Urbanizace

Základní porozumění

Vysvětlení kapitalismu

Obecně řečeno, jde o transformaci zemědělské populace na nezemědělskou populaci, zemědělskou oblast na nezemědělskou oblast a zemědělskou činnost na nezemědělskou populaci. Proces nezemědělské populace.

Afterthereformandopeningup,Chinahasgraduallylooseneditsoriginalcontroloverpopulationmobility.Alargenumberofmigrantworkershavemovedtocities,andatthesametimetheprocessofurbanizationhasbeenaccelerated.Itcanbesaidthat"thedreamofreformisthousandsofmilesinspring,andthepeasantsareswarmingtobecomeworkers.Therearehighbuildingsinthedesertedbeachesandmountains,andthethree-dimensionalnetworkedurbanagglomeration"(Zuohewaterpoem).However,theongoingurbanizationhasalsobroughtaseriesofcontradictionstothesustained,rapidandhealthydevelopmentofChina'seconomyandsociety.Therefore,simpleanddeliberateurbanizationisnotsuitableforChina'snationalconditionsandtheneedsofsteadydevelopment.China'scurrenturbanization(urbanization)shouldbethe"five-in-one"urbanizationofindustry,population,land,society,andruralareas,ratherthanendorsing"realestate".

Zpráva o nové urbanizaci Číny z roku 2012 poukázala na to, že míra urbanizace Číny přesáhla 50 %. To znamená, že obyvatelstvo měst v Číně poprvé překonalo počet obyvatel a urbanizace Číny vstoupila do kritické fáze rozvoje měst.

Marxistexplanation

Marx'stheoryofcapitalurbanizationisoneofthemaincorecontentsofMarxistgeography.Thetheorybelievesthattheessenceofthecityistheartificialenvironmentunderthesocialsystem.Undertheconditionsofcapitalism,theprocessofproductionandcreationoftheurbanartificialenvironmentistheresultofthecontrolandactionofcapital,anditistheconsequenceofthedevelopmentofcapitalitselfthatneedstocreateahumanisticandmateriallandscapethatsuitsitsproductionpurposes.

Theman-madeenvironmentisproducedandcreatedfortheaccumulationofcapitalinordertoexploitlabor.Theproductionprocessofurbanspaceundercapitalismalsobearsthecontradictionsincapitalistproduction.Theurbanprocessundercapitalismisaprocessofinteractionbetweencapitalaccumulationandclassstruggle.

Theurbanizationofcapitalismistheurbanizationofcapital.Citiesarethespatialnodesofcapitalaccumulationandcirculation.

Principy ekonomické dynamiky urbanizace:

Akumulace kapitálu,oběh kapitálu,oběh kapitálu,zhodnocení kapitálu

Thecontradictionofthefirstcycleofcapitalandtheurbanprocess:Thebasiccontradictionofindustrialcapitalproduction:thecrisisofover-accumulationformedbyover-accumulationofcapital.

Thecontradictionofthesecondcycleofcapitalandtheprocessofurbanization

AWhenindustrialproductionfacesadeclineintherateofreturninthefirstcycle,capitalturnstothesecondcycleandinvestsintheproductionofman-madeenvironments.

BTheartificialenvironmentofthecityprovidesinvestmentchannelsandopportunitiesfortheover-accumulatedcapitalinthefirstcycle(providingexportsforthefirstcyclecontradiction)

CThecreditsystemoffinancialinstitutionsandthecountry’sCoordinatedinterventiontoovercomethelackofinvestment,sothatthefirstcycletothesecondcyclecanbecompletedsmoothly.

"Theformationanddevelopmentoftheurbanartificialenvironmentistheresultoftheruthlessdrivinganddominanceofindustrialcapitalprofits.Capitalistscreatetheurbanhumanisticandmateriallandscapeaccordingtotheirownwishes."——Marx

2CapitalThethirdcycleofcontradictionsandtheprocessofurbanization

AInthesecondcycle,investmentopportunitiesarequicklysaturatedduetothetrendofexcessivecapitalaccumulation;

BThethirdcycleistowardscienceandtechnologyAndthehealth,educationandotherinputsrelatedtolaborreproduction;

CThethirdcyclealsodoesnoteliminatethetrendofexcessiveaccumulationandintegratewiththetheoryoftheworldsystem.

Důvody

1. Požadavky lidí na kvalitu životního prostředí se zvýšily

2. Zlepšení infrastruktury ve venkovských oblastech a malých městech

3.Thedevelopmentofexpresswaysandthepopularizationofprivatecars

DevelopmentTrend

Thestate'sregulationoftherealestateindustryhasacertainimpactontheconstructionindustry,butwiththecontinuousadvancementofurbanizationinmycountry,Withthelaunchofreconstructionandexpansionprojectsintownsandcities,andthestartoflarge-scaleconstructionofaffordablehousing,theconstructionindustrywillcontinuetomaintainastabledevelopmenttrend.Thedevelopmentofmetropolitanareas,urbanagglomerations,urbanbeltsandcentralcitiesheraldedtherapidtake-offofChina'surbanizationprocess.

Reasonablelayout

Inordertoenablethecitytohaveastrongagglomerationandradiationdrivingcapacity,itsurbanpopulationshouldbemorethan2million(inordertoprovideabetterPublicservice,otherwisetheserviceisinsufficientorcorrupt;thisisalsotherootcauseofpeopleflockingtomegacitiessuchasBeijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou,Shenzhen,Chengdu,Chongqing,etc.),preferablymorethan3million(tosupportthemoredevelopedpublictransportationindustry,suchassubwaysandaviation,etc.));whentheurbanpopulationexceeds16million,moreseriousurbandiseaseswilloccur;whenthepopulationofurbanagglomerations(within200kilometers)exceeds50million,therewillalsobemoreseriousurbanagglomerationdiseases,especiallyenvironmentalproblems(Itisdifficulttodisposeofurbanwastenearby),housingproblems,trafficproblems,etc.

Chinahasapopulationofabout1.4billion,andtherewillbeatleast1billionurbanpopulation.Onlyabalancedlayoutofmoremetropolitanareas(2-16millionpeopleincentralcities,10-50millionpeoplewithin200kilometers),theconstructionofmore(about50)metropolitanareas(newprovincesormunicipalitiescanbeadded),sothatChina’spopulationcanberelativelyevenlydistributed,andurbanwastecanbeabsorbednearby(within200kilometers),andfundamentallysolvedThecontradictionbetweenurbanizationandurbandisease.

Thereasonableradiusofthe“town”drivenbytheradiationofthe“city”shouldbenomorethan200kilometers(itisconvenientforthetownship(orurbanarea)personneltogototheurbanarea(ortownship)todothingsonthesameday);therefore,theexistingextralargeAcity(especiallyaprovincialcapital)200kilometersaway,ifthereisalargerarea(morethan30,000squarekilometers)andalargerpopulation(above10million/easytocultivateacentralcitywithapopulationofmorethan2million),newcentersshouldbecultivatedCities(suchasbeingthecapitalofanewprovince),constructionofarterialtransportationhubs(especiallyhigh-speedrail),constructionofcomprehensiveresearchuniversities,etc.)inordertoachieveabalancedandreasonabledistributionofcitiesandtownsacrossthecountry,andfundamentallypreventthepopulationfromonlyagglomeratinginthecountryInexistingprovincialcapitalsormunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernment(makingurbandiseasesandurbanagglomerationsmoreandmoreserious).Amongthem,theareascenteredoncitiessuchasXuzhou,Yichang,Ganzhou,Guilin,andYibinareidealareasforcultivatingnewmetropolitanareas.

