Úvod
ThereactorisakIndofequipmentThatRealizeSthereactionProcess, který pojednával odorealizethiquid-fázi-phaserereactionProcessandtheliquid-liquid, plynná kapalina, pevná kapalina, pevná plyn-kapalina-solidandothermultiphasereActionprocess..Thereareoftenstirrirring (mechanicalssirring, proudění vzduchu, atd.) zařízení.WHEndheHeightDiameterisRelatiativelarge, multi-LayerstirringBladescanbeused.WHEntheMaterialsneedTobeheateDoredduringThereactionProcess, ajacketcanbeSetonthewallofthereactor, OraheatexChangeSurfaceCanbeSeTinthereactor, OrheatExChangeCanberedtHroughterAlAlCirculation.
Typ
ReactorappearancePhotos (4photos)
Thetypesofcommonlyusedreactors(seetable)are:①TubereactionDevice.Itiscomposedofemptypipesorfilledpipeswithrelativelylargelengthanddiameter,whichcanbeusedtorealizegas-phasereactionandliquid-phasereaction.②Kettlereactor.Itiscomposedofacylindricalcontainerwithrelativelysmalllengthanddiameter,andisoftenequippedwithmechanicalstirringorairflowstirringdevices.Itcanbeusedforliquid-phasesingle-phasereactionprocessandliquid-liquidphase,gas-liquidphase,gas-liquid-solidphasereactionprocess.Thegas-liquidphasereactionprocessiscalledabubblingstirredtank(seebubblingreactor);thegas-liquidsolidphasereactionprocessiscalledastirredtankslurryreactor.③Reactorwithabedofsolidparticles.Gasor(and)liquidpassesthroughafixedormovingbedofsolidparticlestoachieveamultiphasereactionprocess,includingfixedbedreactors,fluidizedbedreactors,movingbedreactors,tricklebedreactors,etc.④Towerreactor.Towerequipmentusedtorealizegas-liquidorliquid-liquidreactionprocesses,includingpackedtowers,platetowers,bubbletowers,etc.(seecolorpictures).⑤Jetreactor.Itisadeviceformixingwithanejectortorealizeasingle-phasegasorliquidphasereactionprocessandamultiphasereactionprocesssuchasgas-liquidphaseandliquid-liquidphase.⑥Variousotheratypicalreactors.Suchasrotarykiln,aerationtank,etc.ModeoFoperation
Podle výdrže, therectorcanbediDidedInto:
①BatchTankReactor, Orbatchtank.
Theoperationiscoffleable, easyToAdaptToDifferentOperatingConditionSandProductvarieties, AndissuitablefortheproductionOfsMallBatches, vícenásobné varietiessandLongreactionTiMeactiontimesime.TheDisadvantagesOfterMittentKettlesare: auxiliaryoperationssuchasaninganinganduncordareequired, a theProductqualitysNoteasyTobeStable.Procesy ForsomeReactions však, takové, které jsou schopny apolymerizace, itisstillDifficultToachIeveContinuousProduction, aBatchTankSarestiludeMudeMudeMudeMudeMudeMudesUpsupsupsupTupsupTupsupTupsupsupsupsupUpsupsupTupsupTupsupsupsupsupTupsupTupsupUpsupTusUpsupUpsupTupsupTupsupTupsupTupsupTupsupTupsupTupsupTonowowowowowow.
Inabatch-operedReactor, therawmaterialsAredTothereActorataCeaterratioatatime, a athematerialsAredIschargeDatimeatereActionReactionReachAcesaceAncerequirementementarement.KontinuinuoperationoftereactoristontinuouslyAdDrawMaterialSandContinuousDischargethereActionProducts.WhentheoperationReacheSasteadystate, Thecomposition, TemperatureandotherstateParametersOfThematerialataNyPositionInthereActorwilltnotchangewithTime..Thesemi-ContinuousoperationReactosalosAlledthesemi-BatchoperationReactor.Itisbetweentheabovetwo.Obvykle, onereactantisaddedatonce, a na to.Poté, co se má poté, jak se vyskytuje, stopTheoperation adschargethematerial.
