Severní a jižní dynastie

History

SouthernDynasties

After304years,ChinesehistoryenteredastageofdivisionandconfrontationbetweenNorthandSouth.Inthesouth,althoughthereweresuccessivechangesinthefiveregimesoftheEasternJinDynasty(theEasternJinDynastyandtheWesternJinDynastyarecollectivelycalledtheJinDynasty),theSouthernSongDynasty,theSouthernDynastyQi,theSouthernDynastyLiang,andtheSouthernDynastyChen,exceptforthethreeyearsofEmperorLiangYuan’suseofJianglingasthecapital.Intherestofthetime,thecapitalofthesoutherndynastieswasalwaysbuiltinJiankang(nowNanjing,Jiangsu).

Jižní dynastie a dynastie Song (420–479 let) byly mezi nimi největším, nejsilnějším a nejdéle vládnoucím režimem. Byly 4 generace a 8 císařů, celkem 60 let.

Dynastie SouthQiDynasty (479-502) GuoZu žil krátce, jen 24 let, ale díky častým bojům a zabíjení zažil 3 generace a 7 císařů, průměrně 3 roky na jednoho císaře.

LiangoftheSouthernDynasties (502-557) má 3 generace a 4 císaře, celkem 56 let. Mezi nimi WuEmperor XiaoYan je u moci nejdelší dobu, téměř půlstoletí.

ChenoftheSouthernDynastie (557-589),3 dynastie a 5 císařů, celkem 32 let. Zlomyslnost Chengshuailianga byla dynastií s úzkým územím, slabým obyvatelstvem a slabou silou.

V historii se čtyři jižní dynastie Song, Qi, Liang a Chen nazývaly jižní dynastie.

• SouthernSongDynasty

Song je nejstarší ze čtyř dynastií v jižní dynastii.60 let.

SongWuEmperorLiuYuwasoriginallyageneraloftheNorthernArmyintheEasternJinDynasty,andtookcontrolofthecourtaftertheHuanxuanRebellion.Inordertogainprestige,heusurpedtheJinDynastyandlaunchedtwonorthernexpeditions,regainingShandong,HenanandGuanzhong(afterGuanzhongwasoccupiedbyDaxia).Afterthat,LiuYukilledEmperorJin'anandre-establishedEmperorGongoftheJinDynasty.Twoyearslater(420years),heusurpedthethroneoftheEasternJinDynasty.HetookSongasthetitleofthecountryandchangedittothebeginningoftheYuanDynastyandwascalledLiuSonginhistory.IntheNorthernWeiDynasty,FangandLiuSongformedanorth-southconfrontationuntiltheunificationofthenorthin439.

EmperorSongWuwasborninthemilitaryandwasresoluteandfrugal.Heclaimedthattheempressstillpracticedfrugality,andhispoliticalstylewasverygoodforatime.However,itseemsthathedoesnotattachimportancetoroyaleducation,sothatheentrustedhimtoinhuman,causinggreatchanges.Henoticedthatthepoweroftheclanatthattimewasgreatandtheauthorityofthemonarchyhadfallen,soheusedthecoldclantograspthesecretsinthegovernment,andthemilitarypowerwasentrustedtotheclanandroyalfamily.Theclancontrolledthemilitarypowerandpoliticaldistricts,andthushadtheintentionofusurpingthethrone.Therefore,thereweremanyfratricidaltragediesbetweentheemperorandtheclan.

AfterEmperorWuofSongDynastypassedaway,EmperorSongShaocontinuedtostand.HewaskilledbyauxiliaryministersXuXianzhi,FuLiang,andXieHuibecauseofhislackofmorality.Later,heandthefamousBeifugeneralTanDaojieradicatedXuXianzhiandotherswhocontrolledthestateaffairs,andmadetheclancontrolthepowerofthegovernment.Atthesametime,heappointedthenoblefamilyandthecoldpeopletoparticipateinthegovernment,sothatthepoliticalbalanceoftheclan,thenoblefamilyandthecoldfamilyappearedinthepoliticalbalanceoftheclan,thenoblefamily,andthecoldfamily.Stablize.Onthisbasis,EmperorWenofSongadvocatedthriftandclarifiedthegovernanceofofficials,andcreatedthegovernanceofYuanjia.

Since430,EmperorWenofSonghasrepeatedlyexpeditionstothenorth.DuetoinsufficientpreparationsandthewrongcommandofEmperorWen,the"soldiersandfinancialbills"havegreatlyreducedthenationalpower.FamousgeneralsTanDaojiandPeiFangmingwereeradicatedbecauseofthesuspicionofEmperorSongWenformilitaryservice.In450years,EmperorSongWenonceagaindefeatedtheWei,but"theNorthernExpeditionwasinsultedandseveralprefecturesweredestroyed."ThevastlandnorthoftheYangtzeRiverwastrampledbytheNorthernWeiExpeditionaryArmy.LiuSong'snationalstrengthsufferedaseveresetback.

In453,EmperorWenofSongwaskilledbyPrinceLiuShao,andhisthirdsonLiuJuntooktheopportunitytoseizethethrone,namelyEmperorXiaowu.IntheearlyreignofEmperorXiaowuSong,aseriesofreformswereimplementedinthefieldsofpolitics,economy,militarysystem,householdregistration,ritualsystem,taxsystem,etc.;duringhisreign,the"coldpeopleholdthekey"(thepowerofhigh-rankingofficialsheldbythegentrywasshifteddownIn458,thepoliticalsituationof“FourWarsandFourVictory”and“BreaktheSevenCities”inQingzhouareawasdefeatedbytheWeiarmyin458;Liangzhouin460TheBeiyinpingareaof​​BeijingonceagainrepelledtheinvasionoftheNorthernWeiDynasty;forawhile,"thebreedingofprivatehouseholdswillbecompletedsoon".However,inthelastyearsofhisreign,hechangedhisearlystyleofrelievingsoldiersandsimplifyingadministration,andbegantobeproudandcomplacent.Hestartedtobuildcivilengineering,extravagantdesiresandevenrecklessbehavior,whichincreasedtheburdenonthepeople,andledtoLiuSong,whohadgraduallyimprovedintheearlydaysofhisreign.Inthelastyearsofhisreign,itfellintodecline.Duringhisreign,twoclanwarsbrokeout,andfinallythecityofGuanglingwaskilled.Atthattime,folkrumorssaid:"LookingatJiankangCityinthedistance,Xiaojianglingersagainstthecurrent,seeinghissonkillhisfatherbeforeseeinghissonkillhisfather,andseeinghisbrotherkillhisbrotherlater"indicatesthisperiodofhistory.In464AD,EmperorXiaowudiedofillness.

TheformeremperorLiuZiye,thesonofEmperorXiaowu,killedtheclanafterhewasestablished.LaterhewaskilledbythekingofEasternHunan,LiuYu,whowasEmperorMingofSongDynasty.However,healsoslaughteredtheclanandkilledthedescendantsofEmperorXiaowu.Inhislateryears,EmperorMing'spoliticalmistakescausedtheQing,Hebei,Xu,YansiprefecturesnorthoftheHuaiheRiverinLiuSongDynastyandthesixHuaixiprefecturesinYuzhoutofallintotheNorthernWeiDynasty,andtheirnationalpowerwasgreatlyreduced.AfterEmperorMing'sson,theemperorLiuYu,thepoliticalsituationwasturbulentandrebellious,andthegeneralXiaoDaochenggraduallytookcontrolofthemilitary.

AfterthedeathofEmperorFei,XiaoDaochengsupportedEmperorSongShun'sLiuZhunandtookoverthegovernment.AfterannihilatingpoliticalenemiesYuanCanandShenYou,XiaoDaochengusurpedthethronein479.HewasnamedDaqiasthefoundingofthecountry.HewasrenamedasEmperorQiGaodiinhistory,andhediedintheSouthernDynastyandSongDynasty.

• NanDynastyQi

Qi má nejkratší existenci ze čtyř dynastií, s 24 lety.

QigaoEmperorbelongedtothefamilyoftheLanlingXiaofamily,buthisstatuswasnothigh,sohewasdespisedbythenoblesofthefamily.HispoliticalstylewasalsothesameasthatintheearlySongDynasty.Hewasfrugalanddiedafterfouryearsofreign.Hewassucceededbytheprince,theEmperorQiWu.EmperorQiWuwasinchargeofQingming,andhehadnowarwiththeNorthernWeiDynasty,andhewasknownasthe"rulingofYongming"inhistory.Atthattime,theemperorusedDiansignofficersaseyesandearstomonitorthepoliticalaffairsofthestatesandthekingsoftheclan.

AfterthedeathofEmperorQiWu,hewassucceededbytheemperor'sgrandsonXiaoZhaoye,andXiaoZiliangandXiaoLuanwereinchargeofthegovernment.However,XiaoZhaoye'sextravagantplay,statepoliticsgraduallyfellunderthecontrolofXiaoLuan.XiaoLuandeliberatelyusurpedthethrone,andafterkillingXiaoZhaoye,hechangedhisyoungerbrotherXiaoZhaowen,andsoonabolishedtheemperorandestablishedhimselfasEmperorQiMing.AfterEmperorQiMingsucceededtothethrone,heusedDiansignofficialstomassacrethekingsoftheclan,andthedescendantsofEmperorGaoandEmperorWuwereallkilled.

AfterEmperorQiMingdied,hewassucceededbyPrinceXiaoBaojuan.Hewasstupidandcruel,killedMinisterGuMing,andprovokedrebellionsinvariouslocaltowns.Afterthechaoswascalmeddown,hekilledtheYongzhougovernorXiaoYiwhohadbeensuccessfulincalmingthechaos.

In501,XiaoYi'syoungerbrother,XiaoYan,announcedthathewouldraisehisarmyandsetuphisbrotherBaoronginJianglingtobeEmperorQihe.AfterXiaoYaninvadedJiankang,QiDiBaojuanwaskilledbyGeneralWangZhenguo.Inthefollowingyear,XiaoYanusurpedthethroneandbecameknownasEmperorLianginhistory.XiaoQidied.

• NanDynastyLiang

LiangWuvěřilvbuddhismusabyltřikrátmon.Forlegendaryemperor.EmperorWuofLiang byl odstřelem rodiny Xia v Lanlingu.Byl šetrný, pilný a staral se o lidi, což umožnilo mistrovsky na národní úrovni. ofSongQiclan, Emperor Wuof Liang byl ke svému klanu velmi tolerantní a nenesl by odpovědnost, ani kdyby spáchal trestný čin. Věděl, že je schopen a obhajoval akademický rozvoj, díky čemuž se vzdělávání Jihu Dynasty a E. chrám třikrát. Vzhledem k tomu, že mniši a taoisté neplatili daně, byla registrována téměř polovina jejich účtů, což způsobilo velké ztráty národním financím. V té době byli klanové a úředníci chamtiví a prohnaní ..

IntheearlydaysofEmperorWuofLiang,contradictionsaboundedintheNorthernWeiDynastyaftertheSinicizationMovement,andthenationalpowergraduallylosttotheSouthernDynasty.Fromthebeginningof503,theNorthernWeiDynastyandtheLiangfoughtintheHuainanarea,andfinallyChangYizhi,CaoJingzong,andWeiRuidefeatedtheNorthernWeiArmyinthebattleofZhongli.SofarEmperorWuofLiangintendstoexpeditiontothenorth,butthescopedoesnotgooutsidetheHuainanarea.AfterdefeatingtheNorthernWeiArmyintheBattleofShouyangin516,theNorthernExpeditionwassuspendedduetoexcessivelosses,andShouyangwascapturedonlytenyearslater.

LiangWudilikestousesurrender,hopingtogetsomethingfornothing.WhentheSixTownsRebellionoccurredintheNorthernWeiDynasty,EmperorWuofLiangsentChenQingzhitoescortYuanhao,thekingoftheNorthSeaof​​theNorthernWeiDynasty,toreturntothethrone.Atthattime,themainforceoftheNorthernWeiDynastywasstillfightingtherebellioninShandong,Hebei,andGuanzhong.ChenQingzhiandYuanHaoLienvictoriouslyattackedLuoyangalltheway,butduetothelackofassistance,themainforceoftheNorthernWeiArmyreturnedtoLuoyang.ChenQingzhihadtoreturntohisarmy.ThisNorthernExpeditionEndedwithfailure.

DuringtheEasternandWesternWeiDynasty,theEasternWeigeneralHouJingwasforcedbytheEasternWeiandtheWesternWeitosurrendertotheLiang,andEmperorWuofLiangappointedhimtoexpeditetheEasternWeiinthenorth.ButafterLiangJunwasdefeated,EmperorWuofLiangintendedtoreturnHouJingtoseekreconciliation.AfterHouJinglearnedofit,hethrewhistroopsintorebellionandattackedJiankangsouth,whichwasknownastheHouJingRebellioninhistory.

