Komunikační metoda
Beforetheinventionofthetelegraph,themainmethodsoflong-distancecommunicationincluded:post,pigeon,letterdog,andbeacon,etc.Postingisapersonwhoisspeciallyresponsiblefortakingahorseorothermeansoftransportationtorelaythelettertothedestination.Theestablishmentofareliableandfastpostsystemrequiresaveryhighcost.First,agoodroadnetworkmustbeestablished,andthenappropriatepostfacilitiesshouldbeequipped.Itisnotfeasibleinareaswithinconvenienttransportation.Thereliabilityofusingpigeoncommunicationisverylow,anditislimitedbyweatherandroutes.Anothertypeofcommunicationmethodistousevisiblesignalssuchasbeaconsmoke,Semaphores,lights,etc.,totransmitbyrelay.Thismethodisalsoexpensiveandsusceptibletoweatherandterrain.Beforetheinventionofthetelegraph,onlythemostimportantmessagesweretransmitted,anditsspeedisunbearablyslowfromtoday'sperspective.
Vynález
Europeanscientistsgraduallydiscoveredvariouscharacteristicsofelectricityinthe18thcentury.Atthesametime,somepeoplebegantostudythepossibilityofusingelectricitytotransmitmessages.Asearlyas1753,anEnglishmanproposedtousestaticelectricitytomaketelegraphs.Hisideaistouse26wirestorepresent26Englishletters.Thepartysendingthetelegramaddsstaticelectricitytothewireintheorderofthetext.Thereceivingpartyattachesasmallnoteoneachwire.Whenthestripofpaperrisesduetostaticelectricity,thetextcanbetranscribed.
Atthesametime,Francewasthefirsttouselightsandsemaphorestospreadinformationonaseriesoftowers,calledOpticaltelegraph,whichisalsotheoriginofthewordtelegraphinEnglish.Itisfaraway,butitslimitationisthatmoremanpowerisrequiredtorelayandtransmitsignalswithintheterrainandbeyond,anditisalsoaffectedbytheweather.
ThefirsttelegraphlinetobeputintooperationfirstappearedinBritainin1839.ItistheGreatWesternRailway(GreatWesternRailway)installedbetweentwostationsforcommunication.Thislineis13mileslongandhasapointerdesign,inventedbyCharlesWheatstoneandWilliamCooke.TheybothobtainedaBritishpatentin1837fortheirinvention.
IntheUnitedStates,SamuelMorseinventedthetelegraphataboutthesametime,andobtainedapatentintheUnitedStatesin1837.Morsealsodevelopedamethodofencodinglettersandnumbersfortransmission,calledMorsecode.
Vývoj
Theinitialtelegraphcanonlycommunicatethroughtheuseoflandlines.Theearliestwirewasasingle-wiretype,whichneededtocompletetheloopthroughtheground,andthetransmissiondistancewaslimited,letalonecrossingtheocean.By1850,thefirstsubmarinecabletraversedtheEnglishChannel,connectingBritainandtheEuropeancontinent.Thefirsttransatlantictelegraphcablewaslaidin1857.However,duetotechnicalreasons,thistransoceaniccablefailedafteronlyafewdaysofuse.ThefirstAtlanticsubmarinetelegraphcablewouldnotbesuccessfullyputintouseuntil1866,nineyearslater.AsforthesubmarinecablethatcrossesthePacificOcean,itwillnotbecompleteduntil1902.
Bythe1890s,wireswerestillusedtotransmittelegramseverywhere.ScientistssuchasNikolaTeslabegantostudysendingtelegramsbyradioatthistime.In1895,ItalianGalilmoMarconisuccessfullysentandreceivedradiotelegramsforthefirsttime.Fouryearslater,in1899,hesuccessfullycarriedoutatransmissionbetweenEnglandandFrance.Thefirsttransatlanticcommunicationwascarriedoutbyradioin1902.Theinventionofwirelesstelegraphymademobilecommunicationpossible.Ocean-goingvesselsequippedwithradiotelegraphmachinescanstillcommunicatewithlandevenontheocean,andcansendoutdistresssignalswhenneeded.
In1912,theBritishpassengershipTitanichitaniceberginthewatersnearNewfoundland,Canada,andsank.Whentheshipwreckoccurred,theship’stelegraphsenderrepeatedlysentwrongmessages,causingpreparationsinthewaterssurroundingtheincident.Therescuedpassengershipmisjudgedtheshipwreckanddelayedtherescueopportunity.