Kromě toho, aby bylo možné „centrální město (okres)“ efektivně řídit vesnicemi kraje, by vzdálenost mezi „centrálním městem (okresem)“ a hranicí kraje měla být 20–30 kilometrů (přiměřená vzdálenost pro veřejnou dopravu).

Evolutionprocess

Thenormalgeneralizedurbanizationprocesswillgothroughtheprocessofurbanization,suburbanurbanization,counter-urbanization,andre-urbanization,buttheurbanizationdiscussedinessenceisDoesnotincludecounter-urbanization.However,thisprocessisnotenoughtosolvetheproblemofhumansustainabledevelopment,anditneedstobesolvedbysecondaryurbanizationintheworld.TheUNCarbonEntropyActionProgramisaguidingprogramforthesustainabledevelopmentofhumancities,allowingcitiesthatoccupy2%oftheearth'sareabutconsume80%oftheearth'sresourcestosustainablydevelopscientifically.

Urbanizationgenerallyreferstotheprocessofpopulationagglomerationinurbanareasandtheprocessoftransformingruralareasintourbanareas.

Features

Intheworld,highlyurbanizedcountriesandregionsareundergoingre-urbanizationintheworld-widepopulationflow,forminganeweconomicandsocialsustainabilityintheworldThecenteristhesecondurbanization,andtheresultingcityisthenewworldcenter.

1.Inresponsetotheinflationcrisisformedbythesingleindustrializedeconomyandthelong-distancelogisticsexchangemodelleftoverfromthehistoryofthefirsturbanizationintheworld,itisformedbyusingcarbonentropycitiesthatcanproduceenergytoeliminatetheinflationcrisis.Anewcitywithoutaninflationcrisisisitsfirstfeature;

2.Inresponsetothehistoricallegacyofthefirsturbanizationintheworld,itisbasedsolelyoneconomicinterestsandlackstheconceptofsustainableurbandevelopment.Theformationofenergycrisis,theuseofself-producedenergycarbonentropycitiestoeliminateenergycrisisandtheformationofnewnon-energycrisiscities,isitssecondfeature;

3.ForthefirsttimeintheworldTheplunderingofthebiomassresourcesleftoverfromtheurbanizationhistorythatcoexistedwithmankindexceededhumanexpectations.Drivenbyeconomicinterests,citiesexpandedindefinitely,plunderingalargeamountoflandresourcesthatcanproducefood,andcreatinganewcrisisforfood.Energy-producingcarbonentropycitieseliminateinflationarycrises,energycrisesandatthesametimeeliminatefoodcrises.Citieswithoutfoodcrisesarethethirdfeature;

4.Aimingattheworld’sfirsturbanizationThelegacyofhistoryispurelyforthepurposeofeconomicbenefits,sacrificingthequalityofhumanlifeandcausingacrisisofpensionandemployment.Thecarbonentropyurbanfarmingthatcanproduceenergybyitselfsolvestheproblemsofemploymentandpensionsandformsacrisisofnopensionemployment.Fourthfeature;

5.Inresponsetothesingleindustrialeconomyformedbyburningfossilenergyleftoverfromthehistoryofthefirsturbanizationintheworld,theclimatecrisisthatmankindcannotsurvive,thecarbonthatcanproduceenergyonitsownEntropycityhassolvedtheclimatehazardandformedacitywithoutclimatecrisisasitsfifthfeature;

6.AimingattheunrestricteduseofwaterleftoverfromthehistoryofthefirsturbanizationintheworldTheresultingwater-freecrisis,thecarbonentropythatcanproduceenergyforthecity,isonepercentoftheoriginalurbanwaterconsumption,sothecitywithnowater-sourcecrisisformedbysolvingthewatercrisiscausedbywaterconsumptionisthefirstplace.Sixcharacteristics.

Inresponsetothemanycrisesthatwereleftoverfromthehistoricallegacyofthefirsturbanization,theUNCarbonEntropyActionPlanistheguidelinefortheworld'ssecondurbanization.

Themainflowofpopulationisthemigrationofthemiddleandupperclassesoftheurbanpopulationtothesuburbsoroutlyingareas.Thisisthesuburbanurbanization.

Counter-urbanization

Sincethe1970s,thepopulationofdevelopedcountriesandthecentralurbansuburbsofsomelargecitieshasmigratedoutward,movingtoruralareasandsmalltownsfartherfromthecities.Therehasbeenaphenomenonofpopulationmovementoppositetourbanization.Counter-urbanizationisalsocalledhollowingoutofurbancenters.

Counter-urbanizationisnotthedeclineofurbanization,butanewformofurbanizationexpansion.Itisbasedonthedisappearanceofurban-ruraldifferencesandtheformationofurban-ruralintegration.Completefacilitiessuchastransportation,water,electricity,information,andsuperiornaturalsceneryhaveattractedbigcityresidentswhohavebeenfacingturbidairandnoiseinthecityforalongtimetoliveandsettleinvillagesandtownstemporarily,leadingtothephenomenonofcounter-urbanization.InsomedevelopedcountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandWesternEurope,thephenomenonofcounter-urbanizationisobvious.

Specifically,thecentralareaof​​bigcitiesisshrinking;thenumberofruralpopulationisincreasing,andtheurbanpopulationisreturningtoruralsettlementsandsmalltowns.

Chinesecharacteristics

——TheMovementofGoingUptheMountainstotheCountryside,whichemphaticallytookplaceduringtheCulturalRevolutioninMainlandChinainthe1960sand1970s,ChairmanMaoItissuedinstructionsthat"thecountrysideisavastworld,andtherecanbealottodo",and"itisnecessaryforyoungintellectualstogotothecountrysidetoreceivere-educationfrompoor,lowerandmiddlepeasants."TheChinesegovernmenthasorganizedalargenumberofurban"educatedyouths"toleavethecities.Thepoliticalmovementtosettleandworkinthecountryside.

——Urbarizace jednoho dítěte (plánování rodiny). Po 80. letech 20. století byla čínská politika Jednoho dítěte zavedena v městských oblastech, aby kontrolovala populační růst. Dodržujte základní národní politiku rodinného plánování, zlepšujte kvalitu porodů, postupně zlepšujte politiky a prosazujte dlouhodobý vyvážený vývoj populace." Vládní práce There report (2013) také předkládá: "Postupně zlepšovat populační politiku, populační politiku, spolurozhodování a populační politiku dlouhodobě měnit, řídit se základní národní politikou a strukturou pro rodinné plánování -vyvážený vývoj populace."

Re-urbanization

Facedwiththeagingeconomicstructureandpopulationdecline,oldcitiesareactivelyadjustingtheirindustrialstructure,developinghigh-techindustriesandtertiaryindustries,andactivelydevelopingdebilitatingdowntownareas.Attractingyoungprofessionalstoliveinthecity,re-urbanizationhasoccurred.

Urbanization

Carbonentropyreferstotheentropystateofcarbonutilization,thatis,toorderthedisorderedcarbonstateintoameasurable,Verifiablesteadystateofentropy.Carbonentropyincrease,carbonentropyreductionandcarbonentropyeliminationarethreecontrollablemeasuresforcarbonentropyordering.

Carbonentropytechnologycanbeappliedtonationalurbanizationandsecondaryurbanization.Theincreaseincarbonentropycanmakethecityself-sufficientinthedemandforenergy,water,foodandothermaterials,andthereductionincarbonentropycanmaketheoldcityself-sufficient.Zeroemissionofwasteheat,wastewater,exhaustgasandsolidwaste,completelyeliminategreenhousegasessuchascarbondioxideandmethaneinthenewcity,carbonentropyelimination-eliminateplagueandotherpathogensandheavymetalpollution,maketheurbansystemhavebiologicalfunctions,andrealizetheintegrationofhumanandurbansystemsSelf-purification,self-productionofenergy,mutualsymbiosis,enhancethevitalityofthecity,andrealizethesustainabledevelopmentofthecityandsocialscience.

