Wienerbeledlesshisfatherwasbornscholar, whocombinedgermanthEmtHed, židovskoanddomdomameričanspirit.FromChildhoodtoyouth, WienerhasbeenlivingunderhIsinfluenceandhasgraduallygrownIntoascholar.
Achildprodigyinthepast
Dětství
Wienerisatruechildprodigy.Wiener'Sfather, Leo, objevil shisson'stalentveryaly, AndhefirmlybelidedIrtportanceofeducationWiththehelpoftheenvironment.TheEducationPlanheimplementedFomTheBeginningoflearninghasdrivenhisunusualsomeWothatrethlessway..
WiestartedReadingattheageageandahalf, andhiselementarysciencebooksonbiology aanstronomybecameHisenLightenmentBookSonscience.FromTenon, HewasenthusiasticAnddevotedHimselfToawiderangeofScientificTextBooks.Attheageofseven, hebegangodeepintothefieldsofhysicsandbiology, evenbeyondtscopescopeofHisher'Snowledgedledge.Fromdarwin'stheorevolution, Kingsleyho „Naturalhistory“ tothepsychiatricworksofcharcoalandjannet, FromJulesvernne'ssci-finovelstotheliteraryMasterpieceSofthe18Thand19Thenturies, to nejhorší.
Wienerhasastrongcuriosity, buthisfatherusessystematicheducationAshismotto, a thetwocomplementotherother.WierstudiedScienceByhimself, zatímco HISFATHERADheredToaToaningPlancenteredMathematicsAndlinguisticsWihasterNattitude.WienerHasenduredThisrigorsingTrainingExtremelywell, andhismathematicsHasimprovedSigntifinenly.
Obecné vzdělání
LeowasverywiseanddecidedtosendwienertotheMathematicsDepartmentsCoftscollegeinsteadoflettingHimTesikoftakingtheharvarduniversitysstresfulranceexam.Vyhněte se, že patříte na základě oznámení oomuchbendingachildprodigytoharvard.
IntermsofMathematics, wienerhassurssurpassedthelevelofafreshmaninuniversity, a.SohediRectlyStuDiedGalois'stheoryofequations fromthebeginning.LeostilloftentendiscussesadvancedMathematicswithhisson.AsfarmarathematicsAndlinguisticsAreconcered, Wiener'sInterdisciplinaryerorningpracticeshavenotched.Inthesetworesspects, LeoisstillhisstrictTeacher.
WienerhasawiderangeofInterests.Infisfirstyearofuniversity, fyzika achemistryimpressedhimfarmorethanmathematics.HeisparticularlyInteresteteredsinexPerimentsAsdonemanyelectricEngineeringExperimentsWithhisneighbor, dao.Hetriedtoprovetwoideasinfyzika.OneisanelectromagneticPowderDectorForradiocommunication a TheoterotryOutOutAnelectrastaticTransformer.Oboofwiener'ssideasareexcellent.
TheSecondyear, WienerWasattractedbyphilosophyandpsychology.The PhilosophicalworkShehasasreadfarex následné dojetí.SpinozaandleiBniizarethetwophilosopherswhohavetheretereTinfluenceonhim.TheLoftyethicsOfTheForMerandtheverSatityofthellhavealloverwhelmedwiener.HealSoGreedilyReadjames'philosophicalMasterpiece, andtHroughhisher'sRelationship, HegottOknowthepragmatistmaster.
INTHESAMEYEAR, Wienerfocusedonbiologyagain.BiologyMuseumsAndLaboratoriesHavebecomehismoStiscattractivePaces, a aretakerOfTeanimalBreedingroomHasBecomeHisparticularlycloseferment.WienerisnotonlyHappyTocoCollectbiologicalSpecimens, butoftenspends nejmodernější libranační library, kde je možné.
WienerCompletedTheUniversityCourseintreeyearsAndgraduadiatentSpringof1909.Poté, hebegantostudyForAphdinbiologyattheharvarduniversityGraduateschool.WienerchangedhischacternotbecauseHeknewheCoulddoit, butbecausehewantedtodoit.Sincechildhood, hehaslongedtobecomeabiolog.Wiener'SexperimentalworkUn -však bohužel zaváděn.Hehaspoorhands-inskills, lackstheskills apatiencenSessAssionSieticElouswork, andDeepmyopiaAddstothetRoublebleblebleblebleblebleble.
UnderthearrangementofHisher, HetransferredToCornelluniversityTostudyphilosophy, AndreturdedtoharvardthefollingyartostudyLogiCandLogic, AndReceiveiveiveiveiveiveiveiveiveiveiveiveiveraphdilosophyfromharVarduniversityTheageof18.
TheinterDisciplinaryEDucationthatwienerReceiveDeTeuniversityPromotedTHehorizonTondevelofHistalentsAdLaidTHoundationForalarGenUmperofDevelofDevelofdevelofDevelofDevelofDevelofDevevermentsplantsPlantsInternfacesinmanyfieldSetheFuture.FromMathematicstobiologytophilosofie, thisIsActualsTathwienerHasexperienceshouthouthouthissCientificKariéra.
