William Wundt

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Dětství

16. srpna 1832 se Wundt narodil v NěmeckuMěsto Neckarau v Mannheimu, Baden je čtvrtým dítětem této rodiny. erbrother jménem Ludwig, který je o 8 let starší než Wundt. Když byly Wundtovi 2 roky, jeho bratr souhlasil s jeho tetou „Dům v Heidelbergu a navštěvoval tam školu.

Wundthadfewpartnersinchildhood,andtheonlyonewhohadagoodrelationshipwithhimwasachildwhowasolderthanhimwhohadsomeproblemswithintellectualdevelopment.Hewenttoschoolinthetownfor2years.Duringschool,FengTehadaseriousproblemwithdaydreaming,andwasreprimandedbyhisfatherforthis.

Sincehewas8yearsold,hisfather'sassistantPastorFrederickMullerbecamehisteacher.Hehasaverygoodrelationshipwithhisteacher,sothatafterthreeyearsofteachinghim,theteacherwillgotoanothernearbytowntobeapastor,andWundtalsolivedandstudiedwithhim.

Middleschoolperiod

In1845,underthearrangementofhisparents,WundtenteredBruchsalHighSchooltostudy.ShyandtimidWundtdidnotadapttotheenvironmenthere,didnotformagoodrelationshipwithhisclassmates,andhisacademicperformancewasparticularlypoor.Sometimeshewouldescapehome,buthismotherwouldsendhimbacktoschool.Duetohispooracademicperformance,someteacherseventhinkthatamoresuitablejobforWundtistoworkatthepostoffice.Wundt’sparentssenthimtohisaunt’shomeinHeidelberginthesameyear,whereheattendedpre-universitycoursesintheautumnof1845.Whilelivingandstudyinghere,Wundtbecamealotmorecheerful,metsomefriends,andparticipatedinextracurricularactivities.ButWundt'slearningsituationhereisstillmediocre.

Období univerzity

V roce 1851 se Wund zaměřil na Univerzitu Tubingenta na studium medicíny.

In1852,hetransferredtoHeidelbergUniversitytostudymedicine.DuringhisstudiesatHeidelbergUniversity,Wundtstudiedveryhard.Onceinordertostudytheeffectofsaltonthebody,hecontrolledtheintakeofsaltinfoodforseveraldaysuntilthebodyhadmetabolicdisorders.Basedonthisresearch,hepublishedhisfirstarticle"OnSodiumChlorideinUrine"in1853.

In1855,WundtparticipatedinthemedicalqualificationexaminationoftheGrandDuchyofBadenandrankedamongthebestinallexaminations.Thisyear,healsoworkedasaninterninahospitalinHeidelbergforseveralmonths.

In1856,WundtwenttotheUniversityofBerlintostudyphysiologywithJohannesPeterMüllerandEmileDubois-Remforasemester.Inthesameyear,WundtgraduatedfromtheFacultyofMedicineofHeidelbergUniversitywithaPh.D.andobtainedthequalificationoflecturerintheschool.

Učitel v Heidelbergu

V roce 1857 absolvoval Wund kurz experimentální fyziologie na univerzitě v Heidelbergu. V témže roce byl Wund vážnou nemocí.

In1858,HermannvonHelmholtzcametoHeidelbergUniversityasaprofessorattheInstituteofPhysiology,andWundtbecamehislaboratoryassistant.

In1862,Wundtopenedthe"PsychologyofNaturalScience"course(laterchangedto"PhysiologicalPsychology"),andtheterm"experimentalpsychology"wasfirstproposedthatyear.Inthiscourse,hebegantostudypsychologyusingexperimentalmethodsfromnaturalsciencesandneurophysiologicalresearchresults.

V roce 1864 byl povýšen na přidruženého profesora.

In1871,HelmholtzleftHeidelbergUniversity.Wundtfailedtosucceedhimandonlyreceivedthetitleofinterimprofessor.InthesameyearhemarriedhisfiancéSophieMao.Aftermarriage,Wundtdevotedhimselftowriting"PrinciplesofPhysiologicalPsychology",oneofthemostimportantworksinthehistoryofpsychology.

In1874,"PrinciplesofPhysiologicalPsychology"waspublished.Thisisthefirsttextbookdedicatedtopsychologyinthehistoryofpsychology.Inthisbook,heorganizestheresultsofpsychologicalexperimentsintoasystem,andstudiesthefollowingmentalactivitiesofpeople:feeling,emotion,will,perception(Wundtcallsitperception),andthinking.