Positivesignificance

Reasonableurbanizationcanimprovetheenvironment.Forexample,throughmeasuressuchaslevelingtheland,constructingwaterconservancyfacilities,andgreeningtheenvironment,theenvironmentisconducivetoimprovingpeople’slivingstandardsandpromotingThedirectionofsocialdevelopmentchangestoreducethepressureofhumanactivitiesontheenvironment.

Astheeconomiccenterofregionaldevelopment,itcandriveregionaleconomicdevelopment,andtheimprovementofregionaleconomiclevelpromotesthedevelopmentofcities;itpromoteschangesinproductionmethods,settlementpatterns,lifestyles,andvalues.

Populationtransformation

Citiescancreatemorejobopportunitiesandabsorbalargenumberofsurplusruralpopulation.Thelaborforcegraduallyshiftsfromtheprimaryindustrytothesecondary,tertiary,andfourthindustry.

Industrialadjustment

Theprocessofurbanizationcaneffectivelypromotethedevelopmentofthevastruralareasandhelpimprovetheregionalindustrialstructure.

Industrialdevelopment

Urbanizationhelpstoimprovetheefficiencyofindustrialproduction,andindustrializationgivesurbanizationacontinuousdrivingforce.

ScienceandTechnologyProgress

Theadvancementofscienceandtechnologyandtheadvancementofinformatizationhavemademodernlargecitiesbecomemajorscientificandtechnologicalinnovationbasesandinformationexchangecenters.Andthenimprovetheoveralldevelopmentleveloftheregion.

Culturalexchanges

Urbanculturespreadsandpenetratesextensivelyintothecountryside,affectingtheproductionandlifestyleofthecountryside(self-sufficientnaturaleconomy),andincreasingthedegreeofopeningupofthecountrysidetotheoutsideworld.Itisconducivetotheexchangesbetweencitiesandvillagesandnarrowsthegapbetweenurbanandruraldevelopment.

Thedrivingforceofdevelopment

Therearenomorethantwodrivingforcesforthedevelopmentofurbanization,oneisthrustandtheotherispullingforce.Pushreferstothefactorsthatcausethecrowdtoleavethecountryside,andpullreferstothefactorsthatattractthecrowdtothecity.Thethrustsincludetheintensificationofhuman-landconflicts,frequentnaturaldisasters,lowincomes,poorlivingstandards,andshortageofsocialserviceresources;pullssuchasmoreemploymentopportunities,abundantsocialserviceresources,convenienttransportation,andcompleteculturalfacilities.

Nežádoucí účinky

Problémy s životním prostředím

Biosféra

Snížení biologické rozmanitosti

Litosféra

Atmosféra

Vodní kruh

Sociální záležitosti

Ekonomický dopad

Růst cen půdy, rostoucí náklady.

Thefoodproblem

Alargenumberoffarmershavelefttheoriginalcultivatedland,andtheproblemofabandoningfarmlandandwastelandisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.China’sgrainimportrateisgraduallyincreasing,makingthepopulationofChina’sfoodsecurityproblemhidden.ThisisnotconducivetoChina'snationaldevelopmentandpoliticalstability.

Případ

Althoughmorethan2500acresofarablelandinZhaojiagouVillage,YongheCounty,LinfenCity,ShanxiProvince,thereisstilllittleabandonment,buttheprospectsNotoptimistic.Themainlaborforceforplantingcorn,walnuts,etc.arefarmersaround60yearsold,unclefarmersandaunts,whostillinsistonfarmingoutofnaturalaffectionforlandandcultivation,buteachpersonhastooperate20-30muofarablelandonaverageandbasicallyrelyonmanpower.Withanimalpower,thelaborforce"overloads".Thereisalreadyashortageofgrainfarmersinthisvillage.Whentheseoldpeopleareunabletoworkin5-10years,therewillbenootherlaborforceinthemaingrain-growingareas.Intheseareas,farmlandisscattered,landtransferpracticesareimmature,andtheenthusiasmofsocialcapitaltoenterconcentratedfarmingisnothigh.Ifthe"farmershortage"isnotalleviatedforseveralyears,theexisting"abandonment"phenomenoninruralareaswillintensify.Duetotheseasonalityoffoodproduction,itoccursonce,affectsoneseason,andcontinuestooccur.Itwillbeaviciouscirclethatthreatensnationalfoodsecurityandsociety.Stablize.

IfChina’sseniorleaderspaymoreattentiontotheproblemoftheshortageofrurallaborforce,takeadvantageofthepositiveenergyofthecountry’seconomicstrengthtoreintegraterurallandresources,runintensiveagriculture,andrealizethelarge-scaleandmechanizedagricultureinChina.Transformationisconducivetothegreatdevelopmentofruralareas,anditalsoguaranteesthecountry’sfoodsecurityandsocialstability.Conversely,thedevelopmentofmodernizationinruralareaswillsurplusmorelabor,andthesesurpluslaborwillfurtherpromotethescaleofChina'sindustryandpromotefurtherurbanization.

MetropolitanDisease

TodayChina’sMetropolitanDiseaseisalreadyquiteserious.Trafficcongestion,resourceshortages,andthedeclineinthequalityoflifeofurbanresidentsarehauntingtheprogressofcities.ThepaceofconstructionandtransformationofChina'slargecitieshasaccelerated,urbancircleshavebeguntoappearinsomeareasofChina,andmanymegacitieshavealsobeguntobuild"satellitecities"hopingtosolvemanyproblemsinlargecities.Forexample,DingXiangyang,directoroftheBeijingMunicipalReformCommission,mentionedinareporttotheMunicipalPeople’sCongressatthe12thBeijingMunicipalPeople’sCongressthatBeijingwilldeterminehigh-levelplanninganddesignthroughpublicbiddinginaccordancewiththestandardsofamodernecologicalcity,andconstructseveralsuitablefiveAnewtypeof"satellitecity"withapopulationofmorethan100,000livingandworkinghasbeenusedtoevacuatethepopulationinthecentralareaof​​thecity.However,thedevelopmentof"satellitecities"inactualoperationoftenmakescitiesmore"bloated"andthephenomenonof"urbandiseases"becomesmoreprominent.Therefore,tosolvetheproblemofurbandiseases,whiledeveloping"satellitecities"fordecentralizedurbanization,careshouldbetakennottomakecitiesmore"bloated."Inthepasttwoyears,theroleofurbanizationinpromotingthecountyeconomyhasweakened.Urbanizationinsomeplacesfocusesonlarge-scaleandhigh-intensity"city-buildingcampaigns",whichpartiallyoverdraftsthedividendsofurbanization.

Transformationofurbanfunctions

Theurbanizationprocessofdevelopedcountriescanberoughlydividedintotwophases.Thefirststageischaracterizedby"centralization",andthesecondstageischaracterizedby"decentralization".Asaresult,"metropolitancircles"or"urbanagglomerations"and"urbanbelts"centeredonlargecitieshavedevelopedrapidly.SomedevelopedregionsinChina,suchasBeijing,Shanghai,andGuangzhou,havealreadyseenatrendofthewealthyclassesmovingfromthecitytothesuburbs,thatistosay,theyhaveenteredthesecondstageofurbanizationdevelopment:the"suburbanizationstage."Thedevelopmentof"urbancircle"and"satellitecity"requiresattentiontothetransformationandcoordinateddevelopmentofurbanfunctionsandsurroundingsuburbanfunctions.Theprocessofurbanizationistheprocessofcontinuousmodernization.Centralcitiesshouldcontinuouslystrengthenthescale,layout,andfunctionofthe"urbanbelt"and"regionaleconomy".Thecontinuousevolutionofurbanfunctionsistheprerequisiteforthesounddevelopmentofcentralcities,anditisalsothebasisforsolvingtheproblemsofbigcitiesanddrivingthestableandhealthyeconomicdevelopmentofsurroundingareas.

