Hodnoty

Úvod

Beforeanykindofthoughtisabsolutelydenied,thentheperspective,background,judgmentandwhatitsaysareformedbythisthoughtMeaninghasacertaindegreeofobjectivevalue,andthevalueofthiskindofthoughtliesinthedegreeandmeaningofitsrecognition,whichistheunderstandingandperceptionofthiskindofthought,whichisthesimplestandmosttrueinhumanthinking.Whereistheevaluationofthevalue,italsoevaluateswhetherakindofthoughtisgreat,andwhetherthiskindofthoughtcanbecometheoriginofvalues.

Funkce

Stabilita a odolnost

Values​​arerelativelystableanddurable.Undercertaintime,place,andconditions,people'svalues​​arealwaysrelativelystableandlasting.Forexample,thereisalwaysaviewandevaluationofthequalityofacertainpersonorthing,andthisviewwillnotchangeunderthesameconditions.

Historie a selektivita

Thevalues​​formedindifferenterasanddifferentsociallifeenvironmentsaredifferent.Aperson'svalues​​aregraduallyformedfrombirth,undertheinfluenceoffamilyandsociety.Aperson'ssocialproductionmodeandhiseconomicstatushaveadecisiveinfluenceontheformationofhisvalues.Ofcourse,theviewsofnewspapers,television,andradio,aswellastheviewsandbehaviorsofparents,teachers,friends,andpubliccelebrities,alsohaveanon-negligibleimpactonaperson'svalues.

Subjektivita

referstothecriteriausedtodistinguishbetweengoodandbad.Itismeasuredandevaluatedaccordingtopersonalinnerscales.Thesecriteriacanallbecalledvalues.

Role

Values​​playaveryimportantroleintheorientationandregulationofpeople'sownbehavior.Values​​determineaperson'sself-knowledge,anditdirectlyaffectsanddeterminesthenatureofaperson'sideals,beliefs,lifegoalsandpursuitdirections.Theroleofvalues​​isroughlyreflectedinthefollowingtwoaspects:

1.Values​​haveaguidingeffectonmotivation.Themotivationofpeople’sbehaviorisgovernedandrestrictedbyvalues.Values​​haveanimportantinfluenceonmotivationpatterns.Underthesameobjectiveconditions,peoplewithdifferentvalues​​havedifferentmotivationpatternsanddifferentbehaviors.Inthesameway,thepurposeofmotivationisgovernedbyvalues,andonlythosethataredeemeddesirablethroughvaluejudgmentscanbeconvertedintobehavioralmotivations,andusethisasagoaltoguidepeople'sbehavior.

2.Values​​reflectpeople'scognitionandneeds.Values​​arepeople'sevaluationandviewsontheobjectiveworldandbehavioralresults.Therefore,itreflectspeople'soutlookonlifeandworldfromacertainaspect,andreflectspeople'ssubjectivecognitionoftheworld.

Důležitost

1.Theunityofvalues​​andcognitionisthecornerstoneofinterpersonalrelationships.

2.Interactionandcoordinationofvalues​​andinterestsarethecoreofinterpersonalrelationships.

3.Communicationofvalueinformationisthekeytotheformationofhealthyinterpersonalrelationships.

4.Theconsistencyofvalues​​inpracticeistheguaranteeofinterpersonalrelationships.

Výzkum

ThemorefamousresearchsuchasthevalueresearchofAlportetal.,M.Morris'slifestylequestionnaire,M.Rockic'svaluequestionnaire,etc.ValueresearchAllport-Vernon-Linseyscale(1931,1951,1960),usedtomeasuretherelativepowerofsixbasicvalues.ThetestiscompiledbasedonthesixidealvaluetypesdistinguishedbytheGermanphilosopherE.Sprangel.Theyare:theoretical(emphasisonexperience,reason),political(emphasisonpowerandinfluence), ekonomické (důraz na praktičnost, utilitarismus), estetické (důraz na formu, harmonii), sociální (důraz na truismus a lásku) a náboženské (Těžké tajemství vesmíru).

Sprangelbelievesthatpeople'slifestylesaredevelopinginthedirectionofthesesixvalues.Theabsolutedivisionofthesixvalues​​doesnotmeanthatthesesixtypicalcharactersexist.Theclassificationisonlyforabetterunderstanding.Infact,everyonehasthesesixvalues​​moreorless,butthecorevalues​​varyfrompersontoperson.

