Osobní zkušenost
HockfieldtaughtneurobiologyatYaleUniversityin1985andwasnamedfullprofessorin1994.Shespent19springandautumnacademiccareersatYaleUniversity.Shehasservedasthedeanofitsgraduateschool,thedeanoftheschool,theacademicandadministrativedirector,etc.,andhasplayedacoreleadershiproleintheuniversity.Hawkfieldiscommittedtothestudyofbraindevelopmentandglioma(adeadlybraincancer),pioneeredtheapplicationofmonoclonalantibodytechnologyinbrainscienceresearch,anddiscoveredaproteinthatregulatesthestructureofbrainneuronsatanearlystage.Shediscoveredthatageneandproteinfamilythatplayakeyroleinthespreadofbraintumorsmaybecomeatherapeutictargetfortargetedtherapyofglioma.
ThecurrentandsixteenthpresidentoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT),adirectorofGeneralElectricCompany,adirectoroftheWoodsHoleOceanResearchInstituteofCarnegie,NewYork,andadirectoroftheboardofdirectorsoftheBostonSymphonyOrchestra.SheisamemberoftheNationalPsychiatricAdvisoryBoard,theNationalCenterforHealthResearch,andservesonmanyotheradvisoryboards.TheprofessionalsocietiesshehasworkedforincludetheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceandtheSocietyforNeuroscience.
Shereceivedabachelor'sdegreeinbiologyfromtheUniversityofRochesterin1973.In1979,hereceivedadoctorateinneurologyfromtheGeorgetownUniversitySchoolofMedicine.From1979to1980,hewasapostdoctoralresearcheratNIHintheUnitedStates.In1980,hejoinedtheColdSpringHarborLaboratoryinNewYork,USA.From1985to1997,heservedasthedirectorofthelaboratory'ssummerneurobiologyresearchproject.
Dr.HawkfieldwasawardedhonorarydegreesbyBrownUniversity,TsinghuaUniversity,andWatsonSchoolofBiologicalSciences,andwaselectedasamemberoftheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences.[3]In1979,hestudiedforadoctorateinanatomyandneuroscienceattheGeorgetownUniversitySchoolofMedicine,andthendidpostdoctoralresearchattheUniversityofCalifornia.BeforeenteringYaleUniversity,shewasaseniorresearcherattheColdSpringLaboratoryinNewYork.
V roce 1985 se Hawkfield stal přednášejícím na YaleUniversity.
Promotedtoassociateprofessorin1991andfullprofessorin1994.Hawkfieldhasbeencommittedtotheresearchofmammalianbraindevelopment,especiallyinthefatalglioma.Shepioneeredtheuseofmonoclonalantibodytechnologyinbrainresearchanddiscoveredproteinfamiliesandgenesthatcausecancercellstospreadinthebrain.
From1998to2003,HawkfieldservedastheDeanoftheGraduateSchoolofArtsandSciencesatYaleUniversity.InJanuary2003,HawkfieldwasappointedastheProvostofYaleUniversity,responsibleformanagingtheeducationpolicies,academicprograms,andscholarshipprogramsofYaleUniversity'sdepartments.HawkfieldisalsoresponsibleforthemanagementofYaleUniversity'soperationsandresearchbudget.
InMay2005,HawkfieldbecamethesixteenthpresidentandprofessorofneuroscienceattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.OnFebruary16,2012,HawkfieldannouncedthatshehaddecidedtoresignaspresidentofMIT.Hawkfieldwillcontinuetoserveuntilanewprincipalisappointed.OnMay16,2012,theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)boardofdirectorselectedL.RafaelReifasthenewpresidentoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.HesucceededHawkerfieldonJuly2andbecametheNo.17headmasters.
Hlavní úspěchy
Hockfieldpioneeredtheuseofmonoclonalantibodytechnologyinbrainresearchanddiscoveredproteinfamiliesandgenesthatleadtothespreadofcancercellsinthebrain.Shehasbeencommittedtotheresearchofmammalianbraindevelopment,especiallyinthefatalglioma.Shepioneeredtheuseofmonoclonalantibodytechnologyinbrainresearchanddiscoveredproteinfamiliesandgenesthatcausecancercellstospreadinthebrain.