Lipské učení a odchod do důchodu

V roce 1875 žije Wundtwashire jako profesor filozofie na univerzitě v Lipsku a od té doby žije v Lipsku.

InDecember1879,Wundtestablishedtheworld'sfirstpsychologylaboratoryintheuniversity.Atfirsttheschooldidnotsupporttheoperationofthislaboratory,butWundt’sclassesbecamemoreandmorepopular.In1882,thelaboratorymovedfromasingleroomtoanewaddresswith11rooms.In1897,thelaboratoryevenhadanindependentlaboratory.Ofthefloor.

V roce 1881 založil Wundt časopis "Philosophical Research". Toto je první odborný časopis experimentální psychologie.

1889-90, působil jako prezident Lipské univerzity.

V roce 1917 odešel z učení a byl úspěšný jeho studentem Felixem Krugerem.

SincecomingtoLeipzig,Wundthasalmostnevertraveled,excepttoenjoyconcerts,andisnotkeenonpublicactivities;however,heandhiswifeoftenentertainseniorstudentsandassistantsathome.LikeKant,Wundthasalwayslivedarigorousandregularlife.Thetimeinthemorningismainlyusedforwriting,andintheafternoonhevisitsthelaboratory,attendsclasses,andthentakesawalk.Wundtisfullofpassionandeloquenceintheclassroom,whichfullyreflectshisomnisciencetotheprofession.

31. srpna 1920 zemřel Wundt ve Velkém Bottenu u Lipska ve věku 88 let. V tom roce vyšlo desetidílné mistrovské dílo „Národní psychologie“, které trvalo 20 let, než bylo dokončeno.

Academicsystem

TheWundtpsychologicalsystemfocusesonthecontent,structure,elementsandcombinationrulesofthestudyofconsciousnessandexperience.Thewholesystemconsistsoftwoparts:individualpsychology(ie,experimentalpsychology)andethnicpsychology.Individualpsychologyfocusesonthestudyofindividualconsciousness;socialpsychologystudiestheadvancedpsychologicalprocessesofhumanbeings.

Researchobject

InWundt’spsychologysystem,theresearchobjectofindividualpsychologyisthedirectexperienceoftheindividual;theresearchobjectofethnicpsychologyisthehigh-levelpsychologicalprocessofhumanbeings.

Wundtbelievesthatexperimentalpsychologyisthescienceofdirectexperience.Hebelievesthatbothpsychologyandnaturalsciencesarebasedonexperience,buttheyarestudiedfromdifferentangles.Fromtheperspectiveofthesubjectofexperience,psychologicalprocessessuchasfeelings,feelings,andwillaredirectlyexperiencedbythesubject,whichisanimmediateexperience,whichistheresearchobjectofpsychology.Fromtheperspectiveoftheobjectofexperience,people’sexperienceoftheexternalworldisknownthroughindirectinference,whichisanindirectexperience(mediateexperience),whichistheobjectofnaturalscience.Therefore,Wundtcallspsychologya"disciplineofdirectexperience."

Wundtbelievesthatexperimentalpsychologycanonlystudythedirectexperienceofindividuals,whilehumanadvancedpsychologicalprocesses,suchasconcepts,emotions,andwill,needtobestudiedinthesystemofnationalpsychology.

Researchmethods

Fromthetheoreticalsystemandresearchobjectsofpsychology,Wundtdeterminedtworesearchmethodsofpsychology,theexperimentalintrospectionmethodandthepsychologicalproductanalysismethod.

Experimentální introspekce

BecauseWundtdefinestheobjectofindividualpsychologyasthedirectexperienceoftheresearcher,andthedirectexperienceexistsintheexperiencerHebelievesthatintrospectionisauniqueresearchmethodofpsychology.Wundtbelievesthatthetraditionalintrospectionmethodisunscientificandmustbecombinedwiththeexperimentalmethod.Onlybymeansofexperimentintrospectionorself-observationcanitbescientificandreliable.Becausepsychologicalphenomenaarefleetingandnoteasytoobserveaccurately,thecombinationofintrospectionandexperimentationcanachievethefollowingtwopoints:(1)Artificiallycreateexternalconditionssothatacertainpsychologicalprocessoccursatacertainmoment(2)Allowtheobservertocontrolthegeneralsituation,sothatthestateofconsciousnessaccompanyingthisprocessisalmostthesame.Therefore,Wundtattachesgreatimportancetoexperiments,andbelievesthat"experimentalmethodsarethebasictoolsforstudyingtheprocessofconsciousness."Wundtintroducedexperimentalmethodsintopsychology,transformedtraditionalexperienceintrospectionintomodernexperimentalintrospection,andstrengthenedthescientificnatureofpsychologyresearch.