Telegraf pevninské Číny
ThefirsttelegraphlineinChinawasasubmarinecablethatwaslaidbyBritain,RussiaandDenmarkfromHongKongviaShanghaitoNagasaki,Japanin1871.DuetotheoppositionoftheQinggovernment,cableswerebannedfromlandinginShanghai.Later,theDanishcompanyignoredthegovernment'sbanandledthelinetotheShanghaiPublicConcession,andbegansendingandreceivingtelegramsonJune3.Asforthefirstautonomousroute,itwasbuiltinTaiwanbyFujiangovernorDingRichangandcompletedinOctober1877,connectingTainanandKaohsiung.In1879,BeiyangMinisterLiHongzhangsetupatelegraphlinebetweenTianjin,DaguandBeitangformilitarycommunications.In1880,ChinaandRussianegotiatedwithYili,andtherelationsbetweenthetwocountriesweretense.LiHongzhangagainusedtheexcusethat"thewayofusingtroopsisthemostprecious",hewasabletosetuptheGeneralTelegraphBureau,withShengXuanhuaiasthegeneralmanager.ThetelegraphservicefromTianjintoShanghaiwasopenedinDecember1881.LiHongzhangsaid:"Inthepastfiveyears,Chinahascreatedmorethan10,000liofpowerlinesalongtheriverandcoastalprovinces.Thecountryhasspentlittlemoneyandalargeamountofmoneycamefromtheprivate.Atthattime,thelegalpersonprovoked,thegeneralreportedthemilitarysituation,andtheimperialcourtgaveinstructions.Thereisnohindrance.Chinahasneveruseditstroopssofastsinceancienttimes.TheministersgotoQ&A,cominginthemorningandatnight,andtheyarelikelivingtogetherinthecourtyard.Thetelegramcandothreethingswithonestone.Itcanpreventforeignaggressionandstrengthennationaldefense,anditisalsobeneficialtobusiness."TheTianjinElectricPowerBureauwascompletelydestroyedbychaosintheyearofGengzi.In1887,TaiwangovernorLiuMingchuanlaidthesubmarinecablefromFuzhoutoTaiwan,whichwasChina'sfirstsubmarinecable.In1884,theBeijingTelegraphbeganconstruction,adoptingthe"installationoftwolines,fromTongzhouExhibitiontoBeijing,oneendisintroducedintotheoffice,theofficialletterisdelivered,andtheotherendisselectedfortheconvenienceofbusinessandcivilians."OnAugust5ofthesameyear,thetelegraphlineConstructionbegan,andalltelephonepoleswerepaintedred.OnAugust22,theOuterCityCommercialTelegraphOfficeinXiqueHutong,westofChongwenmenwaiStreet,Beijing,opened.OnAugust30ofthesameyear,Lugongtang,locatedinPaoziandwestofChongwenmen,openeditsdoorstosendandreceiveofficialtelegrams.InSeptemberofthethirty-fourthyearofGuangxu(1908),JiangsuProvinceorganizedSongchongRadioBureauwithofficialfundsforofficialandbusinessnotification.China'sfirstcommercialwirelesstelegramwasissuedbySongchongRadioBureau.
InordertoconveyChinesecharacters,thetelegraphdepartmentpreparesacodeconsistingof4digitsor3Romancharacters,thatis,Chinesetelegrams.TheChinesecharactersarerewrittenintotelegramsbeforesendingtosendandreceivetelegrams.Later,themethodofrewritingthecodeintoChinesecharacters.
HongKongTelegraph
Inthelate19thcentury,aftertheBritishruledHongKong,theyactivelydevelopedthetelegraphnetworkandestablishedtheDadongTelegraphBureautoprovideexternalliaisonservicesforHongKong’sindustrialandcommercialcircles.Beginningin1871,theDadongTelegraphBureaufacilitatedthelayingoftelegraphcablesintheSteelWireBayonthewestofHongKongIslandtoconnectHongKongandotherplaces.
AftertheSecondWorldWar,HongKong'seconomytookoffatarapidpace,andthetelegraphmadealotofcontributionstothedevelopmentofHongKong'sindustryandcommerce.Duringtheperiodwhenthetelegraphwasmostpopular,largecorporationsandbanks,generaltradingcompanies,andgarmentfactoriesallhadatleastonetelegraphtransmitter.