Dr.Hawkfield’sresearchfocusesonmammalianbraindevelopmentandglioma,afatalbraincancer.Shepioneeredtheuseofmonoclonalantibodytechnologyinthefieldofbrainresearch,andthusdiscoveredaproteinthatcontrolschangesinthestructureofneuronsintheearlystagesofmammalianlife.Herresearchfoundthataproductofageneanditsproteinlineplaysanimportantroleinthespreadofbraincancercells,whichmayleadtoanewtargetforthetreatmentofglioma.
Asanoutstandingneuroscientistfocusingonthedevelopmentofmammalianbrains,Dr.HawkfieldisthefirstlifescientisttoleadMIT,andalsoservesasthedailyteachingworkofneurologyintheDepartmentofBrainandPerceptionSciences.Dr.HawkfieldattachesgreatimportancetostrengtheningthecooperationandexchangesamongMIT'sdepartmentsanddisciplines,soastoensurethatMITisalwaysinaleadingpositioninglobalscientificinnovation.ShebelievesthatMIT'sleadingpositioninengineeringandsciencewillenableMITtobeattheforefrontofnewtechnologies,interdisciplinaryfields,andtheapplicationofresearchresultstopractice.CoupledwithMIT'straditionalstrongdisciplines,suchasarchitecture,planning,managementandanthropology,art,socialsciences,etc.,thiswillenableMITtocontinuetobeabletobecomeapioneerinsolvingthechallengesofthetimes.
Underherleadership,MIThaslaunchedalarge-scaleschool-widescientificresearchandeducationprojectonenergy,andstrengthenedcooperationbetweenlifesciencesandengineering,especiallycancerresearch.MITalsosetouttoprovidesustainablesupportforstudentlifeandlearning,suchasundergraduatecurriculumreform,andspent$750milliononlarge-scalecampusrenovationprojects.
Dr.HawkfieldbelievesthatMIThastheresponsibilitytodevelopnewmodelsforglobaleducationandscientificresearch.Therefore,itcontinuestomaintainMIT’slong-termtraditionandactivelyengagesinthecirculationofpersonnelandinformationwithrelevantgovernmentsandscientificresearchinstitutionsaroundtheworld.DuringhistenureaspresidentofMIT,Dr.Hawkfieldattachedgreatimportancetointernationalindustry-university-researchcooperation.In2007,MITandtheUnitedArabEmiratesreachedanagreementtojointlybuildtheMasdarInstituteofScienceandTechnology,theworld'sfirsthighereducationinstitutionfocusingonalternativeandsustainableenergyresearchandtraininggraduatestudents.In2009,ZhejiangUniversity,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyandSingaporereachedanagreementtojointlybuildSingaporeUniversityofTechnologyandDesign.In2011,itbegantorecruitthefirstundergraduatestudents.In2011,theSkolkovoFoundationofRussiaandtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyreachedanagreementtojointlybuildtheSkolkovoUniversityofTechnology,whichwasputintooperationin2013.
UndertheleadershipofDr.Hawkfield,MITactivelyseeksteachingandscientificresearchpartnersinChina,andhasachievedsomeresults.OnNovember15,2009,theTsinghuaUniversity-Cambridge-MITLow-CarbonEnergyUniversityAlliancewasestablishedinBeijing.OnJune21,2010,TsinghuaUniversity-MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology-TheChineseUniversityofHongKong"TheoreticalComputerScienceResearchCenter"wasestablished.GuBinglin,PresidentofTsinghuaUniversity,SusanHawkfield,PresidentofMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,andZuyaoShen,President-electoftheChineseUniversityofHongKongUnveilingthejointcentertogether.Intermsofjointschoolrunning,MITisalsoactivelyworkingtocooperatewithNantongCityGovernmentandShanghaiJiaotongUniversitytobuildaresearchuniversityofscienceandtechnology.
DůležitéDiskuse
Seznamte se s třetí biologickou revolucí lidstva
AttheScienceandTechnologyPolicyForumheldbytheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience(AAAS),theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyChiefSusanHawkfieldgaveaspeechonthefuturedevelopmentprospectsoflifesciences.ShesaidthattheDNAstructurediscoveredbyWatsonandCrickin1953isalifescienceThetworevolutionshavelaidthefoundationstone.Thetworevolutionsaremolecularbiologyandgenomics.TheformerrevealshowtheinformationencodedinDNAisinterpretedbyribonucleicacid(RNA)toproteinsthatcompletelifefunctions.ThelatterHelppeoplerevealtheinformationcarriedbythegenome.Susanbelievesthatpeoplearefacingmanyuniquescientificopportunities,andinthelifesciences,whatpeopleseewillbethefirstresultsbroughtaboutbytheintegrationoflifescienceswithphysicsandengineering.Threebiologicalrevolutions.
