Development History
China's bioengineering industry began in the early 20th century. The Central Epidemic Prevention Department was established in 1919. This was the first bioengineering research institute in China. It was small in scale. There were only vaccinia and rabies vaccines. Several dead bacteria vaccines, toxoids and serum were all crude products. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the Institute of Biological Products was established successively in Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan, Chengdu, Changchun and Lanzhou, and the Central (now China) Biological Products Inspection Institute was established, which implements the state’s quality control and supervision of biological products. Distribute bacterial strains and standard products. Later, the Institute of Medical Biology of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences was established in Kunming to produce and research polio vaccines. Biological products now have a huge production and research team, which has become a center for applied research in immunology and scientific and technological guidance for planned immunization. Tang Feifan proved that the pathogen of trachoma is not a virus in 1957, and he has made great contributions to China's biological products industry.
In terms of controlling and eradicating infectious diseases, inoculation and prevention of biological products have significant effects, and they have the best benefits in terms of public health measures. This is not only a country or region, but also a worldwide measure. The World Health Organization (WHO) issued a declaration in 1966, proposing the global elimination of smallpox within 10 years, and in 1980 it officially announced that smallpox would be eliminated on the earth. In 1978, the WHO made the Expanded Immunization Program (EPI) with the purpose of immunizing children around the world. EPI uses four vaccines to prevent six diseases, namely, BCG vaccine to prevent tuberculosis; live measles vaccine to prevent measles; polio vaccine to prevent polio; Diphtheria triplet to prevent pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus, starting from children in a planned way. Immunize all children of the world. In 1981, China responded to the WHO's call to implement planned immunization and used four domestic vaccines to prevent six diseases as required. In 1988, the vaccination coverage rate reached 85% on a provincial basis. In 1990, with the county as a unit, children reached 85% vaccination coverage. The increase in the variety of diagnostic preparations and the improvement of methods have promoted the improvement of the level of test diagnosis; it has now been applied to seroepidemiology and disease monitoring. China has produced blood preparations for more than 30 years, and the varieties are increasing year by year.
With the development of microbiology, immunology, molecular biology and other disciplines, research on bioengineering has changed the traditional concept. The structure of microorganisms, growth and reproduction, infectious genes, etc., are also analyzed at the molecular level, and antigenic determinants in proteins can now be identified, and they can be isolated and extracted, and peptide vaccines can be artificially synthesized. The genetic genes of microorganisms have been further understood. Artificial methods can be used to carry out genetic recombination to recombine the required antigen genes into harmless and easy-to-cultivable microorganisms, modify their genetic characteristics, and produce the required antigens during the culture process. This is the so-called genetic engineering, from which some new vaccines can be developed. In the late 1970s, hybridoma technology emerged. By using passaged tumor cells to hybridize with spleen cells that can produce antibodies, a hybridoma cell that can be both passaged and secreted can be obtained. The antibodies produced are called monoclonal antibodies. One technology belongs to cell engineering. These monoclonal antibodies can be widely used in diagnostic reagents, and some can also be used in therapy. The rapid advancement of science has made biological products no longer limited to the prevention, treatment and diagnosis of infectious diseases, but expanded to the field of non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, tumors, etc., and even broke through the category of immune products.
(bioengineering; bion)
In 1994, Zeng Bangzhe proposed the concept of systems bioengineering (Zeng BJ, Chinese Academy of Sciences), based on the bioengineering technology of systems biology (including synthetic biology development cell computer , Bioreactor and bio-energy technology, etc.) has become the frontier technology of the 21st century.
Bioengineering includes five major projects, namely genetic engineering (genetic engineering), cell engineering, microbial engineering (fermentation engineering), enzyme engineering (biochemical engineering) and bioreactor engineering. In these five areas, the first two functions are to use conventional bacteria (or animal and plant cell strains) as specific genetic material receptors, so that they can obtain foreign genes and become a new species that can express ultra-distant traits-"engineered bacteria" Or "engineered cell line". The role of the latter three is to create good growth and reproduction conditions for this new species with great potential value, and carry out large-scale cultivation to give full play to its inherent potential and provide people with huge economic and social benefits.