Vzdělaní -FaMousTeachers
INTHELASTYEAROFHARVARD, WienerapliedForatravelscholarshipFromtheschooland byl zauzen.HehasstudieDattheuniversityOfcambridgeinenglandandtheuniversityofGottingeningermany, studovalgicAndMathematicsUndertheGuidanceosMathematicissuchrussell, odolný, ahilbert ahilbert.
Russelliswiener'smainmentoranding Friends.WienStudiedMathematicalLogicPhilosophyofScienceandMathematics Withhim, aGoidedManyprofoundlessonsFromThisMaster.WienerfeltveryfreshandInspiringforhisphilosophyschodsandMathematicalticalPrinciplesschods.Russell'sSlectureWaslearandClear, LikeaNunParalleleledMasterpiece, který impresedhimdeeply.
RussellsuggestedthatwienerreadtHreePopersPublishedByeinsteinin1905tolearnRutherford'SelectronicTheoryandbohr'theory.RussellhasakeensensenseofMellForportantDiscoveriesInphysics, andhisteachingmadewienerfirmlyreMemberthatntonlyMathematicsimsimportant.Andalsoneedtohaveaphysicalconcept.
Přestože se vyskytla sfyzikafyzicsfoundationthetimewasdifficultTolearNtheLeteSectronicteory, RussellenCouragedHimtostudy.WienerLaterchosetocombineMathematicsWithphysicsAndEngineering, který byl považován za lightenment.Oneofeinstein'SpapersdiscussedBrownIanMotion.ItWasonthisSubjectthatwienerMadeportantMathematicatheMesultsintheFollow10years.
Forwiener'sFutureCarerasamathematian, Russell's SotherimportantinfluenceStheproProposedToWieNTHAPATOPERSOPECOSPecializesMathematicalLogicAlLogicAllMathematicHematichilosophyssHouldBestUnderstandSoMatheMathematics.Proto wienertookmamathematicsCoursesandacceptedTheGuidanceofhardyandots.Hardy'Sclear, zajímavý a-provokingSPeech, zahrnující Básisofrealvariable-FunctionscludingleBeguegralsAnDroductionTocomplexFunctions, GidWienerProfounDenNementenmentanmentandAndlyledTotheMievievementsOfHhisearlyKariéraErer..WienerCalledhardyhisidealmenmentoRandrolemodel.
WeineroriginallyplasennedtofinishThiSyearincambridge, butrussellisingongogivelectureshatharvardinthesecondsemester.Headvisedwienertototheuniversityofgöttingentostudyforhilberlandlau.chod.
WienertookaclassOngrouptheoryPofessorlandauandStudieddifferentiaLequationsUrdationSurTheGuidanceofHilbert.HilbertrepresentsThereatTraditionOfMathematicsatthebeginningThisCentury, AndetheonlytlyTilyProficentMathematicwieNerenContered.HehasabroadfieldofvisionAndisgoodatcombiningHisextraordinaBracTacTactactabilityWithArealisticUndersstondingofPhysicalReality.Hebecamethematicmaticwienerlongedfor.
TheEducationHereceideidingöttingenhasbenefitedwieNeRgroughhoutHislife.Fromthefamousmathematicsteacher,herecognizedthepowerofscienceandthedepthofknowledge,andforthefirsttimeobtainedtheexperienceofworkingintensivelyandenthusiastically.Cambridgeandgöttingenmarkedthebeginningofwiener'sgrowthfromachildprodigyToayoungMathematian.
Osobní život
Norbertwiener, ThereatorofKybernetika, nazvaný.HisfatherwasarvardProfessor.Heoncetookhimtotheuktomeetrussell, Butrusselldon'tLikethiskiDandhisfather.
Wiener'swife, Margaret, Wasanazi.Během Worldwarii, TheenglishversionOfHitlerův "mystruggle" washiddenathome.ATTHATTIME, jejich DOUŽITABARBARBARAWASINELAYSCOOLANDREADTHOBOOKCONSCIMENTIONSOUNCOUNCONCONCONCONDIONSIONDIONSIONDIONDIONDIONDY.Sheactiallyquetoted the "Aphorissmus" v bookshewaswaswritingand awasalerexpelledfromschool.
FalloutWithPitts
TheoriginarTicThathathatsimulatesNeuralNetworkswaspuslidIn1943.BothAuthorsaReleGends, McCullochandpitts.).Margaretoncetoldwienerthatshomeoneinmcarrocco'Steam (možnáalludingtomitts) SEDUCEHERBABYGIRLBARBARA, WienerWaswasPosFurious, AmmedimeDetlyCutoffallContactWithmccullochandStudents.NowitSeemsthatmargueriteisdeliberalySpreadingRumors.Butwiener'sCactionsCausedGreatTraumatopitts.PittswasoriginallyaspecialStudentofwiener, butitisEstimatedthesufferedSetBackswhenhewasyoung, andhisteperamentwasstrange.AfterfallingOutwithwiener, zdefusedhegraduadeGeReGeventohimbyMitand WasDisheartenedwithnowledge.PittsDiedafewMonthSearlierthanhiseldermccullochin1969, Attheageofforty-Six.