LiangledXiaoZhengdetocrosstherivertomakeHouJinginvadeJiankang,EmperorWuofLiangretreatedtoTaicheng,andHouJingsurroundedTaicheng.Afterthat,althoughtherewereteachersofKingQin,theyallwaitedandwatched.HouJingwenknewthatKingQinmadepeacetalksforawhile,butintheendherebelledandcapturedTaicheng,imprisonedEmperorWuofLiang,andEmperorWuofLiangwasfinallystarvedtodeath.AfterthefallofJiankang,HouJingmassacredtheJiangnanclanandbroughtadevastatingblowtothepoliticsoftheSouthernDynasty.HouJingkilledLiangJianwenEmperorXiaoGangandHuaiyinKingXiaoDongsuccessively,andfinallyusurpedthethrone,foundingtheHanDynasty.However,HouJing'sforceswereonlyintheJiangdongarea,andtheHuguangandSichuanareaswerestillunderthecontrolofLiangShi.ItwasjustthattheLiangdynastiesattackedeachotherandhadnotimetocrusadeHouJing.Later,XiangdongKingXiaoYidefeatedotherLiangdynastyclanforces,andwaslaterjoinedbyGuangzhouPrefectChenBaxian,andhisstrengthgreatlyincreased.SoXiaoYidispatchedgeneralsWangSengbianandChenBaxiantojoinforcestodefeatHouJing,andsuccessivelydefeatedtheappointmentofthegeneralsofHouJing.SongZixianthenstartedadecisivebattlewithHouJinginTaicheng.HouJingwasdefeatedandfledandwaslaterkilledbyhissubordinates.ThechaosofHouJingwassettled.

XiaoYi,thekingofeasternHunan,succeededtothethroneinJianglingandbecameEmperorLiangYuan.Afterthat,XiaoJi,theWulingkingwhoguardedYizhou,proclaimedhimselfemperorandattackedJiangling.EmperorLiangYuanaskedforhelpfromtheWesternWeiDynasty.XiaoJihou,theWulingKing,attackedtheWesternWeiDynasty.YizhouwasalsotakenawaybytheWesternWeiDynasty.Thefollowingyear,XiaoTsengledtheWesternWeiArmytotaketheopportunitytocaptureJiangling,EmperorLiangYuanwaskilled,andtheWesternWeiDynastyestablishedXiaoTshouasthechief,knownasXilianginhistory.

AfterEmperorLiangYuanwaskilled,ChenBaxianarguedwithWangSengthatXiaoFangzhi,thekingofJin'an,wasemperor,thatis,EmperorLiangJing.ThentheNorthernQisentXiaoYuanmingtothesouth,LiangJunwasdefeated,WangSengarguedandgreetedXiaoYuanmingastheEmperorofLiang.ChenBafirstledanarmytokillWangSengbianandre-establishedEmperorLiangJing.Afterthat,hesuccessivelydefeatedthesoutherninvadingarmyoftheNorthernQiDynastyandXuSihuioftheWangSengbianYudang,anddictatedLiangTing.Finally,itusurpedthethronein557,thenameofthefoundingcountrywasChen,thecapitalwasJiankang,andtheYuanwaschangedtoYongding.Inhistory,itwascalledEmperorWuofChenandthedeathofLiang.

• SouthernDynastyChen

V čínské historii se jména dynastií a císařů shodují, pouze rodina Chen v jižních dynastiích.

EmperorChenWuwasanativeofWuxing(nowChangxingCounty,ZhejiangProvince).Atthistime,afteryearsofwarinsouthernChina,thefamilyofoverseasChineseandthefamilyofWusurnamedwerebothinjuredbyHouJing’srebellion,andtheireconomysufferedSeriousdamage.Manylocalforceshavealsosplittheirregimes.Acountryestablishedonthisbasisisdestinedtobeshort-lived.BecauseEmperorWuChencouldn'tsettledownallthetime,headoptedthemethodofappeasement.

AfterthedeathofEmperorChenWu,hisnephewChenQiansucceededtothethrone,namelyEmperorChenWen.Atthistime,WangLin,whowasformerlyXiaoYi'sarmy,rebelledinthetwolakesandunitedtheNorthernQiandNorthernZhouforcestoconquerJiankang.EmperorChenWendifirstdefeatedWangLinandtheNorthernQicoalitionforces,andthenblockedBakiu,preventingtheNorthernZhouDynastyfromadvancingeastwardalongtheriver.Sofar,thenationalpowerisdetermined.Duringhisreign,heworkedhardtoreviveJiangnan'seconomy,andmadeChen'spowerinthesoutherndynastystronger.

AfterthedeathofEmperorChenWen,hewassucceededbyPrinceBozong,namelyEmperorChenFei.Soon,hisuncleAnchengWangXuandtheemperorbecameindependent,namelyEmperorChenXuan.Atthattime,theNorthernZhouDynastyintendedtodestroytheNorthernQi,soitinvitedtheChendynastytoconquertheNorthernQitogether.EmperorChenXuanintendedtoregainHuainanandagreed,andsentWuMingchetotheNorthernExpeditionin573,andregainedHuainantwoyearslater.

Atthattime,theNorthernQiDynastywasindecline,EmperorChenXuancouldtaketheopportunitytoattack,buthejustwantedtodefendit.ThentheNorthernZhouDynastytooktheopportunitytoattacktheNorthernQiDynastyandmarchedsouthin577.TheChenarmywasdefeatedandChenintheSouthernDynastywasindanger.However,EmperorWuoftheNorthernZhouDynastysuddenlypassedaway.

AfterYangJianestablishedtheSuiDynasty,EmperorChenXuandied,andhewassucceededbyPrinceShubao,thatis,EmpressChen.Hewaslicentiousandextravagant,thestateandgovernmentwereinchaos,andthegovernmentwasextremelycorrupt.Atthattime,theexploitationofofficialswassevere,andthepeopleweremiserable.Duringtheharvestseasoninthesouth,theSuiarmyburnedthefieldsinthesouth,severelyweakeningtheeconomicstrengthofNanchen,andChenGuolioftheSouthernDynastyfellsharply.

In588,EmperorWenoftheSuiDynastyappointedYangGuangasthechiefgeneralandlaunchedthesouthernexpedition.ChenChenreliedonthenaturaldangersoftheYangtzeRiverandsanganddancedasusual.Inthefirstmonthofthefollowingyear,theSuiarmyinvadedJiankang,andChenShubao,hisconcubineZhangLihuaandKongGuirenescapedintothewellandwerecaptured.ChendiedintheSouthernDynasty.ThereunificationoftheSuiDynastyendedChina'snearly300-yearsplit.

NorthernDynasty

TheNorthernDynastyisthegeneraltermfortheNorthernDynastythatcoexistedwiththeSouthernDynastyinChinesehistory,includingtheNorthernWei,EasternWei,WesternWei,NorthernQi,NorthernZhouandotherdynasties.TheNorthernWei,EasternWei,WesternWeiandNorthernZhouwereallfoundedbytheXianbeipeople,whiletheNorthernQiwasbuiltbytheXianbeiHanpeople.

• Vznik dynastie North Wei

Dynastii North Wei založil TuobaXian v období pěti a šestnácti království Jian, dříve známých jako DaiGuo.

TheNorthernWeiDynastygraduallygrewunderthemanagementofEmperorDaowu,EmperorMingyuan,andEmperorTaiwu.TuobaguifoughtagainsttheHouyan,foughtmanywars,anddefeatedtheYanarmyinthebattleofHepi.ThenheledthearmytobreakthecapitalofHouyanandmovedthecapitaltoPingcheng.Hebecameemperorinthefollowingyear,thatis,EmperorDaowu.EmperorDaowuhadacrueltemperamentandwaslaterkilledbyhissonTuobaShao.Inthesameyear,EmperorDaowu'seldestsonTuobaSipingsucceededtothethrone,namelyEmperorMingandYuan.HecapturedLiuSong'sHenanprovince,butdiedsoonafter.HissonTuobaTaosucceededtothethrone,thatis,EmperorTaiwu.Heworkedhardtogovern,andhisnationalpowerwasprosperous,andherepeatedlyattackedLiuSong.AfterremovingthethreatfromtheNorthRouran,thewarofunificationoftheNorthwaslaunched.From431to439,EmperorTaiwusuccessivelyeliminatedthethreekingdomsofHuXia,BeiyanandBeiliang,thendefeatedRouranandconfrontedtheSouthernDynastyandSongDynasty.TheNorthandtheSouthhaveofficiallyenteredthe"SouthernandNorthernDynasties".However,therewasalsoHouQiuChi,whodiedintheNorthernWeiDynastyin443.

AlthoughtheNorthernWeiDynastywasprosperous,therewasapowerfulenemyinthenorth,Rouran,sothathecouldnotgosouthwithallhisstrength.

Gaiwu,aLushuihuwhobelievesinBuddhism,ledthepeopleofallethnicgroupstoraiseanuprisingandwasputdownbyEmperorTaiwu.EmperorTaiwualsocrackeddownonBuddhismandbecameoneofthethreewarriorswhodestroyedtheBuddha.AfterTaiwuunifiedNorthChina,hedestroyedShanshan,oneofthefivepowersintheWesternRegions,andtookcontroloftheWesternRegions.In450,hecounterattackedLiuSongagain,approachingGuabu,andthreatenedtocrosstheriver.Afterwards,50,000householdswereplunderedandreturnedtothenorth.Sofar,theNorthernDynastyreversedthesituationwherethenationalpowerwassuppressedbytheSouthernDynasty,butitsmilitarystrengthwasalsogreatlydamaged.EmperorTaiwuwastorturedcruellyinthelaterperiod,andwasfinallykilledbytheeunuchZongAi.

WhenEmperorXianwenwasinpower,hewaspoisonedbyhisaunt,QueenMotherFeng.EmpressDowagerFengsetupTuobahong,thesonofEmperorXianwen(ieEmperorXiaowen),andtookcontrolofthegovernment.EmpressDowagerFengwasjealousofhowwiseandabusedpunishment,butitstabilizedthestateaffairs.EmperorXiaowenmayhaveadmiredHanculturebecauseoftherelationshipwiththeQueenMotherFeng,andbelievedthattheXianbeipeopleshouldgodeepintoSinicization.Hewaswiseandstudious,andexpandedthecapitalPingseongtoSeoulaftertakingoffice.BasedonthefactthatLuoyangismoreprosperousthanPingchenganditsgeographicallocationcontrolsthewholecountry,itiseasytosendtroopstothesouthoftheYangtzeRiver,whichcangetridofconservativeforces.

Byl to YuanHong, císař Xiaowen, kdo zahájil zlatý věk dynastie Severní Wei.

EmperorXiaowenimplementedthethree-managementsystem,promulgatedtheequalizationsystem,movedthecapitaltoLuoyang,andimplementedaseriesofmeasurestoreformXianbei’soldcustoms.Afterthecapitalwasmoved,theSinicizationmovementwaslaunchedinthreeyears,suchastheuseoftheofficialsystemoftheHangovernment,theprohibitionoftheHusband,thepromotionofeducation,thechangeofsurnamesandtheencouragementofintermarriagebetweentheXianbeiaristocratsandtheHanaristocrats,theprohibitionofburialandtheadoptionoftheHansystemforweightsandmeasures,andanedictannouncedtheabsorptionHanculture.EmperorXiaowentriedtoachievethegoalofmergingwiththeHannationalitybyrestrictinghisownculture.ThroughaseriesofreformsofEmperorXiaowen,theadvancedcultureandadvancedpoliticalsystemoftheHannationalitywerecompletelyintegratedintotheruleoftheNorthernWeiDynasty.

EmperorHouXiaowenreturnedwithoutsuccessaftermanysoutherncampaigns.AsfortheXianbeiaristocratswhoremainedinthesixnortherntownsbecausetheywereunwillingtomovesouth,theygraduallylosttheattentionoftheLuoyangcourtandlosttheirpower.ThissplittheNorthernWeiDynastyintotwogroupsofXianbeiandSinicization,whichbecameoneofthereasonsforthechaosofthesixtownsinthefuture.

In494,theprinceYuanxunintendedtoreturnnorthtoPingcheng.EmperorXiaowenabolishedtheprinceandgavehimhisdeath.TheconservativeMutaiandLuRuisupportedtheking'smutinyinPingchengandweresuppressed.EmperorXiaowenpersonallypatrollednorthtoappeasethem.AfterthedeathofEmperorXiaowen,theNorthernWeiDynastybegantogodownhill.