DůležitéNástroje
Susanbelievesthatinthepastfewdecades,theacceleratedexpansionoflifescienceknowledgeisbasedonlifeBasedonthecooperationbetweenscienceandengineering.WhetheritistheunderstandingofthestructureandfunctionofDNA,RNAandtheirproteinproducts,orthedevelopmentofmedicinesandclinicaldiagnosis,peoplehaveusednewmethodsanddevelopmentsinphysicsandengineering.Tools,suchaselectronmicroscopes,tomographyscanners,andMRImachines.Inthehumangenomedecipheringproject,mathematicsandcomputerscienceandpowerfulnewgenesequencingtechnologieshavebecomeimportanttoolsthatbiologistsrelyon.
Ochrana všech tří studií
Susanpointedoutthat,onthesurface,thiscollaborationbetweenlifesciencesandengineeringismorelikeanengineerprovidingbiologistsHowever,itwastheircooperationthatgavebirthtoanotherrevolutioninlifesciences.Shesaidthatthecloserelationshipbetweenthetwodisciplineshasevolvedintoapowerfulandproductivenewbody,andtheyhavegraduallyformedanequalrelationshipandappeared.Signsoftheconvergenceofthetwo.Inthefuture,theywilleachbenefitalotfromtheintegration.Inordertoexplainherpointofview,Susancitedthreeresearchesincancermedicine,batteryenergyandenvironmentalprotectionthatMITisdoing..
Rakovinná medicína
Incancermedicine,therearemorethanadozencancersintheDavidKochInstituteforComprehensiveCancerResearchatMITResearchscientistsandmorethanadozenengineersleadmultipleresearchgroupstoresearchanddevelopnewapproachestocancerdiagnosis,treatmentandprevention.OneoftheresultsthatpeopleexpectThefirstischemotherapyforcancercells,usingnano-drugdeliverycarrierstodeliverdrugsdirectlytothelesiontokillcancercells;intermsofbatteryenergy,thecollegeresearchershavedevelopedatechnologythatusesvirusestomaketheanodeandcathodeoflithium-ionbatteries,Thisnewtypeofbatterycanbemanufacturedatroomtemperature,doesnotemittoxicsubstances,andhasbettercharginganddischargingperformancewhenthepowercapacityisequivalenttothatofordinarylithium-ionbatteries,andissuitableforuseasabatteryforplug-inhybridvehicles.Thisisalivingexampleofbiologyhelpingenergyengineering;intermsofenvironmentalprotection,civilandenvironmentalengineersofthecollegeusegenomicstechnologytodecipherthemicrobialecosystemintheoceanandmonitortheresponseofthemicrobialecosystemtoclimatechange.
Susanbelievesthathumansocietyisfacedwithmanyissueswithwide-ranginginfluence,frompandemicdiseasestoill-fatedglobaleconomy,totheunsustainableglobalenergysystem,allofwhicharedeeplystressful.Tothisend,peopleshouldtakemeasurestopromotetheintegrationoflifesciencesandengineering,sothatmankindcansharethefruitsofthenewrevolutioninlifesciencesassoonaspossible.Shesuggestedfourspecialmethodstoacceleratetheadventofthethirdrevolutioninlifesciences.
Inspirativní nadšení
Firstofall,youngpeoplemustbeencouragedtodevotethemselvestothecareerintegratinglifesciencesandengineering.TheyshouldstimulatetheirenthusiasmandprovidethemwithIncludinginterdisciplinaryeducationsuchasbiologyandengineering,computerandmathematics,sothattheycaneasilymasterthebasicknowledgeofmultipledisciplinestogether.