The application fields of bioengineering are very wide, including agriculture, industry, medicine, pharmacology, energy, environmental protection, metallurgy, chemical raw materials, animals and plants, purification, etc. It will have a huge impact on the politics, economy, military and life of human society, and will provide a bright prospect for the solution of the problems of resources, environment and human health faced by the world.
December 28, 2012, the crystal structure of the presenilin homologous protein PSH.
On October 3, 2015, urine protein with the strongest anti-epidemic effect in DNA, urine protein +1, urine protein + 2, urine protein + 3, DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory, Precious conch, etc. Application cases are written in the medical and health fields such as deoxyribonucleic acid, sanitation and epidemic prevention.
Main courses
Advanced mathematics, linear algebra, inorganic chemistry and chemical analysis, plant tissue culture technology, organic chemistry, biochemistry, chemical engineering principles, physical chemistry, chemical engineering, biochemical engineering , Bioseparation Engineering, Microbiology, Cell Biology, Genetics, Embryo Engineering, Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering, Cell Engineering, Protein Engineering, Microbial Engineering, Downstream Bioengineering Technology, Fermentation Engineering Equipment, Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics, Biology Statistics, immunology, animal physiology, ecology, biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics, biopharmaceutical engineering, bioseparation engineering, pharmaceutical analysis, instrument analysis, etc.
Teaching Practice
Military training, production practice, chemical engineering principle course design, process experiment, professional course design, graduation practice, graduation homework, etc., a total of 35 arrangements About weeks.
Similar majors
Biological sciences, genetics, biotechnology, bioinformatics, bioinformatics, biosciences and biotechnology, animal and plant quarantine, biochemistry and molecular biology, Medical informatics, plant biotechnology, animal biotechnology, biosafety, computational biology, chemical biology, synthetic biology, biomedical engineering, biopharmaceuticals, fermentation engineering, cell biology, developmental biology, microbiology, microbiology and Biochemical pharmacy, biochemical industry
Professional training
Objectives
Master the basic theories such as the scientific principles of biotechnology and its industrialization, technological process and engineering design, Basic skills, engineering talents who can engage in design and production management, new technology research, and new product development in the field of biotechnology and engineering.
Requirements
Students of this major mainly study the basic theories and basic knowledge of microbiology, biochemistry, chemical engineering, fermentation engineering, etc., and are subject to biological cell culture and breeding, biotechnology Basic training in engineering and engineering, with the basic ability to engage in design, production, management, new technology research, and new product development in the field of biotechnology and engineering.
Professional analysis
Advantages
High social recognition, high expectations for this major
Wide knowledge and strong biological foundation , The engineering knowledge is solid, and the two are organically combined
With a solid foundation and a wide range of applications, it can be easily transferred to the direction of biological sciences or other related applications, such as food science, pharmaceutical science
Strong rational thinking, good at analyzing and solving problems; focusing on hands-on ability, can conduct independent project experiments, and submit professional papers
The rate of postgraduate and postgraduate entrance examination is very large, and many students have the opportunity to go abroad to continue their studies
Be good at interpreting and analyzing data, can keenly obtain valuable information from reading, and use biological analysis data to draw conclusions.
In daily life, I have unique insights into health care and other aspects
Disadvantages
The setting of professional courses is not very mature, and the schools are uneven, and some schools do not Possess the corresponding teaching conditions
The depth of the biological science professional courses and the engineering knowledge is limited
There are many subjects required and heavy classwork. If you want to learn well, you must invest a lot of energy, so The spare time is not very sufficient
The job prospects for undergraduate graduation are not very clear, and the relevant employment fields require a higher degree.
Opportunities
Cultivate advanced scientific research and technical talents, The proportion of students going abroad is large, and the major famous universities pay great attention to their development
The application of majors is wide, and it is easy to transfer to majors. You can further study the life sciences of the upstream and the practical engineering disciplines of the downstream. A wide range of employment fields, such as pharmaceuticals, food, scientific research, or technology development, etc.