Inthe1980s,withthepopularizationoffaxmachines,thetelegraphgraduallydeclinedinHongKong.OnNewYear'sDayin2004,PCCWceaseditstelegraphbusinessinHongKong.
Tchajwanský telegram
TelegramisthebeginningofTaiwan'stelecommunicationsbusiness.IntheQingDynasty,ShenBaozhenproposedtobuildawaterandlandreportinglinewhenhewasinspectingTaiwanin1874.DingRichangerectedatelegraphlinefromTainanFuchengtoFengshanQihouin1877.The"GeneralTelegraphBureau"wasestablishedinTaipeiin1876,andtheTelegraphAcademywasestablishedin1888.IntheheydayoftheJapaneseoccupationperiod,Taiwan’scableelectricalandelectronictelegraphcircuitshad99circuits,16externalwirelesstelegraphcircuits,and6submarinecables.LateritwasmostlydestroyedbyU.S.aircraftbombing.TheequipmentandcomputerroomwerereceivedbythetelecommunicationsbureauatthebeginningoftheRepublicofChina.Taiwan’sfirstuseofanEnglishteletypewriterwasonAugust16,1949,whentheCaoshan(Yangmingshan)TelecommunicationsBureauinstalledanAmerican15-typeteletypewriterinordertoprocessalargenumberoftelegramstoJiangZhongzheng.Sincethen,thefivemaintelegraphcircuitsmanagedbythetelecommunicationsbureauhavealsochangedtoteletypewriters,andusetheinternationallyaccepted"fiveunitcode"(Baudotcode).
Použití
Přehled
Theinventionofthetelegraphhasgreatlyreducedthepriceoflong-distancecommunication.Thetransmissioncostoftheearliesttelegramwasone-thirtiethofthatoftheswingarmsignalsystembasedonvisualobservation.Later,withtheimprovementoftechnologyandtheexpansionoftheamount,itdroppedsharply.Bythebeginningofthe20thcentury,evenordinarypeoplecouldaffordtousetelegramforlong-distancecommunication.Thecompanyresponsiblefortelegraphcommunicationsatthattimesetuptelegraphbureausinmajorcities.Ordinarypeopleaslongastheypayatthetelegraphofficecansendatelegramreporttoanothercityfaraway.Thechargeiscalculatedbasedonthedistanceandthenumberofwordsinthetelegraph.Whenthetelegraphofficeattheotherendreceivesthetelegram,someonewillsendtheprintedtelegramtothedestination.Asforthemajorcompaniesandgovernments,mostofthemhavetheirowntelegraphlines.Withthepopularizationoftelegrams,organizationsthatusetelegramstotransmitnewshavealsoappearedeverywhere,thatis,thecurrentnewsagencies.Amongthem,ReuterswasestablishedinLondonin1851andwasoneoftheearliestnewsagencies.
Becausethetransmissionrateofthetelegramisverylimited,itcanonlybeusedtotransmittextatfirst,andthetextmustbeascondensedaspossibletoreducethenumberofwords.Theearliesttelegramsweresentbyhand,andskilledtelegrapherscouldtransmitoneletterpersecondusingMorsecode.Later,inthe1920s,theteletypewriterwasinventedtoautomatethetransmissionoftelegraphs.Teletypewritersareconnectedbydialinglikeatelephone,andthenthemessageissentoutbytyping,usingthesametechnologyasthetelegraph.Mostpeoplecanusetelex,thespeedoftransmissionhasbeenimproved,andthechanceoferrorisgreatlyreduced.Beforefacsimileandlong-distancetelephonebecamepopular,teletypewriterswereonceusedinofficesinvariousplacesandwereusedforlong-distancecommunication.
Vojenské použití
TheCivilWarthatbrokeoutintheUnitedStatesfrom1861to1865wastheworld’sfirstuseoftelegraphformilitaryuse.ThetwosidesofthewarexceptforMorsecodeInadditiontocommunicationbetweenthetroops,italsocooperatedwiththenewspaperindustrytodisseminateinformationonthebattlefield.
IntheSino-FrenchWarof1884,theFrencharmyinvadedTaiwan.Taiwan’sgovernorandcommanderoftheQingarmy,LiuMingchuan,alsomadegooduseofthetelegrambuiltduringDingRichang’speriodandreportedTaiwantotheQingcourt.Ofwar.