Theproblemsbroughtaboutbyurbanizationandurbanizationareindeedshocking.Somescholarsoncesummarizedthatthedisadvantagesofmodernurbanizationaremainlyreflectedintwoaspects:oneis"urbandisease",whichismanifestedinhousing,transportation,environment,employment,safety,health,etc.;theotheris"urbanculturaldisease",thatis,peopleSuspect,disappointment,hatred,hatredandevenhostilitytowardsthecityitselfandotherextremementalitiesandbehaviors.

SomeWesternscholarshaveproposedthatmodernurbanizationisfundamentallyaWestern-styleurbanizationof"urbanadvancementandretreatfromagriculture".Becauseitisbasedonthetheoryofoppositiontonatureandtheexclusionofthecountryside,thisdistortedurbanizationisdestinedtobeunkindtonature,tothecountryside,andtodisadvantagedgroups,anditisdifficulttoavoidrootlessnessandunsustainability.

Theabovegeneralizationmaybebiased,butithelpstopiercethebeautifulmythofWestern-styleurbanizationbasedonbigcities.Letusfacetheproblemsofmodernurbanizationandseekcountermeasures.Metropolitandiseasesareanimportantpartofenvironmentalproblems.Iftheyarenotsolvedwell,theywilldirectlythreatenthemodernizationprocessandnationalecologicalsecurity.InthewordsofDavidGriffin,"Iftheecologicalcrisisisleftunchecked,humancivilizationwillcometoanendintheglobalpursuitofuncontrolleddevelopment."

Theshortcomingsofmodernurbanizationshowthatitisnecessarytoexploreanurbanizationmodelinwhichmanandnatureareinharmonyandurbanandruralareasareprosperous.Thisnewmodelshouldbeanupgradedversionofmodernurbanization,advocatingtheintegrationofthecityandthecountryside,theharmonybetweenindustryandagriculture,andthedevelopmentofanorganic,rooted,andsentimental"aestheticcity."

Thecommunity-supportedagriculture,urbanagriculture,andurbantransformationcampaignsbeingcarriedoutinWesterncountriesareimportantexplorationsofnewurbanization.

Thecommunity-supportedagriculturalmovementisdevelopingrapidlyintheUnitedStates.Moreandmoreyoungpeopleinthecitygotothecountrysidetoengageinfarmingandopensmallorganicfarms.Community-supportedagricultureisnotonlythecitynurturingthecountryside,butalsothecountrysidenurturingthecityandagriculturesupportingthecity.Itisa"green"channeltoachievetheharmoniousdevelopmentofurbanandruralareas.Community-supportedagricultureencouragesmoresmallholderstoadoptorganicfarmingmethodstotreattheirlandwell,whichtrulyembodiesthekindnessof"butkeepasmallamountoflandandkeepfarmingwithchildrenandgrandchildren".

Theurbanagriculturalmovement,whichoncefellintoadownturn,isrejuvenated.Peopleareincreasinglyrealizingthatthebenefitsofurbanlandusedforagricultureareverylowwhenviewedsolelybyeconomicmeasures,butconsideringthesocialandecologicalreturns,"itsvaluewillbehighlighted."Urbanagriculturehasmadeaninestimablecontributiontoreducingenvironmentalpollutioncausedbyhumanactivities,increasinggreenplants,reducingfoodproductionlinks,andreducingcarbonemissions.

The"UrbanTransformationMovement"isanotherrootedeffort.The"UrbanTransformationMovement"originatedinTotnesCounty,England,advocatingsustainablelifestylesandrebuildinglocalecologicalresilience,reducingenergyconsumptionaccordingtolocalconditions,andgettingridofdependenceonoil.

ThisnewurbanizationpathhasnotyetappearedonalargescaleintheWest.

ForChina,thestatemediaandofficialscholarsbelievethatChinanotonlyhasexcellentculturaltraditionssuchas"theharmonybetweenmanandnature",butalsohastheeconomicandpoliticalfoundationstoadvancefromindustrialcivilizationtoecologicalcivilization.China'shigh-speedrail,mobilemultimedia,newenergyandothertechnologieshaveprovidedimportantsupportfornarrowingthegapbetweenurbanandruralareasandrealizingco-prosperitybetweenurbanandruralareas.Ifthisurbanizationwithbothurbanandruralareassucceeds,itwillnotonlybenefittheChinesepeople,butalsomakeahugecontributiontotheworldandhumancivilization.

Process

Asearlyastheperiodwhenprimitivesocietytransformedintoslavesociety,citiesappeared.However,inalonghistoricalperiod,thedevelopmentofcitiesandtheincreaseofurbanpopulationhavebeenextremelyslow.Until1800,theworld'surbanpopulationonlyaccountedfor3%ofthetotalpopulation.Onlyinmoderntimes,withtheriseoftheindustrialrevolution,theemergenceoflarge-scalemachineryindustryandlarge-scalesocialproduction,andtheemergenceanddevelopmentofcapitalistproductionmethods,manynewindustrialandcommercialcitieshaveemerged,whichhasledtorapidurbanpopulationgrowth.Theproportionofthepopulationcontinuestorise.From1800to1950,thetotalpopulationontheearthincreasedby1.6times,whiletheurbanpopulationincreasedby23times.IntheUnitedStates,duringthe60yearsfrom1780to1840,theproportionoftheurbanpopulationinthetotalpopulationonlyrosefrom2.7%to8.5%.WhentheUnitedStatesbegantheIndustrialRevolutionin1870,theurbanpopulationaccountedforonly20%,butby1920,itsproportionsuddenlyroseto51.4%.Lookingattheworldasawhole,theurbanpopulationaccountedfor13.6%in1900,28.2%in1950,33%in1960,38.6%in1970,and41.3%in1980.Therefore,theprocessofurbanizationstartedwiththeemergenceofmodernindustryandcapitalism.

Thedegreeofurbanizationisanimportantsymbolofacountry’seconomicdevelopment,especiallythedevelopmentofindustrialproduction.Duetodifferencesinnaturalconditions,geographicenvironment,totalpopulation,andimbalancesinsocialandeconomicdevelopment,thelevelandspeedofurbanizationinvariouscountriesvarygreatly.Thedegreeofurbanizationineconomicallydevelopedindustrializedcountriesismuchhigherthanthatofeconomicallybackwardagriculturalcountries.In1980,theaverageproportionofurbanpopulationindevelopedcountrieswas70.9%.Amongthem,theUnitedStateswas77%,Japanwas78.3%,theFederalRepublicofGermanywas84.7%,theUnitedKingdomwas90.8%,andCanadawas75.5%.Theaverageurbanpopulationindevelopingcountriesis30.1%,andmanyofthemarelessthan20%.

Cityisthesymbolofhumancivilizationandthecenterofpeople'seconomic,politicalandsociallife.Thedegreeofurbanizationisanimportantindicatorformeasuringtheeconomic,social,cultural,andtechnologicallevelofacountryandregion,anditisalsoanimportantindicatorformeasuringthelevelofsocialorganizationandmanagementofacountryandregion.Urbanizationisaninevitableprocessforhumanprogressandanimportantclueinthetransformationofhumansocialstructure.Afterurbanization,itmarkstherealizationofthegoalofmodernization.Onlyafterthebaptismofurbanizationcanmankindenteramoregloriousera.However,itisfarfromenoughtobeamazedbythefruitfulresultsbroughtaboutbyurbanization,andtoshoutoutloudly.Theprocessofurbanizationisnotnecessarilyabeautifulmovement.Likemanyadvancements,theprocessofurbanizationisalsomixed.Therearemanydiscordantsounds.ItisofgreatsignificancetoChinatocorrectlyunderstandtheimpactofurbanizationandtakenecessarymeasurestosolveitseriously.