Dotazník životního stylu

Morrisproposedin1956,itincludes13lifestyles,eachofwhichisdescribedin13paragraphsofsimilarlength.Thecontentofeachlifestyleisdifferent.,Itsfocusis:

①Preservingthehighestachievementofmankind.Thepurposeofindividualsparticipatingingrouplifeintheircommunitiesisnottochangeit,buttounderstand,appreciate,andpreservethebestthingsthatmankindhasaccomplished.

②Cultivateindependence.Onemustavoidrelyingonothersorforeignobjects,andthetruemeaningoflifeshouldbeexperiencedfromoneself.

③Showsympathyandconcerntoothers.Centeringoncaringandcompassionforothers,warmthisthemainingredientoflife.

④Taketurnstoexperiencejoyandloneliness.Inagoodlife,lonelinessandgroupareindispensable.

⑤Practiceandenjoylifeingroupactivities.Individualsshouldparticipateincommunitygroupsandenjoyfriendshipandcooperationinordertoachieveeveryone'scommongoals.

⑥Frequentlymasterthefluctuatingenvironment.Apersonshouldalwaysemphasizethenecessityofactivitiesinordertoseekpracticalsolutionstoandcontroltheworldandsociety’stechnologicalimprovements.

⑦ Integrace, požitek a rozjímání.

⑧Život bez starostí a zdravý.

⑨Ten krásný život.

ValueSurveyForm

Rokicproposedin1973.Hisvaluesystemtheorybelievesthatvariousvalues​​arelinkedtogetheraccordingtoacertainlogicalmeaning,andtheyexistaccordingtoacertainstructurallevelorvaluesystem.Thevaluesystemisalevelformedalongthecontinuumoftheimportanceofvalues.sequence.Heproposedtwotypesofvaluesystems:

①Konečný hodnotový systém,používá se k vyjádření ideálního konečnéhostavunebovýsledkuexistence,včetněobsahu:pohodlný život,vzrušující život,pocit úspěchu,mírKrásnýsvět,krásnýsvět,rovnost,rodinná jistota,svoboda,štěstí,vnitřní mír,společenská láska,národní jistota

②Systém instrumentálních hodnot je behaviorální metoda, která se používá k dosažení ideálního konečného stavu. Obsah zahrnuje: ambiciózní, se širokým smýšlením, talentovaný, veselý, uklizený, odvážný, ochotný, čestný, nápaditý, nezávislý, rozumný, logický, láskyplný, nezodpovědný, poslušný

The18ultimatevalues​​and18instrumentalvalues​​containedinRockic’svaluequestionnaire,eachofwhichhasashortdescription.Duringthetest,thesubjectswereaskedtorankthetwotypesofvalues​​accordingtotheirimportancetothemselves,rankingthemostimportantfirst,thesecondmostimportantsecond,andsoon,theleastimportantRanked18th.Thisscalecanbeusedtomeasuretherelativepositionorrelativeimportanceofdifferentvalues​​indifferentpeople'sminds.

TheadvantageofRokic’sscaleisthatitiscompiledundertheguidanceofacertaintheoreticalframework.easy.Moreover,thisresearchmethodputsvariousvalues​​intheentiresystem,andthereforereflectsthesystematicandintegralroleofvalues.

Klasifikace

People'slifeandeducationexperiencearedifferentfromeachother,sothevalues​​arealsodiverse.Inordertoclassifycomplexvalues,behavioralscientistGraveshasdonealotofsurveysonvarioustypesofpeopleintheenterpriseorganization,analyzedtheirvalues​​andlifestyles,andfinallysummarizedthefollowingsevenlevels:

Firstlevel,reactivetype:Thistypeofpersondoesnotrealizethatheandthehumansaroundhimexistashumanbeings.Theyrespondaccordingtotheirbasicphysiologicalneeds,regardlessofanyotherconditions.Suchpeopleareveryrareandareactuallyequivalenttobabies.

Secondlevel,tribaltype:Thistypeofpersonreliesonadulthoodandobeystraditionalhabitsandpower.

Thethirdlevel,self-centeredtype:Thistypeofpersonbelievesincoldindividualism,selfishnessandprovocation,andismainlysubordinatetopower.

Thefourthlevel,sticktoone'sownopiniontype:Thistypeofpeoplecannottolerateambiguousopinions,itisdifficulttoacceptdifferentvalues,andhopethatotherswillaccepttheirvalues.

Level5,playingwithpower:Thistypeofpersonusesotherstofalsifyfactsinordertoachievepersonalgoals.Itisveryrealisticandactivelystrivesforstatusandsocialinfluence.

