Domov technika hudba

hudba

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Historický vývoj

Whendidthehumansocietybegintohavemusic,itisnolongerpossibletoinvestigate.Butlongbeforehumanshadproducedlanguage,theyalreadyknewhowtousethestrengthofvoicetoexpresstheirmeaningsandfeelings.Withthedevelopmentofhumanlabor,thechantsofunifiedlaborrhythmandtheshoutingofmutualinformationhavegraduallyemerged.Thisisthemostprimitiveformofmusic:whenpeoplecelebratetheharvestandsharethefruitsoflabor,theyoftenbeatstonetoolsandwoodentoolstoexpressJoyandjoy.

Hudba (17 fotek)

Thereisadifferencebetweenancientmusicandmusic."BookofRites·BookofMusic":"Everysoundoriginatesfromthehumanheart.Thehumanheartmoves,theobjectmakesitnatural,anditmovesbytheobject,sotheshapeisthesound.Thesoundcorresponds,soitchangesandbecomessquare,Itiscalledthesound.Itishappythanthesound,anditiscalledthemusicbyQianqiandYuhuan."Latercalled"music",itreferstoanartthatusesorganizedmusictoexpresspeople'sthoughtsandfeelingsandreflectsociallife."ThreeKingdoms·WuZhi·ZhouYuBiography":"Yuislessfocusedonmusic,althoughafterthethreenobles,therearefaults,Yumustknowit,andknowit."Thesecondvolumeof"ShuPinghuaoftheFormerHanDynasty":"Theemperorreachesthedoorofthespines,andtheleft-winggeneralXuMaigreetshimwithmusic,andsendstheemperortotheBalingBridge".WenChengxun's"MovingMusic"poem:"Really,musicisthelanguageofpeople'sfeelings".

Historie západní hudby

ThehistoryofWesternmusicreferstothedevelopmentofWesternmusic.Thedetailederacanbedividedinto:ancientGreekandRomanmusic,medievalmusic,Renaissancemusic,Baroquemusic,andclassicalmusic.Socialistmusic,romanticmusic,modernmusic,etc.

Období náboženské hudby

EuropeanclassicalmusicdevelopedduringtheElizabethanperiodoftheMiddleAges.ThemusicofthisperiodismainlybasedonGregorianReligiousmusicdominates.

Atthattime,people'sworshipandbeliefinChristianityweretotallydifferentfromthis.ThepoweroftheEuropeanchurchintheMiddleAgeswashigherthanthatofthecountryandallsocialsituations.Religiondirectlyaffectedpoliticsandmusic.Therefore,themusicatthattimewaspurelyreligious.Itwassunginthechurchwithoutinstrumentalaccompaniment.However,themusicofthisperiodplayedaveryimportantroleinthedevelopmentofmusic.

Období renesance

After1450,EuropeenteredtheObdobí renesance.BecauseofEuropeanpoliticalinstabilityatthattime,theprestigeandpowerofthechurchhadgraduallyWeakened,thebourgeoisiealsobegantosprout.Inordertoadapttothesocialdevelopmentandpeople'snewideasatthattime,theRenaissancebeganinvariousfieldsofmusicandculture.Duringthisperiod,Europeantraditionalmusicbegantotakeshape.Atthistime,musicwasnotonlyreligiousmusic,secularmusicalsobegantoproduce,andvariousmusicalinstrumentswerealsoproducedandenriched,whichpavedthewayfortheupcomingBaroquemusicperiod.

Období baroka

Období baroka(approximately1600-1750)wasanimportantformofearlyclassicalmusic.ThemusicofthisperiodwaspolyphonicMainly,gorgeousandcomplicated.AlthoughBaroquemusichasbrokenthroughthecompleteorderandinnocenceofreligiousmusic,ithasbecomericher,butinthedevelopmentofclassicalmusic,themusicofthisperiodisstillaffectedbymanyreligiousmusic,revealingarigorousbreath.However,themusicoftheBaroqueperiodwasmoreliberalizedthanthepreviousmusic.Theappearanceofvariousmusictypesandthematurityofmusicalinstrumentsmadethemusicofthisperiodfullofaspecialatmosphereandsoughtafterbyfuturegenerations.

