Přehled
"Todistinguishthedifferencebetweennamesandthings,andtodistinguishthedifferencesinceremonies":Therearemanythingsintheworld,withdifferentnames.Thecommonpeoplecallthingsandwanttofindoutwhytheyarenamed.Toadapttothispsychologicalneed,amasterpiecededicatedtoexploringthesourceofthenamesofthingsappearedintheendoftheEasternHanDynastyinmycountry,whichis"ShiMing".
Úvod
"Shiming",abooktoexplainthemeaningofwords.AttheendoftheHanDynasty,LiuXiwrote,"ShiMing"isaworktoinfertheoriginofthemeaningofwordsfromtheperspectiveofthesoundofthelanguage.Itusesthesoundtoexplainthereasonwhythingsaresonamed,andnoticesthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthepronunciationofthetimeandtheancientsounds.
"Shiming"hasbeenwidelycirculatedintheendofWu,andithasbeenvaluedbyscholars.Ithasagreatinfluenceontheexegeticsoflatergenerations,anditisalsothekeytothestudyofChineseetymology,anditsstyleismodeledafter"ErYa".Afterthe"ShiMing"cameintobeing,noonesorteditoutforalongtime.IntheMingDynasty,LangKuijinco-printeditwith"ErYa","LittleErya","GuangYa",and"BiYa"andcalledit"TheCompleteBookofFiveYas". Protože ostatní čtyři knihy používají název „Ya“, „ShiMing“ se změní na „YiYa“. Od Thenon se „ShiMing“ také nazýval „YiYa“.
Hlavní obsah
Thebook"ShiMing"istoinfertheoriginofthemeaningofwordsfromtheperspectiveoflanguageandsound.LiuXisaidinthepreface:"Xithinksthatsinceancienttimesithasbeenmadetomakeartifactsandstatues.Sincethecreationofthings,ithasbeenmadeinmoderntimes,ormadebyceremonies,orbythepeople,thenamesareelegantandpopular,andtherearemanydifferentparties....Realityhasitsownmeaning,andthepeopledon'tknowwhatitmeanseveryday.Therefore,Iwroteaboutheavenandearth,yinandyang,fourseasons,states,dubai,caruniforms,funerals,andthetoolsusedbythepeople, diskutujících a odkazujících na to, čemu se říká "Shiming", je tam dvacet sedm článků."
Těch 27 článků je rozděleno do 8 svazků. Interpretováno nebe, země, hory, voda, kopce, silnice, státy, tvary, vzhled, starší a děti, příbuzní, řeč, jídlo, sbírka, šperky, oblečení, paláce, síťky, knihy, nástroje, hudební karty, použití, nástroje lodě, nemoci a truchlení. Toto představuje LiuXiho klasifikaci věcí reprezentovaných slovy.
LiuXiexplainedthesourceofthename,usingthemethodofvoicetraining.Theso-calledsoundtrainingistousewordswiththesameorsimilarsoundtoexplainthemeaningofaword.Shengxunhasbeenadoptedinpre-Qinclassics.IntheHanDynasty"ErYa","Dialect","ShuWenJieZi"andotherworks,soundtrainingwasalsousedalot.However,thenamesandwordsofthewholebookareexplainedbythesoundinstruction,so"ShiMing"isthefirstbook,whichisLiuXi'soriginalcreation.
Autor
LiuXi,theauthorof"Shiming",wasborninBeihai(intheareaofShouguangandGaomi,ShandongProvincetoday).HelivedintheageofEmperorHuanandEmperorLing.HeoncestudiedunderthefamousclassicscholarZhengXuanandescapedchaostoJiaozhouinJian'an.
