American Psychological Association

Historyofdevelopment

TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationwasestablishedatClarkUniversityinMassachusettsinJuly1892.StanleyHallwasitsfounderandthefirstPresident.TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationisanorganizationthatrepresentstheAmericanpsychologyprofessionandthescientificdevelopmentofpsychology.Itsmissionistopromotethedevelopmentofpsychologyasascience,aprofession,asameanstopromotehealth,education,andtheprosperityofmankind.TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationencouragesallbranchesofpsychologytodevelopinthebroadestandmostfreemanner,advocatestheimprovementofpsychologyresearchandresearchmethodsandconditions,improvesthequalificationsofpsychologists,andformulatesandmaintainstheprofessionsthatenablethemembersofthesocietytoreachthehigheststandards.Ethicsandconduct,andincreaseandpromotepsychologyknowledgethroughmeetings,discussions,reports,anddistributionmaterials.

PreviousChairman

• 2003PhilipG.Zimbardo(PhilipG.Zimbardo)

• 1998MartinEPSeligman

• In1989JosephDominicMatarazzo(JosephDominicMatarazzo)

• 1980FlorenceL.Denmark

• 1974AlbertBandura(AlbertBandura)

• GeorgeA.Millerin1969

• AbrahamMaslowin1968

• In1965,JeromeBruner(JeromeBruner)

• In1959,WolfgangKeller(W.Kohler)

• JoyPaulGuilfordin1950

• Ernestin1949·ErnestR.Hilgard

• 1947CarlR.Rogers

• 1939GordonWillardAllport(GordonWillardAllport)

• 1937EdwardChaceTolman(EdwardChaceTolman)

• 1924GranvilleStanleyHall(GranvilleStanleyHall)

• 1915JohnBroadusWatson(JohnBroadusWatson)

• EdwardLeeThorndikein1912

• WilliamJamesin1904

• JohnDeweyin1899

• Munsterbergin1898

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• G.Fullertonin1896

• JamesMcKeanCarterin1895(JamesMcKeenCattell)

• 1894WilliamJames(WilliamJames)

• 1893G.Ladd

• StanleyHall(GranvilleStanleyHall)in1892

AssociationDevelopment

InInthepast110years,theAmericanPsychologicalAssociationhasundergonemanyreformsandchanges.Forexample,itchangedtheearlyrequirementsformembersfrom"aslongastheyareengagedinanyworkthatcanimprovepsychology"totoday'srequirementtoobtainadoctorateinpsychologyorrelateddisciplines.

TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationhasgonethroughseveralstagesinthedevelopmentprocess:

Thefirststage

Continuouslystandardizeitsrequirementsforrecruitingmembers.Thestandardforrecruitingmembersdidnotbasicallyreachthecurrentscaleuntilafter1920.

Thesecondstage

Continuouslyimprovetheacademicstatusofthesociety.In1925,theAmericanPsychologicalAssociationacquiredsomestablepsychologypublications,suchas"PsychologicalLetters","PsychologicalReview","PsychologicalIndicators",etc.,therebystrengtheningthesociety'sstablepositioninthepsychologycommunity.

Thethirdstage

Graduallyevolvedintoanorganizationbasedonappliedpsychology,graduallyregulatingthestandardsofpsychologyatalllevels.

BeforetheoutbreakoftheSecondWorldWar,someclinicalappliedpsychologistsweredissatisfiedwiththeAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.Theyfeltthatthissocietyunderestimatedappliedpsychology,sotheywereindependentfromtheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationandestablishedtheAmericanApplicationAssociationofPsychologicalSocieties.

AftertheSecondWorldWar,theAmericanPsychologicalAssociationchangeditsfocusandincreaseditsrecognitionofthebranchofclinicalappliedpsychologyinordertomeetthemassivedemandforclinicalpsychologytalentsintheUnitedStates.TheU.S.governmentprovidedlargesumsoffundingtouniversitiestotrainclinicalpsychologytalentsinordertomeettheneedsinthisregard,whichhassincechangedthefocusoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.Ithasgraduallyevolvedfromanorganizationfocusingonpsychologicaltheoryandresearchwhenitwasestablishedtoanorganizationfocusingonappliedpsychology.ThebranchstructureoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationwasalsoformedaftertheSecondWorldWar.TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationhas54branches,eachofwhichisarepresentativebranchofpsychologyaftercarefuldivision(seetheattachedtable).