Metoda psychologické analýzy produktu

Psychologicalproductanalysismethodisaspecialmethodofstudyingsocialpsychologythroughhumanhistoricalandculturaldata.Wundtbelievesthatinordertoestablishacompletepsychologicalsystem,inadditiontoindividualexperimentalpsychology,theremustalsobegroupethnicpsychology;experimentalpsychologyonlyinvolvesthe"periphery"ofthesoul,andethnicpsychologycanreachthedepthsofthesoul.Inhisbook"NationalPsychology",Wundttriedtoclassifyandinterpretculturalproducts,suchaslanguage,myths,customs,lawsandotherhistoricalmaterials,toexplaintheadvancedhumanpsychologicalprocessandrevealthedevelopmentlawofsocialpsychology..

Výzkumné úkoly

Wundtovy myšlenky jsou ovlivněny Herbartovými psychologickými myšlenkami, myšlenkami asociativní psychologie od Locka a psychochemickými myšlenkami Johna Muellera. strukturapsychologického komplexu;(3))Jaký je zákon vzniku duševního komplexu?

Analýza psychologických prvků

Wundtbelievesthatallpsychologicalphenomenaarecomposedofpsychologicalelements.Theanalysisofpsychologicalelementsisthefirstquestionthatpsychologymustanswer.Inhisview,thepsychologicalcomplexistheunityofpsychologicalelements;thepsychologicalelementisanindivisibleunitofthepsychologicalstructure,whichincludestwoaspects:sensationandemotion.Wundtpointedoutthatsensationisthebasicunitofpsychologicalelements,presentingtheobjectivecontentofhumanexperience.Andfeeling(feeling)showsthesubjectivecontentofhumanexperience,whichisthesubjectivesupplementoffeelingelements.Wundtbelievesthatfeelingsandemotionsareinterrelated,andsimpleemotionsareproducedwithfeelings.

Wundtvěří, že pocity nelze popsat pouze jako potěšení a nepříjemnost, ale je třeba popsat ve třech rozměrech, aby byly přesnější, a to: (1) příjemný-nepříjemný;(2)napětí-relaxace; (Tři)vzrušení-klid-rozměr.

Struktura mentálního komplexu

Wundtbelievesthatmentalelementscanbecombinedintovariousmentalcomplexes.Hecalledthementalcomplexcomposedofsensationsanidea.Therearetwokindsofconcepts:oneismemory(ormemoryimage),whichisnotdirectlycausedbyexternalimpressions;theotherisperception,whichisformedbyexternalsensoryimpressions.Concept.

Wundtbelievesthatthementalcomplexhasemotionsinadditiontoideas;itisacomplexcomposedofseveralemotions.Becauseemotionsmakeupemotions,andemotionsleadtowill,Wundtregardsbothemotionandwillasacomplexcomposedofemotions.InWundt'sview,althoughthevolitionalprocessisahigh-levelpsychologicalcomplex,itisalsothemostbasicandprimitivelifeprocessofhumansandanimals.Wundtbelievesthatsimplewillisanunconsciousimpulseandtheessenceoforganismlife.Itoriginatesfromprimitivefeelingsandcausesimpulsivebehavior.Ontheotherhand,complexwillcausesintentionalandselectivebehaviors,manifestedasfeelingofresolutionandfeelingofdecision.

Zákon o vzniku psychologického komplexu

Wundtbelievesthatpsychologicalelementsarecombinedintoapsychologicalcomplexthroughassociationandperception.Therearefourbasicformsofassociation:(1)fusion,thatis,theintegrationofanumberofpsychologicalelements;(2)assimilation,thatis,twoobjectswithsmalldifferencesinafamiliarrelationshiptendtoproduceTheconceptofequivalence;(three)complex(complication),thatis,theassociationbetweendifferentfeelings;(four)successiveassociation(successiveassociation),thatis,theassociationofmemory.Wundtbelievesthatperceptionistheprocessofraisingtheimpressiontothefocusofattentionorthecenterofconsciousness,andhasthefunctionofcreativesynhesis.Wundtbelievesthattheabove-mentionedcombinationofassociationsispassive,mechanicalandlow-level,andonlythecombinationofperceptionisactive,internalandhigh-level.Wundtemphasizedtheinitiativeandintegrationofperception,andpointedoutthatvariouspsychologicalelementsformanewpsychologicalcomplexthroughthecreativesynthesisofintegration,andtheactivitiesofhumanrationalknowledgearemainlyrealizedthroughthecreativesynthesisofperception.