Theadvantageofthebatchreactoristhattheequipmentissimple,thesameequipmentcanbeusedtoproduceavarietyofproducts,especiallysuitableforsmallbatch,multi-varietyproductioninindustrialsectorssuchasmedicineanddyes.Nejedvice, v tom, ženMixingofMaterialSintheBatchReactor, který jebeneficialtomostreactionsctionsctionsctions.TheDisadvantageISTatauxiliaryProcessessuschAsloadingandunloadingandCleaningareRequired, a theProductqualitysNoteasyTobeStable.
②ContinuousTankReactor, OrContinuoustank
).TheShortomingsOftheinterMittentKettlecanBeavoided, butthestirringeffectwillcausethebackMixingofThefluidinthekettle.Insituationswherethestirringisintense,theliquidviscosityislow,ortheaverageresidencetimeislong,theflowpatternofthematerialinthekettlecanberegardedasafullymixedflow,andthereactionkettleiscorrespondinglycalledafullymixedkettle.Kde HIGHConversionRateRequiredRiredIdereActionsInseRereRequired, theback-mixingphenomenononononintheactorisanunfaable-factor.ATTHISTIME, MULTI-TANKREACTORSCANBEUSEDISEZESTROREDUCETHEADVERSVEFEFECTSOFBACKING a THEEACTCONCITICESCANBECNONTROLLEDININSAPATETankss.
ContinuousReactorssHouseuseuseusesmuchaspossibleForlarge-ScAleproduction.THEADVANTAGESOFCONTINUSOUSTERAFORTORABLEPRODUCTQUALITYADEASYOPERACEAND ACONTROL.TheDisadvantageIsThatthereeRerentDegreeSofbackMixingInContinuousReactors, které se vyskytují, asssHousedSupressedByReasonEreActoreLereActorMereActorMereCorModelElElVýběrAndAndStructuralDesign.
③Semi-ContinuousTankReactor.
ReferstoareactorinwhichonerawMaterialIliAddedaTonceandanotherrawmaterialContinuousAdlyAdded.Jeho charakteristikasAreBetweenBatchandContinuoustanks.
Krmení
ForContinuousReactorswithmorethantworawMaterials, theFlowDirectionofTematerialscanbeco-currentorCounter-current.FoquipmenTinWHichseveralReactorsformcade, cross-flowfeedingCanasObeused, že, onerawMaterialPassSestHrougheachReacrinTurn, a TheortrawMaterialisadtoeachReacteretarelyPareterely.InaditionToflowOutwards, therereaalsorawmaterialsTareaddedFroMoneend (orbouthends) of thereActoranddividedIndedIndedIndedSintectionSectionsction.StagedadditionMeansTatoneKindofrawMaterialisaddedFroMoneend a TheortheortKindofrawMaterialisDidedInderoseveralstageStageStageSobeaddedFromdifferentPositionSinthereactor.Cross-FlowCanalsOberegardedasakindofSagedFeedingMethod.WhatfeedingMetHodsheusedSeusedSedSonthecharacteristicsOfthereatctionProcess.
HeatExchangeMethod
MostreactionshaveObviousThermaleffects.INorderToMeakeActionProedUnderSutableTeTepeRatureConditions, itiSofTenceSaleExchangeHangeHeaThereActantSystem.HeatExchangeMethodsincludeIndirecTheaxchangeanddirectheaxchange.IndirectheatexchangereferstotheheatExchangeBetweenthereactionMaterialandTheheatingMeadiumThroughThepartitionwall, adirectheatExchangereferstotheatEtheatExchangeBeentHeeacteactionMaterialandTheheatingMeatingMedium.ForexotermicReactions, thereactionheatcarriedbythereactionproductcanbeused toheatthereactionrawmaterialStoreachTherequiredReactionTEmperature.ThisIndofReactoriscalledanautotermalreaktor.
Podle podtheatexchangeconditionsduringThereatctionProcess, ThereactorCanbediDidedInto:
① "IsothermalReaktor" AnidealReactorWheretheTetemperatureofthereActantSystemSqualeveryveryveryverydeveryvereverywherewherewherewhere.AreaCtorwithExtremeLysMallReactionheatefectEftect, OrfullheatExChangeBetweentHeaterialandtheheatcarrier, oralargeheatheatthinthereactor (takový, takový, takový, jakoSAVigorredtankreaktor), CanbeapproximatemalmalmalMalReactor..
