Basicexplanation
Socialstructurereferstothecompositionandrelationshippatternofsocialmembersofacountry,tribe,tribeorregionthathavecertainresourcesandopportunities,includingpopulationsNumericalstructure,familystructure,socialorganizationstructure,urbanandruralstructure,regionalstructure,employmentordivisionoflaborstructure,incomedistributionstructure,consumptionstructure,socialclassstructureandotherimportantsubstructures,ofwhichthesocialclassstructureisthecore.
Socialstructurehasimportantcharacteristicssuchascomplexity,integrity,hierarchy,andrelativestability.Anidealmodernsocialstructureshouldhavetheimportantcharacteristicsoffairness,rationality,andopenness.
Komponenty
Nejdůležitějšími složkami sociální struktury jsou postavení, role, skupiny a instituce.
Thecontentofthesocialstructureisactuallythemainbodyofsociety—animalsandtheirsurvivalactivities—thewayinwhichsocialactivitiesandsocialrelationsexist,generallyexpressedas:
1.Struktura populace;
2,struktura skupinové kombinace;
3,struktura umístění jednotlivce (skupinová třída, do které patří ve společnosti);
4.Prostorová struktura životní oblastitohoto druhu;
5.Struktura životního stylu;
6 a složení různých oblastí, jako je sociální ekonomika, politika, právo, kultura atd. A vzájemné vztahy atd.
Akademická definice
Obecně odkazuje na přirozenou kombinaci základních prvků společnosti, jako jsou: sociálnítřídní struktura, ekonomická struktura, kulturní struktura atd.
Itisgenerallybelievedthatsocialstructurereferstothestablerelationshipandformationofvariouselementsofsociety,thatis,arelativelystablenetworkformedbymutualrelationsinacertainorder.Themaincontentofsocialstructureincludesgroupstructure,organizationalstructure,Communitystructure,institutionalstructure,ideologicalstructure.
Socialstructureisformednaturallyorartificiallyaccordingtosocialneeds.Theprocessofsocialstructureoperationisalsotheprocessofsocialstructureexertingitssocialfunctions.Whentheoperationofthesocialstructureencounterscertainobstaclesorproducescertaindiseases,thepredeterminedsocialfunctionofthesocialstructureissubsequentlydestroyed,orthefunctionshrinksanddegenerates;orthefunctionisdistortedanddeformedanddeviatesfromthepredeterminedtrack;orthefunctionistransformedandtransformed.Thesearedysfunctions,andtheresultingsocialproblemsarecalleddysfunctionsocialproblems.Socialproblemssuchasbureaucracy,abuseofpowerforpersonalgain,corruptionandacceptanceofbribesbelongtothiscategoryofsocialproblems,andthesesocialproblemsarecausedbydiseasesorobstaclesinthesocialorganizationstructure.
Hlavní ukazatele
Populační struktura
Populační struktura je základní strukturou sociální struktury. Od roku 1978 do roku 2007 se porodnost a přirozený populační růst v mé zemi zvýšil z 18,25 %, resp. 12,10 %, 0 %. .Tato nižší úroveň jde nahoru a dolů.Na základě toho doznala věková struktura, kvalitativní struktura a struktura prostorového rozložení čínské populace velkými změnami. Velikost populace má na společnost velký vliv.
Familystructure
Familyisthecellofsociety.mycountry'sfamilystructure,structuralmodelanditssocialintegrationfunctionhaveundergonemajorchanges:oneistheminiaturizationofthefamily;thesecondisthediversificationoffamilytypes;thethirdisthechangeinthemodeloffamilystructure.Forotheranimals,afamilyisoftenasociety,andchangesinfamilystructurehaveagreatimpactontheoperationofsociety.
Organizationstructure
Organizationstructurereferstothedistributionstructureofsocialorganizationsinsociety.Areasonableorganizationalstructureisconducivetosocialdevelopment.Anirrationalorganizationalstructuremayevenendangertheexistenceoftheentiresociety.Dronesormaleants,pupae,larvae,eggsandsoldierants)aredifficultorimpossibletosurvive.