Publikovaná díla

Hlavní díla

"Příspěvky k teorii smyslového vnímání" (1862)

V této knize Wundt poprvé navrhl koncept "experimentální psychologie". Tato kniha spolu s Fechnerovým "Nástinem psychofyziky" je myšlenkou, že se zrodila nová psychologie (tj. experimentální psychologie).

"ALectureontheMindofHumansandAnimals"(1863)

ThisworkisthepreliminaryworkofWundt’snewpsychologicalsystemconception.Thisbookdiscussesmanyissuesthatexperimentalpsychologistshavepaidattentiontoformanyyears.ThebookwasreprintedafterWundt'sdeathandwastranslatedintoEnglishandpublished.

"Principles of PhysiologicalPsychology" (1874)

Thisworkisricherandmorein-depththantheabovetwoworks.ItisWundt’searlytenyearsThesummaryoftheteachingandresearchworkofphysiologicalpsychologyattheUniversityofHeidelbergintheyearisalsoamanifestationofWundt’smaturethoughtsonexperimentalpsychology.Therefore,Paulinbelievesthatitisaveryimportantbookinthehistoryofmodernpsychology.Turningtothemarkofapsychologistisalsotheinitiationofpsychologyasanewindependentscience.Thisbookfirmlyestablishedpsychologyasanexperimentalsciencewithitsownexperimentalsubjectsandexperimentalmethods.Therefore,theworkisconsideredbythepsychologycommunitytobethegreatestworkinthehistoryofscientificpsychologyandthedeclarationofindependenceofscientificpsychology.

"TheOutlineofPsychology" (1896)

Wundt předložil v knize teorii „pocitů tří stupňů“, která spustila mnoho experimentálních výzkumů.

"Historie jazyka a lingvistická psychologie" (1901)

ThisbookisasummaryofWundt’searlylinguisticresearchresults,andhealsoproposedtohimselfAsummaryofthepsycholinguistictheory.TherearemanystrikingsimilaritiesbetweenWundt'stheoryoflanguageprocessorspeechmechanismandtheresearchofmodernpsycholinguistics.

Národní psychologie (1900–1920)

Thisbookiscomposedoftenvolumes.ItisasocietywhereWundtuseshistoricalmethodstostudyhumanadvancedpsychologicalprocesses.Psychologymonograph.ThissetofmonographswascompletedbyWundtinthelast20yearsofhislifetime.Althoughthetitleofthebookiscalledethnicpsychology,itisactuallyasocialpsychologyaboutlanguage,art,mythology,religion,customs,law,morality,etc.,withitsrichconnotations.Schultzbelievesthatthesignificanceofthebookitselfis"farmoreimportantthanwhatiswritteninthebook,becauseitdividesthenewpsychologyintoexperimentalandsocialparts."

Další důležité práce

Publikování knih

Hlavní přínos

Psychologická nezávislost

I když psychologie má dlouhou historii ,nemá dlouhodobě nezávislý stav kvůli složitosti a nejistotě výzkumných objektů. S rozvojem kapitalistického průmyslu a vedoucím pokrokem ve vědě a technologii se volání po nezávislosti psychologie.využívá. experimentální psychologie na dobrém začátku, ale účelem jeho výzkumu bylo obhájit své filozofické názory, nevytvářet vědeckou psychologii. z filozofie a přírodních věd. V roce 1879 předsedal založení první světové laboratoře věnované psychologickému výzkumu a zavedl nový experimentální psychologický systém využívající experimentálních metod, čímž oficiálně prohlásil vznik psychologie.

Thecreationofexperimentalpsychology

BeforeWundt,psychologydidnotconductsystematicscientificanalysisandexperimentalresearchonpsychologicalphenomena,mainlyrelyingonintuition,inference,andguesswork.AtthesametimeasWundt,evenearlierthanhim,WilliamJames(1875)oftheUnitedStatesalsobuiltapsychologicallaboratoryatHarvardUniversity.Inthesameyear,KarlStumfofGermanypreparedanauditorylaboratory,FechnerHeandHelmholtzhavedonemanyexperimentsonphysiologicalpsychologyandpsychophysics,buttheyallhavelittleinfluenceduetoequipmentandmethods.Butitshouldbesaidthattheyallcontributedtotheestablishmentofthenewpsychology.ButWundtfoundedaprofessionalpsychologylaboratory,usingexperimentalintrospection,reactiontimeandotherresearchmethodstoconductresearchonhumanperception,reactionspeed,attentiondistribution,emotions,andwordassociationanalysis,etc.,andobtainedAlotofimportantachievements.