Zřídit novou akademickou instituci
Secondly,establishanewacademicinstitution.AtMIT,cellandmolecularbiologyresearchinstitutionsnaturally"incubate"newdisciplinesofbioengineering,whichisbetterthanthesimplecombinationofbiologistsandengineers.Asaresultofthe"incubation"process,researchersunderstandbothengineeringlanguageandlifesciencelanguage,aswellasexcellentmasteryofbioengineeringlanguage.Becausetheyareveryfamiliarwithbiologicalknowledge,bioengineershaveusedtheirabilitiestotheextremeintheirwork:analyzingcomplexsystems,interpretingexpectedmathematicalmodels,findingbasicdesignprinciples,andthendesigningnewwaystosolveproblems.SusanbelievesthatitisnecessarytopromotethepracticeofMITtotheUnitedStatesandencouragethestrengtheningofexchangesandcooperationamongvariousdisciplines.
Third,thefundingdistributionmechanismisshiftedtoacross-disciplinaryresearchwork.Wemustcontinuetoprovidefundingforresearchininterdisciplinaryfieldsandprojectsandyoungpeopleengagedinresearchinemergingresearchinstitutions,andwemustnotonlyeducateandtraininterdisciplinarystudentswithoutprovidingthefundsneededforaninterdisciplinaryresearchcareer.Inaddition,Susanalsobelievesthatfundsshouldbeprovidedforprojectsinvolvingpersonnelfromdifferentdepartments,differentcolleges,anddifferentinstitutes,andtosimplifytheirapplicationproceduresforobtaininginvestment.
Kontakty musí být navázány
Finally,contactsmustbeestablishedbetweennationalR&Dfundingagencies.TheNationalInstitutesofMedicine(NIH)isthefederalgovernment'smainfundingagencyforbasicresearchinlifesciences.OthersincludetheNationalScienceFoundation,theDepartmentofEnergy,andtheDepartmentofDefense.Susansaidthatthisformofscientificresearchinvestmentisdifficulttocreateaunifiedresearchenvironment.Thefundingagenciesshouldestablishcontactsandbecomecollaboratorswithscientiststojointlyidentifyareasofinvestmentwithmoreopportunitiesandtopscientificchallenges,andjointlyformulateaunifiedR&Dstrategy.
Změní to životy lidí
Susanfinallysaidthatthethirdbiologicalrevolutionwillchangepeople’slives.Shesaidthatatthebeginningofthe20thcentury,noonethoughtthathumanlifewouldbechangedbytheindustrythatoriginatedfromthecombinationofphysicsandengineering.Nowadays,peoplecannotpredictwhatkindofindustrywillbebroughtaboutbytheintegrationoflifesciences,physicsandengineering,butitiscertainthatthenewindustrywillgreatlychangehumanlife.ShebelievesthattheproblemfacingtheUnitedStatesistheneedtochangeAmericanscientificresearchinstitutionsandadjusttheoperationofthefederalgovernmenttoacceleratethedevelopmentofthepotentialofthenewbiologicalrevolution,whichwillbenefithumanhealth,nationalprosperityandthesurvivaloftheplanet.
Vzdělávací perspektivy
AlthoughAmericanhighereducationhasbeenverysuccessfulsincethelastcentury,intheeyesofthefemaleheadoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,AmericaneducationhasnotNottheonlyexcellentmodelinhighereducationandresearch.Infact,Americanhighereducationsucceededonlyafterthreecenturiesofimprovementandobtainedmodelsandideasfromothercountriesanduniversities."Lookingforward,universitieswillneedtolearnfromeachotherandlearnfromeachotherthebestpracticesineducationandresearch,nomatterwheretheyoriginate,"shesaid.Therefore,ifcollegesanduniversitiesoutsidetheUnitedStatessimplycopiedandimprovedthethree-centuryformofcollegesanduniversitiesintheUnitedStates,itdoesnotnecessarilymeansuccess.
Similarly,collegesanduniversitiesoutsidetheUnitedStatesmaynotnecessarilysucceedinlearningfromstudententrepreneurialexperience.Since1983,twoMBAstudentsfromtheUniversityofTexasatAustinheldthefirstentrepreneurialplanningcompetition,thisformofentrepreneurshiphastakentheworldbystorm.Sofar,morethan20universitiesintheUnitedStates,includingworld-classuniversitiessuchasMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyandStanfordUniversity,holdthiscompetitioneveryyear.Accordingtostatistics,46%ofthe50besthigh-techcompaniesintheUnitedStatescamefromtheMITEntrepreneurshipPlanningCompetition.However,thesuccessofundergraduates'entrepreneurshipintheUnitedStatesisinseparablefromitsmaturesupportingmechanism,andthismodelmaynotbesuitableforallschools.