ThereweremanymusiciansintheBaroqueperiod,andtheyweremuchmoreproductivethanmodernmusicians.ThemostimportantfiguresintheBaroqueerashouldbethethreemusiciansofHandel,VivaldiandBach.BothHandelandBachweregoodatthekeyboardinstrumentsofthatera,thepipeorganandtheharpsichord,buttheircompositionformswereslightlydifferent.Handelhasmanyachievementsinopera,whileBachhasalwaysfocusedonthecreationofvariousinstrumentalmusic,leavingalargenumberofclassicinstrumentalworksforfuturegenerations.Theviolinmusicofthisperiodisclosetomaturity,andVivaldi'scontributioncannotbeignored.

Období klasicismu

TheendoftheBaroqueeraisboundedbythedeathofBach,andthentheclassicismperiod(about1750—1820).ThemusicofthisperiodinheritedtheachievementsoftraditionalEuropeanpolyphonicmusicandkeymusic,andestablishedimportantmusicalformssuchassonatas,concertos,andsymphonies.Chambermusicalsodevelopedduringthisperiod,whichplayedasignificantroleinthedevelopmentofsubsequentmusic.importantinfluence.Themusicintheclassicalperiodisrelativelyrigorous,inheritingtherationalityoftheBaroqueera,butitismoreintegratedintopeople'semotionsandachievesaunitybetweenthetwo.Therefore,thecontentofmusicexpressionintheclassicalperiodisricher,anditisintegratedwithmusicart.

Intheperiodofclassicalmusic,thethreemostimportantrepresentativeswereHaydn,Mozart,andBeethoven.Mozart'smusicisfullofmagnificenceandalwaysbringspeopleakindofaffinity.ThisaffinitycomesfromMozart'sinnocentmentalityinordertocreatemusic.ComparedwithMozart,Beethovenhasexperiencedmorehardshipsinlifeandyearsofpain.Hewritesallthemisfortunesofhislifeintomusic,soBeethoven'smusicbringspeoplemoreofakindofanger,akindofpassion,andanattitudeoffightingagainstlife.

Romantické období

After1820,withtheendoftheclassicalmusicperiod,romanticmusicbegantosprout.Themusicformsofthisperiodweremoreabundant,anditwastheclosesttothemoderninthepeakperiodofclassicalart.Mostofthemostacceptableclassicalmusiccamefromthisperiod.Romanticmusichaspaidmoreattentiontohumanspiritualrealmandsubjectiveemotionalexpression,itsperformanceinnaturalsceneryhasbecomemoreprominent,anditsuseofnationalandfolkmusichasbecomemorefrequent,whichcanbesaidtobetrulypopular.

Infact,inthelateworksofcomposerssuchasBeethovenandRossinioftheclassicalmusicschool,thecolorofromanticmusichasbeenrevealed,andmusiciansbornaround1800haveformedearlyromanticism.centerof.Thenromanticmusicwasperfectedbywell-knownmusicianssuchasMendelssohn,Schumann,Chopin,andVerdi.ItreacheditspeakinthetimesofTchaikovsky,Liszt,andWagner.Theyconstitutedthemostimportantpartofromanticmusic.core.Ofcourse,thecontributionsoflateromanticmusiciansMahlerandRachmaninoffshouldnotbeunderestimated.

Inthemusicalperiodbeforethetransitiontotheromanticperiodofmusic,thatis,theperiodfromtheearly20thcenturytotheromanticperiodisonlyahundredyears,butthisisalsoaperiodofgradualevolutionfromclassicalmusictomodernmusic.Therehavebeenmanyformsofmusicduringtheperiod,andthereareimpressionistmusic,expressionistmusicandneoclassicalmusicthatcanbecalledclassicalmusic.Expresionistická hudbaandneoclassicalmusicaregenerallycallednewmusic,whichgenerallyreferstonewformsofmusicdiscoveredafterimpressionistmusic.Comparedwiththeclassicalmusicintheromanticperiodandbefore,thesemusichavebeenfundamentallydifferent.Thetransitionfromclassicalmusictomodernmusichasbecomeaninevitabletrend.