Sincethereformandopeningup,theorganizationalstructureanditsintegrationfunctionhavechanged,especiallysocialorganizationshavebeguntodevelopandplayasocialintegrationfunctionoutsideofthestateandthemarket.In2008,thenumberofregisteredsocialorganizationsnationwidereachedapproximately414,000,absorbingmorethan4.758millionpeoplefromalltypesofsociety,andithasbecomeanimportantintegrationforceforbuildingaharmonioussociety.
Thestructureofdivisionoflabor
Employmentordivisionoflaboristhefoundationofsocietyandpeople’slivelihood.Generallyspeaking,divisionoflaborisusedtorefertootheranimals,andemploymentisusedtorefertohumans.Divisionoflaboristoassigndifferentresponsibilitiestodifferentmembersofthesociety,andareasonablestructureisconducivetosocialdevelopment.Forexample,thesocietyofsocialmoles.Ifthereisnointelligencerat,themolegroupwillnotbeabletoknownaturalenemiesornaturaldisasters(storms,mudslides,Thepresenceofcoldwaves,tornadoes,tropicalcyclones,etc.),iftherearetoomanyintelligencerats,itwillcausethemolepopulationtobeparticularlyconspicuousandeasytobehuntedbynaturalenemies,andtherecanonlybeoneorafewfemalebreedingrats,otherwiseitwillleadtopopulationnumbersToobig,theenvironmentisdifficulttobear.
Significantchangeshavetakenplaceintheemploymentstructure,manifestedbychangesintheallocationoflaborinindustries,industries,andpositions.By2008,thenon-agriculturalemploymentpopulationaccountedfor60.4%,thenon-agriculturalindustryemploymentpopulationexceededtheagriculturalemploymentpopulation,andthetertiaryindustryemploymentpopulationexceededthesecondaryindustryemploymentpopulation.From1978to2008,thenumberofemployeesinthesecondaryandtertiaryindustriesincreasedby11.664millionannuallyonaverage.
Incomestructure
Forhumans,itreferstotheindividual'sincomefrommoney,andforotheranimals,itreferstotheindividual'sincomefromthemeansofproductionforsurvival.Iftheincomedistributionisreasonable,societywillfunctionnormally.Ifitisunreasonable,forexample,ifthequeenbeereceiveslessfoodinthebeecolony,thequantityandqualityofeggslaidbythequeenbeewilldecrease,directlythreateningthereproductionofthepopulation.Ifthereislittlefood,thentheworkerbeeswillhavenostrengthtowork,andevenescapefromthecolonyduetoexcessivepressure,whichdirectlythreatenstheexistenceoftheentirecolony.
Theproblemofincomedistributionstructureisnotonlyrelatedtopeople'slivelihood,butalsorelatedtosocialfairnessandjustice,andmorerelatedtothelong-termstabilityofthecountry.Sincethereformandopeningup,thereformoftheincomedistributionsystemhascontinuedtodeepen,andtheincomedistributionsystemandredistributionframeworkhaveundergonefundamentalchanges.Adistributionsysteminwhichdistributionaccordingtoworkisthemainbodyandmultipledistributionmethodscoexisthasbeenformed,whichhaseffectivelypromotedeconomicandsocialdevelopment.
Consumptionstructure
Thisstructureisuniquetohumans.Consumptionisanimportantsocialintegrationmechanism.Overthepast30yearsofreformandopeningup,theconsumptionstructureofChineseresidentshaschangedfromasubsistenceandsubsistencetypetoawell-offandaffluenttype.Theconsumptionstructureisincreasinglyshowingtheimportantcharacteristicsofmodernsociety'sconsumptionstructurebecomingmoreadvanced.
Urban-ruralstructure
Thisstructureisuniquetohumans.Thechangesintheurban-ruralstructureinmycountryarefirstmanifestedinurbanization.In2008,theurbanizationratereached45.7%,whichisapproachingthegenerallyrecognizedlevelofurbanizationwheretheurbanpopulationaccountsfor50%ofthetotalpopulation.Second,theurban-ruraldualstructurehasbeenloosened.From1978to2008,thenationalurbanpermanentpopulationincreasedbyanaverageof14.53millionperyear.