IntheSino-JapaneseWarof1894to1895,theJapaneseinterceptedthetelegramsentbyLiHongzhangbacktoBeijingbytelegram,andlearnedoftheQingcourt’sindemnityandpeace.
DuringtheRusso-JapaneseWarin1905,JapanestablishedatelegraphmonitoringstationinTaiwanandlearnedthattheRussianBalticFleetwaspassingthroughtheTaiwanStraittoaidthebattlezoneofLushunandTsushima.AndsothatJapansmoothlyannihilatedtheRussianfleetinonefellswoop.
DuringWorldWarII,theGermansdevelopedtheEnigmacryptographictransmitter(Enigma),whichoncemadetheAllieshelpless,butintheendtheyweremoreadvancedbytheAllies.TheciphermachinedecodedandannihilatedtheGermanU-boatfleetcommandedbytelegraphcommunicationintheAtlanticnavalbattle.
DuringtheKuomintangandCommunistParty’scivilwar,theKuomintangandtheCommunistPartyalsoreusedtelegramencoding/decodingpersonnel.However,thePLAusedtelegramstointerceptnationalmilitaryinformationandatthesametimecooperatedwithinfiltratorsbehindenemylinesandthepeople’ssupport.Operatetogainanadvantage;seealsothemovie"ListentotheWind".
Dnešní Telegram
Withthedevelopmentofcommunicationtechnology,telegramisnolongerthemaincommunicationmethod.Sincethedigitizationofthetelephonenetwork,telegraphcommunicationhasbecomeoneoftheapplicationsoftextcommunicationwithinthedigitalcommunicationnetwork.Afterthepopularizationoffaxmachines,ithasbeenreplacedbyfax.WhentheInternetandmobilecommunicationsbecamemorewidelyused,telegramswerefurtherreplacedbyemailsandtextmessages.Mostpeoplenolongerusetelegramcommunication.Thetraditionaltelegramnews(ie,telecompressreleases)hasalsobeenreplacedbyfax,InternetandmobilephoneSMS.Onlyinsomeveryspecialoldapplicationenvironments,wouldIoccasionallyseetelegraphservicesusingteletypewriters.
OnJanuary1,2004,PCCWinHongKongannouncedtheterminationofalltelegramservicesbothinsideandoutsideHongKong.Inthesameyear,theDutchtelegramservicealsoceased.WesternUniontelegram,thelargesttelegramcompanyintheUnitedStates,)AnnouncedtheterminationofalltelegramservicesonJanuary27,2006.OnMay1,2008,Thailandissued4000commemorativetelegramstocommemoratethehistoryoftheThaibusinessthathasbeenusedfor133years.TheIndianstate-ownedTelecommunicationsCo.,Ltd.terminateditstelegraphbusinessonJuly14,2013.
Currently,inNorthAmerica,InternationTelegraphystillmaintainstelegramservices,mainlyforsomespecialfestiveoccasions,orforthepurposeofresolvinglegaldisputes.InJapan,NTTEastJapanandNTTWestJapanstillprovidetelegramservicestothelocalpeople,mainlyforcelebratingweddings,graduations,orfuneralsandmourning.Thetelegramstransmittedwillbeprintedonspecialpaperandenvelopesaccordingtotheoccasion.IntheUnitedKingdom,BritishTelecomsplitthetelegraphbusinessintoasmallcompanyTelegramOnlinein2003.Insomedevelopingcountries,thetelegraphisstillusedforlegalandcommunicationpurposes.
InMainlandChina,duetotherapiddevelopmentofthecommunicationsindustry,fewpeoplehandletheciviltelegraphbusiness.Someprovincesandcitieshaveevencancelledciviliantelegraphservices.Thefull-timetelegraphcourierisalsoclosetodisappearing.
Butbecausethetransmissionofsimplesignalsintheformofpasswordsrequiresfewerresources,andsomeconfidentialcommunicationsorprofessionalaviationandmaritimeoperationscanstillusesimilarpassword-typedmessages,butthesearenotThenconstituteaspecialprofession.
Vidět
Therhymeonbehalfoftheday,China’sfirsttelegramtorecordtheday.
Invertedpyramidstructure,anewsreportingmethodformedbytheuseoftelegrams.