So,whatthefemaledeanwantstodiscussmostishowuniversitiescandobetterinthecontextofglobalization.Inherview,universitiesallovertheworldarefacinghugechallenges.Universitiesshouldadapttotherequirementsoftheeraofglobalizationandbekeenlyawareofnewopportunities,butthisdoesnotmeanthatuniversitiesshouldabandontheirlong-termtasks.DeanHawkfieldbelievesthatasaresearchinstitution,universitiesshoulddevelopknowledgeforthebenefitofsociety;asaneducationalinstitution,universitiesshouldtrainthenextgenerationofleaders.Inherview,themostsuccessfuluniversitiesarethosethatcooperatecloselyinsuchareasasenterprisingandadventurous.
ItispreciselybecauseofcompetitionthatAmericanuniversitieshavebecomeahotbedofinnovationandahugeengineofeconomicgrowth.ButDeanHawkfieldbelievesthatfocusingoninnovationdoesnotmeanignoringthosefieldsthatarenotdirectlyrelatedtopracticality.
SheemphasizedthatatMIT,thehumanities,socialsciences,andtheartsalsoplayaveryimportantroleinresearchandeducation.ThelargestcollegeatMITistheDepartmentofEngineering,andadepartmentofcomparablescaleistheAcademyofSciences.Infact,thecollegewillfurtherpromotethedevelopmentofnewinterdisciplinarycooperationthroughouttheschool.
ThebasicstrengthofAmericanresearchuniversitiesstemsfromtheintegrationofeducationandresearch.Thefemaledeanemphasizedthateducationisnotonlyaboutthespecificsubjectsthatstudentsmuststudy.Whenstudentsleavecampus,theywillmanagetheteamatworkandleadtheorganizationthroughchanges.Theymustcreateandbecomeentrepreneurs.Moreover,theyhavetocompletethesetasksinaconstantlychangingenvironmentandinincreasinglycomplexsituations."Obviously,theskillsourgraduateswillusearelearnedintheclassroomorlaboratory.Butequallyimportantaretheknowledgetheylearnedinactivitiesoutsidetheformalcurriculum."Tothisend,MIThasstrengthenedsomeActivity.
Forexample,aninternship.MIThasanInternationalScienceandTechnologyCenter(MISTI).Thiscenterassignsstudentstocompanies,researchlaboratoriesanduniversitiesaroundtheworldforinternships.Beforetheyleave,internsmustlearnthelocallanguageandculture.Theexperienceabroadenablesthemtoestablishlong-termprofessionalconnectionsbetweendifferentcountriesandcultures.
Intellectualdevelopmentandindependencearenecessaryqualitiesforleadership.MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyhasawell-knownUndergraduateOpportunityResearchProgram(UROP).InUROP,studentsconductcutting-edgeresearchdirectlywithteachers.Thereareone-to-onestudent-teachercooperationintheformofcooperation,andtherearealsogroupscomposedofteachersandresearchersfromdifferentdisciplines.Studentsgainvaluablefirst-handexperienceandenjoyworkingwithmentorsandfriends.AtMIT,85%ofundergraduatestudentsparticipateinUROP.
"Independence,competition,innovation,interdisciplinarycooperation,andclosetieswiththeworld.ThevaluesofthesebestuniversitiesintheUnitedStatescanhelpanyuniversitythatstrivesforthetopintheeraofglobalization."Hawkfieldsaid.
Vyznamenání přijato
Dr.HawkfieldreceivedhonorarydegreesfromBrownUniversity,TsinghuaUniversity,ColdSpringHarborLaboratoryandWatsonInstituteofBiologicalSciences,andwaselectedtotheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences.OtherhonorsincludetheWilburLuciusCrossMedalfromYaleUniversity,theWilburLuciusCrossCareerAchievementAwardfromtheUniversityofRochester,andtheCharlesJudsonHerrickAwardfromtheAmericanAssociationofAnatomists,whichisawardedtoyoungscientistswhohaveachievedoutstandingachievementsinthefield.
WontheGoldAwardforInternationalAcademicAchievementin2005andtheSheffiedAwardfromYaleUniversityin2004.