Publishingbooks
Moderní mistři
In1913, AtTheageof19, WienerPublishedAPaperonSettheoryentheacesCofTheCambridgephilosophicalSocietyety.ThisISapaperthatsImplifiestHethetheoryofRelationStothetheoryofclasses, AnditoccupiesPlaceinthedevelofMathematicAlLogic.Wienerenthisacacademiccareer.INTHESAMEYEAR, HEWONTHETHOWDOINPRIZEFROMHARVARDUNISIVERSIVERSORSKEPTICALPHILOSOPHICAYS „TEPERFEKCE“.BeforeturningTothefieldOfFunctionAlalysis, wienerpublikována15PapersonLogicandphilosophy.
V roce 1918, WienergeainedAbetterunderStandingofmoderMathematicsByStudingtheMathematicSleftbygreen, adoctorofMathematicswhopassedawayedaway.HebegantolookforproblessworthyofconcentrationIntefieldOfMathematics.Přestože se i když.
WienerbegantobeatTractedbyFunctionAlalysandDeterMinedTodevoteHISLifeToit.In1919, Barnett, AyoungMathematianattheuniversityOfCincinnati, PaidavisitTohimimimimis.WieneraskedhimToreCommenmenmentableRereSearchTopic.HeaskedwienerTopayAttentiontotheintegralprobleMetheFunctionsPace.ThissuggestionHadaSignificantImpacTonwiener'sSubSentMatheMaticalResearch.
Inthesummerofthesameyear, duetotherecommendationofosgood, thedeanofTheMathematicsdepartmentofHarvarduniversity, wienerWetToTeachEanthedepartmentOfMathematicsatmit, kde se nachází.
V roce 1920 se WienerParTicatedInntheinternationalConfeferenceofMathematiciansforthefirstTime.Před tím, že se vyskytují, oni zpracovávajítofometimeattheinVitationOffrecher.Wienertriedtopromotefrecher'Sworkandproposedthebanach-wienerspacetheory.HerealizedthathisworkOntheBrownMovementWasaPromisingstart, SohewasmoreEnergeticmoreopen-SPISTER.
In1924, WienerPasPospromotedToAnsesTonantProfessorandin1929ASASSASIATEPROFESSOR.DuetoHISOUTNARDACHIEVESINERALIZALHARMONCANALYSASANSAYSANDTAUBER'STHEOREM, HEWASPromotedToFullProfessorin1932.
V roce 1933, WienersharedwithmorShebocherPrizeofTheamericalMathematicalSocietyforhisworkOntauber'stheorem.Ataboutthesametime, HewaselectEctedMemberofThenationalAcademyofSciences.AfterheLearNedAboutThenatureofThisseniorscientificiaLoLoRganization, HewyveryBoredAndsoonSignEdFomhisposition.
OneoftHehonorSussuallygiventoASuccessfulAmericMathematiatianistoaskhimtowriteabookfortheamericathematicathematicathematicathematicathematicathematicalSociety'sseminarseries.IntheSummerof1934, WienerWasInvitedTowRiteTefourierTransformninthecomplexdomain.Brzy HewaselectEctectAsthevicePresidenTofTheamericAnMathematicathSociety.ItwAsonlyBecauseDedidLiketobeinadministrativePositionSthathewassparedFromBeingElectAspresident.
Začínáme 13. století, WienerPaiditttentiontotheanalogComputersStudiedbybush.Od roku 1935 do1936, HewasinvitedtochinaasavisitingProfessor.Incooperationwithliyurongattsinghuauniversity, hereseardedEdDesigneDeveryGoodelectronicFilterrandobtainedthepatentfortheinvention.WienertookhisyearinChinaasaspecificmilestoneinhisacademiccareer,thatis,asademarcationpointbetweenacraftsmanwhohasjustcompletedhiscareerinscienceandamasterinthisindustrytosomeextent.
Během řeči, WieneracceptaresearchworkrelatedtofireControl.Tento promplempledhimtoexploreindepththeComputationalFunctionsOfusingMachinestosimulatetheHumanbrain, založení PredictionTooryApplyitTothePreditiondeviceofTeaIrdefenseFireControlSontrolLOLLOLLOLLOLLOLLOLLOLLOLLOLLOLLOLLOLLOLLOLLOLLOLLOLLOLLOLLOLLOLLOLLOLSYTY.V roce 1948 publikoval Wiener „Kybernetika“ a oznámil narození disciplíny této výskyt.ThisTHegreatscientifietifievementOfHiSlong-Termhard amUltilateralCoperationWithphysioloGistrosenbrütteandothers.WienerimmedativelMedEdFomamathematicianwithalimitedreputationtoAninternationalCelebrity, kdy HEWASALREADREADOVERHALFAHALFAHUNDEDSEEARSOLL.SINCETHEN, WienerHascontinuedTomakeout -CONTRIBUTIONTHETHEDEVEVELENTAPLICACEOFCYBERNETICS.