Obsah
Thereare8volumesof"Shiming".Theprefaceofthefirstbooksays:Sinceancienttimes,thenamesofutensilsandthingsareelegantandpopular,andthenamesofeachpartyaredifferent...Thehusband’snameisinfacteachhasitsownmeaning,andthepeoplesayiteveryday,withoutknowingitsmeaning.Bangguo,Dubi,caruniforms,funerals,andthedeviceusedbythecommonpeople,onthenarrativeandreferrals,called"Shiming",FanTwenty-seven".ExplainthatthepurposeofLiuXi'swritingofthisbookistoletthepeopleknowthereasonsormeaningsofthenamesofeverydaythings.The27chaptersareinorder:ShiTian,ShiDi,ShiShan,ShiShui,ShiQiu,ShiDao,ShiZhouKingdom,ShiShapeBody,ShiZiRong,ShiChangYoung,ShiFamily,ShiYan,ShiDiet,ShiCaiSilk,Releasejewelry,releaseclothes,releasepalaceroom,releasebedtent,releasebookcontract,releasecodeart,releasedevice,releasemusicalinstrument,releasesoldier,releasecar,releaseboat,releasedisease,releasefuneralsystem.Thereareatotalof1502famousceremoniesreleased.Althoughitisnotcomplete,itispossibletogetaglimpseofthefamousceremoniesatthattime.
Metoda interpretace
LiuXiexplainedthesourceofthenamebyusingthemethodofvoiceinterpreting.Theso-calledsoundtrainingistousewordswiththesameorsimilarsoundtoexplainthemeaningofaword.Shengxunhasbeenadoptedinpre-Qinclassics.IntheHanDynasty"ErYa","Dialect","ShuWenJieZi"andotherworks,soundtrainingwasalsousedalot.However,thenamesandwordsofthewholebookareexplainedbythesoundinstruction,so"ShiMing"isthefirstbook,whichisLiuXi'soriginalcreation.
Fromtheperspectiveoftherelationshipbetweentheexplanatorywordandtheexplanatoryword,thereareroughlyseveralsituationsinthesoundtrainingin"ShiMing",namely:
orhomofon, jako je "Chamtivost, Tanya, Dopady do jiných bodů." "Odvážná, Tanyo, dychtivá po nepříteli." Chamtivost a Tan, odvaha a Tanya mají stejný zvuk;
nebo zní blízko, jako je "Písání, nátlak a přesvědčování druhých pomocí slovních slov."
Dvojtóny, jako „He, Xiaye“, Protéká podzemím.
Nebo překrývající se rým, jako je „měsíc, divný, plný, divný.“ Měsíc a queera jsou oba měsíce.
Po použitíslova jako výslovnosti „ShiMing“ také vysvětlí důvod použití tohoto slova k vysvětlení jeho významu. Například „Převzetí do jiných bodů“ vysvětluje, proč se „Tan“ používá k vysvětlení „chamtivosti“;
"Shiming" používá hlasové pokyny k vysvětlení obřadů mnoha věcí, některé z nich jsou vhodnější a některé z nich jsou vynalezeny. Například "Sekera, ano. ano, ano. Jakýkoli nový dům může spustit sekeru, řezat dřevo" sekerou, """""""""""""""""" ("ShiTian")Thisexplanationisveryfar-fetched.Infact,therearemanywaystogetnamesforthingsintheworld,andthesituationisverycomplicated.Thederivationofanamefromonethingbysoundcluesisjustonewaytonameit.Andsomenamescomefromconventions,theyarejustacodeforrecordingthings,andthereisnoconnectionbetweensoundandmeaning.Therefore,ifthenamesofthingsareallexplainedthroughthesoundinstruction,itisboundtobewrong.Therefore,the"SummaryoftheSikuQuanshuGeneralCatalogue"criticized"ShiMing"as"soundinginthemiddle".However,morethan1700yearsago,LiuXinengwrotesuchanetymologicalbook, což je opravdu cenné.
Akademická hodnota
"ShiMing"and"ErYa","Dialect","ShuoWenJieZi"havealwaysbeenregardedasfourimportantexegeticalworksintheHanDynasty.Itoccupiesanimportantpositioninthehistoryoflearningandhashighacademicvalue.Itsvalueismainlymanifestedas:
1."ShuMing"explainedthenameandthingswithsoundinstruction,openedthewayforseekingrighteousnessbecauseofsound,andpromotedtheproductionofancientrhymebooks."ShiMing"alsocollectsthemasteryoftheHanDynastyphonetics,providingreliablematerialsfortheexaminationofthelateHanphoneticsandthestudyofancientphonetics.Whatisparticularlyvaluableisthat"ShiMing"recordsthedialectpronunciationofsomewordsatthattime.Forexample,"ShiTian":"Heaven,Yu,Si,Yan,andJispeakwiththeirtongues.Tian,expressesalso,andexpressesthemontheupperlevel.QingandXuspeakwiththeirtongues.""Wind,Yan,Yu,Si,JiHengkoucloseshislipsandspeaks.Thewindisubiquitous,anditsairisubiquitousandanimalisalso.QingandXuYanfengopentheirlipsandpushtheqitospeak."TheserecordsillustratethepronunciationpartsandpronunciationmethodsofsomedialectwordsintheHanDynasty.ThisissomethingthatYangXiong's"Dialect"doesnothave,soitisveryprecious.