AfterthedeathofEmperorXiaowen,duetotheoppositionofsomeconservativearistocratsandXianbeiwarriors,therulersoftheNorthernWeiDynastygraduallyabandonedthepreviouspolicyofnationalreconciliationandrestoredtheprivilegesoftheXianbeipeople,soanewcontradictionarose.Begantodeclinegradually.

• Oddělení dynastie North Wei

Poté co Emperor Xia zemřel v roce 499, císař Xuan ho porazil a stát byl v chaosu, šlechta soutěžila v luxusu. Liure,nebo-jsme-přivolali-kvůli jejich nesouhlasu s KingQingheapřevzali kontrolu nad vládou.Po smrti LiuTeng,v525Císař neboXiaomingaQueenMotherHupechaotickouparty. ošklivě začal směřovat k destrukci.

IntheearlyyearsoftheNorthernWeiDynasty,inordertopreventRouranfrominvadingthenortherncapitalofPingcheng,sixtownssuchasWoye,Huaishuo,Wuchuan,Fuming,Rouxuan,andHuaihuangweresetupalongtheYellowRiverinYinshantoguardthecapital.ThegeneralsofthesixtownsareheldbytheXianbeinobles,andthegeneralsaretheseniorsonsoftheXianbeiorHannationality.Theyareregardedasthe"heartofthecountry"andcanreturntoBeijingtotakeuppositionsatanytime.ButafterthecapitalwasmovedtoLuoyang,thestatusofthesixtownsdeclined.BecausehestillretainstheoriginalhabitsofXianbei,hewasdiscriminatedagainstbytheSinicizedaristocracyas"Daibeihan,"andthepromotionofgeneralswassuppressedanddissatisfied.Finally,in523thesixtownsoftheXianbeinoblesandmilitarytroopsinthenorthernpartofthecountrytookplace,andthepeopleofallethnicgroupsinQinlong,Guandongandotherplacesalsostarted.Thismatterwassettledafterthreeyears,andmanywarlordswereformed.Amongthem,ErZhurong,whoguardedJinyang,wasthemostpowerful.Afteraseriesofmilitaryoffensives,ErZhurongdefeatedGeRong,themostpowerfulintheKwantungregion,andotherheroestobecomethemostpowerfulwarlord.

EmperorWeiXiaomingintendedtojoinErZhurongtodealwithQueenMotherHu,butwaspoisonedtodeathbyQueenMotherHu.EmpressDowagerHuappointedPrincessXiaoming,theonlydaughterofEmperorXiaoming,andhercousinYuanZhaoasemperors.Inthesameyear,ErZhurongtookrevengeonEmperorXiaomingandledhisarmytocaptureLuoyangandcontrolthegovernment.HedrownedtheyoungmasteroftheNorthernWeiDynastyandtheEmpressDowagerHuintheYellowRiverinHeyin,changedhimtoEmperorXiaozhuang,andkilledmorethantwothousandministers.Thehistoryiscalled"HeyinChange",andErZhurongremotelycontrolledthegovernmentinJinyang.EmperorXiaozhuangwasangryasapuppetandpersonallykilledhimwhenhemetinErzhuRongjinin530.ThenErZhuRong'snephewErZhuZhaoandhisyoungerbrotherZhuShilongembraceChangguangWangYuanYeastheemperor,andaftertakingLuoyang,theykilledEmperorXiaoZhuangandchangedEmperorJiMin.Inthesameyear,thewarlordGaoHuanraisedtroopstoopposetheErzhuGroup.GaoHuanandYuxinallembracedYuenLongastheemperor,andafterhecapturedLuoyangin532,heestablishedEmperorXiaowu.

EmperorWeiXiaowumadeitforhim,andheintendstounitewithGuanzhongTowntofightHeBayueagainstGaoHuan.GaoHuanpreemptivelyassassinatedHeBayuein534.EmperorXiaowutookYuwentai'splace,andbrokewithGaoHuan,andfledtoYuwentai.GaoHuanthenmadeYuanShanjian,theemperorofQinghe,theEmperorXiaojingoftheEasternWeiDynasty,andmovedhiscapitaltoYecheng.EmperorXiaowuwaspoisonedbyYuwentaishortlyafterherushedtothewest,andYuwentaichangedtheNanyangkingYuanbaojutotheemperor,thatis,EmperorWendioftheWesternWeiDynasty,andmadehiscapitalChang'an.TheNorthernWeiDynastysplitintoEasternWeiandWesternWeiin534andthenperished.

• Konfrontace mezi východní dynastií Wei a západní dynastií Wei

Východní dynastie Wei byla založena v roce 534 a západní dynastie Wei byla zřízena v 535. Dynastie Východní Wei a Západní dynastie Wei byly povrchně zděděny potomkem Tuoba familiárně řízeny, ale mezi NorthQi a North ZhouDynastií.V zásadě je východní a západní Wei ohraničen Žlutou řekou podél řeky Bianhev Shanxi a Shaanxi.Vzhledem k tomu, že východní WeiDynasty zdědil větší národní sílu od dynastie Northothern Wei, kterou jsme překonali. útoků a konfrontace mezi oběma stranami bylo rozhodnuto.

TheEasternWeiDynastycontrolledbyGaoHuaniscomposedoftherefugeesfromthesixtownsofXianbeiandtheHebeidynasty.GaoHuanitselfisalsotheHanpeopleofXianbei,makingitmorepoliticallydependentontheXianbei.Later,theNorthernQiemperoralsodeliberatelymaintainedtheXianbeicustoms,advocatingtheXianbeilanguageandmartialarts.GaoHuanemployspeopleonly,andmanywell-knownofficialsintheDPRKarehispartners,allofwhichlaidasolidfoundationforthelaterNorthernQiDynasty.However,histacticswereinferiortoYuwentai,andhewasdefeatedrepeatedlyinthreebattles.

In536years,GaoHuanrateDouTaiandothersfoughttheWesternWeiDynasty,andDouTai'sarmywasdefeatedatTongguan.Thefollowingyear,GaoHuantookadvantageofthegreatfamineinGuanzhongandledhisarmytothewestagain,andwasdefeatedinthebattleofShayuanbyYuwentai,whowasnotstrongenough.Atthispoint,thedivisionwassettledandthebattlefieldturnedtotheHedongarea.

In538,theEasternandWesternWeiDynastybrokeoutintheBattleoftheRiverBridge,andthetwosideswoneachother.

In543,theEastandWestWeiManshanbattleswerefierce,andoffensiveanddefensivewereintertwined.

In546,GaoHuanledanother100,000armytothewest,butwasblockedbyYubiCity.DefendingthecitywasthegeneraloftheWesternWeiDynasty,WeiXiaokuan.GaoHuanwasunabletoconquertheYubi.IntheEasternWeiDynasty,morethan70,000peoplewerekilledandinjured.GaoHuanhadnochoicebuttoretreatanddiedofillnessinJinyangthefollowingyear.AfterGaoHuan'sdeath,theeldestsonGaoChenginheritedhishegemony,expelledtherebelgeneralHouJing,consolidatedtheterritory,strengthenedGao'sregimeinternally,andactivelypreparedtostandonhisownbehalfonbehalfofWei,butwasassassinatedshortlyafterwards.

HisbrotherGaoYangabolishedandkilledtheEasternWeiEmperorin550afterhesucceeded,andmassacredtheEasternWeiimperialfamily,andtheEasternWeiDynastydied.GaoYangestablishedtheNorthernQiDynastyandchangedtheYuanTianbao,andhewascalledEmperorWenxuanoftheNorthernQiDynastyinhistory.

TheWesternWeiDynastycontrolledbyYuwentai,withtheassistanceofgeneralssuchasthe12thGeneralsoftheEightPillarKingdom,effectivelyresistedthemultipleattacksoftheEasternWeiDynastyandconsolidatedthesituationintheWesternWeiDynasty.Atthattime,theWesternWeiDynastywasinferiortotheSouthernLiangandEasternWeiDynastyintermsofeconomyandculture.YuWentaiappointspeopletobetalents.HeaskedSuChuoandotherstoreformtheofficialsystem,reconciletheconflictsbetweenHuandHan,establishGuanzhongstandardsothatgeneralsHuHancanworktogether,setupamilitarysystemtoestablishprofessionalsoldiersandmaintainthespiritofmartialarts.TheGuanlongGroup,representedbyHeBayueandYuwentai,secretlysupportsSinicization.TheGuanzhongareaisthebirthplaceofZhouculture.JudgingfromthetendencyofHanscholarssuchasSuChuoandLuBian,ZhouculturestillhasacertaininfluenceinGuanzhongatthistime.Moreimportantly,intermsofgeographicallocation,itisaChinesenationality.Inthisrespect,itisnotinferiortotheWei-JincultureinheritedfromShandongandJiangzuo.Onthisbasis,SuChuoandothersproposedtoadoptthesixofficialsystemoftheancientZhoudynasty,namelyheaven,earth,spring,summer,autumn,andwinterofficials.ThesemeasuresallmadetheWesternWeinationalpowergraduallystronger,andalsoaffectedthepoliticalsystemandtheSuiandTangDynasties.Groupdistribution.YuwentaitookadvantageoftheinfightingoftheclankingsaftertherebellionofLiangYuHouJingintheSouthernDynasties,andsuccessivelycapturedthelandofShuandJiangling,andestablishedXiliangasthechiefstate.AftertheWesternWeiDynasty,EmperorFeiandEmperorGongweresuccessivelyestablished.AfterYuWentai'sdeathin556,hisnephewYuWenhudictatorship.Inthefollowingyear,heabolishedEmperorGongoftheWesternWeiDynasty,thecountrywasnamedZhou,andmadeYuwenTaiziYuwenjueasEmperorXiaominoftheNorthernZhouDynasty,anddiedintheWesternWeiDynasty.

• Konfrontace mezi dynastií North Zhou a North Qi

NorthernQi zdědila území dynastie Východní Wei a byla založena císařem Wenxuanem v 550 Jianguo. Emperor Wenxu úspěšně porazil Kumoxi, Qidan, Rouran, Htriny, Shanhu a další a další. solný a železářský průmysl a porcelánový průmysl jsou všechny docela rozvinuté. Severní dynastie Qi byla zhruba stejná jako dynastie Severní Wei a pokračovala v implementaci systému zrovnoprávnění země. a aby ochránil Xianbeiaristokracii, vyvraždil rodinu Han .Jeho útlak lidí byl stále silnější,což způsobilo úpadek NorthQistated.Poté, co uspěl EmperorQiFefe,jehoslunceGaoyan byl pověřen hlavní správou.AleGaoYanzkrátkopřemohl trůn,azabil císaře,zanárodníosobuneboXiaozha. po dvou letech a byl úspěšný jeho bratrem Changguangem Wang Gaozhanem, jak byl císař nebo Wucheng ze Severní QiDynastie. Emperor Wucheng byl slabý a chtivý a síla Severního QiDynastie byla poté oslabena, Zemřeli jsme. je slavný generál HuLuguang. Poté byl Severní Qi zajat Chenanem a Huainanem a zemřel v dynastii Severní Zhou v 577.

TheNorthernZhouDynastyinheritedtheterritoryoftheWesternWeiDynasty.In556,EmperorXiaominoftheNorthernZhouDynastyestablishedthecountry,butthegovernmentwascontrolledbyhiscousinYuWenhu.EmperorXiaominintendstojoinZhaoGuiandDuguxintooverthrowYuwenhu.However,itwasdiscoveredbyhimthatZhaoGuiandDuguxinwerekilled,andEmperorZhouXiaominwasabolishedthenextyearandthenkilled.YuwenhuchangedYuwenyuastheemperor,thatis,EmperorZhouming,butin560hewaspoisonedtodeathbyEmperorZhoumingandchangedYuwenyuastheemperor,thatisZhouwudi.EmperorWuofZhouadoptedatacticalplan,andsuccessfullykilledYuwenhuaftertwelveyears,andtookchargeofthegovernmenthimself.AftertheNorthernZhouDynastyEmperorYuwenYongzhukilledYuwenhuandbegantopro-government,hepursuedapolicyofsafeguardingtheinterestsofthelandlordclass.TheNorthernZhouDynastyusedConfucianismasanideologicalweapontoabandonsomeoftheoutdatedcustomsoftheXianbeipeopleandthepopularemptytalk.YuwenyongfocusesoncultivatingalargenumberofpeoplewithConfucianideasasthepillarsoftheregime.