V roce 1959, WienerretiredFomthemassachusettsInstituteFechnology.InJanuary1964,hewasawardedbythePresidentoftheUnitedStatesforhis"avarietyofamazingcontributionsinpuremathematicsandappliedmathematicsandthecouragetogodeepintoengineeringandbiologicalsciences,aswellasfar-reachingpioneeringworkinthesefields.„NationalMedalofScience.
WienerisaresearcherofthejacqueshamfoundationIneurope, afulbrightresearcher, AMEMOREMATHEMATICALICALICEOCIETYOFBRITAIN, Německo, franceandothercountries, andhasservedasavitingProfessorinchina, Indie, tehderolendsandothercontries.
Osobní úspěchy
Přehled
Během jejich 50 let, Wiener Hasbeeninvolvedin Filozofie, matematika a fyzika.AndEngineering, a finallytluedTobiology, a ackedfruitfurtresultsinvariousfields.Itcanberegardedasthemultital anowledgedgeAscientificGiantPraisedbyengelsTintStury.Hehaspublicedmorethan240Papersand14BooksinhiSlifetime.Hismainworksare "Kybernetika" (1948), "Wieneranthology" (1964) a "Wienermathematicsessays" (1980).WieneralsoHastwoAutobiography „Thechildprodigyinthepast“ a „iamamathematian“.
HISMAINRESULTSHAVETHETHEFOLLOWINGIETHIGERTSPLECTS:
Založení
WieneristhefirsttolearnfrommathematicsamathematichianwhostudiesBrownianMotionDeply.V roce 1921, HeseusedpointsintheFunctionsPaceTorepsentThSofParticlesInBrownianMotion, a poprodel těmtollthesepaths, kromě fortheSetofProbabilityo, arecontinuousButnotsmooth, že je to téměř odchyněné.HeuseuselebesguetegralstocalculateTeateaverofTheFeFunctionSontheSepaths.V roce 1923, WienergaveAveStrictdefinitionOfrandomfunctionFortheFirstTime, prokázal, že se má nabouchnout.Začátek od společnosti WienerStuDiestheCoclelectionOf „Paths“, představí se, představí, andrevealsthysicalchacteristicsOfContinuousAndinferentible -Functions, sobrownianmotionionalsAlledwienerprocess..
Wiener'SworkisextremelyFuitFuitfulForbability.ITNOTONLYBETHESNEWLifeintooldproblems, ale více důrazně, OpenSupNewResearchFields, RevelingThestrikingConnectionsbetweens beweens -pobability theortrotherbranchesofmathematics.Wiener'sResearchCanbesaidTobeapioNeeringorkInModernPobabilityTheory.NowameAsUrethatDescribownMotionDefinententEnTinuousFunctionsPaceIscalledthewieNermuastuas a theintegralaboutthismuasuasuasuasicalledthewieneregral.Později JapaneseMathematianItiokiyoshidealoredThoromIntegraltheoryonthisbasis.
Úvod pobanach-wienerspace
In1920, wienerextendedThefrenchMathematianfreche'sgeneraltheoryoflimits adferentiationToVectorspace, andGiveSacompleteteSofaxioms.Wiener'sResultsCoincoredswithbanach'SpaperPublisolEnthePolishjournalOfMathematicsAfewweekslater a athegeneralizationWasNotbad.BanachconceiveisedAndPublishedshistheoryseveralMonthsearlierthanwiener, butthegreeofindesendenceofThetWoisthesame.Proto TheSetWoworkswereonconcalledbanach-Wienerspacetheory.WienerContinuedToPublishResultsintsisareainashortperioDofTime, který je vytvořenbasIsForVonneumann'S1927hilbertspaceandtheaxiommethodoFoperatorsIlbertspace.
Později, Wienergraduallyleftthisfield, buthispioneeringworkonfunkční analýza, anewbranchofMathematicsTomerGemerdflourIshedInTetherys, hasbeenrecordedinhehistoryofmathematics.
Vysvětlete topotencientialtheory
Od roku 1923 do1925, wienermadeBasicConCtributionStothePotentialtheory.OutEdirichletPlobleOfAGivenContinuousBoundaryValueFunction, theExactgeneralizedgroupisobtained.Odpuštěné kompakty, theConceptoFoleranceIsdened, a thewell-newell-známé kritiroFregularityIsgiven.Theearlierconceptoftheelectromagneticpotentialinsidearegionbelievedthatitshouldbeexactlythesameasthevaluesgivenontheboundary.
WienerfOllowtheconcecceptSiMiMilartogeneralizedEgralsTheHasStudied, andnotichestHatthepontientiNiNearegioncanberegardasdeterminedBeLenearcombinationofThePoTenTencialSarounDarnary, covelifitiscloSotHoundaryPonTanaryBoundary..ThisISabrand-Newconcept, wienertHusgreatlyexpandedManyConceptSofPoTENTAYTHEOOREO, včetně TheConcecepsChChargeandcapacitance.