Afterthe1950s,someresearchersintheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationgraduallyfeltthatthesocietynolongerrepresentstheinterestsofscienceandexperimentalpsychology,andsplitfromtheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationandestablishedtheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationseparately.Association(AssociationforPsychologicalScience,formerlyknownasAmericanPsychologicalSociety,abbreviatedasAPS).

TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationhasestablishedtheAmericanProfessionalPsychologyExaminerCommittee,whichsetstheregulationsforprofessionallicensesandisresponsibleforadministeringvariousexaminations.Inaddition,thesocietyhasbecomethefilinginstitutionfortheDoctorofClinicalPsychology,theDoctorofSchoolPsychology,andtheDoctorofPsychologicalCounselorProgram.

Thefourthstage

Forthenationalpolicyservice,widelydisseminatepsychologicalknowledgeandinformation.Since1970,theAmericanPsychologicalAssociationhasgraduallypaidattentiontovariouspublicpolicyissuesrelatedtopsychologyintheUnitedStates.Forthisreason,theOfficeofAPANationalPolicyStudieswasestablishedin1979toparticipateinvariousU.S.governmentThedepartmentstudiesandformulatespublicpoliciesonpsychology.After1980,theAmericanPsychologicalAssociationspentalotoftimeandresourcesonthedisseminationofpsychologicalknowledgeandinformation.Duringthisperiod,PsycINFOwasestablished.PsycINFOistheelectronicabstractdatabaseoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,includingmagazinearticles,books,bookchapters,reports,andpapers.TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationistheorganizationthatpublishesthemostpsychologybooksandmagazinesintheworld."AmericanPsychologist"isitsofficialpublication.

AssociationSystem

Membershipisdividedintothreelevels:

(1)Informalmembers,mainlythosewhohaveobtainedamaster'sdegree;

(2)Membersmusthaveadoctoratedegree;

(3)Seniormembers,inadditiontoadoctoratedegree,atleast5yearsofworkexperience.

Groupmembership

TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationhadonly31membersatthebeginningofitsestablishment.ItdevelopedrapidlyafterWorldWarII.By2002,ithadmorethan155,000members.

TherearefourtypesofmembersoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.:

Cooperativemembers

CooperativemembersarerequiredtoobtainpsychologyorrelatedMaster'sdegreeinsubject.

StudentMembership

Anyundergraduateormaster'sdoctoralstudentinpsychologycanapplyforstudentmembership.

Teachermembership

Anypsychologyteachercanapplyforteachermembership.

Internationalmembership

OtherpsychologistswhodonotliveintheUnitedStatesorCanadacanapplyforinternationalmembershipoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.

ProfessionalChapters

Asof1996,therewere53professionalchapters,includingtheGeneralPsychologyAssociation,thePsychologyTeachingAssociation,theExperimentalPsychologyAssociation,thePhysiologyandComparativePsychologyAssociation,andtheDevelopmentalPsychologyAssociation.7Regionalchapters:EasternPsychologicalAssociation(1930),MidwesternPsychologicalAssociation(1938),NewEnglandPsychologicalAssociation(1963),SoutheasternPsychologicalAssociation(1955),WesternPsychologicalAssociation(1938),SouthwesternPsychologicalAssociation(1954),LosAngelesPsychologicalSociety(1930).Therearealso53localchapters.AnacademicannualmeetingisheldinAugustandSeptembereachyearforacademicexchangesandthegeneralelectionofthechairmanofthesociety.

Thereare54professionalchaptersoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation:

1.SocietyforGeneralPsychology

2.SocietyfortheTeachingofPsychologySocietyforExperimentalPsychologyandCognitiveScience

4.No4thsession,seenote1

5.QuantitativeandQualitativeMethodsAssociationforQuantitativeandQualitativeMethods

6.SocietyforBehavioralNeuroscienceandComparativePsychologyAssociationforBehavioralNeuroscienceandComparativePsychology

7.DevelopmentalPsychologyAssociationforDevelopmentalPsychology

8.SocietyforPersonalityandSocialPsychology

9.SocietyforthePsychologicalStudyofSocialIssues(SPSSI)SocietyforthePsychologicalStudyofSocialIssues(SPSSI)

10.SocietyforthePsychologyofAesthetics,CreativityandtheArts

11.No11thsession,seenote2

12.SocietyofClinicalPsychologyAssociationofClinicalPsychology

13.SocietyofConsultingPsychologyPsychologicalCounselingAssociation

14.SocietyforIndustrialandOrganizationalPsychologyAssociationforIndustrialandOrganizationalPsychology