Intermsofmilitaryaffairs,YuwenyongalsorecruitedalargenumberofHanpeopleasasourceoftroopsduringhisreign,supplementingthemilitarystrengthoftheNorthernZhouDynasty,andenablingthesoldiersoftheHanandXianbeinationalitiestoknowhowtocoordinateoperations.

EmperorZhouWuwaswiseandmajestic.Hepromotedvariousreformsinternally,suchasrestrainingBuddhism,makingpeacewiththeTurksindiplomacy,andlivinginpeacewiththeChenDynasty.ThesemeasuresallmadetheNorthernZhouDynastymorepowerful.

In577,EmperorWuofZhouconqueredthefaintandchaoticNorthernQiandconqueredYechengthefollowingyear,andtheNorthernQidied.AfterEmperorWuofZhouunifiedthenorth,hewasannexedbyLiDelinandotherKwantungclan,andhismomentumwashuge.HeimmediatelyconqueredChenfromthesouth,butdiedinthesameyear,andthencivilstrifebrokeoutintheNorthernZhouDynasty,sothebattleagainstChenwasabandoned.

Perish

YangJian byl synem YangZhong, 12. generála dynastie Severní Zhou, a byl také tchánem prince YuWenyuna.

AfterEmperorWuofZhoudiedin578,hewassucceededbyPrinceYuwenYun,namelyEmperorZhouXuan.Hewaslicentiousandfaint,superstitiousofBuddhismandTaoism,establishedfivequeensandseizedhiswives.HekilledtheclanheroYuWenxianandwithdrewthekingstothecountry.YangJianbegantogathercivilandmilitaryofficialstoformahugegroup.

AfterEmperorZhouXuan'sdeath,hissonYuwenChansucceededtothethrone,thatis,EmperorZhouJing,LiuFang,ZhengtranslatedtheimperialedicttoYangJiantolearnaboutChineseandforeignsoldiersandhorses,andenteredthedynasty.YuChijiong,SimaXiaonan,WangQianandothersweredissatisfiedwithYangJian'smonopolyandraisedtroopstofightagainstYangJian,whichwasknownasthe"ThreeGeneralsRebellion"inhistory.YangJianwasplannedbyLiDelinandputdowntherebelswithWeiXiaokuanandothers.

In581,YangJianreplacedZhouastheemperor,thatis,EmperorWenoftheSuiDynasty.HewasrenamedtheSuiDynastyanddiedintheNorthernZhouDynasty.

V roce 587 císař Wen of the SuiDynasty zrušil Xiliang, lord XiaoCong, který zemřel v Xiliangu.

In588,EmperorWenoftheSuiDynastylaunchedthebattletodestroyChen,withYangGuangandYangSuasthemarshalsofthemarch,andthefamousgeneralssuchasHeRuobiandHanQinhusenttroopstoattackChen.ThefollowingyeartheSuiArmycapturedJiankang,andChendiedintheSouthernDynasty,andChinawasreunifiedagain.

SincetheYongjiaRebellion,the"SouthernandNorthernDynasties"inwhichChinawasdividedfornearlythreehundredyearsended.

Území

Území jižní dynastie

Mapa původu různých zemí v jižní a severní dynastii (7 fotografií)

IntermsoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties'territory,theSouthernandSongDynastiesinheritedTheterritoryoftheEasternJinDynastybasicallyconsistsof22states.HenanwasgraduallyannexedbytheNorthernWeiDynastyafterthefouryearsofTaichu(422),anditwaschangedtoHuaiRiverastheboundary.IntheSouthernDynasty,QiwasbasicallythesameastheSongDynastyas22states,butlostthelandofYongzhouMianbeiandHuainanYuzhouoneafteranother.IntheSouthernDynasties,LiangShizhoucountysettingsandterritorieschangedgreatly.DuetotheNorthernExpedition,thelandofHuaibeiwasacquired,andoncereachedHenan.ItalsoopenedupMin,Yue,Pinglicaves,andbrokeZangke.By539,therewere107states.

AfterHouJing'srebellion,theNorthernQiDynastyoccupiedthelandofHuainaninthenorthofJiangxi,andtheWesternWeiDynastyoccupiedBashuinHanzhong.IntheWesternWeiDynasty,entrustedbyXiaoTing,heledhisarmytoseizethelandnorthofLiangjianglingintheSouthernDynastyandestablishedthevassalstateofXiliang.AfterthefoundingofChenChenintheSouthernDynasty,therewerenotmanyterritories.In569,hebegantoregainpartofHuainanandpartsofHuaibei,andoncecapturedthelandnorthoftheYellowRiverintheNorthernQiDynasty(573-577).AttheendofChen'speriod,theinvasionoftheNorthernZhouDynastyreducedtheterritory,leavingonlytheareasouthoftheYangtzeRivertoJiaoguang.

TheterritoryoftheNorthernDynasty

AsfortheterritoryoftheNorthernDynasty,theNorthernWeiDynastyrosefromtheplaceoftheNorthernWeiDynasty,anditunifiedNorthernChinain439andendedtheSixteenKingdomsperiod.HerepeatedlyinvadedLiuSongandoccupiedShandong,HenanandHuaibei.TakethesouthernpartofQihuaiintheSouthernDynastiesandtheLianghanzhongandJiangeareasoftheSouthernDynasties.Sofar,theterritoryextendsfromtheMonangrasslandinthenorth,totheeasternpartoftheWesternRegioninthewest,tothewestofLiaoningintheeast,andtotheJianghanRiverBasininthesouth.Duringtheexpansionoftheterritory,thestatesandcountiesoftenadjustedtheirmeasuresaccordingtotimeconditions,andbegantoreorganizein487.AfterEmperorXiaomingoftheNorthernWeiDynasty,theterritorywasreducedandtheprefecturesandcountieswereindiscriminatelysetup.Afterthedivisionoftheeastandthewest,therewere80statesintheEasternWeiDynastyand33statesintheWesternWeiDynasty.AftertheestablishmentoftheNorthernQiDynasty,theplanningofpoliticaldistrictsbegantoberectified,andthethreestates,onehundredandfifty-threecountiesandfivehundredandeighty-ninecountieswereabolished.AftertheJianghuailandintheNorthernQiDynastywasoccupiedbyChenoftheSouthernDynasty,theNorthernZhouDynastyrepeatedlycapturedthelandofLiangbashuandJianghanintheSouthernDynasty.EmperorWuoftheNorthernZhouDynastydestroyedtheNorthernQiandtookthelandofChenJianghuaiintheSouthernDynasty,greatlyexpandingitsterritory.

Hlavní město jižní a severní dynastie

Song,Qi,Liang,Chen:Jiankang(inNanjing,provincie Jiangsu)

Xiliang:Jiangling(inHubeiProvince)JingzhouDistrict,JingzhouCity)

Generace:Shengle(inHelingerCounty,InnerMongoliaAutonomousRegion)

↓

Northern WeiDynastie: Pingcheng (v provincii Shanxi) DatongCity)→Luoyang

EasternWeiDynasty,NorthernQiDynasty:Ye(inLinzhangCounty,HebeiProvince),Jinyang(inJinyuanDistrict,TaiyuanCity,ShanxiProvince)

WesternWeiDynasty,NorthernZhouDynasty:Chang'an(inXi'an,Shaanxiprovincetoday)

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Politika

V počátcích dynastií na jihu a severu existovala stále ristokratická politika a společenské třídy byly rozděleny do aristokratických rodin. ačkoli císař z jižní dynastie stále potřebuje podporu rodiny hlavního proudu, podpořil také chudou rovnováhu politické moci, a imperiální lexaminační systémy vzniklé během dynastie South Liang. Rodina dynastie South se postupně zhroutila kvůli dlouhodobému pohodlí a zcela se zhroutila po povstání HouJing. Nejprosperovanější byla dynastie Severní Wei. Proces mísení vedl k prudkým ideologickým konfliktům, politickým bojům nebo etnickým konfliktům, jako je Demokracie Šest měst a Yuwentaiova politika Xianbei. styChen.Nakonec, přes Guanlong Group, kterou založil Yuwentai, se přidal stále více kazícíNorthernQiDynasty.Po smrti císaře nebo.WuofZhou,HanYangJian převzal kontrolu nad soudem a založilSuiDynasty přes Emperor. ateanopenavčetně SuiandTangempires.

Governmentdepartments

AftertheSouthernDynastyandtheSongDynasty,therewasaprovinceunderthegovernment,andthethreeprovincessystemhasbeenestablishedsofar.Theprovinceisresponsibleforprovidingsuggestionsandadmonishingtheemperor,participatinginconfidentialmatters,andbecomingapowerfulinstitution.

Administrativedivisions

TheSouthernDynastygovernmentinheritedtheEasternJinDynastyandimplementedathree-levelsystemofstates,countiesandcounties.QiaozhouprefecturesandShuangtouprefectureshavealsobecomegeneralprefecturesandcountiesduetolandbreakage.Sincetheimplementationofthethree-levelsystemofprefecturesandcountiesinthelateEasternHanDynasty,itwaschangedtothetwo-levelsystemofprefecturesandcountiesaftertheSuiPingandChen.IntheSouthernDynasties,theprefecturesweresetupasgovernors,andtheprefecturesweresetupasprefects.OnlyDanyangCountywassetupwithYinbecauseitwastheseatofthecapital.Thecountymagistratesandchiefs.SincetheSongDynasty,ordershavebeenmorethanlong.Atthesamelevelasthecounty,therearekingdomsandprincipalities,withinternalhistoryandphases.TherearealsoZuojun,ZuoCounty,Laojun,andLijunspeciallysetupforXisaidthebarbarians,theLaonationality,theLinationalityandotherethnicminorities.Forexample,thereareNanchenzuoCountyandDongdangqulioCounty.Atthattime,theprefectures,counties,andcountiesweredividedintoranks,roughlybasedonthedistancefromthecapital.ThetwostatesofYangandJingarealsocalled"TwoShaan".

IntheNorthernWeiDynasty,afterEmperorXiaowenoftheNorthernWeiDynasty,theofficialsystemimitatedtheSouthernDynastyandwasstillusedintheTangDynasty.IntheNorthernZhouDynasty,sixofficialsweresetupaccordingtotheritualsoftheweek,namelyTianguan,Diguan,Chunguan,Xiaguan,Qiuguan,andDongguan,whichwerethesourceofthesixsystemsaftertheSuiandTangDynasties.Thenortherndynasty'sadministrativedistrictinheritedthesixteencountries,andlikethesoutherndynasty,itwasathree-levelsystemofprefectures,countiesandcounties.However,thejurisdictionofthestateisnotlarge,andthegovernorofthestatecandirectlymanagethecountyatthecountylevel,makingthecountylevelgraduallyvirtual.By583,theSuiDynastyofficiallyestablishedatwo-levelsystemofstateandcounty.TheNorthernWeiDynastyalsohadQiaozhouprefecturesandcountiesandShuangtouprefectures(suchasNanyongprefecture),andtheprefecturesandcountiesweredividedintoranksbypopulation.Inordertopreventtherebellionofnewattachmentsordifferentsurnames,threechiefexecutivesatalllevelswereseparatedin406,andoneofthegovernorsofthestatemustbetheclan.TheNorthernWeiDynastyoriginallyhadaplatforminchargeoflocalmilitaryaffairsandagovernorinchargeofthemilitaryofseveralstates.IntheNorthernQiDynasty,itwassetastheTaiwanesesystem,andtheNorthernZhouDynastywasthegeneralcontrol.Theywereallpoliticalunitsinchargeofthemilitaryandadministrationofseveralstatesandcounties.BecausetheprefecturesaredividedintomoreandmoresubdivisionsintheNorthernQiDynasty,theysetupaplatformtomanagethecivilaffairsandmilitaryaffairsofseveralprefectures.IntheWesternWeiDynasty,thegovernorwasrenamedthegovernor,thenatureofwhichwasthesameasthatoftheNorthernQixingtai.DuringtheNorthernZhouDynasty,thegeneralmanagergenerallyconcurrentlyservedasthegovernorintheprefecture,andwasnamedaftertheprefecturewherehewasstationed.TheNorthernWeiDynastyalsospeciallysetupchiefsfortheXianbeitribeorotherethnicgroups(excepttheHan)tomanagethetribe,thestatusissecondonlytothestategovernor.Italsocontinuedthesixteenstates,withguardsforotherethnicgroupsintheprefecture,anditsstatuswasequivalenttothatofthecountyguard.Itwasabolishedin457.Thereisalsoatowndefensesystem,whichsetsuptownsinimportantmilitarylocations.Thetownismanagedbythetowngeneral,placedunderthedefense,andmanagedbytheowner.Amongthem,thesixtownsthatconsolidatethecapital,Pingcheng,werethemostimportant,andthesituationwasweakafterEmperorXiaowenmovedthecapital.AftertheSixTownsPeople'sRebellion,thenortherndynasty'stownguardswereexclusivelyinchargeofthemilitaryandnolongerhadthenatureofapoliticaldistrict.