impresionistická hudba

Theperiodofimpressionistmusicwasapproximatelybetweentheendofthe19thcenturyandthebeginningofthe20thcentury.Itwasamusicalstyleofthesameperiodastheimpressionistmovement.impresionistická hudbanolongeremphasizestheexpressionofsubjectiveemotionslikethemusicintheRomanticperiod,butpaysmoreattentiontothecreationofatmosphereandcolor,topresentanabstractandsurrealcolor,andbecomethebeginningofmodernmusic.impresionistická hudbagivespeopleavagueandconfusingfeeling,andismoresuggestive.Thecreativethemesareoftentakenfromthemessuchasnaturalscenery,poetryandpainting.DebussyandRavelarerepresentativefiguresinimpressionistmusic.

Expresionistická hudba

Whetherexpressionistmusiccanbeclassifiedintoclassicalmusicisyettobedetermined.Thisformofmusic,whichprevailedintheearly20thcentury,iscompletelyoppositetotraditionalmusic.Expresionistická hudbaignoresthegeneraltonallawsofmusiccreation,andopposestheobjectivityofimpressionism,andadvocatesmoredirectrepresentationofthehumanspiritualworld.Musicisbasedonthesubjectiveself.Expresionistická hudbahasnotune,andtherhythmandmelodyareelusive.Itmakespeoplefeelanxious,crazy,scaredanduneasy,butithasapeculiarsenseofspaceandbrilliantcolors.TherepresentativefiguresofexpressionistmusicareSchoenbergandhistwostudentsWebernandBerg.

Neoklasická hudba

Neoklasická hudbaprevailedattheendofthe1920s.ThisformofmusicadvocatesthatthecreationofmusicshouldmaintainobjectivityandseriousnessSex,advocatesintegratingtheformofclassicalmusicwithromanticism.Neoklasická hudbanotonlydeniesthesubjectivityofromanticmusic,butalsodeniestheexaggeratedperformanceofpost-romanticism,andhopestoreproduceclassicalmusicinamodernway.TheItalianpianistandcomposerBusoni,andtheRussiancomposerStravinskyaretherepresentativesofneoclassicism.

Specifická hudba

Theso-called"specificmusic"referstotheactualsoundthatexistsindailylife,suchasthesoundofwind,thunder,birdsong,dogbarking,Locomotivewhistle,airplaneboom,etc.wererecordedinadvance,thenarrangedandedited.ThiskindofmusicthatwasnotplayedbyhumanswasfirstbroadcastinParisinOctober1948.Theproductionofthiskindofmusiciscloselyrelatedtothedevelopmentofrecordingtechnology.ThecreatoristheradioengineerSchaeferofFrenchNationalRadio.Hisrepresentativeworksinclude"BlackEtude","RailwayEtude","StewEtude","VioletEtude",andthe "SingleEtude" spolunapsali on a Henry "SinglesofPeople", "NuanmeiConcerto", opera "Orfeo" a brzy. V Německu, Spojených státech, Japonsku a dalších zemích se podílejí na tvorbě tohoto druhu hudby.

Příležitostná hudba

Příležitostná hudba,alsoknownas"opportunitymusic",istheintroductionofaccidentalelementsintomusic.Theoutstandingfeatureofthiskindofmusicisuncertaintyandcontingency.Itadoptsmethodssuchascointoss,lottery,divination,etc.,bytheperformertoarbitrarilycombinetheparagraphsoftheworkinanyorder,andarbitrarilydeterminethepitch,duration,timbre,andstrength.Thecomposersofaccidentalmusicnolongerusetraditionalnotation.Theychoosemusicsymbolsandexplainthatsuchworkshavenospecificstructure,image,andatonality,butarejustaccidentaleffects.

IncidentalmusicfirstemergedintheUnitedStates,andthemostfamousistheAmericancomposerCage.Hismasterpiecesinclude"MusicforChange","PianoOrchestraConcerto","FantasyScenery"andpiano"4minutes33seconds"andotherGermancomposerStockhausen'swoodwindquintet"Rhythm"and"PianoPieces"","APercussionPlayer'sRoutine","ThreePerformers'Repetition",etc.,arealsoinfluentialworksinaccidentalmusic.