Thelevelofurbanizationinsocialistcountriescontinuestoincreasewiththegradualrealizationofindustrialization.TheproportionoftheurbanpopulationintheSovietUnionwasabout18%beforetheOctoberRevolution,reached50%in1961,androseto65%in1981.OtherEasternEuropeancountries,suchasBulgaria,Hungary,GermanDemocraticRepublic,Poland,Czechoslovakia,etc.,allhavemorethan50%oftheurbanpopulation.

Proces urbanizace Číny

The"2012ChinaNewUrbanizationReport"introducedthattheurbanizationdevelopmentprocessofNewChinahasroughlyincluded1949-1957.Theinitialdevelopmentofurbanization,thetortuousdevelopmentofurbanizationfrom1958to1965,thestagnantdevelopmentofurbanizationfrom1966to1978,therecoveryanddevelopmentofurbanizationfrom1979to1984,thesteadydevelopmentofurbanizationfrom1985to1991,therapiddevelopmentofurbanizationfrom1992topresent,etc.6Stages.

AreportreleasedtodaybytheNationalBureauofStatisticsonAugust17,2012showsthatChina’stotalpopulationhasgrownsteadilyatalowratesincethe16thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofmycountry,populationfertilityhascontinuedtoremainstableatalowlevel,populationculturalqualityhascontinuedtoimprove,andthelevelofurbanizationhasbeencontinuouslyimproved.Withfurtherimprovement,thepopulation’smarriageandfamilystatusremainedstable.Thereportshowsthattheurbanizationratein2011reached51.27%.

Urbanization" ar title

Proces urbanizace v Číně:Je charakterizován pozdějším začátkem, střední úrovní a vysokou rychlostí. Podle údajů šesti čínských sčítání jsou úrovně urbanizace předchozích sčítání: 12,84 %, 17,58 %, 20,43 %, 25,39 %, 8,3 %.

Na konci roku 2019 činila stálá městská populace Číny 848,43 milionů, což představovalo 60,60 % z celkové populace. Je to poprvé, kdy míra urbanizace stálé čínské populace přesáhla 60 %.

Úroveň urbanizace se neustále zvyšuje

Od 16. Národního kongresu Komunistické strany Číny se urbanizace mé země rychle vyvíjela. Od roku 2002 do roku 2011 je míra urbanizace mé země 1,35 procentního počtu bodů. 02.Městská populace byla 69,79 milionu, což je nárůst o 188,67 milionu oproti roku 2002; obyvatelstvo ve městě bylo 65,56 milionu, pokles o 125,85 milionu. .....

Čínská urbanizace začala hlavně v 70. letech 20. století, tedy až poté, co se zformovala a otevřela se.

Peoplearethemainbodyofthecity,andthestartingpointanddestinationofurbanization.Intheprocessofurbanization,wemustfirstestablishapeople-orientedthinking.First,themajorityofagriculturalworkersneedtohaverealfreedomtochoosetheirjobsandland,breaktheartificialshacklesthatfixfarmersontheland,andimprovethelandpolicy,householdregistrationpolicyandsocialsecuritysystem;Atallstagesofurbanization,fullattentionmustbepaidtotheinterestsofpeopleintheprocessofurbanization.

Therehavebeenmanyproblemsintheprocessofurbanizationandtherewillbemanyproblems.Wemustinsistthaturbanizationitselfstartsfrompromotingpeople'sproductionmethods,improvingpeople'sproductionmethods,andenhancingpeople'svalues,soastosuperviseandguideourwork;constantlydiscoverandsolveproblems.People-orientedsustainabledevelopmentisthelong-termroadtourbanization.

The2012SocialBlueBook"AnalysisandForecastofChina’sSocialSituationin2012"issuedbytheInstituteofSociologyoftheChineseAcademyofSocialSciencesonDecember19,2011statedthat2011wasamilestoneinthehistoryofChina’surbanizationdevelopment.Inoneyear,theproportionofurbanpopulationinthetotalpopulationwillexceed50%forthefirsttime.ThismarksthatChina'sdevelopmenthasenteredanewstageofgrowth,andurbanizationhasbecomeanewenginethatpromoteseconomicandsocialdevelopmentafterindustrialization.

Poměr urbanizace Číny v průběhu let

Na konci roku 2017 může být míra urbanizace každé provincie v Číně rozdělena do čtyř úrovní (s odkazem napevninskou Čínu 31Provinční správní obvod):

První úroveň:včetněŠanghaj、Peking、Tianjin< /b>3Města přímo pod ústřední správou, míra urbanizace je 80 %～90 %

Druhá úroveň: VčetněGuangdong、Jiangsu,Zhejiang< /b>,Fujian,Jiangxi,Chongqing,Liaoningadalších7provincií,urbanizaceTherateje60%～70%

Třetí úroveň: včetněHeilongjiang,Shandong,Hubei< /b>,Jilin,Ningxia,Hainan、Shanxi< /b>、Shaanxi、Hebeib>,Hunan< /b>,Anhui,Qinghai,Vnitřní Mongolskoa dalších 13 provincií je míra urbanizace 50 % – 60 %

Čtvrtá úroveň: VčetněSichuan、Sin-ťiang、Kuang-si< /b>,Henan、Yunnan、Gansu、Guizhou、Tibeta dalších 8 provincií, míra urbanizace je menší než 50 %

Practicalproblems

Currently,therearefivemajorstrategicdisadvantagesinthedevelopmentofurbanizationinChina:First,intheworldstructure,China’surbanizationisclearlylaggingbehindthemismatchofindustrialization;thesecondisChina’surbanization.Intheprocess,itisobviousthatlandurbanizationisfasterthanpopulationurbanization.ThethirdisthatChina’surbanizationurgentlyneedstoovercometheunfairnessof"urbanandruralareas,registeredpopulationandpermanentpopulation";fourth,China’surbanizationismorefocusedThequantityandscaleofurbandevelopment,ignoringthecostofresourcesandtheenvironment,presentsextensiveproductionofnon-intensive;fifth,China’surbanizationmustsolvehowtoenteramodernmanagementsystemandeliminatetheimmaturityofurbandiseases.

In-situurbanization

In-situurbanizationreferstotheoriginalruralareaswithoutthedirecteffectandinfluenceofcities;duetothediscoveryanddevelopmentofcertainresourcesorDuetotheestablishmentofexternaltransportationstatus,orduetochangesintheproductionstructure,farmersareseparatedfromthelandtoengageinnon-agriculturalproduction,andtheprocessoftransformingruralareasintourbanareasistheprocessofruralurbanization.

DuetoChina’slargeruralpopulationandaserioussurplusofurbanandrurallabor,theprosperityofChina’sruralareasmustbeachievedthroughthedevelopmentofruralnon-agriculturalindustries.Theexistinglargecitiescannotabsorbhundredsofmillionsofruralpopulations.Itcanstartinsmalltownsandcitieswithlowinvestmentandsimplefacilities.ThroughtheanalysisofChina'sreality,someproblemsintheurbanizationofruralareascanbeexposed.Manyproblemsarisefromtheprocessofurbanizationinruralareas,andatthesametimehindertheprogressofurbanizationinthisarea.