15.EducationalPsychologyAssociationofEducationalPsychology

16.SchoolPsychologyAssociationofSchoolPsychology

17.SocietyofCounselingPsychologyAssociationofCounselingPsychology

18.PsychologistsinPublicServicePsychologistPublicServiceAssociation

19.SocietyforMilitaryPsychology

20.AdultDevelopmentandAgingAssociation

21.AppliedExperimentalandEngineeringPsychologyAssociationforAppliedExperimentalandEngineeringPsychology

22.RehabilitationPsychologyAssociationforRehabilitationPsychology

23.SocietyforConsumerPsychologyAssociationforConsumerPsychology

24.SocietyforTheoreticalandPhilosophicalPsychologyAssociationforTheoreticalandPhilosophicalPsychology

25.BehaviorAnalysisAssociationforBehaviorAnalysis

26.SocietyfortheHistoryofPsychologyAssociationfortheHistoryofPsychology

27.SocietyforCommunityResearchandAction:DivisionofCommunityPsychology:DivisionofCommunityPsychology

28.PsychopharmacologyandSubstanceAbuse

29.SocietyfortheAdvancementofPsychotherapy

30.SocietyofPsychologicalHypnosisPsychologicalHypnosis

31.State,Provincial,andTerritorialPsychologicalAssociationAffairsNational,ProvincialandRegionalAffairsPsychologicalAssociation

32.SocietyforHumanisticPsychology

33.IntellectualandDevelopmentalDisabilities/AutismSpectrumDisordersAutismSpectrumDisorderAssociation

34.SocietyforEnvironmental,PopulationandConservationPsychology

35.SocietyforthePsychologyofWomen

36.SocietyforthePsychologyofReligionandSpiritualityAssociationforReligiousandSpiritualPsychology

37.SocietyforChildandFamilyPolicyandPracticeAssociationforChildandFamilyPolicyandPractice

38.SocietyforHealthPsychologyAssociationforHealthPsychology

39.PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysisAssociation

40.SocietyforClinicalNeuropsychologyClinicalNeuropsychologyAssociation

41.AmericanPsychology-LawSocietyAmericanPsychology-LawSociety

42.PsychologistsinIndependentPractice

43.SocietyforCoupleandFamilyPsychologyAssociationforCoupleandFamilyPsychology

44.SocietyforthePsychologicalStudyofLesbian,Gay,andBisexual,andTransgenderIssuesLesbian,Gay,Bisexual,andTransgenderPsychologicalResearchAssociation

45.SocietyforthePsychologicalStudyofCulture,EthnicityandRaceCulture,RaceandEthnicPsychologyResearchAssociation

46.SocietyforMediaPsychologyandTechnology

47.SocietyforSport,ExerciseandPerformancePsychology

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48.SocietyfortheStudyofPeace,Conflict,andViolence:PeacePsychologyDivisionPeace,ConflictandViolentBehaviorResearchAssociation:PeacePsychologyBranch

49SocietyofGroupPsychologyandGroupPsychotherapy

50.SocietyofAddictionPsychologyAddictionPsychologySocietyforthePsychologicalStudyofMenandMasculinity

52.InternationalPsychology

53.SocietyofClinicalChildandAdolescentPsychologyClinicalChildandAdolescentPsychology

54.SocietyofPediatricPsychologyPediatricPsychologyAssociation

55.AmericanSocietyfortheAdvancementofPharmacotherapy

56.TraumaPsychologyAssociationofTraumaPsychology

Notes:

1.Thereisno4thbranchbecauseitwasoriginallyplannedasthe4thbranchin1945.ThePsychometricSocietyrefusedtojoinAPA.

2.Thereisno11thchapter,becausein1946the11thchapter:AbnormalPsychologyandPsychotherapywasmergedintothe12thchapter:SocietyofClinicalPsychology).

Settingupawards

Inordertorecognizepsychologistswhohavemadecontributionstopsychology,variouspsychologicalscienceawardsaresetup,whichareselectedonceayear.

TheOutstandingContributionAwardforPsychologicalScience

Establishedin1956,itrewardsthosewhohavemademajorcontributionstothedevelopmentofpsychology.Threepeopleareselectedeachyear,andaprizeof1,000USdollarsandCertificate.

OutstandingContributionAwardfortheApplicationofPsychology

Establishedin1973,itisawardedtothosewhohavemadeoutstandingprogressorthemostexperienceinunderstandingorsolvingmajorpracticalproblems.Aprizeof1,000USdollarsandacertificate.

OutstandingContributionAwardinOccupationalPsychology

Recognizememberswhohavemadecontributionsinthefieldsofknowledge,publicandprofessionalpractice.