Regionalstructure
Thisstructureisuniquetohumans.Sincethereformandopeningup,mycountry'sregionaldevelopmenthasclearlydifferentiated.Generallyspeaking,intermsofdevelopmentlevel,theeasternpartisthehighest,thecentralpartisthesecond,andthewesternpartisthelowest.Thedevelopmentgapbetweenthethreemajorregionsisobvious.Unbalancedregionaldevelopmentisthebasicnationalconditionofourcountry.Coordinatingregionaldevelopmentisanimportantaspectofadjustingsocialstructure.
Classstructure
Classstructurereferstothesocialhierarchicalstructure.Formanyanimals,primitivehumans,andancienthumans,thehierarchyisstrict,whilemodernhumanshavegraduallyloosenedthehierarchyduetodemocraticthinkingasthemainstream.Overthepast30yearsofreformandopeningup,the"twoclassesandoneclass"structurehasgraduallydisintegrated,andthesocialclassstructurehaschangedfromsimplificationtodiversification,fromclosedtoopen,andthemodernsocialclassstructurehasbasicallytakenshape.However,itmustbenotedthatthemodernizationofthesocialclassstructureinourcountryisfarfromcomplete.Theproportionofthemiddleandlowerclassesinthesocietyisstilllarge,andtheproportionofthemiddleclassisrelativelysmall.Theoverallstructureisintheshapeofan"onionhead",whichisinlinewiththe"oliveshape"thatmodernsocietyshouldhave."Thereisstillacertaindistance.
Související výklad
Marxistická sociologie má široký a úzký pohled na sociální strukturu:
BroadsocialstructureReferstothebasicactivitiesofsociety,includingpolitical,economic,cultural,andthegeneralstateofinterconnectionbetweenfields.Itisastaticsummaryofthebasiccharacteristicsandessentialattributesoftheoverallsocialsystem.ItisrelativetosocialIntermsofprocess.Amongthevariousbasicactivitiesofsociety,thesocio-economicstructurehasadecisiveinfluenceandrestrictiononthesocio-politicalstructureandculturalstructure.Itistheeconomicfoundationofsocietyandhasthefunctionofintegratingothersocialfieldsintoanorganicwhole.Therestisasuperstructurebuiltonaneconomicbasis,includingpoliticalandlegalsystemsandvariousideologies.Thevariouspartsofthesuperstructurefieldarerelativelyindependentandstable,andhaveanactivereactiontothesocialeconomy,directlyorindirectlyaffectingthesocialeconomicstructure.Ofcourse,forhumans,economyaffectssociety,whileforotheranimals,divisionoflaboranddistributionofproductionandlivingmaterialsaffectsociety.
Socialstructureinanarrowsensereferstothebasicstateofinterconnectionbetweenthemajorsocialstatusgroupsproducedbysocialdifferentiation.Groupsofthistypeofstatusmainlyinclude:class,class,race,professionalgroup,religiousgroup,etc.Inaclasssociety,classstructureisthebasisforunderstandingthestatusandfunctionsofothergroups,andclassrelationsdeterminethedevelopmentdirectionoftheoverallsocietyandvarioussocialgroups.
Buildingthecore
Adjustthesocialstructure:Severalimportantindicatorsintheactualdevelopmenthaveshownthatthecurrenteconomicstructureofourcountryhasenteredthemid-stageofindustrialization.SomeindicatorsIthasevenenteredthelatestageofindustrialization.However,thesocialstructurehasnotrealizedtheoveralltransformationalongwiththetransformationoftheeconomicstructure,andmostofthesocialstructureindicatorsarestillintheinitialstageofindustrialization.Forexample,theurbanizationratethatreflectschangesintheurban-ruralstructureshouldreachmorethan60%inthemid-stageofindustrialization.By2008,theurbanizationrateinmycountrywas45.7%,whichwasanincreaseofnearly28%comparedwith1978,butitwasstillstuckintheearlystagesofindustrialization.stage.Otherimportantindicators,suchasemploymentstructure,consumptionstructure,andthesizeofthemiddleclass,alsoindicatethatchangesinsocialstructureareintheearlystagesofindustrialization.