Linking advanced and high-end life sciences and applications is a very popular profession with very promising prospects
Challenges
Relatively speaking, higher education is required for majors, and it is relatively difficult to find jobs after graduation. For this reason, many students further study, and those who are employed generally engage in lower-level technical jobs or simply give up their majors and switch careers.
If you are aspiring to engage in related scientific research, you need to cultivate a solid spirit of research and exploration, and pay attention to exercise your hands-on ability, and further study and study, you will definitely become a senior scientific talent in this field.
Way Out
Going Abroad
Bioengineering is a comprehensive cross-development discipline and is closely integrated with applications. Many famous foreign universities pay attention to its development, so There are great opportunities for studying abroad, and there will be more room for development.
You can turn to studying life sciences. In this regard, there are more advanced development research abroad. Well-known universities in China generally have friendly exchange relationships with foreign universities, and many students of this type of major will be recommended to study abroad.
If you transfer to a major that is closely related to engineering, such as food fermentation, etc. The Netherlands, Japan and other countries are also ideal places.
Postgraduate study
The proportion of postgraduate study is very large. If you want to make a difference in this subject or want to engage in advanced technical work, you must study for further studies. Generally, more than half of the students will choose Postgraduate study
There are many options for postgraduate study, and you can switch to many related fields, such as biology, pharmacy, food, etc.; the chance of postgraduate admission is relatively large, and there is a great opportunity for schools and research institutes to cross-recommend
p>For graduate students, if you choose life sciences, you will develop in the direction of science research. Generally, you will always be engaged in research work, such as continuing your major or turning to fermentation engineering, pharmaceutical engineering, food science, etc. Employment prospects.
Looking for a job
Suitable for the technical development, engineering design, production management and product performance testing and analysis of biological products in the departments of medicine, food, environmental protection, commodity inspection and other work and teaching departments Research and teaching work
Undergraduates are unlikely to directly engage in scientific research. Some graduates turn to other industries, and some graduates engage in downstream technical work in related majors
Employment in the fields of medicine, food, etc., the work content is generally monotonous technical work, and further accumulation of experience and practical operation ability training are required.
Ability
1. Master the basic theories and basic knowledge of microbiology, biochemistry, chemical engineering, fermentation engineering and other disciplines;
2. Master the basic techniques of biological cell culture and breeding, biotechnology and engineering;
3. Have the basic ability to engage in design, production, management, new technology research, and new product development in the fields of biotechnology and engineering;
4. Familiar with the guidelines, policies and regulations related to the bio-industry;
5. Understand the development trends and application prospects of the contemporary bio-industry;
6. Master the basic methods of document retrieval and data query, and have certain scientific research and practical work ability
Establishing colleges
Zhejiang Province: Zhejiang Wanli University, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University of Technology , Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang Gongshang University, China Jiliang University, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Huzhou Normal University, Taizhou University, Jiaxing University, Zhejiang Shuren University
Beijing: Beijing Airlines University of Astronautics, China Agricultural University, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing Union University, Capital Normal University, Beijing Normal University, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture
Tianjin : Tianjin University, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin Tiens College, Tianjin Agricultural College
Shanghai: Fudan University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai University, Donghua University, Shanghai University of Applied Sciences
Chongqing: Chongqing University, Southwest University, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing University of Technology
Hebei: Hebei University, Yanshan University, Hebei University of Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei Vocational and Technical College of Chemical Medicine, Hebei University of Economics and Trade, Hebei University of Science and Technology
Henan: Zhengzhou University, Zhoukou Normal University, Pingdingshan Institute of Technology, Henan University, Henan Normal University, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Industry University, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Nanyang Normal University, Henan University of Science and Technology, Shangqiu Normal University, Henan University of Science and Technology
Shandong: Qilu University of Technology, Shandong University, Ocean University of China, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qufu Normal University, Shandong University of Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Liaocheng University, Yantai University, Ludong University, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong Jianzhu University, Heze College, Shandong First Medical University, Dongchang College of Liaocheng University, Dezhou College , Qilu University of Technology