Ekonomika

Politika země

Podle toho, jak se obyvatelstvo Centrálních Níží vydává na jih, nejenže Dynastie Jih zvýšila pracovní sílu, ale také vyvinula pokročilou technologii výroby na Jih. Další vývoj poskytuje příznivé podmínky.

Inthebeginning,theSouthernDynastygovernmentadoptedthepolicyofestablishingaprefecturebyoverseasChinesefortherefugeesfromthenorth.Later,inordertoexpandthetargetsofexploitation,thegovernmentsoftheEasternJinandSouthernDynastiesadoptedaland-breakingpolicy.

Theso-calledterritorialseveranceistorevoketheQiaozhouprefecturesandoverseasChinesestatus,allowingtheoverseasChineseandtheindigenouspeopletoregistertogetherlocally,andalsobearthestate'staxesandservices.FromtheEasternJinDynastytotheChenDynasty,atotalofnineterritorialsectswerecarriedout.Amongthem,the"GengxuTuju"conductedbyHuanwenin364andthe"YixiTuju"conductedbyLiuYuin413haveachievedthemostremarkableresults.

Afterthelandbreak,theoverseasChineseresidencegovernmentintheSouthernDynastygraduallydisappeared.

AgriculturalDevelopment

DuringtheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties,agricultureinthesouthgenerallydeveloped.ThemoreprominentareasareJingandYanginthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiver.YangzhouisthemosteconomicallydevelopedareaintheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties.Amongthem,thecapitalJiankanganditssurroundingareasaredevelopingrapidly.IntheEasternJinDynasty,anewFengtangwasestablishedinQu'a(Danyang,Jiangsu),withmorethan800hectaresofirrigatedfields.Songleftmorethan4,000hectaresofabandonedfieldsinHushuandimmigratedtoJingkouandGushu.QishanPondrepairedinJurongtogether.Yangzhou"thelandiswideandwild,andthepeoplearehard-working.Ifyouareoneyearoldornim,youwillforgetyourhungerincounties."Sanwu(Wujun,Wuxing,andKuaiji)isthemostimportantbaseoftheEasternJingovernment,anditseconomicdevelopmentisparticularlyprominent.

IntheEasternJinDynasty,WuxingWucheng(Huzhou,Zhejiang)builtDitangandirrigatedthousandsofhectaresoffields.SongrepairedWuxingtanginWucheng,irrigatingmorethan2,000hectaresofland;andreclaiminglakesandfieldsinKuaiji,"allbecameagoodindustry."ThevariousexpendituresoftheEasternJinandSouthernDynastiesgovernmentmainlydependedonSanwu.TheJingandXiangareasaroundDongtingLakehavealsodevelopedrapidly.AfterLiangBaYiyang(Xinyang,Henan)becameasoldier,"allstatesoftheriversandlakeshadtorestandopenup6,000hectaresoffields.Twoyearslater,thewarehouseswereenriched."

TheareasaroundMinzhongandPoyangLakeadjacenttoZhejianghavealsodevelopedrapidly.Inaddition,intheHuainanarea,thelandisfertileandtherefugeesareconcentrated.ThereareirrigatedfarmlandinShaobeinearShouchun.Theareaisthousandsofmilesaway,anditisanimportantgrainproducingarea.WheatandricearecommonlypracticedinJiangnanarea,whileLingnangrowsdouble-croppingrice.

BeforeYuanjia,Huainanwasaneconomicallydevelopedarea.AttheendofYuanjiaDynasty,HuainanwasdestroyedduetothewarbetweenSongandWei.AftertheoperationsofthesecondgenerationofQiandLiang,theproductioninsomeareasbetweenJianghuaiandHuaialsoquicklyrecoveredanddeveloped.Yizhouisknownas"WoyeTianfu"andhasabundantproducts.Guangzhouisalsoaprosperouseconomicregion.

GentlemanFarms

IntheeconomicdevelopmentoftheSouth,thelandlordsoftheSouthernandNorthernGentlemenusedfarmsforproduction.Whenthenortherngentrymovedsouthward,theybroughtalargenumberoftribesandtenants,butwhattheylackedwastheland.Therefore,they"seekingforlandandhousing"everywhere,seekinglandbyunscrupulousmeans.Forexample,DiaoKuiplundered10,000hectaresoflandintheJingkouarea.Atthesametime,thesoutherngentrylandlordsalsofurtherexpandedtheireconomicpower.

Thegentrylandlordsbuiltfarmsontheplainsandmountainstheyoccupied,whichwerecalled"Villas"or"Gardens"atthattime.Forexample,theKuaijigentryKongLingfubuiltavillainYongxing,"thesurroundingareaisthirty-threemiles,thewaterandlandare265hectares,includingtwomountains,andtherearenineorchards."XieLingyun'sShuinShininghastwomountainsinthenorthandsouth,fiveorchardsonthemountains,andalargenumberoffertilefieldsalongbothsidesofthecanal.

Agricultureoccupiesadominantpositioninthegentryfarmeconomy.Thereisalargeamountofarablelandinthefarm,andtherearealsowaterconservancyirrigationsystemssuchasrivers,lakesandcanals.Rice,wheat,millet,mulberry,hemp,vegetablesandothercropsareplantedonthearableland.Secondonlytoagricultureisthegardeningindustry,whichmanagesbamboo,wood,andfruittrees.

Inaddition,therearefishfarmingandanimalhusbandry,aswellasvarioushandicraftproductionssuchastextiles,brewing,andmanufacturingproductiontools.Duetodiversifiedoperations,thegentrylandlordfarmswereself-sufficientinnature.

Theproducersinthefarmaremainlytenants,tribesandslaves.Theexploitationandoppressionofthenoblelandlordsiscruel.However,itorganizedalargenumberoflaborersandcultivatedwaterfrontsinmountainousareas.EspeciallyintheearlyEasternJinandSouthernDynasties,whenthegentrylandlordswerestillconcernedaboutproduction,thelandlordfarmsplayedapositiveroleinthedevelopmentoftheJiangnanarea.Inthefuture,duetotheincreasinglydecayofthefamilyTupeople,thefarmsbecameanobstacletothedevelopmentofproductiveforces.

Handicraftindustry

DuringtheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties,thetextileindustrywasrelativelydeveloped,andthetechnologyofsericulturehasbeenquiteimpressive.InYuzhangandotherplaces,silkwormsarefourorfivetimesayear,andYongjiaandotherplacesareeightinayear.Cooked.Silk,cotton,spunsilk,cloth,etc.werethemainitemsoftheSouthernDynasty'staxadjustment,sotextileswereacommonsidelinebusinessamongthepeople.Amongthem,thetextileindustriesinJingandYangareparticularlydeveloped.

Jinyeisalsowell-knowninYizhou.AfterLiuYudied,QinmovedthebrocadehouseholdsinGuanzhongtoJiangnan.InthelateSouthernDynasty,thebrocadeindustryalsodeveloped.Regalpeoplewearembroideredskirtsandbrocadeshoes,andusecolorsilkasmiscellaneousflowers,silkforclothing,brocadeasabarrier.

DuringtheSouthernDynasties,thegovernmentsetupspecialofficialstomanageminingandmetallurgy.JiankangShangfanghadEastandWestSecondMetallurgy(NanyeinSongandQi,andlaterabolished),andstateandcountyhaveminingandmetallurgicalregulations.Therearealsomanyprivatesmeltingworkshops.Intermsofsmeltingandcastingtechnology,blastsmeltingwithwaterexhausthasbeenappliedintheSouthernDynasties.Steelmakingtechnologyhasalsomadegreatprogress.Atthattime,amethodofsmeltingpigironandwroughtironwasinvented.Thatis,therawwroughtironwasmixedandsmelted.Whenthefirewasreached,thepigironwasfirstmelted,soakedintothewroughtiron,andthentakenoutandrepeatedlytemperedtobecomehigh-qualitysteel.,Usedtomakeswords,knivesandsickles.

BythetimeoftheThreeKingdomsandtheWesternJinDynasty,thefiringofporcelainhadreachedamaturestage,andtherewerenewdevelopmentsintheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties.Atthattime,therepresentativeproductofporcelainwasaceladon-glazedceladon,whichwasproducedinKuaijiCounty(Shaoxing,Zhejiang).Theceladonbodyispureinquality,highinhardness,uniforminglaze,andthewholebodyisgreenandshiny,andtheshapesarediverseandbeautiful.Througharchaeologicalexcavations,theporcelain-makingtechnologyinmanyareasinthesouthoftheYangtzeRiverhasgraduallybecomefamous,andeachhasitsowncharacteristics.

TheshipbuildingindustryhasmadegreatprogressonthebasisofSoochow.Therearemanyshipsandshipsusedfortransportationandwarfare.TherearefrequentshipsgoingtoandfromtheEastChinaSea,theSouthChinaSeaandtheinlandrivers.Thelargeronescancarry20,000Hu.

Thepaperindustryhasmadenewdevelopments.Calenderinganddyeingarethenewachievementsofpapermakingtechnologyinthisperiod.Thereweremanynamesofpaperatthattime,amongwhichrattancornerpapermadeofrattanbarkwasakindofpaperwithexcellenttexture.Thedevelopmentofthepaperindustryplayedapositiveroleinthedevelopmentofcultureatthattime.

Commercialdevelopment

Thedevelopmentofagricultureandhandicraftindustry,coupledwiththeverticalandhorizontalriversinthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver,andtheconvenientwatertransportationprovidethefoundationandfavorableconditionsforthedevelopmentofcommerce.

Thepowerfulandpowerfulgentrymergedtheland,thegovernmenttaxationandlaborwereheavy,andmanysmallandmediumlandlordsandfarmerswereforcedtoengageinmerchantactivities.Aristocraticbureaucratshavetheprivilegeofexemptionfromcustoms,subsidiesandtaxes.Whentheirtermofofficeexpires,theybringalargeamountofgoodsas"repayment",andthensellthemtovariousplaces.Thegovernmentleviedrentandaskedfarmerstopayforit.Farmerswereforcedtoselltheironlyagriculturalandsidelineproducts.Therefore,thephenomenonofabnormalcommercialdevelopmentappearedintheSouthernDynasties.

Atthattime,theimportantcitiesinthesouthwereJiankang,Jiangling,Chengdu,Panyu(Guangzhou)andotherplaces.JiankangwasthepoliticalcenteroftheEasternJinandSouthernDynastiesandtheeconomiccenterofthelowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiver.Here"thetributetobusinesstravel,thearkisforever".DuringtheXiaoLiangperiod,therewere280,000residentsinJiankangCity.Therearefourcitiesinthecity,andtherearemorethantenlargeandsmallcitiesinthenorthofQinhuaiRiver.Kuaiji,Wujun,Yuhangandotherplacesarealso"merchantstogether."

Panyuisanoverseastradingcenter,andmerchantshipsfromSoutheastAsiancountries,aswellasTianzhu,LionKingdom(SriLanka),Persia(Iran)andothercountries,"everyyearold",or"year-oldmorethantenyears."Jiangling"DangYong,Min,Jiao,LiangZhihui",commerceisalsorelativelydeveloped.Chengduisnotonlyprosperousincommerce,butalsoanimportantproducerofhigh-endsilkfabrics.Therearenotonlyluxurygoods,butalsoordinaryproductionanddailynecessitiesonthemarket.Thesmallmerchantssitintheshops,andthebigonesaretransportedtotheQuartet.CommercialtaxisthebulkoftheincomeoftheSouthernDynasty.BoththeEasternJinandSouthernDynastiespaidattentiontocurrencyminting,butthecurrencysystemwaschaoticandthenumberwasinsufficient.

Samopěstitelé

Samoměstitelé byli v té době důležitou silou v zemědělské výrobě a byli hlavními objekty, které feudální vláda tlačila. Mezi jejich zátěž vlády patří tři hlavní kategorie: úpravy nájemného, ​​různé daně.

ThelandrentintheSongandQidynastiesprobablyfollowedthesystemofthelateEasternJinDynasty,thatis,thefive-stoneexporttax.AccordingtoEmperorXiaowuofSongDynasty,EmperorXiaowustipulatedthat“theworld’scivilianhouseholdswilllosefourpiecesofclotheveryyear”,andthelossoffourpiecesofclotheveryyearisjusttheaveragenumberofhouseholdadjustmentsperhousehold.Themethodistoappraisethehouseholdpropertyinadvance,setoutthehouseholds,etc.,andthenassignthemaccordingtothelevelofhouseholds.