2."ShiMing" zaznamenává mnoho běžných slov v HanDynastii, která lze srovnat s "ErYa", "Shuowen" a starodávnými klasikami nebo poznámkami. Například "Shuowen·Hebu": "Qin, afterBoyi, země je vhodná pro He.Zhe." therearemanyexegesisthataredifferentordifferentfrom"ErYa","Shuowen"andJingzhuan,whichareveryvaluableexegeticalmaterials.Forexample,"Poetry·Beifeng·SpringWater":"Ithinkaboutfertilizersprings."MaoChuan:"Whatcomesoutisthesame,butwhatgoesintodifferentplacesiscalledfertilizerspring."Whyisspringwaterfromthesamesourceandflowingtodifferentplacescalled"fertilespring"?"ShiMing·ShiShui"said:"Whentheoriginalwasborn,itwaslessinfiltrated ,andthebranchesthatbelongedtoitwerescatteredandmorelikefatpeople."LiuXiexplainedthewholestoryandwentonestepfurtherthanMaoChuan.Anotherexampleis"BookofRites·QuLishang":"Seventy-eightmeansoldandpassedon,eightyandninety-year-olds.""ShiMing·ShiChangyou"said:"Seventy-sixtymeanselders,andthehairiswhite."Eighty"means"Chu","Yu" "TieYe" a kůže je černý siron. Devadesát "Ano" je zadní strana makrely s textem na zadní straně." Toto vysvětlení se liší od "QuLi" a obsah je také lepší. ,pevný vzhled."Tady zmíněná dlaždice odkazuje na dlaždici, která staví střechu (starověká dlaždice má tangenciální, směrem ven; dlaždice a tangenci jsou spojeny, stejně jako lidé, noha je připojena ke kotníku, takže "by" je interpretováno jako "kotník"), což ukazuje, že význam slova "seznam" byl "souvislý"
3."ShiMing" také obsahuje slova některých starověkých z HanDynastie. Například "ShiTian":"Odhalování, znepokojování a zakrývání věcí." "Znepokojující" je staré rčení, nazývané také "krycí rosa". :"Rainbow,alsocalledabeauty."Thisisanancientcommonname.Legendhasitthatinancienttimes,therewasacouplewhodiedoffoodinthefamineyear,andtheyallturnedintogreenrainbows,sothecustomcalledthemthebeautyrainbow."Shisangzhi":"SincetheHanDynasty,deathisamatterofthings.""Deathinprisonmeanstest."Theseancientsayingsconveytheinformationofthelanguageoftheancienttimesandcanbeusedasevidenceforinvestigatingthetrajectoryofancientandmodernlanguages.