Integratingtheseimportantindicatorsofsocialstructure,andtakingintoaccountmycountry’seconomicdevelopmenttrendandotherfactors,thecurrentsocialstructureofourcountrylagsbehindtheeconomicstructureforabout15years.Inaddition,therearealsodeviationsamongvarioussubstructureswithinthesocialstructure.Ifthecorrespondingsocialsystemreformisnotcarriedoutinatimelymannerandtheintensityofsocialconstructionisnotincreased,then,accordingtothedevelopmentofthepattern,theevolutionofmycountry'ssocialstructurewillnotenterthemid-stageofindustrializationuntilaround2025.
Theeconomicstructureinthemid-stageofindustrializationisincompatiblewiththesocialstructureintheearlystageofindustrialization,andtherearevariousdeviationsandincoordinationswithinthesocialstructure,whichhavecausedstructuraltensionsinthesocietyandsocialconflicts.Andthemainsourceoftheproblem.
Openingup
Pathselection:WiththeestablishmentofChina'ssocialistmarketeconomysystemandthecontinuousdeepeningofreformandopeningup,profoundchangeshavetakenplaceinthesocialstructure,Themobilityofpersonnelhasincreased,andtheinterdependencebetweenindividualsandsocialorganizationshasbeengreatlyweakened;atthesametime,thereisaproblemofincoordinationbetweentheconstructionofsocialundertakingsandeconomicdevelopment,andtheexistingsocialmanagementsystemisobviouslylaggingbehindthestatusquoofeconomicandsocialdevelopment.Socialinterestsubjectsarebecomingmoreandmorediversified,anddifferentinterestneedswillinevitablyleadtodifferencesinrightsawareness,leadingtoalargenumberofcontradictionsbetweendifferentsocialinterestgroups.Therefore,ithasbecomeamajorstrategictaskforChinatoimprovetheoptimalallocationofsocialstructureandpromotethemutualadaptationofsocialstructureandeconomicstructure.
Sociální struktura je za ekonomickou strukturou asi 15 let
The"ContemporaryChineseSocialStructure"reportreleasedbytheChineseAcademyofSocialSciencesinJanuary2010showsthatmycountry’seconomicstructureIthasreachedthemid-termlevelofindustrialization,butduetoinsufficientinvestmentinsocialconstruction,theadjustmentofsocialstructureislaggingbehind,anditisstillintheearlystageofindustrialization.ThisisthebiggeststructuralcontradictioninChinaatpresent,anditisalsoanimportantcauseofmanysocialcontradictions.Thereportclearlystated:China'ssocialstructurelagsbehinditseconomicstructureforabout15years.Ifthecorrespondingsocialsystemreformisnotcarriedout,thesocialconstructionisnotincreased,andthedevelopmentofthepatternisfollowed,theevolutionofthesocialstructurewillnotenterthemid-stageofindustrializationuntilaround2025.
"Themainreasonwhythesocialstructureisseriouslylaggingbehindtheeconomicstructureisthatwedidnotdoagoodjobinsocialsystemreformandsocialconstructioninatimelymanner."LuXueyi,awell-knownsociologist,believesthatmycountryissolvingtheshortageoftheeconomy.Aftertheproblem,weenteredanewstageofreformanddevelopment.However,duetoourlackofexperienceandlackoftheoreticalpreparation,wedidnotimplementnecessaryreformsintimeforthehouseholdregistration,employment,personnel,andsocialsecuritysystemsformedduringtheplannedeconomyperiodtoimprovepeople’slivelihood.Thekeysocialconstructioninvestmentisseriouslyinsufficient.Althoughtheinvestmenthasincreased,socialundertakingsarestillweakduetotoomanydebts,andproblemssuchasdifficultyingoingtoschool,medicaltreatment,housing,andelderlycarearestilloutstanding.
Fromtheperspectiveofthevastcentralandwesternregions,especiallythewesternregions,theproblemofsocialconstructionandlaggingsocialstructureismoreprominent.Inthe10yearssincetheimplementationoftheWesternDevelopmentStrategy,theeconomyofthewesternregionhasrisenrapidly.Between1998and2008,itsGDPgrewatanaverageannualrateof11.42%,nearlytwopercentagepointshigherthanthenationallevel.However,comparedwiththerapideconomicgrowth,thelaginthesocialstructureisquiteobvious.