THESIGNIFICANCEFTHISRESULTISTHETTHEWTHEORYBEIVEESTHATTheRelationshipBeenthepontientoFanIntiorPointandtheBoundaryValueisageneralizedIntegral, spíše odtananakombinacetheinternalPontienTontienToNthebondary.ThelimitProcess.ThisReversestheoriginalViewOnTheBorderIssue.JustastereHavebeenManyInversionsionSinMathematics, thereforlutionOfPositionTheoryhAsblownIntoafreshairoFasituationtHanthasBeenLifelessformanyearsbyanoverlyConservativeargument.
DevelopingharmonicAnalysis
INorderToestablishasolidLogicalFoundationFortheheavisideCalculationMethod, wieneremBarkeDonanewpathofharmonicAnalysis.ATTHEGINNINGOF1926HePublishedhisfirStaperonthisSubject, AndhisworkFortheNextFiveyearSculmineTinongArticleofgeneralizedHarmonicAnalysis.WienerbowroworydfunctionsFomphysicsAsTheKeytoharmonicAlylýsis a athenlinditwithCommunicationtheoryand awroteitasFourierTransform.HeobtainedwhatisnowCalledTheStateofspectraldaldribubution.INorderToProveoneoftheKeformlas, WienerProposedaPowerElandHighlyoriginalMetHardyandlittlewwood'staubertheorema, jmeelythefAMousOUSInverTheofnon-staroabsoluteConverVenceFourierSeries..ThisISanamazingExampleofunifiedMathematicalAbstraction.Wiener'sSievementsIventsisarealAterbecamethebasisofbanach'Salgebratheory, andderivedresultssuchastheprimenumbertheorem.
Objevováníthewiener-hopfMethod
kolem roku 1930.WieneranDastronomerhopfcooperatedTOSTUDYAClassOfsingularIntegraleQuationsWithDifferencenernelnelnelnelnelnenSiveNonasemi-infiniteInterval.ThisPeoFequationIsNowCalledthewiener-wipffequation.WienerextendHopf'sResearchonRadiationEquilibrium, adobtainedIsSolutionIn1931.ThebasicicideaistotransformtheoriginalequationIntoafunctionTutionThroughTuroughtegraltransformace a athenusetefunctionfaktorizationMethodToSolveit.Proto Thewiener-hopfmethodisalsAlledThefactorizationMethod.IthasBecomeaCommonMethodForStudyingvariousMathematical a aspartment.
WienercreativesstovanýtHemostStrikingapplicationofThewiener-hopfequtionIsTtheBoundaryBetWeenthetWoprocessimeRatherThanspace, který sexactlywhatredictstheoryAveryApProPRateTapLeApLedIdsinsinSomeways.HefurtherPointheteDoutThthereMereMemaNemaNeraneralproblemsaboutInStrumentResearchtcanbesolved shthistime-založenou technique.Po čtyřicátých letech, thetheoryofThisequationHasbeensystematicallydevelontedonTheBasisonalyticFunctionBoundaryValuepproblems, harmonicAlysisAnsaysansoperatortheortheoryoreory.Jeho aplikacíHasalsoexpandedFroMradiationProblemStomanyotherfields, takový, cosneutronmigrationAndelectromagneticwavediffrakce., Kybernetika, multi-bodyproblemAnDentRancetheory, atd.
Navrhovaná vznesení
DuringWorldWarII,inordertosolvetheproblemsofairdefensefirecontrolandradarnoisefiltering,WienerusedacomprehensiveInhispreviouswork,inFebruary1942,hefirstgaveouttheWienerfilterformulaforinferringthefuturefromthepastdataofthetimeseries,andestablishedtheWienerfiltertheorythatpushesthetimeseriesoutoftheforecastundertheminimummeansquareerrorcriterion..
Tato práceOfwienerProvideSeroreticalBasishortheDesignFautomaticAirDefenSecontrolLeryFireanDotheraSpectSofredictionProbless, aopensupateticalwayForEatingTheefficience afProcessingInformationOfaComUnicationAnd aControlSystem.IthasanimportantinfluenceontEscienceFautomationTechnology.WienerintroducedstatisticalFactorsInThobleMuseDuseDautocorelation a-corelation-Correlation-Functions, který provedltobeextremeLyelyportant.TheWienerfiltermodelwasgeneralizelidInThe1950StoonlyObservationSosEsinalimitedTimeInterValandSomeSpecialexternalStationProcess.ItsApplicationRangeHASALSOBEEXPADENDTOMOREFIELDS.Itisstilldealingwithvariousdynamicdata.(Suchasmeteorologie, hydrologie, seismicexplorace atd..) aneofthePowerFefltoolsforredictingthefuture.