Shanxi: Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan University of Technology, North University of China, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology
Anhui: Hefei University of Technology, Anhui University , Huaibei Normal University, Anhui University of Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Hefei University, Bengbu University, Chaohu University
Jiangxi: Nanchang University, Jiangxi Normal University, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yichun University, East China University of Technology
Jiangsu: Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Southeast University, China University of Mining and Technology, Suzhou University, Changzhou University, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing University of Technology, Jiangnan University , China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing Forestry University, Jiangsu Ocean University, Xuzhou Institute of Technology, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng Normal University, Nantong University, Changshu Institute of Technology
Hubei: Hubei Biotechnology Vocational College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei University, Yangtze University, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Three Gorges University, South-Central University for Nationalities, Hubei University of Technology School, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Hubei University for Nationalities, Wuchang Institute of Technology, Hubei Institute of Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Jingchu Institute of Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology
Hunan: Central South University , Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Xiangtan University, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha University, Hunan City University, Jishou University, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Shaoyang University, Huaihua University, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Hunan Vocational College of Environmental Biology
Guangdong: Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Institute of Petrochemical Technology, South China University of Technology, South China Normal University, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangzhou University, Zhongkai College of Agricultural Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Jiaying College, Shenzhen University
Guangxi: Guangxi University, Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin University of Technology
Yunnan: Kunming University of Science and Technology
Guizhou: Guizhou University, Guizhou University of Technology, Zunyi Medical University
Sichuan: Sichuan University, Chengdu University, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu University of Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology , Southwest Petroleum University, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xihua University, Sichuan University of Light Chemical Technology, Yibin College, Panzhihua College
Shaanxi: Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Northwest University, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University Shaanxi University of Science and Technology , Shaanxi University of Technology, Xi'an College of Biomedicine, Shaanxi Preschool Normal University
Heilongjiang: Harbin Institute of Technology, Heilongjiang University, Northeast Forestry University, Northeast Agricultural University, Qiqihar University, Harbin University of Commerce, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University
Jilin: Jilin University, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Yanbian University, Changchun University of Technology, Northeast Dianli University, Jilin Normal University of Engineering and Technology, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Northeast Normal University, Jilin Medical College, North Hua University, Changchun University
Liaoning Dalian University of Technology, Northeastern University, Liaoning University of Science and Technology, Liaoning Technical University, Liaoning University of Petroleum and Chemical Technology, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang University, Dalian University, Dalian Nationalities University
Xinjiang: Xinjiang University
Inner Mongolia: Inner Mongolia University, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Technology
< p>Hainan: Hainan UniversityFujian: Xiamen University, Fuzhou University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian Normal University, Huaqiao University, Jimei University, Minnan Institute of Science and Technology, Fuzhou University Zhicheng College
Gansu: Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Gansu Agricultural University, Northwest University for Nationalities
Modern biotechnology (bioengineering) refers to biological organisms at the molecular, cellular or individual level through certain technical means Design operations to achieve goals and needs to improve the quality of species and the characteristics of life macromolecules or production Special-purpose life macromolecular substances, etc. Including genetic engineering, cell engineering, enzyme engineering, fermentation engineering, of which genetic engineering is the core technology. Since biotechnology will open up broad prospects for solving major problems faced by mankind, such as food, health, environment, energy, etc., it and computer microelectronics technology, new materials, new energy, aerospace technology, etc. are classified as high-tech and are Considered to be the core of science and technology in the 21st century. The most active application area of biotechnology is the biopharmaceutical industry, and biopharmaceuticals are considered by investors to be one of the industries with the highest growth. The world's major pharmaceutical companies are aiming at their goals and have invested huge sums of money to develop biological medicines, launching unprecedented fierce competition facing the 21st century.