TakeChongqing,theonlymunicipalitydirectlyunderthecentralgovernmentinthewest,asanexample.Inthepast12years,ithasachievedgreatconstructionachievements.However,fromtheperspectiveofsocialstructure,Chongqingintegrateslargecities,largeruralareas,largereservoirareas,largemountainousareasandethnicregions.,Thecontradictionbetweentheurbanandruraldualstructureisstillveryprominent,anditisnoteasytorealizethestrategicrequirementof"takingtheleadinrealizinganall-roundwell-offsocietyinthewest".Fromtheperspectiveoftheurban-ruralgap,theratioofthedisposableincomeofurbanresidentstothepercapitanetincomeoffarmersis3.8:1,whichishigherthanthenationallevelof3.3:1.Calculatedbytheregisteredpopulation,ofChongqing’s32millionpopulation,theruralpopulationisstillashighas23million.TheEngelcoefficientofruralresidentsisashighas54.5%,whiletheEngelcoefficientofsocialstructurereachingthemid-stageofindustrializationisgenerallybelow30%.
LuXueyibelievesthattheeightmajorcontradictionsinthenewcenturyandthenewstagepointedoutinthereportofthe17thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChinaarethespecificmanifestationsoftheincoordinationbetweentheeconomicstructureandthesocialstructure.problem".Ifitisnotproperlyresolvedforalongperiodoftime,therewillbeasituationinwhichsomesociologistshavesaidthatthepatternof"socialinterestisstereotyped"and"thesocialstructureisfractured"willbeunabletoenterthemodernizationhurdle.
Je sociální struktura „pyramida“ nebo „ve tvaru obráceného T“
Zkušenosti z vývoje různých zemí ukazují, želidé se středním příjmemVětšina společnosti, tj. „olivová“ nebo „vřetenová“ společnost s malými konci a přibližně uprostřed, je relativně stabilní společnost a ideální je moderní sociální struktura. Mnoho učenců věří, že moje země je v přechodném období od "pyramidového tvaru" do „olivového tvaru“.
Ale LiQiang,profesor z TsinghuaUniversity,použil"InternationalStandardOccupationalSocio-EconomicStatusIndex"k vzorkování a analýze dat pátého sčítání lidu v Číně v roce 2000.Výsledky jsou překvapivé,alespolečenskástrukturauyníz. weengroups,podobný tvaru jako převrácené čínské znaky""Ding".
V centrálních a západních regionech jsou sociální charakteristiky "nerovnováha mezi vyššími a nižšími třídami a rovnováha mezi bohatými a chudými" výraznější. Na konci roku 20091. 1společenské třídy.Pořadí od nejvyšší po nejnižší je:1.Šéfové státních agentur,stranických organizací,veřejných institucí,2.Vedoucí podniků nad určenou velikost,3.Soukromí podnikatelé, 4.Veřejní zaměstnanci,5.Profesionální a technici,6.PrácePersonál a související pracovníci,7.Jednotliví průmysloví a komerční domácnosti,8.Komerční servisní pracovníci,9.Průmysloví pracovníci,10.Zemědělští pracovníci,11.Nezaměstnaní,jedním z 6 vrstev jsou 6vrstvy a 7 vrstev. do střední a spodní vrstvy a9, 10 a 11 tvoří spodní vrstvu. Výsledky průzkumu ukázaly jasný "tvar obráceného T", z nichž jeden představuje obrovskou společenskou třídu, zatímco vertikála představuje především městskou sociální třídu malého rozsahu.
Comparedwiththe"pyramidshape",the"invertedT-shaped"socialstructureisduetothelargernumberoflower-levelgroups,andthereisakindofbipolar(orright-angled)relationshipbetweenthelowerlevelandothergroups.)Connectionmethod,whichleadstoastateof"structuraltension"betweensocialgroupsandeventheentiresociety,socialconflictsaremorelikelytointensify,andsocialproblemsandsocialcrisesaremorelikelytooccur.