Sixthlevel,social-centrictype:Thistypeofpeopleregardbeinglovedandgettingalongwithothersasmoreimportantthantheirowndevelopment,andarerejectedbyrealism,authoritarianismandthosewhoinsistontheirownviews.

Level7,Existentialism:Peopleofthistypearehighlytolerantofambiguousopinionsanddifferentopinions,rigidsystemsandpolicies,emptypositions,andforceduseofpower.Daretospeakup.

Afterthepublicationofthisclassification,managementscientistsMyersandothersconductedacomparativestudyonthestatusquoofAmericancompaniesin1974.Theybelievethatthevalues​​ofgeneralcorporatepersonnelaredistributedbetweenthesecondandseventhlevels.Asfarasmanagersareconcerned,mostofthembelongedtothefourthandfifthlevelsinthepast.Overtime,thesetwolevelsweregraduallyreplacedbythesixthandseventhlevels.

LifeValues

Lifevalueisaspecialvalue,whichisthefunctionandsignificanceofhumanlifepracticeforsocietyandindividuals.Whatkindoflifepurposetochoose,whatkindoflifepathtotake,howtodealwithaseriesofcontradictionsinthecourseoflife,suchaspersonalandsociety,realityandideals,dedicationandharvest,bodyandmind,lifeanddeath,peoplealwayshavechoices,Therearelikesanddislikes,andtherewillalwaysbecertainstandardsforwhatyouagreewithandwhatyouoppose,andwhatyouagreewithandresist.Lifevalueisthebasisforpeopletoconsiderlifeissuesfromavalueperspective.

Inthethinkingaboutlife,theanswertothequestionof"why",thatis,thequestionofthepurposeoflife,shouldbebasedonthevaluecharacteristicsoflifeandtheevaluationofthevalueoflife.Apersonconsciouslypursuesthepurposeoflifehebelievesisbecausehehasmadeapositivevaluejudgmentonthelifehechoosesandbelievesthatsuchalifehasvalueorcancreatevalue.Theanswertothequestionof"how",thatis,thequestionofattitudetowardslife,shouldalsobebasedonthejudgmentofthevalueoflife.

Profesionální hodnoty

Professionalvalues​​refertothespecificperformanceoflifegoalsandlifeattitudesincareerchoices,thatis,aperson’sknowledgeandattitudetowardscareerandhispursuitofcareergoalsandYearnfor.Valueobservationandevaluationwillhelpcareerdecision-makingandimprovejobsatisfaction.

Theinfluenceofideals,beliefs,andworldviewsonprofessionsisconcentratedinprofessionalvalues.

Asthesayinggoes:"Everyonehasambitions."This"ambition"isexpressedincareerchoiceascareervalues.Itisaclearpurpose,self-conscious,anddeterminedcareerchoiceattitudeandBehaviorplaysadecisiveroleinaperson'scareergoalsandcareermotivation.

Duetothedifferencesineachperson'sphysicalandmentalconditions,ageexperience,educationstatus,familyinfluence,hobbies,etc.,peoplehavedifferentsubjectiveevaluationsofvariousoccupations.Fromasocialperspective,duetothedevelopmentofsocialdivisionoflaborandtherelativebackwardnessofproductivity,variousoccupationshavemanyproblemsintermsofthenatureoflabor,thedifficultyandintensityoflabor,laborconditionsandbenefits,andtheformandstabilityofownership.Ontheabove,therearedifferences.Coupledwiththeinfluenceoftraditionalideasandconcepts,theprestigestatusofvariousoccupationsinpeople'smindsisalsogoodorbad.Theseevaluationshaveformedpeople'sprofessionalvalues​​andinfluencedpeople'semploymentdirectionandspecificprofessionalpositions.sChoice.

Eachprofessionhasitsowncharacteristics.Differentpeoplehavedifferentperceptionsofprofessionalsignificance,andhavedifferentevaluationsandorientationsonthequalityoftheprofession.Theseareprofessionalvalues.Occupationalvalues​​determinepeople'scareerexpectations,affectpeople'schoiceofcareerdirectionandcareergoals,determinepeople'sworkattitudeandlaborperformancelevelafteremployment,andthusdeterminepeople'scareerdevelopment.Whichprofessionisgood?Whichpositionisrightforyou?Whatisthepurposeofengaginginaspecificjob?Theseissuesareconcretemanifestationsofprofessionalvalues.