Duringthewar,ordinarypeasantsalsohadtheburdenofmilitaryservice,andvariouskindsofmilitaryservicewereleviedatwill.Asaresult,manyself-employedfarmerswentbankruptandwentintoexile,becomingmoreandmoretribesandtenantsinthegentryfarms.

Culture

AfterthedominanceofConfucianismintheWeiandJinDynastieswasdestroyed,thethoughtsoftheSouthernandNorthernDynastieshadformedadiversifiedthought.Amongmanyschoolsofthought,therehaveappearedvaluableviewpointssuchastheruleoflaw,pragmaticruleofthecountry,andthe"nomonarchtheory",aswellasnegativeanddecadentthoughtsofescapefromtheworld,andthemostinfluentialismetaphysicalthought.

IntheSouthernandNorthernDynasties,anewsituationintheideologicalandculturalfieldwasdifferentfromthatoftheJinandJinDynasties.Metaphysicalthoughtsfellintosilence,andBuddhismandTaoismcontinuedtodevelop.Buddhismhastranslatedalargenumberofscripturesandiswidelypopular,permeatingalllevelsofpolitics,economy,society,folkloreandculture.Confucianismfacesseverechallenges.DuetotherapidexpansionofBuddhism,theoriginalrelationshipbetweenConfucianism,Xuan,Buddhism,andTaoismanditshistoricalstructurehaveundergonenewchanges.Atthattime,theBuddhistandTaoistdisputeswereveryfierce.InthedisputebetweenBuddhismandTaoism,Taoismisrelativelypassive.ItnotonlycreatesalegendthatemphasizesthattheBuddhawaschangedbyLaoTzu,butalso"plagiarizes"thecontentofBuddhistscriptures.ForTaoism,itwantstotransformBuddhismintoapartofitself;Buddhismneedstofaceculturaltensionswhilemaintainingindependence.

Literature

TheliteratureintheSouthernandNorthernDynastiesdevelopedrapidly.TheSouthernDynastiesstyletendedtobegorgeousanddelicate,whiletheNorthernDynastiesstyletendedtobeboldandrough.TherepresentativeoftheSouthernDynastiesliteratureistheparallelessay,whichemphasizesthemetric,therhetoric,andtheallusion,andthecontentismostlyoutofthereallife,expressingsomewealthandleisure,representedbyYuXinandYingYang'sarticles.TherepresentativesoftheNorthernDynastiesarethethreetalentsoftheNorth,namelyXingShao,WeiShou,andWenZisheng.ThelongnarrativepoemsarerepresentedbytheSouthernDynasty's"XizhouQu"andtheNorthernDynasty's"MulanPoem".Intermsoffolksongs,duetothedifferentculturesofNorthandSouth,differentcolorsandsentimentsarepresented."YuefuPoetryCollection"hasthesayingthat"YanquwasbornintheSouthernDynasties,andHuYinwasbornintheNorthernCustoms".

Intermsofliteraryresearch,LiuXie's"WenXinDiaoLong"becameChina'sfirstsystematicliterarytheorymasterpiece.The"SelectedWorksofZhaoming"compiledbyliteratiorganizedbyXiaoTong,theeldestsonofEmperorLiangWuoftheSouthernDynasty,istheearliestsurvivingcollectionofpoemsandessaysinChina.BothofthesetwomasterpieceshadaprofoundimpactonthedevelopmentofChineseliterature.Atthesametime,TaoisminfluencedChineseartandscience.Forexample,literaturesuchas"PoemsoftheImmortals"describesthegracefulnessofthegodsorexpressesfeelingsthroughthewordsofthegods.TaoistcelebritiesTaoHongjingandLuXiujingarebothgoodatfairyliterature.

History

TheSouthernandNorthernDynastiesinheritedthesystemofsettingupofficialstocompilehistorysincetheHanDynasty.Songsetupawriter(theofficialnameanddivisionofpositionsofSongQiliangandChenwerechangedfrequently),responsibleforcomposingthehistoryofthecountry(historyofthisdynasty)andtheemperor'spersonalnotes.QiShihasthedistinctionofnationalhistoryandpreviousdynastyhistory.TheNorthernWeiDynastyalsosetuptheofficialofthehistorianandtheofficialofdailylife,sothattheofficialofthehistorianandtheofficialofdailylifeweregraduallyseparated.TheHistoryMuseum(orShige)wasfirstestablishedintheNorthernQiDynasty,whichwasaspecialhistory-editinginstitution,whichinfluencedChina'sofficialhistory-editingsysteminthefuture.TheWesternWeiDynastyandtheNorthernZhouDynastyalsosetupasystemofwriters.TheNorthernandSouthernDynastiesalsohaveministerssupervisinghistorybooks.Inaddition,theSouthernDynastiesLiangShishicompiledXiuwuEmperorandLiangYuanEmperor's"factualrecords",whichisthebeginningofthedynastyaftertheTangDynasty.

ThechronologicalhistorybooksofJiChuanTistilloccupyaplaceinthehistoriographyoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.OfficialrevisionsarelikeShenYue's"SongShu",XiaoZixian's"QiShu",andWeiShou's"WeiShu",whileprivaterevisionsarelikeFanYe's"BookoftheLaterHan".

HistoricalbooksreflectingvarioussocialconditionswerealsopopularintheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.Forexample,FanYe's"BookoftheLaterHan"andShenYue's"BookofSongs"added"LoneTravel","Yimin"(or"Hidden"),"LieNv"andotherbiographies;"LuoyangJialanJi"byYangXuanzhidescribesthearchitectureofthetemple;intermsofgeographicalworks,LiDaoyuan's"ShuiJingZhu"isthemasterpieceoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.ThehistoryofethnicminoritiesisalsohighlyvaluedbecauseoftheestablishmentofseparateregimesamongtheWuhuethnicgroups.CuiHong's"SixteenKingdomsSpringandAutumn"hasachievedhigherachievements.

Genealogy(orgenealogy,genealogy)flourishedforawhileundertheinfluenceoftheclanpoliticsoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.Inordertoconsolidatetheirsocialstatusandpoliticalrights,therichandpowerfulcountieswroteandrevisedtheirfamilyrecordstoshowtheirancestry,familystatus,andmarriageeunuchs.Followingtheemergenceofgenealogy,therewasresearchongenealogy,andbookssuchas"GeneralGenealogy"and"HundredGenealogy"appearedatthattime.

ThestudyoftheAnnotationofHistoryintheSouthernandNorthernDynastiesisasrepresentativeasPeiSongzhi's"AnnotationtotheThreeKingdoms".PeiZhufocusedoncollectingdataandsupplementinghistoricalfacts,andwasnolongerlimitedtointerpretingandinterpretinghistoricaltexts,buthadaconsiderableinfluenceonChina'shistoricalannotationmethods.PeiSongzhi'sexaminationofhistoricalmaterialsdifferedfromeachother,andhistorianswouldinherittheminthefuture,suchas"ZiZhiTongJianKaoYi"writtenbySimaGuang.PeiZhulialsocommentedonprevioushistorians,whichpromotedthedevelopmentofChinesehistoricalcriticism.

Religion

BuddhismwaspopularduringtheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.WiththespreadofBuddhism,thedevelopmentofBuddhastatues,murals,andcavetempleshasalsoachievedunprecedenteddevelopment.Amongthem,theDunhuangThousandBuddhaCaves,YungangGrottoes,LongmenGrottoes,andMaijishanGrottoeshavebecometreasuresinthetreasurehouseofChinesesculptureart.Atthistime,Buddhism'sprevailingthoughtsincludedPrajna,Nirvana,EarthTheory,RealityTheory,andResumeTheory.ZhuDaoshengemphasizedthatthenatureofBuddhismliesineachsentientbeing,andthekeyliesinwhetheritcan"seeitself",whichopenedaprecedentforZen'senlightenmentintheworld.Histhoughtthat"everyonehasthenatureofBuddha"reflectstheequalityofBuddhism.View.TheTaoistLingbaoSutrawasfollowedbytheteachingsoftheQingScriptures,borrowedandintegratedBuddhistconceptsandterminology,andoccupiedthemainstreampositioninthefieldsofMedievalTaoistdoctrines,thoughts,andrituals.InthelateSixteenKingdomsperiod,KouQianzhi,whoreformedTaoism,appeared.UndertheinfluenceoftheEasternJinLingbaoSchool,heproducedmorethan80volumesof"TheCommandmentsoftheNewSection"andothersutras.Thereisnothinginnovativeintheessenceofthemanager,butheclearlyclaimstocleanupTaoism,removethethreefalselaws(ZhangLing,ZhangHeng,andZhangLu)ofthefivebucketsofriceroads,thetaxforrentingrice,andtheartofmenandwomen.Theorganizationismorerigorous,andtheTaoistordinancesaremorecomplete.

ThecontroversyofthethreereligionsinthisperiodwasmainlymanifestedinthecontroversybetweenBuddhism,Taoism,andTaoismwithtwodifferentideologicalsystems.Througharguing,TaoismandBuddhismabsorbeachotherandpresentasceneoffusionandinteraction.BuddhismhasademonstrativeeffectonTaoism,nomatterfromthecanon,ordinance,orfromtheteachings,religiousgroups,etc.,itisofgreatbenefitforTaoismtograduallymature.TaoismalsohelpedBuddhismbesuccessfullytransplantedfromIndiatoChina,andgraduallyadaptedtothesoilofChinesesocietytoformasinicizedBuddhism,whichprovidedavarietyoffate.HelpingBuddhismintoTaoismisanimportantmeansforTaoismtocontinuouslyenrichandimproveoneself.BuddhismcameintobeingmuchearlierthanTaoism.BuddhismwasalreadyquitecompletewhenitwasintroducedintoChina.Therefore,TaoismhasborrowedfromBuddhisminmanyaspects.Forexample,intheearlycreationofTaoism,thereweremanyimitatingandevenfollowingBuddhistscriptures.Taoistpalacesandtemples,organizationalforms,andreligiousritualsalsohavemanyreferencestoBuddhism.Anotherexampleistheinfluenceoftheideaof​​"thegreatinvisible".EarlyTaoismopposedidolatry,butthelatergenerationsofTaoismhadthesameformof"establishingimagesandestablishingreligion"andBuddhism,whichwasduetotheinfluenceofBuddhism.Intermsofreligiousphilosophy,thelevelofthinkingofTaoism'sdoctrineisslightlyinferiortothatofBuddhism,soTaoismalsoactivelyinvokesBuddhistphilosophytoimproveitstheoreticallevel.

Umění

V jižní a severní dynastii umění vzkvétalo. Na jihu dominovalo malování a na severu dominovaly sochy.

Paintingtheoryandpaintinghistoryhavebeenestablishedduringthisperiod,suchasXieHe’s"Paintings",whichproposedsixmethodsofpaintingappreciation,andthe"vitalandvivid"theoryhasbeenregardedbythecriticsofthepastdynasties.Thehighestlevel.

OntheBuddhastatuesinthegrottoes,therearestatuesintheNorthernDynastiesgrottoes,suchasYungangGrottoes,LongmenGrottoes,DunhuangMogaoGrottoes,MaijishanGrottoes,TianlongshanGrottoes,etc.Themostmajesticcaveartisthestatueof20GuinYungang.TheBuddhastatueisfull-featured,withbroadshoulders,andthepleatedlinesarecarvedclosetothebody.Thereiskindnessinthesolemnity,showingthebosomoftheBuddha.ThebestcoloredsculptureisthestatueinDunhuangMogaoGrottoesCave259,withasubtlesmile,givingpeopleatranquilbeauty.TheremnantsoftheNorthernWeiDynastyclaysculptureunearthedatthebaseoftheYongningTempleinLuoyangarethemostexquisiteandvivid.Withtheemergenceoflandscapepoems,thelong-standingtraditionofpaintingbasedoncharactershasbeguntochange,andlandscapesceneryhasalsobecomethecontentofpainting.IntheSouthernDynasties,therewerealsomanypainterswhowerefamousfortheirfigurepaintings,andsomepeoplepaintedlandscapes"withinafewminutesandthousandsofmilesaway"onthetuanfan.NanqiXiehewrotethe"RecordsofAncientPaintings"whichstudiespaintingtheory,andthe"sixmethods"hesummarizedarenotlimitedtofigurepaintings,andhaveagreatinfluenceonlatergenerations.