Fromtheperspectiveoflarge-scalemassincidentsthathaveoccurredacrossthecountry,thenumberandscaleofmassincidentsinthewesternregion,aswellastheintensityanddestructivepoweroftheconflict,aresignificantlyhigherthanthoseinthedevelopedeasternregions.Theeasternpartadoptsmoremodestwaysofexpressingappealssuchas"walking"and"petition",whiletheformofconflictinthewesternregionisobviouslymoreintense,showingthecharacteristicsofrapidescalationofconflict,fierceconfrontation,strongsocialdestructiveness,anddifficultyinhandling.,Anaccidentmaycauseawiderangeofirrationalemotionstovent.Fromtheperspectiveoftheparticipants,mostofthepeopleattheforefrontarethosefromthebottomofsociety.
Isthemiddleclass"střední třída"nebo"zmizelá"
"Jste střední třída?"Pokud se zeptáte lidí kolem vás tuto otázku, zjistíte, že většina lidí nesouhlasí s tím, že jsou "střední třída", ale většina lidí bude souhlasit s tím, že počet "střední třídy" v Číně se 0,0600,0600 standardu zvyšuje. široce zpochybňováni a mnozí lidé s rodinnými příjmy v tomto rozsahu se nazývají „střední třída“. "jestli nemají dům nebo auto? Lidé, kteří mají dům a cítí, že "životní tlak, duševní úzkost, jaký druh střední třídy"?
Fromtheexperienceofdevelopedcountries,themiddleclassisnotasimpleconceptofproperty,butmoreofamainstreamvalue,lifephilosophy,andpoliticalattitude.Regardlessofthedifferencesintheclassificationcriteria,themiddleclassisthemostimportantpartofthemodernsocialstructure.Itisthenatural"voltageregulator"ofthesociety,butitisthegeneralconsensusofthesociety.
Doprovázeno zrychleným růstem domácí střední třídy, jaksi „směrem dolů“ se stává silnějším a silnějším. „Tři nové hory“ bydlení, vzdělávání a lékařské péče zahltily rozvoj střední třídy, nikoli pouze nedostatek prostoru pro růst, ale stále chybí.
Fromamaterialpointofview,"ahouseeliminatesamiddleclass"isnotajoke.ThereasonwhytheTVseries"SnailHouse"hasarousedstrongsocialresonanceisnothingmorethantoshowthementaloppressionanddistortionofhumannatureofthehighhousingpricesonthecommonpeople,especiallythemiddleclassandthe"quasi-middleclass".
Mentallyspeaking,duetoinsufficientsocialsecurityandhighworkpressure,China’smiddleclassisgenerallyanxious,hasnotimetoenjoylife,andhasarelativelylowsenseofhappiness.Thisisalsothereasonwhymanypeoplemeetthe"middleclass"criteriaintermsofmaterial,butdonotidentifythemselvesas"middleclass"intheirideology.
Aharmonická společnost by se měla otevřít "hornímu" průtokovému kanálu
Duringtheperiodofsocialtransformation,there-divisionofsocialstrataisaninevitabletrend,andeverysocietyexistsAlow-statussocialgroup,butthekeytotheproblemisnotwhetherthereisabottomgroupinourcountry,butthatthepeopleatthebottomofthesocietyarebecomingmoreandmorestereotyped,lackingchannelsandopportunitiestochangetheirowndestiny,andunabletoachieveafair,reasonable,andopenFlow"up".
Insomecitieswherethesubsistenceallowanceisconcentrated,itisfoundthatalthoughthenumberofpeopleenjoyingthesubsistenceallowanceisadynamic,thecompositionofthesubsistenceallowancehasbecomemorestableandhasbecomearelatively"solidified"group.Inadditiontothesubsistenceallowancerecipientswhohavelosttheirlaborforce,suchaswidowsandwidows,thedisabled,andchronicpatients,unemployedandunemployedpersonswithlaborandtheirfamilymembersconstitutethemainbodyofthesubsistenceallowancehouseholds,accountingforabout40%to50%ofthetotal.InsomeoldindustriesIncities,thisratioisevenhigher.