OutstandingContributionAwardforthePopularizationofPsychology

Torewardthosewhohavemadecontributionsinpopularizingpsychologyknowledgeandsolvingdifficultsocialproblems,withaprizeof1,000USdollarsandacertificate.

OutstandingContributionAwardforYoungPsychologists

Establishedin1974torewardyoungpsychologistswhohavemadecontributionstopsychologyresearchanddevelopment,andaward500bonusesDollarsandawards.Somewell-knownpsychologistsestablishedtheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(APS)in1988becausetheyweredissatisfiedwiththetendencyoflearningtoemphasizeapplicationratherthanbasics.Published15publicationsincluding"PsychologicalDigest","PsychologicalReview","AmericanPsychologist","JournalofExperimentalPsychology","PsychologicalBulletin","JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology",and"Psychology——Professioninthe21stCentury:ScientificProblemSolverandotherworks.

Contributions

Inthehistoryofthedevelopmentofmodernpsychology,theAmericanpsychologycommunityhasmadegreatcontributionstothedevelopmentanddevelopmentofworldpsychology.Sincethemid-19thcentury,theUnitedStatesinheritedthetheoriesandresearchofvariousschoolsofEuropeanpsychology,andgraduallyevolvedpsychologytoscientific,professionalandappliedpsychologyintheUnitedStates.

Americanpsychologywilldefinepsychologyasthestudyofthoughtandbehavior.Thisdisciplineincludesthelearningofallaspectsofhumanexperienceandexperience,fromthefunctionofthebraintothebehaviorofthecountry,fromthebirthandgrowthofbabiestotheprocessofgettingold.Psychologyexistsineveryenvironmentandpositionwecanimagine.TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationbelievesthatpsychologistsshouldtakeunderstandingofhumanbehaviorasthecoreoftheirworkandresearch,andworkinthisdirection.

TheannualmeetingoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationisoneofthemajorannualconferencesinthepsychologyfield,withanaverageof10,000to20,000scholars,experts,researchersandstudentsfromallovertheworldparticipatinginthedevelopmentofthedisciplineofpsychology.Talk,discussandresearch,andpushittoanewclimax.

BookCollection

1.PsycBOOKSBookCollectionPsycBOOKSisanelectronicfull-textdatabaseoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(APA)seriesofhigh-levelbooksandchapters.ThedatabaseisupdatedeverymonthwiththeclassicbookinformationofAPSandotherpublishers.FulltextPDFfilesof1,682academicbooksand25,899chapterbooks,767bookspublishedbyAPA,includingthefulltextof100booksoutofprintfrom1950to2002,and915classicresourcesofpsychology.

2,PsycCRITIQUESbookreviewcollection,mainlyincludingreviewsofthelatestbooks.Thedatabaseincludesavarietyofimportantresources:alargenumberofupdateddocumentshelpacademicstafftofindforteaching.Alargenumberofupdateddocumentshelplibrarianstocollectdocuments.Studentscanusethedatabaseforscientificresearch.CanprovidethelatestpracticalguidePsycCRITIQUESincludesAsearchabledatabaseofweeklyreviewsofbooksandmovies;thefulltextofnewbooks,popularmovies,videosandsoftwarereviews,aswellascomparativereviewsofbooks,thelatestcopyrightyearreviewsreleasedweekly;PsycCRITIQUESincludesmorethan38,000entriesSearchablebookreviews,datingbackto1956,andincludingnewreviewentrieseveryweek.Morethan900reviewsarepublishedeveryyear.

3.PsycEXTRAgrayliteraturedatabasePsycEXTRAisagrayliteraturedatabaseandapartnerdatabaseofPsycINFO.Itsmaincontentiswrittenbyexpertsandcomesfrompeer-reviewedjournals.PsycEXTRArecordsincludeabstracts,citations,andlinkstothefulltext,whicharenotduplicatedwithPsycINFO.Morethan150,000records,70%havefulltextwith30,000+newrecordsaddedeveryyear

4.PsycINFOabstractdatabasePsycINFOisapsychologyabstractdatabasefromthe19thcenturytothepresent.Asanimportantresearchtoolforpsychologicalresearchers,PsycINFOpresentsawealthofdataandinformationinaconcisesearchmode,whichcanbeusedasaconvenientandfastdocumentsourceforresearchers.PsycINFOincludesbibliography,abstracts,citationsanddescriptiveinformation,whichcanhelpusersfindtheinformationtheyneedconvenientlyandquicklyfromalargenumberofbehavioralandsociologicalliterature.

5.PsycARTICLEScontains56journals