4.Theobjectofinterpretationin"ShiMing"doesnotfocusontheliteraturelanguage,butfocusesonthedailynamesandthings,soitinvolvesawiderangeofsociallife,fromastronomy,geography,personnel,andcustoms;plus"ShiMing"Thebookisnotfarawayfromthepast,sotheancientsystemcanbeinferredbasedonthenamesandthingsexplained.Forexample,"Shishuqi":"Hansystem,abouttheemperor'sentitlementtotheprince'sbook.Theenactment,theemperor,andtheemperor'sorderisnottoviolatethelaw."ItshowsthatwhentheHanDynastycanonizedtheprince,therewasadocumenttopreventhimfrombreakingthelaw.Anotherexampleis"ShiDianyi":"Thesteleisthequilt.Theburialwassetup,ShiLulu(辘轳)wasplacedontopofitwitharope,andthecoffinwascitedbelow.Thecourtiersrecountedthemeritsoftheemperor,andtheUnitedStateswroteaboutit.Above.LatergenerationsbuiltontheheadofDaoMofornoreason(thatis,materialfate),theobviousplace,thenameofthetextiscalledthestele.”Theevolutionofthefunctionofthestelecanbeseenfromthis.Itturnsoutthatinancientfunerals,thereweretwostonestelesateachendofthetomb,andapotter'swheelwasplacedbetweenthesteles.Later,thestelewasusedtotracetheachievementsoftheancestors."Shishuqi":"Wat,Huye.Ifyouhaveinstructionsandenlightenment,thebookisonit,andyoucanforgetit."Fromthis,wecanunderstandthepurposeofthepalmsheldbytheministersintheancientcourts."Shiclothes":"Thecrotch,oneisthechest,andtheotheristheback."ThecrotchoftheHanDynastyisequivalenttothevestoftheoffspring."Uh,putitontheshoulders,it'snotasgoodasthebackoftheshawl."Itistheshawl.ThepredecessorsbelievedthatitstartedintheJinDynasty,soitcanbeseenfromtheendoftheHanDynasty."ShiJewelry":"Quiet,quilt.Thosewithlesshaircanbehelped."ItturnsoutthatwigswereusedasheaddressesasearlyastheHanDynasty."Ear-piercingandShizhucalledZhuo.Thiswasoriginallydonebybarbarians,andbarbariansareeasytowalk,sothisiswhattheChinesepeopledotoday."ThebirthandspreadofZhuocanbeseenfromthis."Shuyongqi":"Fill,Jiaye.Addasticktothehandle,andthegrainwillemergefromtheears."Itcanbeseenthatthefarmtoolflailusedforthreshinginsomeareashasalonghistory.Readingtheserecordscanobtainencyclopedicknowledge,understandthecivilizationhistoryofancientChinesesociety,andexaminetheoriginsofthingsandtheproductionandlifeoftheHanDynasty.
Fromtheabove,itcanbeseenthat"ShiMing"isanextremelyimportantworkforthestudyofexegetics,linguistics,andsociology.BiYuanfromtheQingDynastysaid:"Hisbooksarereferencedintheschool,theancientandthemodern,thedistinctionbetweenthenamesandthedifferencesbetweentheceremonies,andthebook"ErYa"and"Shuowen"areindispensableinthefuture."("ShuMingshu"Prologue")Thisevaluationisverypertinent.
Anotace edice
Po vytvoření „ShiMing“ to dlouho nikdo neorganizoval.“ Ya“ a „Piya“ jsou vytištěny společně a nazývá se „WuYaQuanShu“. Protože ostatní čtyři knihy používají název „Ya“, „ShiMing“ se změnil na „YiYa“.
Poznámky
Theprintedversionof"ShiMing"hasmanydefects,sotheQingDynastymadesupplementaryexplanationsonitAmongthem,themostimportantworksareBiYuan's"ShuMingShuzheng","ShiMingSuzhenSupplement",WangXianqian's"ShiMingShuZhengSupplement",thelatterisamasterpieceoftheQingDynastyresearchandcollationof"ShiMing".
Today’scompilingbooksincludeZhuMincheandSunYuwen's"ShimingShuzhengSupplement"(PublishedbyZhonghuaBookCompany),andRenJifang's"ShiMinghuiSchool"(QiluPublishingHouse).
TheWorksofContinuedGuang
WeiZhao's"DistinguishingNames"
BiYuan's „Continued ShiMingand ShiMing Supplements
ZhangJinwu's"GuangShiMing"
Typy motivace
TheTypy motivaceofShiMingcanbedividedintoMotivationofdescription,motivationofdescription,motivationofloan,derivationandcomposition.