CreateWieNerinformationtheory
WienerisoneofThefounderSofinformation Theory.Hestudiedinformationtheoryfromthecircuitwithdirectcurrentoratleastcanberegardedasdirectcurrent,independentofShennong,introducedstatisticalmethodsintocommunicationengineering,andlaidthetheoreticalfoundationofinformationtheory.WienerregardsMessageSatimeSerieSofMeariableEvents, a komunikaceAsastatisticalplem, který předpokládal.HeclarifiedTheprinciplessandMetSofquantificationFinformace, podobně používaná „entropie“ todefinTetheMountofinformationAcontinuousSignal, aproposedsHennon-wienerformformulatomeasUtheammountOnMoNMofinformation: AunitofinformationsachoicebetweentWoequalConcepts..TheinformationconveyedWHenoneThingMakesAsinglechoice.
TheSepioneeringworkOfwienersCronglyPromotedThecReationOfinformationtheoreandopenEnEnEnUpBroadProspectsfortheapplicationOfinformationTheory.Shannon, TheFounderofinformation Theory, řekl: „TheglorysHousebeattributedtoprofessorwiener."
TheCreationOfCybernetika
Wiener's GreatEstConCtionTothedevelofScienceStheccreationOfKybernetika.ThisIsafringediscipIsIplineForedBylinkhingMathematicStoresearchAuto-regulace, komunikační areging, ComputandComputingTechnology, andneurophysiologyandpathologyInCiencesAndotherDIsciplinesofCommonConCern.
Inoctober1947, Wienerwroteaneapoch-takingbook "Kybernetika", který becamepopularThorldimmedmedlyfteritwaspublidIdIn1948.Wiener'sProfoundsharousedpeople's GreatAttention.Itrevealsthecommonlawsofthecommunicationandcontrolfunctionsofthemachineandthehumannerveandsensoryfunctions;itprovidesanewscientificmethodformodernscienceandtechnologyresearch;itbreaksthroughtheshacklesoftraditionalthinkinginmanyways,andeffectivelypromotesmodernscience.AseriesOfChangesinthewayofthinkingandContemporaryphilosophicalConcepts.
Now,therehavebeenmanymajordevelopmentsincybernetics,butWiener'sideaofusingGibbsstatisticalmechanicstodealwithcertainmathematicalmodelsisstillatthecenter.HedefinenKybernetikaas: „Thereretwostatevariables, oneofChichcanBeadjustedbyus a theothercannotbeControlled.Atthistime,theproblemwefaceishowtousetheinformationoftheuncontrollablevariablefromthepasttothepresentToproperlydeterminetheoptimalvalueofthevariablethatcanbeadjustedtoachievethemostsuitableandbeneficialstateforus."
Kybernetika
Přehled
TheBirthofKybernetikaSoneofTheretereTestScientificaChievements of the;.ManyNewConceptSandNewTechnologiesInModerSocietyAecloselyrelatedtocybernetics.KybernetikaStheproductofMutualPeNetrationOfMultleDisIscipIschasautomaticControl, elektroniktechnologie, radiokomunikace, computetechnologie, neurofyziologie, matematikallogic, jazyk atd. Atd..IttakesthecharacteristicsOfCommunicationandControlCommontovariousSystemsSthereSearchObject.Bez.TheFounderofKybernetikaTheamericMathematiannorbertwiener (Norbertwiener, 1894 ~ 1964).
V roce 1948, hepublishedHishondationalwork "Kybernetika", MarkingthebirthofThiseMergeDedgedIsciplin.Thesubtitleofthebookis "ThescienceOfcontrolCommunicationInalimalsormachines", které jsou uvedeny.ThetermKybernetika fromthegreekwordkubernan, který je řízeč, který znamená „kormidelníka“, a umělecké manažerské umění “.
InformationFeedBackIssuesRised
V roce 1930Sand1940S, Peoplehadadeeperundersstofinformation a.BritishStatistianronaldadaylmerfisher (1890 ~ 1962) studoval formationtheoryfromTheperSerspectiveFClassicalstatisticaltheoryandraisedtheissuefunitinformace; AmericanteCommunicationSensineershannon (Claudeelwoodshannon, 1916 ~ 2001) StudiedInFoorysThesperanceOfComunicationEngineering.Fromtheangleofview,theproblemoftheamountofinformationwasstudied,andtheformulaofinformationentropywasproposed;Wienerstudiedtheproblemofnoisysignalprocessingfromtheviewpointofcontrol,establishedtheWienerfilteringtheory,andanalyzedtheconceptofinformation,andproposedthemeasurementoftheamountofinformation.Theessenceoftherelaandinformace.Oni se vylučují, žeurementprofinformational nejvíce simulturnou.Během tohoto průzkumu lidé, které jsou podané uchopené.In1932, theamericAnCommunicationsEngineerharrynyquist (Harrynyquist1889 ~ 1976) objeveno, condonditionofthenegativefeedbackamplifier, který sethefAMousNustStability -Criterion.In1945, wienerextendedTheConcecceptoffeedBackToallControlsystems, andunstoodFeedBackastHesPoceSofextractingPartoftheInformation fromoutputPofTheControllolledObjectAstHenextInput, čímž se vyvolává, a-toputputputhere-autputput,-toputput..Pavlov'sconditiodedrelextheoryalsoprovestHatthereArealsoinformationandFeedBackProblemSInlivingOrganisms.