Comparedwithlow-incomehouseholds,migrantworkershavealwaysbeenatthebottomofthecity.Theylacksecurityandarewillingtodoanydirty,tiring,hard,anddangerouswork.Duetotheexistenceofinstitutionalbarrierssuchashouseholdregistration,employment,andsocialsecurity,theyhavefewerchannelsandgreaterdifficultyinbecoming"urbanpeople".Forexample,therearemorethan2millionmigrantworkersactiveinthemainurbanareaofChongqing,butmostofthemhavebeenengagedinconstruction,transportation,cateringservicesandotherindustries.Amongthem,thereare200,000"Bangbang"(porters)whomakealivingentirelybysellinglabor.Above,somemigrantworkershavebeenlivinginurbanareasfor10years,andtheyarestillworkingas“sticks”,shiningshoes,andsettingupstreetstalls...
Withthecontinuousimprovementofthesocialsecuritysystem,thelower-levelurbanpopulationThe"problemoffoodandclothing"hasbasicallybeenresolved,andthe"problemofdevelopment"hasgraduallybecomeprominent.Formostofthem,theirsocialandeconomicstatushasbeenfixedandwillnotchangemuch.Therefore,theyhopethattheirchildrenwillhaveahighercareerdevelopmentplatformtochangethedestinyofthefamily.Buttherealityisfarfromtheirexpectations.Notonlyisitmoredifficultforthelowerurbangroupstochangetheirdestinybytheirownefforts,butalsofortheirchildrentoenterahigherlevelthroughnormalchannelssuchaseducationandemployment,suchascivilservants,managers,andprofessionalandtechnicalpersonnel.,Familyincome,familysocialrelationsandotherfactorshavesignificantlyincreasedtheimpactofpersonaldevelopment.
Personální úřad, který se zabýval západním městem, provedl průzkum státních úředníků a zjistil, že mezi státními úředníky je podíl státních úředníků, jejichž rodiče jsou "migrujícími pracovníky", nejmenší, tvoří pouze 2,8%, a jejich rodiče jsou "obyčejní" 2, kteří připadají na 6%. ve stejnou dobu jako 28 % chtělo, aby se jejich děti „staly státními úředníky“, a pouze 1,5 % chtělo, aby jejich děti byly „obyčejnými zaměstnanci“ ".Počet dětí, které se"stanou emigrantskými pracovníky ve městě" je nula.
Thedeterioratingfairnessofcurrenteducationisanimportantfactorcausingtheenhancementofthe"intergenerationalinheritanceeffect".Inthepast,poorchildrencouldalsochangetheirownandfamily’seconomicstatusandtheiroriginalsocialstatusthroughstudying,goingtocollege,andgettingjobs.However,the“highconsumption”ofeducationhascreatedgreatobstaclestoreasonablesocialmobility.
Normalsocialmobilityisasourceofvitalityandvitalityinsociety,andaninevitablerequirementforbuildingaharmonioussociety.Especiallyinthecriticalperiodofbuildingaharmonioussociety,mycountryshouldfurtherimprovethesocialbenefitcoordinationmechanism,notonlytoprotecttherightsoftheunemployed,low-incomepeople,migrantworkersandotherlow-levelpeople,butalsotoprovidethemwithfairdevelopmentopportunities.Meettheirdevelopmentdemandsfor"upward"mobility,andestablishafair,reasonable,andopenmodernsocialmobilitymechanism.
Od tradiční řízené společnosti k moderní otevřené společnosti
ThereisnodoubtthatincreasinglyopenandpluralisticisadevelopmenttrendofChinesesociety,butitshouldalsoItcanbeseenthatthesystemandmechanismobstaclesandbarriersthatrestrictthenormalflowofsocietyandaffecttheoptimizationofsocialstructurestillexist,andthephenomenonofsocialdifferentiationandclassfracturethatappearsfromthishasbecomeaproblemthatmustbepaidattentionto.Atpresent,toacceleratethemodernizationofsocialstructure,weshouldbreakthemonopolyofvestedinterestgroups,taketheconstitutionasthefoundation,restrainpublicpower,andprotecttherightsofcitizens,andmovefroma“controlling”societytoan“open”society.