ForthesculpturesofthetombsoftheSouthernDynasties,thereareShintopillars,steles,andbeastsinfrontofthetombsoftheemperorsandnoblesofthepastdynasties.Stonebeasts,alsoknownaswardingoffevil,evolvedfromtheshapeofalion.Amongthem,Tianlu(double-hornedstonebeast)infrontofEmperorQiWu'smausoleumandQilininfrontofEmperorQijing'smausoleumarethemostrepresentative.ThestyleinheritsthestonebeastcarvingsoftheHanDynasty,andisgoodatusingawholepieceofstonetoexpressitsmajesticmomentumwithrefinedtechniques.

Wei,Jin,SouthernandNorthernDynasties byli v mládí v období vývoje běžného písma anápisyvJižníchaSeverníchDynastiíchbylypoklademobyčejnéhospisu. ","ZhengWengongStele","ShimenInscription",atd.,a také četné epitafy.Nápis.Slavné památky v jižních dynastiích,jako jsou"CuanlongyanStele"a"CraneCraneInscription ",atd.

Military

DuringtheNorthernandSouthernDynasties,dynastieswereoftenreplacedbymilitarypowerflowingintothehandsofpowerfulofficials.ThemilitarysystemoftheSouthernDynastyextendedtotherecruitmentsystemoftheEasternJinDynasty.WithregardtothemilitarysystemoftheNorthernDynasties,intheearlyNorthernWeiDynasty,itadoptedatribalmilitarysystemcombiningsoldiersandcivilians.AftertheunificationofNorthChina,itgraduallybecameaworldmilitarysystem.InthelaterperiodoftheNorthernDynasties,themilitarysystemappeared,whichbecamethebasisofthemilitarysystemintheSuiandTangDynasties.

Thesoutherndynastyarmiesaredominatedbyinfantryandnavalforces,withfewercavalry.Thesourceoftroopsoriginallycamefromtheworldmilitarysystem.However,duetotheconsumptionofwar,theescapeofsoldiers,andthedivisionofprivatehouseholds,somemilitaryhouseholdsbecamecivilianhouseholds,andthesourceoftroopstendedtobeexhausted,sotherecruitmentsystemwasadoptedasthemainforce.ThesouthernarmyisdividedintotheChinesearmy(alsoknownastheTaiwanarmy)andtheforeignarmy.TheChineseArmyisdirectlyundertheCentralCommitteeandisstationedinthecapitalatordinarytimes.IntheSouthernSongDynasty,EmperorWuoftheSongDynasty,LiuYu,strengthenedhisimperialforceinanattempttoreversethesituationofstrengthoutsideandinsideweaknesssincetheEasternJinDynasty.However,duetothefailureoftheclantokilleachother,therehavebeenrepeatedusurpationsofthethroneinthepast.Foreigntroopsareunderthesupervisionoflocalgovernors.Mostgovernorsarealsoprovincialgovernors,andtheyoftencompetewiththecentralgovernment.

IntheNorthernDynasties,theNorthernWeiarmywasdominatedbyXianbeicavalryintheearlystage,andtheirsupplieswereplunderedbythevariousministries.IntheprocessofunifyingNorthChina,theHanpeoplegraduallyjoinedthearmy.Whenthesiegebattleincreases,itbecomesamixtureofinfantryandcavalry.Afterthat,theinfantrybecamethemainforce.AftertheNorthernWeiDynastyunifiedthenorth,thearmywasdividedintotheChinesearmy,thetownsoldiers,andthestateandcountysoldiers.TheChinesearmyguardsthecapitalinpeacetime,andbecomesthemainforceinforeignwarfarewhensomethinghappens.Thegarrisonsoldiersweresetuptodefendtheborderdefenses.Thetownisequivalenttothestate,andtheguardisequivalenttothecounty.Atfirstitwasonlylocatedonthenorthernborder,andlaterexpandedtothesouthernborder.Stateandcountysoldiersarethearmythatmaintainspublicorderinthestates,andsometimestheyserveasguardsorgooutwiththearmy.InthelaterperiodoftheNorthernWeiDynasty,fixedsoldiersgraduallyformed.

Společnost

Pánové a generálové

Během východní dynastie Jind dosáhli klanové a klany svého vrcholu.

TheSouthernDynastiesstipulatedthatthechildrenoftheGaomenclansenteredthecourtasofficialsattheageof20,andthechildrenofthelandlordsofthecommontribecouldonlytrytobecomeofficialsattheageof30.Thehigh-rankingclansmovedquickly,andwithinashortperiodoftimetheycould"sitdowntothepublic."Almostalltheofficialpostsof"TsinghuaValuable"intheSouthernDynastyweremonopolizedbyGaomen.Theytriedtheirbesttomaintaintheirspecialsocialstatus,preached"thescholarsareseparatedfromtheheavens",andkeptstrictboundarieswiththepoorfamiliesofthecommonpeople.

Inordertostrictlydistinguishbetweenscholarsandconcubines,genealogyprevailed.DuringtheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties,threegenerationsofJiaBi'sancestorsandgrandsonsspecializedingenealogyandwrote"GenealogyoftheEighteenStateScholars"withmorethan700volumes.SongLiuZhan,QiWangjian,LiangWangSengrualsohavemonographsongenealogy.Genealogyisanimportantbasisfortheselectionofofficialsintheofficialdepartmentandatooltomaintainthepoliticalprivilegesofthegentry.However,mostgentrylandlordsneitherleadsoldierstofightnormanagepoliticalaffairs.Theyarecompletelyparasitictothesociety.Therearealsoasmallnumberofgentrywhoarecalledtheemerginggentryclass.Theytookadvantageofthesituationduringtheturmoilandmadegreatachievements.Post-payingattentiontoculturaleducationofoneselfordescendantsisthepillarofsociety.

Thegeneralsmainlyrefertolandlordsandmerchantswithoutprivileges.Theyarenotreconciledtobeingsqueezedoutandareonthepoliticalstagethroughvariouschannels.ThefoundingemperorsoftheSouthernDynastieswerealltribelandsraisedbyleadingsoldierstofightandcontrollingmilitarypower.

HanrenDianqian

Becausetheclanslackedtheabilitytodothings,theemperorwasafraidthattheywouldbedifficulttocontrol,soduringtheSouthernDynasties,theHanrenDianqianwasusedtohandlegovernmentaffairs.

IntheEasternHanDynasty,politicalaffairsreturnedtoTaige,andthepowerofCaoWeishiwasconcentratedinthehandsofZhongshuSupervisorandZhongshuling.IntheSouthernDynasty,thepowerwasconcentratedinthehandsofZhongshuTongshisheren.Tongshisherennotonlydraftededictsfortheemperor,butalsotookchargeoftheedictsandbecamearealpowerpositionaroundtheemperor.Thetransferofpowertoneighborsreflectsthestrengtheningofimperialpower,andalsoreflectsthatthegentryhasbeeninapositionofpowerbutnopower.

DuringtheSouthernDynasties,anotherimportantpositionheldbytheHanpeoplewasthelotterylottery.InviewofthestrongpoweroftheEasternJinDynasty,themonarchsoftheSouthernDynastythreatenedthecentralgovernment,somostofthemusedthechildrenoftheclanasthechiefsofthemilitaryandpoliticalaffairsoftheprefecturesandtowns,andcontrolledthemwiththecoldpeopleastheplenarylottery.Codesigninghasamicro-weight,andimportantmattersinthestateandtownshipsmustbesignedbeforeitcanbeimplemented.DianqianreturnedtoBeijingseveraltimesayeartoreporttotheemperorthattheso-called"thebeautyandevilofthegovernor'sactionsaretiedtothemouthoftheDianqian."Therefore,thegovernorsofallkingswereveryafraidofsigning,sotherewasasayingthat"thegovernorscanonlyhearofthesigning,butnotofthegovernors".

Trilogytenants

Trilogyandtenantsarethemainpartofthedependentpopulationcontrolledbythefamilyandwealthyfamilies,andtheslavesaretheirprivateproperty.

Themainmissionofthepartwascombat,butasthefightinginthesouthdecreased,moreandmorepartswereusedinproduction.LiangZhangXiaoxiu's"dozensofhectaresoffields,hundredsofpeopleinthetrilogy,andthestrengthofthefields"isatypicalexample.

Tenantsaredividedintotwoparts,oneisbestowedbythegovernmentaccordingtoofficialquality,andtheotherisprivatelysolicited.TheEasternJinandSouthernDynastiesstipulatedthattherewerenomorethan40householdsofofficialtenantsofthefirstandsecondgrades,andthenumberofhouseholdsbeloweachgradedecreasedbyfivetotheninthgrade.Inaddition,therearecodeplans,clothing,dinersandsoon.Thispartofthetenantsdoesnothaveanindependenthouseholdregister,butisregisteredonthehouseholdregisterofthebureaucraticlandlord.Theydonotpayrenttothestateandperformhardlabor;instead,theypay50%ofthelandrenttobureaucraticlandlords.Atthattime,therewerealotoftenantswhoprivatelyrecruited"themagnatesoftheNorthandtheSouth,biddingfortravelandfood."

Thetrilogyandtenantshavebeenownedbythefamilyforgenerations.Without"self-redemption"or"dismissal",theycannotbefree.Theywereactuallyhereditaryserfswhowereboundtotheland.DuringtheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties,aristocraticfamilieshadalargenumberofslaves,andthegovernmentdidnotrestrictthem.Peasantswentbankruptandsoldthemselvesorwerelootedinexile,andtheywerethemainsourceofslaves.Theyaretheprivatepropertyofthelandlord,sotheycanbemortgagedorboughtandsold.Inordertopreventfleeing,theslaveswere"tatted".

IntheSouthernDynasties,therearemanyrecordsofslavesandmasters,escapesandriots.Undertheresistanceandstruggleoftheslaves,theruler,accordingtohisownneeds,transformedalargenumberofslavesintothetenantsofthelandlordandthesoldiersofthecountrybymeansof"mumblingasguests"and"servingslavesassoldiers".

Clothingfeatures

TheNorthernandSouthernDynastieswereaperiodofgreatchangesinthehistoryofancientChineseclothing.Atthistime,becausealargenumberofHupeoplemovedtoZhongyuan,Hufubecamefashionableclothingatthattime.Tightfit,roundneck,splitendsarethecharacteristicsofHuclothing.

Pánské oblečení

Dress:ExceptfortheNorthernZhouDynasty,thereisstillonlyonetypeofthelargestceremonialdress,whichisroughlythesameastheHanDynasty,butthemaincoloroftheclothesisslightlydifferent.difference.

PingMianfu:Theformsandcolorsofalllevelsareroughlythesame,exceptfortheemblemsontheclothes.Theemperorusestwelvechapters,thethreemaleprincesusemountaindragonsandotherninechapters,andthenineprincesbelowuseChineseinsects,etc.Inchapterseven,theemperorusesembroiderytowritetexts,andGongqingusesweavingtowritetexts.

NorthernZhouDynastyMianfu:TheNorthernZhouDynastyEmperorWu'ssinicizationpolicywassuccessfulandvigorouslypromotedtheancientChineseZhouritualsystem.Therefore,theNorthernZhouDynasty'sclothingcolorsystemwasmostlydeterminedbytheZhouritual.

Delegationoftheappearanceofthecrowndress:adressforthepublictogiveacourteousceremony.Theclothesaredarkandtheclothesareplain,andthemiddleclothesareledbyZaoyuan.

IntheHanDynasty,thecourtclothesoftheemperorandthehundredofficialsweredistinguishedbythecrowntheywore.Theyalsohadfive-colorcourtclothes.IntheNorthernandSouthernDynasties,Crimsoncourtclotheswerethemainones.

Korunové šaty Tongtian: Wei, Jin, jižní a severní dynastie, všechny dynastie používaly tyto šaty jako dvorní šaty císaře a také šaty druhé třídy. Měly na sobě crepegown, jako bordovou košili a černé boty.

FlyingTourCrownDress:Nosí je korunní princ a králové, má na sobě rumělkový hábit, karmínový gázový plášť, mýdlovou blůzu s bílým gázovým lemem a bílý kudrnatý límec.

Hundredofficialcrownclothes:mainlysilkyarn.However,thesystemismorecomplicated.ThosewithhighranksuseZhuYiasthecourtdress,whilethosewithlowrankusesoapdressasthecourtdress.

Fancycolorclothes:Theofficialsoftherooftopattendantsandtheguardsareallwearingfive-colorclothes,whichareembroideredwithbrocades,andarecalledfancycolorclothes.

Changyi:Jsou to hlavně plisované kalhoty, které jsou velmi univerzální. Lze je použít jako dvorní oděvy, vojenské uniformy, neformální oděvy, od ušlechtilých až po obyčejné lidi.

Dámské oblečení

Královniny šaty do chrámu: Jsou to nejslavnostnější šaty mezi ženskými oficiálními šaty a také královninými svatebními šaty.