Adjustingtheindustrialstructure

Atpresent,Chinahasenteredacriticalmomentofeconomicdevelopment.Fortyyearsofreformandopeninguphaveshowninitialresults,andanewroundofdeepeningreformsisunderway.InChina,westillneedtoexploreandmoveforward.WiththeadvancementofurbanizationinChina,itisfacinganewroundofurbanconstructionclimax.Weknowthatasanintermediaryconnectingcitiesandruralareas,citiesandtownsshouldmakefulluseoftheresourcesoftheregionanddevelopindustriesthatsuitthem.Atthesametime,attentionshouldbepaidtothecoordinateddevelopmentoftheeconomy.Inmanyareas,therearestillcasesofblindlylaunchingprojectsandcausingrepeatedinvestment;notonlyhasitcausedalotofwaste,butmoreimportantly,ithasdelayedtheprocessofurbanizationandmodernization.Therefore,asatownconstructioncloselylinkedtothecountryside,itsdevelopmentmodelshouldbeformulatedinaccordancewiththeactualsituationoftheregioninitsdevelopmentprocess.Forexample,insomebackwardareasinthewesternregion,becauseoftheirweakeconomicfoundationandshortageofresources,itisquitedifficulttostartdevelopmentattheinitialstage.Inordertoquicklyimprovetheself-developmentcapacityofbackwardareas,wecanestablishanoptimizedsequenceofindustrialdevelopment,thatis,firstdeveloptertiaryindustrieswithlowinvestmentandquickresults,suchastourism,commerceandotherindustries,andusethemtopromotetheoriginalaccumulationofregionaldevelopmentfundsandcommunicateTheoutsideworldlaysthefoundationfortherationalintroductionofexternalcapitalandtechnology.Thendevelopotherindustriesandrelatedindustriesthataresuitablefortheareaaccordingly,therebydrivingthereasonable,sustainableandhealthydevelopmentofthearea,andavoidrushingforsuccess.

Localprocess

In2012,localgovernmentshavestrongdesiretoinvest,suchasHainanInternationalTourismIsland,AnhuiUrbanBelt,ChongqingLiangjiangNewDistrict,andHubei’s“12trillion”investment.Regionalrevitalizationplanshavebeenissuedoneafteranother,localgovernmentshavebecometheprotagonistoffixedassetinvestment,andthedeclineininvestmentgrowthincentralprojectsmorereflectstheintentionofthecentralgovernmenttocontrolthepaceofinvestmentinordertopreventexcessivegrowth.

Buildingpopulationquality

Theurbanizationofruralareasisaprocessofchangesintheproductionmethodsandlifestylesoftheruralpopulation.Withtheprevalenceanddevelopmentofindustrializedproductioninruralareas,theimprovementinthequalityoftheagriculturallaborforceandthecompletenessofsocialservicesareinlinewiththis.Peoplearethemainbodyofthecity,thestartingpointanddestinationofurbanization.Thekeytohumanurbanizationishumanmodernization.Wemustnotonlyspeeduptheentryoffarmersintocitiesandturntheagriculturalpopulationintonon-agriculturalpopulation,butmoreimportantly,throughtrainingandemploymentandstrengtheningcommunityculturalconstruction,strengtheningideologicalandmoraleducation,scientificandculturaleducation,andlegaleducation,improvingtheoverallqualityofthepopulation,andenablingvillagersTransformintoarealcitizen.BasiceducationisanimportantfactoraffectingthedevelopmentofChina'scomprehensivenationalstrengthinthefuture.China'seducationalresourcesareunevenlydistributed,andthelowlevelofcultureinaregionwillinevitablyaffectthedevelopmentofaregionaleconomy,therebyaffectingtheprocessofChina'surbanizationdevelopment.Strengtheningbasiceducationandvocationalskillstrainingfortheruralpopulationandfocusingontheimprovementofthequalityofthesubjectsofurbanizationarefundamentalissuesthatneedlong-termattentionandurgentsolutionsintheprocessofurbanization(city)ization.

Akademické debaty

Akademické debaty o cestě k urbanizaci byly od 80. do 90. let mimořádně ostré, zahrnovaly především teorii malých měst, velkoměst, středně velkých měst a pluralismus. Teorie rozvoje, teorie městského systému atd.

SmallCityTheory

In1983,theChinaUrbanizationRoadAcademicSymposiumagreedthatChinashouldtakea"socialisturbanizationpathsuitableforChina’snationalconditionsandwithitsowncharacteristics."Theurbanizationroadsindifferentregionsshouldalsohavetheirowncharacteristics."Thefocusoftheseminar’ssummaryreportfocusedon"activelyrestoringanddevelopingsmalltowns,especiallythevastruralmarkettowns".Smallcitiesare"rationalandviable."Giventherealityofruralindustrializationafterthereformandopeningup,theorientationofthe"smalltownstrategy",andtheinertiaoftheestablishedurban-ruralsystem,thiskindofassertionalmostprevailedinthe1980sandearly1990s.

Thetheoryofbigcities

Somescholarsbelievethatthedevelopmentof"largeandmediumcitieswithbetterconditions"and"centralcities"shouldbeemphasized.Somescholars(RaoHuilinandQuBingquan,1989)clearlypointedoutthatlargecitieshavefargreaterscalebenefitsthansmalltowns.Somescholarshaveproposedanoptimizedcityscalerangewithapopulationof1millionto4millionthatissuitableforthecountry'scurrentconditions.Somescholarsalsobelievethatthebenefitsofurbanscalearestillplayingamajorrole,andtherestrictionsonthescaleoflargecitiesneedtobeappropriatelyrelaxed.Inaddition,somescholarsbelievethatinbackwardareas,largecitiesmustdevelopfirsttoforma"polarcore",andthendrivethedevelopmentofsmallandmedium-sizedcities.

Pluralismus

Někteří učenci se také pokoušeli najít rovnováhu mezi dvěma názory na tatopiny, navrhli urbanizaci venkova a modernizaci měst a městský kontext zaměřený na „vylepšení se středem městského kruhu“.

Teorie středního města

V roce 1984 redakční oddělení "Economic Trends" předložilo "Teorii středního města".

UrbanSystemTheory

Withthedeepeningofurbanizationresearch,somescholars(YiXing,1988)pointedoutthat“thereisnouniformandoptimalurbanscalethatcanbeuniversallyaccepted.Thesystemisalwayscomposedoflarge,mediumandsmallcitiesandtowns,andcitiesatalllevelshaveobjectiverequirementsfordevelopment.Therefore,theurbanizationmodelshouldbediverseandmulti-level."Thedevelopmentpathoftheurbansystemispaidattentionto.

Inteligentní města jsou pokročilou fází urbanizace

Asearlyas2007,theEuropeanUnionproposedtheideaof​​buildingsmartcities.Thenin2009,theEuropeanCommissionputforwardaspecificplanfortheconstructionofsmartcities,anddecidedtoinvest10billionto12billioneurosfortheconstructionofsmartcities.TheconstructionofsmartcitiesintheEUmainlyincludessmartbuildings,smartenergynetworks,smartcitytransportationandsmartmedicalsystems.Comparedwithotherregions,theEU'ssmartcityconstructionpaysmoreattentiontothecity'secologicalenvironmentandsmarteconomy.TheEuropeanUnionhasselectedabout30citiesasthefirstbatchofpilotprojectsfortheestablishmentofsmartcities.