Fromtheperspectiveofsocialstructure,theChinesesocietybeforethereformandopeningupwasa"traditionalcontrol"society,andthestatehascontroloverallaspectsoftheeconomyandsociety.Theeconomicmodelisahighlycentralizedplanningmodel.Thestatehasahighlycentralizedeconomicmanagement,andtheprivateeconomyhasnoroomforsurvival;everymemberofthesocietyisincorporatedintovarioussocialunits,leavingunitsandorganizations.It'shardforanindividualtomove.
Thereformandopeninguphavechangedthissituation.ThereasonwhythereformandopeninguphasexertedahugeboosttoChina,fromaneconomicperspective,isbecauseitliberatedtheproductiveforcesandtransformedfromahighlycentralizedplannedeconomicsystemtoavibrantsocialistmarketeconomy;fromFromasocialperspective,itisbecauseitpromotestheliberationofpeople,fromthepast"classstruggle"thinkingtorespectforthevalueofpeople,recognitionofindividualrights,andfinallyto"people-oriented".
Toachievetheopeningandmodernizationofthesocialstructure,thecurrentfirststepshouldbetoacceleratetheprocessofurbanization,notonlytoreducefarmers,butalsotogivefarmersnationaltreatment.Formorethan30yearsofreformandopeningup,thebiggestchangeinruralareasisnotonlytheestablishmentofthehouseholdcontractresponsibilitysystem,butmoreimportantly,theliberationoffarmerswhohavebeenconstrainedbytheirancestorsontheland,formingahugeadvancement.Agroupofmigrantworkersworkingincities.Migrantworkersworkingincitiesarealreadythe“secondgeneration”and“thirdgeneration,”buttheystillfacemanyobstaclestobecomingurbanites.Tosomeextent,theyarestillatthebottomofthecity.TheCentralEconomicWorkConferenceproposedthat“thegradualemploymentandsettlementofeligibleagriculturaltransferpopulationsshouldbeanimportanttaskinpromotingurbanization,andtherestrictionsonhouseholdregistrationinsmallandmedium-sizedcitiesandurbanareasshouldberelaxed.”Thisisanimportantmeasure,butonlythereformofthehouseholdregistrationsystemItisstilldifficulttoturnmigrantworkersintorealurbanites.Thekeyistoallowmigrantworkerstoenjoynationaltreatmentandenjoythesamepublicservicesascitizens,suchaseducation,medicalcare,andsocialsecurity.
Secondly,wemustrestrainpublicpower,clarifythegovernment'sposition,andbreakthe"powertakesall"situation.Itisthegovernment'smainresponsibilitytomaintainthepublicwelfareofsocialundertakingsandprotectthepeople'sbasicpublicserviceneeds.Fromthegrassrootspointofview,theprominentproblemisthedislocationanddislocationofgovernmentfunctions.Duetotheone-sidedpursuitofGDPandpoliticalachievements,theproblemsof"corporatization"and"corporatization"ofsomelocalgovernmentbehaviorsaremoreprominent.Thoseself-interestedgroupswith"power+capital"usepublicpowertocompetewiththepeopleforprofit,suchasurbandemolitionandrelocation.Theperformanceisoutstanding."Right-take-all"notonlyeasilyformsprivilegedclassesandvestedinterestgroups,butalsosqueezesthelivingspaceofothersocialclasses,preventingthemiddleclassfromgrowing.
Inaddition,itisnecessarytochangethethinkingof"socialcontrol",increasethedegreeofopennessandfreedomofsociety,andtrulygivethesocietyandthemarkettheroleofsocietyandthemarket.Itisnecessarytofurtherrelaxtheaccess,mobilizetheenthusiasmofthewholesocietytoparticipateinthedevelopmentofsocialundertakings,encouragesocialcapitaltoinvestintheestablishmentofnon-profitpublicserviceorganizations,andeffectivelymobilizeandcomprehensivelyutilizesocialresourcestostrengthenandimprovebasicpublicservicesandimproveservicequalityAndefficiency.
Atpresent,weshouldliberalizethemonopolyonsocialorganizationresourcesandvigorouslycultivatecivilorganizations.