Cultivatingscholars

BeforeWundt,therewerenoprofessionalpsychologistsandnospecialpsychologyschool.WithWundt'screationofthefirstpsychologylaboratory,heattractedalargenumberofyoungpeoplefromallovertheworldtostudyhere.Ithasbecometheinstitutionandcradleofcultivatingthefirstbatchofprofessionalpsychologistsintheworld.PsychologiststrainedherearealloverEurope,AmericaandAsia.AccordingtothestatisticsoftheAmericanphilosopherSahakien,amongWundt’sstudents,thereare136Germans(includingAustrians),14Americans,13EasternEuropeans,10British,6Polish,andRussian.Thereare3people,2Danesand2French.34ofthembecamewell-knownfiguresinthehistoryofpsychology,suchasHall,Cartel,Angel,Munsterberg,JuddintheUnitedStates,TichennerintheUnitedKingdom,andKlepelin,Kulpe,andMalbiinGermany.,Moyman,Denmark'sLangeandLeman,Russia'sBekhchelev,Japan'sMatsumotoYitaro.Afterreturningtotheirhomecountries,thesepeoplesetuppsychologylaboratoriesintheirhomecountriesandcarriedoutexperimentalpsychologyresearch,whichenabledcountriestoembarkonthepathofpsychologicalresearch.

Hodnocení postavy

Když v roce 1896 důležité německé noviny zmínily Wundta, nazval ho „papežem psychologie v kontinentální Evropě“.

TheAmericanpsychologistandhistorianofpsychologyPaulinstudiedWundt’swritingsandfoundthatWundtisthemostprolificpersoninthehistoryofpsychology:"Ifthereare24,836daysin68years,thenWundtwillstartfrom1853.From1920to1920,Iwroteorrevised2.2pagesofbookseveryday,about1wordevery2minutes,regardlessofdayandnight,forafull68years."

Germanpsychologist,GestaltPsychologyFounderWertheimersaid:"Exceptforwork,Wundtisalmostuninterestedinotherthings.Inhisentireautobiography,hementionedthatthecontentofhiswifeandfamilyonlyoccupiesasmallpart.Heissoinvestedinpsychology,soAsforwhenhewasseriouslyillorevenonthevergeofdeath,hewasstillanalyzinghispsychologicalexperience."

TheGermanbiologistandphilosopherHaeckelsaidinhisbook"TheMysteriesoftheUniverse"publishedin1899.:"OneofthemostimportantpsychologistsincontemporaryGermanyisWilhelmWundtofLeipzig.Hehastheunparalleledadvantagesofotherphilosophers:heisproficientinzoology,anatomyandphysiology.WundtisHelmholOurassistantsandstudentswereusedtoapplyingthebasiclawsofphysicsandchemistrytotheentirefieldofphysiologyintheearlydays,aswellastothepsychologydefinedbyJohannesMuller,whichispartofphysiology."

Wundt’sstudent,founderofstructuralistpsychology,andthefamousAmericanpsychologistTiechennersaidinanarticlecommemoratingWundt’sdeathinNovember1920:“Wundt’sdeathmadeouracademicworldlessAnimportantperson:agreatscientist,awell-knownphilosopher,aprolificauthor,andapersonwithoutstandinginfluence.PsychologyisafieldcloselytiedtohisnamebecauseofhisbirthandlongevityAndfortunately...IfyouwanttosumuptheimportanceofWundt'slife'sworkinonesentence,itisthatheisthefirstpersoninthehistoryofthoughttocriticizescientificandphilosophicalissuesfromapsychologicalperspective.Wundtisabornphilosopher.Eventhoughhispredecessorshadthesametemperament,hedidnothavetheopportunity.Heworkedhardtostepintothedoorofpsychology.AlthoughhehasnotescapedtheinfluenceofthepastphilosophicalsystemandthetoorigidbiologyoftheearlyDarwinera,heAlwaysimproving,thelasteditionof"PrinciplesofPhysiologicalPsychology"ismuchbetterthanthefirstedition.HehasbeenlikenedtoHerbertSpencer;buthehimselfpreferstoberegardedasLeibniz’sContemporaryfollowers.ButIthinkthetwocomparisonsarenotenough:Wundtistheonlyone,anditishardtoseeacomparableoneinthefuture."