RelevantexpertsintheEuropeanUnionbelievethatsmartcitiesareanadvancedstageofurbanizationdevelopment,basedontheintegrationofmajorurbansystems,theinteractionofphysicalandcyberspace,andtheextensiveparticipationofordinarypeople.Smartcitiesrequiremoresophisticatedmanagement,amoreharmoniousenvironment,amorehigh-endeconomy,andamorecomfortablelife.Comparedwithdigitalcities,smartcitiesfocusmoreonpeople'slivelihoodandservices,encourageinnovationanddevelopment,putmoreemphasisonperceptionandtheInternetofThings,andputmoreemphasisonpublicparticipationandinteraction.TheEU’ssmartcityevaluationcriteriaincludesmarteconomy(i.e.innovativeeconomy),smartmobility(i.e.notonlysmarttransportation,butalsoextendedtoeducation,shoppingandotherfields),smartenvironment(i.e.focusontheecologicalenvironmentofthecity),smartgovernance(i.e.Theadjustmentandimprovementofgovernmentmanagementmodel)andotherindicators.Accordingtoevaluationsbyrelevantauthoritativeorganizations,citiesinSweden,Finland,theNetherlands,Belgium,Luxembourg,Austriaandothercountrieshaverelativelyhighlevelsofintelligence.

Ingeneral,theInternetofThingsplaysaverycriticalroleintheconstructionofsmartcitiesintheEuropeanUnion.InadditiontotheinteractivefunctionsoftheInternetofThings,itismoreimportanttoprovideintelligentdecisionsandservicesbasedontheseinteractiveinformation.Inrecentyears,theEuropeanCommissionhasbeencommittedtoencouragingandpromotingthedevelopmentoftheInternetofThingsindustrywithintheEU,andhastakenthedevelopmentoftheInternetofThingsasanimportantpartoftheconstructionofsmartcities.TheEUhasmainlyadoptedtwomajormeasuresinthedevelopmentoftheInternetofThings:First,continuetoincreaseinvestmentintheInternetofThings,focusingonkeytechnologies,suchasmicroelectronics,non-siliconcomponents,positioningsystems,wirelessintelligentsystemnetworks,securitydesign,softwaresimulation,etc.;Thesecondistostrengthencooperationwithprivatecompaniesinthefourareasofgreencars,energy-efficientbuildings,futurefactories,andtheInternetofThingstoattracttheprivatesectortoparticipateinthedevelopmentoftheInternetofThings.

TheInternetofThingscannotonlyhelpcompaniesimproveeconomicefficiencyandsavecostsinthetraditionallogisticsfield,butalsocanbewidelyusedinroads,transportation,medicalcare,energyandotherfields.TheEUbelievesthatthedevelopmentandapplicationoftheInternetofThingswillmakeamajorcontributiontotheconstructionofsmartcitiesandthesolutionofmodernsocialproblems.Forexample,healthmonitoringsystemswillhelphumanscopewiththeagingproblem.Intrafficjams,the"electroniccallforhelpsystem"canautomaticallycallemergencyrescueserviceswhenacarhasaserioustrafficaccident.TheInternetofThingsapplicationslaunchedbysomememberstatesoftheEuropeanUnionhaveachievedsignificantresults.Forexample,EUmemberstatesareincreasinglyusingdedicatedserialcodesinmedicinestoensurethatmedicinescanbecertifiedbeforetheyreachpatients,reducingcounterfeiting,fraud,anderrorsindistribution.AnotherexampleisSweden,inordertosolvethetrafficcongestionprobleminStockholm,throughtheuseofradiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyandtheuseoflaserscanning,automaticphotographyandadvancedfreetrafficroadsidesystemstoautomaticallydetectandidentifyvehicles,andchargeforvehiclesenteringandleavingthecitycenterduringthedayonweekdays.Asaresult,trafficcongestioninStockholmwasreducedby25%,thetimerequiredfortrafficqueuingwasreducedby50%,andurbanpollutionwasreducedby15%.

SmartgridisanimportantpartoftheEU'sconstructionofsmartcities.ThedevelopmentoftheEuropeansmartgridismainlyledbytheEuropeanUnion.TheEUisresponsibleforsettingoveralldevelopmentgoalsanddirections,andprovidingpolicyandfinancialsupport.Between2010and2018,theEUplanstoinvestapproximately2billioneurosinsmartgrids.Asearlyas2001,theItalianNationalPowerCompanytooktheleadininstalling30millionsmartmetersacrossthecountry,establishinganintelligentelectricitymeteringnetwork.Atthattime,theItalianNationalElectricCompanyfullyimplementedremotemeterreading,mainlytosolvetheproblemofdoor-to-doornuisanceandwasteofmanpower,whileavoidingmisreadingormiscalculation.

Nowadays,moreandmoreEUmemberstatesestablishsmartpowerinformationsystemsbyinstallingsmartmeters,moretoreduceenergyconsumptionandgreenhousegasemissions.

Ontheonehand,theintelligentelectronicinformationsystemallowselectricutilitycompaniestoremotelymonitortheuseofelectricitywithoutleavingtheirhomes,andusersnolongerneedtorelyontheirownassessmenttocalculatetheirownenergyconsumption.Quantity,therebysavingalotofmoneyandenergy.

Ontheotherhand,thesmartgridoperationmanagementcentercansimultaneouslycontrolthepowersupplyanddemandwiththehelpofthesmartpowerinformationsystem,whichcannotonlyrealizethetimelyadjustmentofsupplyanddemandloadchanges,butalsoadjusttheoperatingstatusofpowerfacilities,Stabilizetheoperationofthepowergrid,andimprovetheoperatingeconomyofbothsupplyanddemand.

Differentfromthepastpracticeofcontractuallystipulatedloadlevelsbybothsupplyanddemandparties,smartgridscanrespondtochangesinsupplyanddemandinamoretimelymannerandmakepreciseadjustmentstoensurethepowerqualityofthegrid.Inaddition,theEuropeanUnionhopestointegratewindpower,photovoltaicandotherrenewableenergypowerintotheEuropeanpowergridthroughsmartgridtechnology.

Inordertoestablishasmartgrid,theUnitedKingdomhasannouncedtheinstallationof53millionsmartmetersfor30millionresidentialandcommercialbuildingsintheUnitedKingdomby2019,andFranceplanstoreplaceallnewlyinstalledmetersfromJanuary2012Itisasmartmeter.TheEuropeanCommissionbelievesthattheconstructionofasmartgridisoneofEurope'slargestinfrastructureconstructionprojectsinthenext10years.

Čtyři modely urbanizace v Číně

1. Model delta Pearl River: otevření vnějšímu světu-zakládání podniků financovaných ze zahraničí-industrializace-urbanizace

2.ZhejiangWenzhouModel:SmallCommodityManagement-IndividualPrivateEnterprise-Industrialization-Urbanization

3.SouthernJiangsuModel:Proliferace velkých měst-TownandTownshipPodniky-Industrializace-Urbanizace

4. Severovýchodní model: rozvoj stálých nerostných zdrojů-zakládání velkých a středně velkých státních podniků-industrializace-urbanizace

Performancecharacteristics

TheperformanceoftheurbanizationprocesshasacertaindegreeCharacteristics:Theproportionofurbanpopulationinthetotalpopulationcontinuestorise;intheindustrialstructure,theproportionsofagriculture,industryandotherindustriesfluctuateandchangewitheachother;thelevelofurbanizationisdirectlyproportionaltothegrowthofpercapitaGDP;thelevelofurbanizationishighItisnotonlybasedonthedevelopmentofsecondaryandtertiaryindustries,butalsotheresultofagriculturalmodernization.

Pokrok

1.Ukazatel úrovně urbanizace

Vzorec tohoto indikátoru:PU=U÷P×100%;kde:U——městoPopulace;P-celkový počet obyvatel.

2.Index rychlosti urbanizace

Vzorec tohoto indexu je:TA=1÷n(PUt+n—PUt);kde:TA——rychlost urbanizace;n——Dvakrát rychlost;PUt+n,PUt——procento městského obyvatelstva za rok+nandt;povšimněte si, že jednotka rychlosti urbanizace (TA) ve vzorci ve městech (nebo se zvyšuje v procentuálním procentu) ,ne procenta.