The development of biotechnology can be divided into three different stages: traditional biotechnology, modern biotechnology, and modern biotechnology. The technical feature of traditional biotechnology is brewing technology, the technical feature of modern biotechnology is microbial fermentation technology, and the technical feature of modern biotechnology is that genetic engineering is the primary symbol. The biotechnology mentioned in this article refers to modern biotechnology, which can also be called bioengineering. Modern biotechnology began to emerge in the 1970s, and it has developed extremely rapidly in the past one to two decades. Together with microelectronics technology, new material technology and new energy technology, it is listed as the four major scientific and technological pillars that will affect the national economy and people's livelihood in the future, and is considered to be the core of the world's knowledge economy in the 21st century.
The application range of biotechnology is very wide, mainly including medicine and health, food and light industry, agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery, energy industry, chemical industry, metallurgical industry, environmental protection and other aspects. Among them, the field of medicine and health is the first stage of modern biotechnology, and it is also the field with the most extensive application, the most significant effect, the fastest development, and the greatest potential.
The application of biotechnology in the field of medicine and health mainly includes the following three aspects:
1. It solves the technical problems in the production of drugs that could not be produced by conventional methods or the production cost is particularly expensive in the past, and a large number of new specific drugs have been developed, such as insulin, interferon (IFN), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) , Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF), Human Growth Hormone (HGH), Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), etc. These drugs can be used separately Prevents and treats difficult diseases such as tumors, heart, brain, lung, blood vessels, heredity, immunity, endocrine, etc. that seriously threaten human health, and it is significantly better than traditional medicines in avoiding toxic and side effects.
2. It has developed some new clinical diagnostic equipment with high sensitivity, specific performance, and strong practicability, such as in vitro diagnostic reagents, immunodiagnostic kits, etc., and found the pathogenesis and new treatment methods of some difficult diseases. The monoclonal antibody diagnostic reagent market in China has a good market prospect.
3. It is the successful development of genetically engineered vaccines and vaccines until large-scale production have shown a bright future for humans to resist the invasion of infectious diseases and ensure the eugenics and fertility of the entire population. The focus of China's development is the hepatitis B gene vaccine.
Modern biotechnology uses regenerated biological resources as raw materials to produce biopharmaceuticals, so that sufficient quantities that were difficult to obtain in the past can be obtained for clinical research and treatment. For example, 1 gram of insulin (h-Insulin) needs to be extracted from 7.5 kg of fresh porcine or bovine pancreatic tissue, and there are 60 million diabetic patients in the world, and each person needs 1 gram of insulin each year, which requires a total of 4.5 billion kg. It is actually impossible to extract from fresh pancreas. Biotechnology can easily solve this problem. Using genetically engineered "engineered bacteria" to produce 1 gram of insulin requires only 20 liters of fermentation broth, which is not worth it. Calculated with money.
Ranking of professional schools
Ranking of foreign institutions
1 Johns Hopkins University [Johns Hopkins University] Comprehensive ranking: 14th
2 Georgia Institute of Technology [Georgia Institute of Technology] overall ranking: 35th
3 University of California–San Diego [University of California–San Diego] overall ranking: 38th
< p>4 University of Washington [University of Washington] Comprehensive ranking: 42nd5 Duke University [Duke University] Comprehensive ranking: 8th
6 Boston University [Boston University ] Comprehensive ranking: 57th
7 University of Pennsylvania [University of Pennsylvania] Comprehensive ranking: 5th
8 Massachusetts Institute of Technology [Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)] Comprehensive Ranking: 7th place
9 Rice University [Rice University] Comprehensive ranking: 17th