"ShiMing"imitatesthevocalrationale,orimitatesthesoundofnaturalphenomena,orimitatesthesoundofmusicalinstruments,productiontools,orimitatesthephysiologicalsoundofhumanbeings,etc.Motivationofdescriptionnatureisthebasisofimitationofthestateofthings.Thelendingbasisisthebasisfromnon-Chinesewords.Thederivationof"ShiMing"isbasedonthefactthatthereisacertainconnectionbetweenthepronunciation,meaning,shapeandgrammarofthewordtobeinterpreted.ThetypeofcompoundmotivationinShimingcanbedividedintocompoundmotivationofclustercompoundwords,compoundmotivationofrelatedcompoundwords,andcompoundmotivationofcompoundwordswithambiguousmeaningrelations.Thereasonablegroundsrevealedin"ShiMing"accountedformorethan75%ofallinterpretedwords."ShiMing"isatrustworthydictionaryofrationale.Therearealsosomeflawsinthestudyoftherationaleof"ShiMing".Oneis"thematerialisnotrich,andtheomissionisalittlebittoomuch",andthesecondis"involvement.Buttheflawsdonotconcealthemerits,andthecontributionof"ShiMing"isindelible.
ShrnutíČtyřPokladnic
"Shiming"·EightVolumes (v NeifuCollection)
WrittenbyLiuXiintheHanDynasty.Theword"Xi"isacountryfromBeihai.Twentychaptersofhisbook.Withthesamesoundandharmony,inferringthemeaningofnameanddistinguishingthings,itisquitehurtfulinthemiddle,butitcanbeseenbecauseoftheancientpronunciation.Goingbacktotheancienttimes,theartifactsreleasedcanalsobetracedtothelegacyoftheancientsystem.Forexample,"SongsoftheChuNineSongs":"XueLipatsthesilksilk."WangYi'snote:"Pat,fightandPialso."Theword"boandPi",nowIdon'tknowwhatitis .Guanisthebook"ShuChuangTengPian",whichisknownas"tofightagainstthewall"byZhiYiXi.InKongYingda's"BookofRites,Justice",alltwelvepiecesofdeepclothingwerehandedoverandreferredtoasjun.Itisthebook"ShiXixianPian"thatsays:"Yun,襜,襜襜canalsobebytheside."Itcanbemutuallyconfirmedwiththe"Yuzao"whosaid"the衽isbytheside"."ShibingPian "says:"Theswordroomiscalledcutting,thedecorationoftheroommouthiscalled琫,andthedecorationattheendofthenextiscalled琕."Itisenoughtoprovetheerrorofthe"MaoShiXunZhuan".Ithasalotofresearchandevidence.WuWeizhaotriedtowriteavolumeof"DistinguishingNames"tocorrectXi'smistakes,andhisbookwasnotpassedon.However,the"ClassicExplanation"quotedoneofthewords:"The"ShiMing"says:Thesoundofthecarintheancientsislikearesidence,soitisalsoaresidence.Todayitisacar ,andthesoundrulerhidesthereverse.Theancientssaidthatthesoundofacarislikearesidence,wordsanddeedsmakepeoplelive.Todayitisacar.Acarisahouse,andawalkerislikeahouse."Coveringthe"four-characterears").WeiZhaoyun"Theancientcaristheextravagantantiphonicruler.SincetheLaterHanDynasty,therehasbeenahomeaccent."Thepoemof"HeBiying"uses"Che"torhyme"Hua".Thepoemof"Taoyao"uses" Hua"torhyme"Home".JiaGuYingu,HuaGuYinfu,thenCheGuYinju,moreUndoubtedly.WhatXisaidisnotwrong,andwhatZhaozhihasdiscernedmaynotbecompletelylost.Thebookortitleis"YiYa".GaiMingLangKuiJintakesthebookand"ErYa","XiaoErYa","GuangYa"and"PiYa"wereco-printed,andthenamewas"FiveYa".Sincethefourbooksallhavethenameof "Ya",thetitleof"YiYa"waschangedtofollowthecategory.Itisnottheoriginaltitle,soIwon'tfollowitnow."LiuZhenBiography"intheLaterHanDynasty,calledZhenZhenwrote50"ShiMing"todistinguishthetitleofallthings.Thetitleofthebookisthesame,andthelastnameisthesame.ZhengMing'sselectionof"ZhenYan"isquitesuspicious.Thosewhocherish"ShiMing"aretreasuredbooksthathavebeenlostforalongtimeandshouldnotbeusedassuchbooks.Mingxuanalsocallsthisbooktwenty-seven,whichisinconsistentwiththecurrentedition .Mingxuan,lidé ve Wanli,by si neměli nechat ujít starodávné vydání,Na chvíli mi chyběla paměť, omylem jich vzal dvacet na dvacet sedm?