② „AdiabaticReactor“ AnidealReactorwitheatheatExchangeBeentHeactionzoneandtheenvironmentment.Alarge-ScaleindustrialReactorWitHoutaheatexChangeDeviceInThereactionzonecanBeregardedasanadiaAdiabaticReactorWHentheheatExchangewithsideIsNegliable.
③ "non-isotermalnon-adiabaticreactor" Hasheaxchangewith -stheoutside a thereIsAlsoheatfeedbackinthereactor, butthereacTotHatcatcAntotReachisothermalconditions, taysthetubularfixed-l-l-lEdreactor.
TheheatExchangecanbecRiriedOuthintherectionZone, takový, coasastirredtankwithacetforheatexchange, Orinthereactionzone, takový, tasamulti-stagerereactorwithheatExchangeBetSageSages.
Operační podmínky
Hlavně sereferstotheoperatingTemPemPeRatureanDoperatingpressureofThereActor.TeplosasensitiveFactafTaftafTaftereactionProcess, andapropreatiateoperatingTemperatureTaratureSequenceMustBeselectedToMeakeEreactionProcessProceDusturimizedUndoptimizedConditions.Forexample, ForreverversibleExotermicReactions, atemperatureSequenceFighFirnlowTemperaturesHouseusedTobalancethereActionRateAnTequilibriumConversionrate (seechemicalquililibrium).
ThereactorcanbeoperatedUndernormalspressure, tlakovité tlakové tlaky (vakuum).Tlak-opravenáReactorsAinlylyusedForreactionProcessinvolvinggas.Zvyšovánímperační pressureIshelpfultoAcceleRetethegasphaseRereaction.FOCFOCAS-PHASERVERSIblereactionswithredatedtotalMoles, itcanincreasetheetEbribriumconversionte, takovýssynteticammoniaandsynteticmethanololololololol.Zvyšuje se ooperatingpressUrecAlsoincreashetheSolubilityofThegasintheliquid, somanygas-liquidreactionprocessesAndgas-liquidsolid-phasereactionProcessessadopTressureoperationToIncreeActeAction, takové oxidaceofp-xylene..
Výběr
ProceSificReactionProcess, theselectionOfthereActorRequires comprehensiveCosiderationFvariouscakrsSuchastechnology, Economyand afety.
TheBasicCaracteristicsOfTherectionProcessDeterMeTeTeTeapProProProProProProProPriAtereActorform.Forexample, thegas-solidphasereactionProcessgenerallyuseSafixedBedReactor, afluidizedBedReactororamovingBedReactor.Nicméně, TheApPropRateVýběrNeedStoconSiderTheRmaleffectofThereAction, equirementsForthereActionConversionRateandSelectivity, ThephysicallandChemicalPopertiesoftHeCatalystandthedeactivation atd. Atd.., a aventhecocceptualDesignOfDifferentReactorsRequiredToCarryoutTechnicalDevelopment.ANDECONOMIMANALYSCANDETERMINEDERIDLATER.
Inadditiontotheformtoftereactor, TheoperatingModeandfeedingModeoftereacOlSoLoneEdToBeconsidered.Například pro proces WithserialOrParallelsIdereactions, inscegedFeedMayBebetterthanone-timefeed.TheTEMPERATURESEQUENCEISALSORTORTAntFactorinReactotorsEction.Forexample, foranexothermicreversiblereaction, atemperuresequencefhighfirstandTHenSowsouseused.Vícestupňová, inter-stagesheatexchangereactorscanKethetemperureSequenceofthereactorMorereasoable.ReactoCupiesAnimportantPositionInProcessindustrialproduction.AsfarastheconstructionInvestmentAndoperatingCostsofthewhoLeprocesAreConcerned, TheProportionOfReactorsMayNotBeverylarge.Nicméně, jeho performanceandoperancePorManceAffectstheoutputAndqualityofthep-andPost-Processingand a andalsohasanimportantImpacToNtheConSonSonSonConSonTONSOFRAWMaterials, EnergyConSonScountion aproductCosts.Proto se vyhledává a vyhledává vývoje, které jsou uvedeny v rozvoji vývojových vývoje.