Wiener'Scooperationwithothers
WhenwienerWasPimprovingairDefenseWopers, hediscovered thatthecoreissueofcontrolandCommunicationAnimalmachinesisinformationAndinformace.Přenosový aprocesování.WieneranDamericanneurophysiologArturorosenblueth (Arturorosenblueth, 1900 ~ 1970) WorktogeToRenThisSubjectforMorethan10years (1934 ~ 1947).Rosenbloswasamexicon, andwasacolloagueaNdCollaboratoratoratorofProfessorwalterbradfordcannon (1871 ~ 1945), afamousphysiologolatharvardmedicalschoolatthetime, Andhewashighlygardedbycannonononon.Ve 13. století, RosenbruceheldmonthlyseminarsonscientificificMethods.WienerwasalsoworkinghingatharvardMedicalschoolatthistime.WienerandmanyyoungScientistsFromharVardMedicalschool, včetně experTinvariousfieldssuchamhathematics, fyziky, elektroniky, inženýrství, fyziologie, psychologie a medicíny, allparticatedSeminar.AseminarledByBlues.Oni satheraroundaroundTableEveryTimeandTalkfreelytogetherwitHotRestraint.Afterthemeal, AMEMONOFTHTHEIRCOLLECTIVE, ORANINVITEDGUEST, READOUTAPAPERONACESCIENTISIFISUE, obvykle ApaperonMethodologicalIssues.Oznámení, které musí být musendureasharpcriticims, CritichiSiskind, Butmerciless.ThisReallyAgoodlaxativeforthosewhoarehalf-Thinking, thosewhohavenewerffically-criticited, thosewhooreovercoverconfidentarrogant, athosewHocan'tStanditwillNotcomexTime.Nicméně, manyofTheseregularStodinnersAndseminarsfeeltHeeltheyHavebenefitedalot, atheyhaveaveamportantlastingroleinpromotingThedevelofScienceandTechnology.
WienerandrosenbrucehavelongrecognizedtHedevelopmentOfModernsCienceandTechnology, onteoNehand, hasincreauasingbecomeacarerriedOutOutBySpecialistsinsinenincreasuaningnarrowfield, který je uveden najedsedSosCesCientiedSientiedSientiedSientientstonarrowfields.Aslavetothedivisionoflabor; na the theotherouth.ThisInSharpContradictions stheoriginalNarrowProfessionaldivisionOflabor.HowtoresolvetheSontradictions?.Itherwords, aslongastheoriginalnarrowProfessionaldivisionOflaborisbroken, agroupofexpertshoexpertsinHisownfieldButalsohaveMorelledgeofHisneighboringfieldssHouldBeredEred.Forexample, nechte matematici, matematičtí logici, afyziology, které jsou uvedeny v oblasti afyziology.Inthisway, toexplore, kultivateanCultivateundeunderedscientificVirginlandCangetThereteretestScientifificGains.
Wienerhimselfalsosaid: IntheaBove-MentionedJointwork, amathematik (Heisamathematik) neotneedTeedTohavetheabilitytoleAdaphysiologicalExperiment, butheeneedStanderStandAndCriticizeAphysiologicalExperimentationPectivie.Andtheabilitytosuggestotherstoconductanexperiment;aphysiologist(Rosenblousisaphysiologist)doesnotneedtohavetheabilitytoproveamathematicaltheorem,butmustbeabletounderstandthephysiologicalsignificanceofthemathematicaltheorem,andbeabletotellthemathematicianthatheshouldTofindsomething.
ThescientificSeminaronBraininhibitionHeldbythemasseyFoundationInMay1942ProposedThatthewell-vyvinuté ConceptSandSofinformationAndFeedBathefieldsOmMunicationEngineeringandConntrolengineeringMayhelpneurophyologicalResearch.Atthistime,theideaofcyberneticshasbeenformed,butithasnotbeenofficiallynamed.Attheturnof1943~1944,ascientificseminaroncyberneticthoughtwasheldinPrinceton,whichfurtherconfirmedthecyberneticthoughtandbelievedthatthereisacommonideologicalfoundationamongworkersindifferentfields,andonescientificfieldcanuseanotherscientificfield.MorematureConceptSandMethodsdered.Mezi 1946and1953, thesAsseyFoundationItiteateSeriesOfScientificSeminarsonfeedbackues, které byly velmi podporovány vývojem .Kybernetika.
TheformalProposaLofwienerCybernetika
WienerCapturesthecommonfeatureofallCommunication aControlSystems, to je, že je, a.Heatededout: ACOMMUMUNICESYMALS -StransMitsinformationOfvariousIdeologicalContentAscordingTopeople'Seeds, andautomaticControlsystemMustadSownMovement AccordingTotheChangesinteSurroundingenvironment, bez.TheinformationReceivedBytHecommunicationandControlsystemHasacearnRandomNatureandhasacilstatisticalDistribution.THESTRUCTUCTURUREMUMUNICE aControlSystemImSelfMustalsoadaptTothisStatisticlature, aBeabletomaKAKAKATatisticalAnalysisoftheinPutextedTobereceived.Statisticky nehospokozí.WienerandhiscolcolloratorsFinallySucceDedEdCreatingthebrand-newdiscipline „Kybernetika“ v roce 1947.The Followingyear, TheBook „Kybernetika“ byl publikován, který.
