也压遍成饼状，大小以镜面三分之二至四分之三为宜，尽量不要让棉纤维暴露工作面上。用小棉花球沾镜头水，干一点好，由中心以螺旋状擦拭镜面，不要走回头路。然后，趁镜头水未干时，用大棉花球以同样方式轻擦镜面。若一次效果不满意，可以在来一次，但用过的棉花球就不要再用了。千万注意不要让镜头水直接接触镜头表面，一定要用镜头纸，否则可能会损伤镜头的镀膜或者镜头水沿镜片边缘渗入镜头内，造成镜片起雾，甚至脱胶。

如果没有镜头水怎么办？没关系，可以用朝镜头表面哈气来代替。但是得注意：哈气时不要厥着嘴，应该张大嘴巴，轻轻哈气，这样才不会喷出唾沫。我们只要在镜头表面产生一层薄雾就行了。如果镜头是由塑料镜片组成的，那最好还是不要用镜头水，也不要用酒精加乙醚的混合液来清洁镜头。一定要擦还是用哈气的办法。但是，无论如何小心擦拭，对镜面镀膜总是有损害的，所以不到万不得已决不要擦拭镜头。

相机维护

1.使用时特别注意握紧相机，最好把相机带套在手腕或脖子上，以免相机从手中脱落掉在地上摔坏，也要防止其它强烈震动使其性能受到影响。

2.防止较长时间对着强烈日光或其它强光源拍照。虽然CCD和CMOS比较耐强光和高温，但仍需注意防止灼伤或受损。特殊情况下，无法避开强烈日光或强光源时，要尽量缩短拍照时间。

3.远离强磁场和强电场。强磁场或强电场会影响数码相机中电路的正常工作，甚至造成故障。所以不要把数码相机随手放在电视机、音响、电磁灶等有强磁场和强电场的电器设备上。

4.防水防潮。在高温高湿的环境中使用，镜头容易发霉、电路易出故障。如果在潮湿环境中使用后或不慎相机被雨淋湿，要及时凉干或吹干。

5.防烟避尘。不可在烟、尘很大的地方使用。迫不得已在此环境在中使用后应及时清洁处理。拍照间隙应及时盖上镜头盖。

拍摄须知

01、经常重设相机设置

有时候你看到了可以成为一张好的照片的场景，却却因为相机感光度和饱和度还停留在上一张照片拍摄的数值从而错失机会更让人沮丧的了。避免这一情况的发生要依靠检查和重置。关于你相机的设置都需要在拍摄完一张照片后更换，从而将每一次拍摄最佳照片的机会，留给下一次的拍摄。

02、记忆卡须删除时应选择格式

格式化你的记忆卡是将它的所有数据擦掉，从而重新记录任何有关相机的信息。而删除你的图片则不是。因此，永远记得格式化你的记忆卡，从而将数据资料损坏的风险降到最低。

03 经常更新相机固件

固件是在相机内传输图像、设置全机参数甚至是决定哪些功能是使用者可以操作的软件。要时常查阅你的机器制造商的网站，确保你的单反相机的固件是最先进的。

04 保持相机电池满电

不要总是假设相机的电池是充满电的，要确认它是充满电的。在出行前给电池充电，从而保证电池能量充足。有时，最好配一块备用电池，。

05设置合理的图片分辨率

大多数时候，不论被摄物是什么，都使用相机提供的最大图片分辨率进行拍摄。有的时候，降低图片分辨率不仅可以使记忆卡拍取更多的图片，还能增加拍摄速度及出图效果。