Obětní oděv pro vstup do chrámu: pro konkubíny, konkubíny a konkubíny.

Šaty pro serikulturu: Šaty pro rituály královny pro serikulturu jsou všechny zelené.

Helpingsilkwormdresses:Thedressesforconcubines,concubines,concubines,andqueenstoassistthequeensinsilkwormrituals,whichwasunderminedbyChenWeiyingintheJinandSouthernDynasties.IntheSouthernDynasty,theSongDynastywasgreenupanddown.

Thecourtdress:Thethreedynastiesmentionedaboveareregardedasthecourtdressforwomen.

Bizhoudress:Thefemaleofficialdressisthesameasthemaleofficialdress.Itisverycomplicatedandusesmanycolors,whichisquitedifferentfromthepreviousdynasty.

Binghuhuhuhu

Během dynastií Východního Jindu a Jihu se stav většiny lidí zhoršoval. Mnoho lidí se stalo dědičnými nevolníky. Kromě kmenů a nájemníků patřili někteří k vládě.

TheJinandSouthernDynastiesinheritedthemilitarysystemsincetheThreeKingdoms.Soldiershaveservedassoldiersforgenerationsandwereextremelyoppressed.Inadditiontoperformingmilitaryservice,militaryhouseholdsalsoneedtoplowandweave,andpayrenttothestate.Thestatusofsoldiersislowerthanthatofself-employedfarmers,andevenlowerthanthatoftenants.

ThelocalinstitutionsandcentralgovernmentoftheEasternJinDynastyandSouthernDynastiesallhadacertainnumberofofficials,tensofthemasfewastensofthousandsofthem.Thelow-rankingcivilandmilitaryofficialswereforcedtoperformvariouskindsoflaborforthegovernment,cultivatetheofficialfields,andproduceinthegovernment'shandicraftworkshops.Theexploitationandoppressiontheysufferedwasparticularlyheavy.Mostofthesourcesofofficialscomefrom"officials."Suchofficialsarehereditaryandcannotbeexemptedfromserviceunlesstheyareexemptedbythegovernment.

DuringtheSouthernDynasties,therewasashortageofBaigong,thatis,allkindsofhandicraftsmen,sothegovernmentcontrolledthemextremelystrictly.Aristocratsandbureaucratswhooccupyhundredsofworkersprivatelyareoftenpunished.Afterthehundredsofworkerswererecruitedfromtheprivatesectortotheofficialworkshops,theyworkedwiththecriminalswhowereassignedtotheworkshopsalltheyearround,strugglingfromgenerationtogeneration,andtheirsocialstatuswaslow,andthesituationwasequallymiserable.

Jméno

Jižní a severní dynastie jsou v Číně rozdělené dynastie, rozdělené na jižní a severní dynastie. zong, který se zrodil v jednom z osmipilířového království Severní dynastie Zhou, upravil „Knihu Jin“ a považoval dynastie Jihu a Severu za ortodoxní.

AsthecontinuationoftheHannationalityregimeandtheEasternJinDynastyintheSouthernDynasty,theimperialclansofthedynastiesweremainlygentryorsub-gentry.Etc.Duetotheeffortsofthoseinpower,theruleofYuanjiaandtheruleofYongmingemerged,whichmadethecountryprosperous.Theemperorwassupportedbythemainstreamgentrywithahighreputation.However,thegentryonlywantedtomaintaintheirpoliticalstatusanddidnotfullysupporttheroyalfamily.Theemperoralsosupportedthepoortoholdmilitaryorsecondaryofficialpositionstobalancepoliticalpower.Becauseofthestruggleforthethroneintheroyalfamily,bloodyclanincidentsoftenoccurred.

DuetotheincorrectuseofstrategyandtheriseofNorthernDynasties,thesouthwasweakandthenorthwasstrong,andtheterritorygraduallymovedsouth.IntheSouthernDynasties,theLiangDynastyimprovedforEmperorWuofLiang,andthechaosofthesixtownsintheNorthernWeiDynastymadetheSouthernDynastygraduallycatchupwiththeNorthernDynasty'snationalpower.However,inhislateryears,hebelievedinBuddhism,thecountryhadbeeninpeaceforalongtime,andthepeoplewerenotaccustomedtowar.AfterHouJinginitiatedtheHouJingRebellion,EmperorLiangWudiedinTaicheng,andsomeoftheXiaoimperialfamiliesfoughtforthethrone.Diminishedandtornapart,EmperorChenWen,whofinallyarrivedintheSouthernDynastyChen,completelyunifiedtheSouthernDynasty.However,thenationalpoweroftheSouthernDynastyhasdeclined,andhecanonlyrelyontheYangtzeRivertoresisttheNorthernDynasty.

TheNorthernDynastiesinheritedtheFiveHusandSixteenKingdoms.TheroyalfamiliesoftheNorthernWeiDynastyweremostlyXianbei.TheXianbeiimperialfamilywasgraduallyinfluencedbytheHanculture,amongwhichtheSinicizationmovementofEmperorXiaowenoftheNorthernWeiDynastywasthemostprosperous.BecauseRouraninthenorthcontainedtheNorthernWeiDynasty,itwasdifficultfortheNorthernWeiDynastytoattacktheSouthernDynastywithallitsstrength.Itwasnotuntilthemorepro-NorthernWeiTurksreplacedRouandthenitwasmorestable.InthelateNorthernWeiDynasty,politicsgraduallydeteriorated,andthenationalpowerdeclinedgreatlyaftertheSixTowns'CivilRevolution.

TheNorthernDynastiessplitintoEasternWeiandWesternWei,whichwerereplacedbyNorthernQiandNorthernZhourespectively.ThecoreoftheNorthernQiDynastyismainlytherefugeesinthesixtownsandtheKwantungclan,anditsmilitarystrengthisrelativelystrong.DuetothefactthattherefugeesinthesixtownsatitssourcearebiasedtowardsXianbeiandtheruleristheXianbeiHanpeople,theNorthernQiDynastymainlyadvocatestheXianbeiculture.IntheNorthernZhouDynasty,whenthecountrywasfounded,theXianbeiarmywasnotasmanyastheNorthernQi,andthepoliticalstatuswasnotasgoodasthatoftheNorthernQiandtheSouthernLiang.Therefore,theGuanzhong-basedpolicywasestablishedtointegratetheXianbeiandtheHantoeliminatetheHu-Hangapasmuchaspossible.

Finally,aunitedaristocraticGuanlongGroupwasformedintheNorthernZhouDynasty,whichwasabletodefeattheNorthernQiDynasty,whichwasdecliningduetopoliticalchaos.TheHannationalitygraduallybecamethemainforceoftheNorthernZhouarmy,graduallyoccupyingthedominantpositionandthemainbody,replacingtheXianbeiaristocracy.LaidthefoundationforYangJianjianSui.AfterthedeathofEmperorWuoftheNorthernZhouDynasty,LiuFangandZhengtranslatedtheimperialorderbasedonYangJian'sgeneralknowledgeofChineseandforeignsoldiersandhorses,andenteredthedynastytoassistthegovernment.

InFebruaryofthefirstyearofDading(581),EmperorJingoftheNorthernZhouDynastyreliedonYangJian,namelyEmperorWenoftheSuiDynasty,andestablishedtheSuiDynasty.EmperorWenoftheSuiDynastyissuedanedicttoannihilateChenintheninthyearofEmperorKaihuang.China,whichhadbeensplitbetweentheNorthandtheSouthformorethan300yearsattheendoftheWesternJinDynasty,wasreunifiedagain,andtheNorthernandSouthernDynastiesformallywithdrewfromthestageofhistory.

Populace

Éra

Počet domácností

Počet portů

Poznámky

Seznam demografických statistik severní a jižní dynastie

První rok Taikangu v dynastii Western Jin (280 let)	2 459 840	16 163 863	Data z"BookofJin·VolumeFourteen" Currentscholarsestimatethattheactualpopulationismorethan3,000Wan
Tři roky WestJinTaikang (282 let)	3 770 000	24 768 900	Data z"ThreeKingdoms·Volume22"
Jedenáctý rok YanJianxi (370 let)	2 458 969	9 987 935	Údaje z "Sixteen Kingdoms Springand Autumn·Pre-QinRecords" Poznámka: Zahrnuto je pouze bývalé jakékoli území
Devatenáctý rok Qin Jianyuan (383 let)	4 000 000	20 000 000	Údaje z "Historie čínské populace" WangYumina
Dvacet jedna let dynastie Východní Jin (396 let)	3 350 000	17 000 000	Údaje z "Historie čínské populace" WangYumina
LiuSongDamingeightyears(464)	> 906 870	4 685 501	Data z"Tongdian·ShihuoVII" Podle současných výzkumů vědců je skutečná populace více než 20 milionů.
První rok dynastie North Wei Zhengguang (520 let)	①5 000 000 ②6 000 000	①30 000 000 ②35 000 000	Počet①datacomes from"DocumentationGeneralTest·Volume10" ②Počet domácností pochází z WangYuminovy ​​verze "Historie čínské populace" p> ②ThenumberofmouthpiecesisfromGeJianxiong's"TheHistoryofChinesePopulationDevelopment" Inthe1920s,thepopulationoftheNorthernWeiDynastyreached6millionhouseholdsand35million,plusthe20millioninNanliang.Thetotalpopulationofthenorthandsouthexceeds50million.
Třetí rok Yongxi v dynastii Severní Wei (534 let)	3 375 368	20 252 208	Údaje z"CentralExamPaper"十》
Druhý rok LonghuainNorthernQi(577)	①3 302 528 ②3 032 528	①20 006 886 ②20 006 880	Č.①datacomesfrom"ZhouShu·Juan6" No.②datacomesfrom"TongDian·ShihuoVII" 因学者考虑逃避沉重赋役而避于寺庙的僧尼人口而认为北齐河清三年（564年）人口峰值达2200多万，后因北齐后主的残暴统治及齐末战乱，齐亡时人口锐减回两千万。
南陈太建九年（577年）	①500 000 ②600 000	①2 000 000 ②2 400 000	①号数据出自《北史·卷十一》 ②号数据出自《隋书·卷二十九》 据学者考证南陈实际人口达1500万
北周大象二年（580年）	①3 599 604 ②1 599 604	9 009 604	数据出自《通典·食货七》 注：仅含北周旧地，因学者考虑未纳入统计的军户、隐户、少数民族等人群而认为北周至少有1250万人。
北周大定元年（581年）	4 622 528	29 016 484	数据出自《十六国北朝人口考察》 因考虑到隐匿户口，学者路遇、腾泽之认为北周灭齐后有3250万人。
隋朝大业五年（609年）	8 907 536	46 019 956	数据出自《通典·食货七》 因学者考虑到依附于世家门阀的浮客、部曲、奴婢、客女以及官户、匠户、乐户、佃农等大量未纳入户口统计的人群，因此学者认为隋朝人口峰值约达5032万。

科学

在整个魏晋南北朝期间，由于边疆民族内迁、北方人群的南下，造成文化大交流及混成。由于儒学一统的局面打破以及玄道佛的兴起，使得学术研究朝向多元化。各国为了生存或战争，多少推行一些改革措施以确保某些地区农业与手工业的发展。这些都使得科学技术大幅提升。

地理

郦道元从小志于地理学研究。由于当时地理著作不够完备，所以他在各地做官之际进行实地考察。然后他以《水经》为蓝本，完成《水经注》。《水经注》为陆地水文地理，他以水道为纲，详细描绘其本身性质与周边环境，为中国古代地理学做出杰出贡献。

农学

贾思勰为北魏农学家，家境较为富裕，他面对当时的天灾人祸及连年饥荒，主张重视农业，并以齐民谋生为己任，所以决定写出一本农书。他所写的《齐民要术》在中国或世界的农学史上均占有重要地位。《齐民要术》以当时黄河中下游地区，特别是山东地区为重点。描述当时农业生产概貌，并介绍中国传统农业细耕和多种经营方法和包括食品加工技术在内的农业科技的高超水准。

数学

祖冲之为南朝宋人，家族历代成员大多熟悉天文历算，所以祖冲之从小对天算有兴趣。他平生著作丰富，天文方面有《上“大明历”表》、《驳议》；数学方面有《缀术》、《九章术义注》、《重差术》。他在科学有三大成就，一，在张衡、刘徽的基础上，将圆周率数值精准到小数点后七位数字。二，他是世界上第一个将“岁差”数值记入历法运算中，他还将闰月规则修整，这是唐代之前最好的方法。三，在机械方面，他还制作出指南车、千里船（即脚踏轮船）、水力运转的水碓模，以同一原动轮带动碓和磨作功。