3.Ukazatele kvality urbanizace

Theurbanizationqualityindicatorsarenotsingle,butanindicatorsystemthatintegratesvariousindicators.Here,theindicatorsystemproposedbyYeYumintomeasurethequalityofurbanizationisused,Andmakeslightchanges,dividedintotwomajorsystems.

UrbanModernization

Urbanmodernizationisacomprehensivereflectionofthequalityofacity,whichisembodiedinallaspectsofthelevelofurbandevelopment.Theindicatorsystemformeasuringurbanmodernizationisdividedintothreecategoriesand11indicators.

Thefirstcategoryisanindicatorofthemodernizationleveloftheeconomicstructure.Itmainlyincludes3indicators:percapitaGDP(yuan/person),theproportionofemployeesinthetertiaryindustry(%),andtheproportionoftheaddedvalueofthetertiaryindustryinGDP(%),whichareusedtoreflectthelevelofeconomicdevelopment.

Druhá kategorie je úroveň indikátorů modernizace infrastruktury. Včetně 4 indikátorů: na hlavu zpevněná plocha (metry čtvereční), deset tisíc lidí vlastní autobusy a tramvaje (vozidla), deset tisíc lidí vlastní lékaři (osoby), deset tisíc lidí vlastní telefony) (včetně mobilních telefonů) (včetně

Theyreflectthedevelopmentleveloftransportation,medicalandhealthcare,andcommunicationrespectively.Thethirdcategoryisthelevelofhumanmodernizationindicators.

Including4indicators:percapitapossessionofpubliclibrarycollections,numberofcollegestudentsper10,000people(persons),percapitalivingarea(squaremeters),andpercapitapublicgreenarea(squaremeters).Respectivelyreflectthehumanqualityandthehumanlivingenvironmentandthedevelopmentlevelofculturalinfrastructure.

Integrace měst a venkova

Integrace měst a venkova je proces, ve kterém jsou města a vesnice integrovány do vzájemně závislé oblasti, doplněný integrací, koordinovaným rozvojem a společnou prosperitou.

Theindicatorsystemformeasuringurban-ruralintegrationtheoreticallyincludesfourindicators:theaverageprofitrateoftheprimaryindustryandthesecondaryandtertiaryindustries,thematerialflowandinformationflowbetweenurbanandruralareas,andtheincomedifferencebetweenurbanandruralresidents.ThedifferenceinEngelcoefficientbetweenurbanandruralresidents.

Duetothelimitationofstatisticaldata,twoindicators,theincomedifferencebetweenurbanandruralresidents(reflectinglivingstandards)andthedifferenceinEngel'scoefficientofurbanandruralresidents(reflectingqualityoflife)areselectedtocalculatethecurrentlevelofurban-ruralintegrationinChina.

Porovnání vývoje

Charakteristiky urbanizace v rozvinutých a rozvojových zemích jsou různé.

Rozvinuté země

1. Od začátku.

2.Úroveň urbanizace je vysoká.

3.Objevuje se fenomén kontraurbanizace.

Rozvojové země

1. Začněte a rozvíjejte se rychle.

2.Úroveň urbanizace je nízká.

3.Rozvoj měst je nerozumný.

Například v Brazílii tvoří městské obyvatelstvo 3/4 obyvatel země a problém urbanizace je velmi vážný.

Aspekty urbanizace

Cestovní ruch

„Urbanizace“ je „lidová urbanizace“, jde o urbanizaci zaměřenou na lidi. Lze říci, že „urbanizace“ není totéž jako „industrializace“. Na turistiku orientovaná „neprůmyslová“ urbanizační model je velmi důležitý a hodný propagace nové urbanizační rozvojové cesty.

Nejprve musíme pevně uchopit obecný směr výstavby ekologické civilizace, vzít si "zelený rozvoj, kruhový rozvoj a nízkouhlíkový rozvoj" jako hlavní principy urbanizace a vést urbanizaci ke "krásné" silnici, nechat "krásnou libovolnou Čínu", aby bylo možné pracovat a cestovat.

Secondly,wemustpersistinprotectingandinheritinglocalculture,maintainingandstrengtheninglocalindividuality,takingculturalshapingasthedrivingforceforlocalsocialandeconomicdevelopment,andsimultaneouslyimprovinglocalsoftandhardpowerthroughculturalconstruction.

Again,itisnecessarytoplantourism,organizewelltheindustrialformat,tourism-orientedurbanizationdevelopmentmodel,andadvocateanewurbanizationpathof"non-industrialization",andtousetourism,culturalandcreativeindustries,andmodernservices.Themodernandnewrealeconomysuchasindustryasthemainbody,buildanewtypeofindustrialstructurewithoutstandingcharacteristics“tobringanimalsandcapitalflowswiththeflowofpeople”,andcreateabetter,higher,andhigher-qualityeconomyandSocialdevelopmentperformance.

Finally,wemustfocusonimprovingtheeconomiccontributionrateandsocialcontributionrateofthetourismindustry,andmakeitapillarandleadingindustrysupportinglocaleconomicdevelopmentwiththehighcontributionrateofthetourismindustry,andatthesametimegiveplaytothetourismindustrytoabsorbThelargenumberofjobsandthewiderangeofemploymentopportunitiesmakeitabasicindustryforlocalemployment,allowingtourismtomaketangiblecontributionstopromotinglocaleconomicdevelopment,absorbinglocalemployment,improvingpeople’slivelihood,andimprovingpeople’squalityoflife.

Theinterventionoftourismcansolvetheindustrialproblemsintheprocessofurbanization,aswellastheproblemofwhowillinvestininfrastructure,farmers'welfare,andurbanconstructionintheprocessofurbanization.Whentheproblemofindustriallayoutanddevelopmentissolved,theproblemofinvestmentanddevelopmentwillbesolvedfundamentally.Inotherwords,itistousetourismtopromotethedevelopmentofotherindustries.

Urbanizationofpeople

Thecentralgovernmenthasrepeatedlystatedthaturbanizationisthegreatestpotentialforexpandingdomesticdemandinmycountry.Underthemarketbackgroundoftheurbanizationtrend,allregionsarekeentosubmitnewdistrictsandnewcitiesforapproval,andplansforsomenewdistrictsandurbansub-centershavebeenreleasedinlargequantities.Itisexpectedthatlarge-scalenewcitieswillemergeinthefuture.

First,adjustandreformlocalgovernmentperformanceevaluationindicators,weakentraditionalextensiveeconomic-orientedindicatorssuchasGDP,andstrengthensomenewintensiveeconomicevaluationindicators.

Secondly,fromtheperspectiveofregulation,stabilizingtheexpectationofmacroeconomicdevelopmentthroughalong-termregulationmechanismisthebasisforavoidingrealestatespeculation.Arelativelystablemacroeconomicdevelopmentexpectationandarealestatemarketdevelopmentenvironmenthavebeenformed.Onlyinthiswaycanrealestatespeculationandrealestatemarketbehaviorbeavoided,andthe"emptycity"phenomenoncausedbyoverheatedinvestmentintherealestatemarketcanbeprevented.

Thirdly,realestatenolongerreliesonthe"policycity"tostimulateregionalplanningandrealestatemarketdevelopment,butaccordingtotheneedsofregionalindustriallayouttocoordinatethedevelopmentofcities,capital,industryandpopulation.Graduallycarryouttheprocessofurbanization.

Za čtvrté, rozvoj nových větrných měst vyžaduje, aby se průmysl ujal vedení a co nejlépe dosáhl „integrace průmyslu a města“.