10 Washington Catholic University [Case Western Reserve University] Comprehensive ranking: 41st< /p>
11 University of Michigan-Ann Arbor [University of Michigan–Ann Arbor] Comprehensive ranking: No. 25
12 Northwestern University [Northwestern University] Comprehensive ranking: No. 14
13 Washington University in St. Louis [Washington University in St. Louis] Comprehensive ranking: 12th
14 Stanford University [Stanford University] Comprehensive ranking: 4th
15 University of California–Berkeley [University of California–Berkeley] Comprehensive ranking: 21st
16 University of Pittsburgh [University of Pittsburgh] Comprehensive ranking: 59
17 University of Virginia [University of Virginia] Overall ranking: 23rd
18 University of Texas at Austin [University of Texas– Austin] Comprehensive ranking: No. 44
19 Columbia University [Columbia University] Comprehensive ranking: No. 9
20 University of Utah [University of Utah] Third-level national university
p>
21 Vanderbilt University [Vanderbilt University] comprehensive ranking: 19th
22 California Institute of Technology [California Institute of Technology] comprehensive ranking: 5th
23 University of Wisconsin–Madison [University of Wisconsin–Madison] Comprehensive ranking: 38th
24 Purdue University West Lafayette Campus [Purdue University, West Lafayette] Comprehensive ranking: 64th
p>25 Carnegie Mellon University [Carnegie Mellon University] Overall Ranking: 22nd
26 University of California–Davis [University of California–Davis] Overall Ranking: 42nd
27 University of Minnesota Twin Cities [University of Minnesota—Twin Cities] Comprehensive ranking: 71st
28 Cornell University [Cornell University] Comprehensive ranking: 12th
p>
29 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute [Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute] overall ranking: 44th
30 Texas A&M University–College Station] Comprehensive ranking: 62nd< /p>
31 University of Southern California [University of Southern California] overall ranking: 27th
32 Pennsylvania State Park campus [Pennsylvania State University–University Park] overall ranking: 48th< /p>
33 Arizona State University [Arizona State University] overall ranking: 124th
34 Iowa State University [Iowa State University] overall ranking: 85th
< p>35 Stony Brook University SUNY [Stony Brook University SUNY] Combined ranking: 96th place36 North Carolina State University [North Carolina State University, Raleigh] Comprehensive ranking: 85th place
37 City University of New York[CUNY–Queens College] 4 National University
38 University of Rochester [University of Rochester] Comprehensive ranking: 35th
39 Yale University [Yale University] Comprehensive ranking: 3rd
40 University of California-Irvine [University of California–Irvine] Comprehensive ranking: 44th
41 University of Alabama [University of Alabama] Comprehensive ranking: 91st
42 Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey–New Brunswick [Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey–New Brunswick] Comprehensive ranking: 59th
43 Marquette University [Marquette University] Comprehensive ranking: 82nd
44 Drexel University [Drexel University] Comprehensive ranking: 108th
45 Harvard University [Harvard University] Comprehensive ranking: 2nd
46 Brown University [Brown University] Comprehensive ranking: 14th
47 Clemson University [Clemson University] Comprehensive ranking: 67th
48 University of California, Los Angeles [University of California–Los Angeles (UCLA)] Comprehensive ranking: 25th
49 University of Arizona [University of Arizona] Comprehensive ranking: 96
Domestic university rankings< /h3>
2012-2013 Bioengineering Professional Ranking
Ranking | School name | Star rating | Number of schools | |
1 | Huazhong Agricultural University | 5★ | 223 | |
2 | China Agricultural University | < td>223 | ||
3 | td>Wuhan University | 5★ | 223 | < /tr>|
4 | Jiangnan University | 5★ < /td> | 223 | |
5 | Zhejiang University | Zhejiang University | p>5★ | 223 |
6 | Sichuan University | 5★ | 223 p> | |
7 | Guizhou University | 5★ | 223 | |
8 | Nanjing Forestry University | 5★ | 223 | 9 | Northwest A&F University | 5★ | 223 |
10 | Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University | 5★ | 223 | |
11 | Hainan University | 5★ | 223 | |
12 | Huaqiao University | 4 ★ | 223 | |
13 | < p>Xi'an Jiaotong University | 4★ | 223 | |
14 | East China University of Technology University | 4★ | 223 | |
| 15 | Tianjin University | 4★ | 223 | |
16 | Zhejiang University of Technology | 4★ | 223 | |
17 | South China University of Technology | 4★ | 223 | < /tr>|
18 | Hefei University of Technology | 4★ | 223 | |
19 | South China Agricultural University | 4★ | 223 | |
| < p>20 | China Pharmaceutical University | 4★ | 223 |