InadditiontoWiener,theparticipantsofthemethodologicaldinnerpartylatermadetheirownachievements:Rosenbruswasalsooneofthepioneersofcyberneticsandartificialintelligence;vonNeumann(JohnvonNeumann,1903~1957)becamethefounderofgametheoryandoneofthefoundersofbinaryelectroniccomputers;JulianHimelyBigelow(1913~2003)wastheearliestparticipantinthedesignofelectroniccomputers;WarrenSturgisMcCulloch,1898~1969)andPitts(WalterPitts,1923-1969)becamethefoundersofneuralcyberneticsandartificialintelligence.FactshaveProvedTthititistheseyoungScientistswhoHaveObtainedThereteReaSestainshe „zanedbávanýNoman'SlandBeenthevariouseSvalbedSepartments“ a Greatlyenrichedanddeveredscience.
TheContributionOfKybernetika
Forphysiology, theContributionOfKybernetikaIsHuge.TheSostProminentintHertheintHedFofEedBackIdeasFoMengineeringConceptSintobiologicalsystems.VelkostieenrichedandDevelovedphysiology.TheConceptof "Constantinternternalenvironment" putForwardbycLaudebernerthelastCturyWastHenderedbyCannonintotheHomeostasisTeory, stát se, stává se ooneofthebasicModernConceptsinlifesciences, a itSignificanceSignant; butifthereisnofeedbautomaticsMechanismus, iswilbecopceletesinsible, aswilbecopceletesinsible, isgIgnIcanceSignIssitiont;.
ApplicationOfCybernetika
V roce 1949, AmericarendocrinephysioListroyGrahamhoskins (1880 ~ 1964) odpověděl na to, že se nejprve vyskytuje, conceptofeedbackantotheendocrinefield, and bodů, apointhereSeisafeedMechanismbetweenthethyroiddThePituitary.V roce 1956, Švédsko -sulfsvoneuler (Ulfsvoneuler, 1905 ~ 1983) injeksAsmalMountOntOftyroxineTotheanterionPituitary, která redukovala, žethethyroidgland, thisfurtheronfirdingthatingthatingthatingthatingthatingthatingthatingthatingthatingthatingthatingthatingthatingthatingthatingthatingthatingTategativePoedbacky.AnidispensableanDimportantLink.
Osobní zájmy
TheFAMous20th-CentureMathematiannorbertwiener, WhowasveryIntelligentsinCechilda, WasableToReaDandwriteattheageofree, a rozrušený odCelleGeaGeageoffourteen.Afewyearslater, HessasedhisDoctoralThesisDefenseandbecameadofScienceatharvarduniversityintheunitedStates.
Během přípravku, který se vyskytuje, theexecutivechairmanwassurprisedtoseewienerwithachildishlook, soheaskedhisagefacetoface.Wienerdeservestobeamathathematicsprodigy.Hishanswerisveryclever: "TheCubeofmyagethiSyearisa Čtyřciferné číslo a AthefourthpowerOfmyageisasix-digit číslo.ThesetWonumbersjustputThetennumbers0,1,3,4,5,6,7,8, a 9areallused, notheavyandnotmississing.ThismeansThalltHenumbersArebowedTome.IwishiwillBeabletodoSomethingearth-ShathinginthefieldOfMathematicsInSinthefuture.Kariéra."
Whenwienersaidthis, Allfourwereshocked, Anseveryone.PeopleinthewholemeetingWereTalkingabouthisage.
Infact, thisquestionisnotdifficultToanswer, butitRequiresabitofdigital "inspirace."ItisNotDifficultToFintTHeCubeof21isafour-digitnumber, a atheCubeof222ISaredAfive-digitnumber, Sowiener'SageiSatSiantAlly21yearsold; bythesametoken, theForthpowerof18ISASIX-digitnumber, andthefourthpowof17isafour-digitnnold.ThePowersfiredIgits, Sowiener'ssageISatleast18yearsold.Inthisway, Wiener'ssageCanonlybeoneofThefourmbers18,19,20 a 211.
TheremainingWorkIs "SelectOneByone".TheCubeof20IS8000, athereare3repeateddigits0, který.Inthesameway, theForthpowerOf19isequalto130321 a athefourthpowerOf21isequalto194481, bodofwhicharenotsatishoctory.V tomendu, tedy18left.ISITTHECORRECTANSWER? ChecktheCalculations, theCubeof18isequalto5832 a athefourthpowerisequalto104976, který sehappenStoHaveuseuseuseuseusUptaNrabicNumerals „notheavyandnotmissing“, copectfectConation!
This18leté .oungph.D.DidagreatJoblater: HebecametheForerunnerofinformationtheoryAndthefounderofcybernetics.