Elektronická hudba

Elektronická hudbaistheuseofelectronictechnologytoobtainthesoundsource,andvarioustypesofmusicproduced,soitisameansofmusicexpression,itbreaksthroughInadditiontothelimitationsoftraditionalmusicalinstrumentsandthelimitationsofhumanperformance,itprovidesconvenienceforcomposerstocreateastheyplease.Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyandtheadventoftaperecorders,musicexplorerscontinuedtoseekmoreflexibilityandappearedintheUnitedStatesinthe1950s.Inthe1960s,electroniccomputersenteredthefieldofelectronicmusic.Theadventofintegratedcircuitshasopenedupbroadprospectsforthecontinueddevelopmentofelectronicmusic.Elektronická hudbaisnotonlyameansofexpression,butitalsoformsagenre.Theoriginalelectronicmusicworkis"SymphonicPracticesIandII",whichisacollaborationbetweenthetechnicianEmersyofWestGermanRadioandthecomposerBayer.TheotherisStockhauseninWestGermany,whowroteelectronicmusicworkssuchas"EtudesofElectronicMusicI,II","SongofYouth","Solo","Microphone"andsoon.

Kromě toho Babbitt, Usachevsky ze Spojených států, Shinichi Matsushita, DaiToshiro z Japonska, sázky z Nizozemska, Kudeneck, Kagel z Německa atd. jsou zástupci elektronické hudby.

Historie čínské hudby

Starověká hudba

Thereisnodistinctionbetween"poetry"inancientChina,thatis,literatureandmusicarecloselyrelated.related.ThepoemsintheearliestsurvivingChinesepoetrycollection"TheBookofSongs"wereallequippedwithtunesandweresungorallyforthepeople.Thistraditionhascontinued.Forexample,theofficialpoetrycollectionintheHanDynastywascalled"HanYuefu",andTangpoetryandSongCicouldbesungatthattime.Evennowadays,therearepopmusicianscomposingandsingingforancientpoems,suchasSuShi's"ShuiTiaoGeTou"describingtheMid-AutumnFestivalandLiBai's"JingYeSi".

InancientChina,musicianswererelativelycontemptuous,unlikepainters,becauseChinesepaintingandcalligraphywerecloselyrelated,andpaintersbelongedtotheliteratiandofficialclass.Extremelyfondofpainting).Musicianshavealowstatusandarejust"actors"fortheentertainmentofthenobles.ThefamoussingerLiGuinianintheTangDynastyalsohadnopoliticalstatus.PeopleknewthatheoftenappearedinTangpoemsandwaspraisedbyothers.

Starověká Čína, třída "gramotnosti a úředníků" věřila, že dobře vyškolení lidé by měli být zběhlí v "Qin, šachách, kaligrafii a kaligrafii" a takzvaný "Qin" je oblíbeným argumentem.

Summary:ThedevelopmentofancientChinesemusictheoryisslow,anditsstatusisnothighinthe"officialhistory",andthereisnomorewritteninformationleft.Butmusic,likeliterature,wasarequiredcoursefortheancientintellectualclass,andundoubtedlyplayedanimportantroleinthedailylifeoftheancientChinese;folksarefullofcolorfulmelodies.

Období Xia a Shang

TheXiaandShangdynastieswereintheperiodofslaverysociety.Fromtherecordsofclassicalliterature,themusicanddanceatthistimehavegraduallydeviatedfromthecharacteristicssharedbytheprimitiveclanmusicanddance,andtheyweremoreoccupiedbyslaveowners.Fromthecontentpointofview,theygraduallydepartedfromtheprimitivetotemworshipandturnedintoanodetothemanwhoconquerednature.Forexample,XiaYucontrolledthewaterandbenefitedthepeople,sothemusicanddance"DaXia"praisingXiaYuappeared.XiaJiehadnoway,andShangTangdefeatedhim,sotherewasamusicanddance"Bigworm"praisingShangTangtodefeatJie.ThewitchcraftprevailedintheShangDynasty,sowitches(witches)andcohorts(witches)specializinginpriestsandsacrificesappeared.Theywereraisedbyslaveownersanddancedandsangduringthesacrifice.Theywerethefirstpeoplewhotookmusicastheirprofession.Slaveownersusedmusicanddancetoworshiptheemperorandancestors,andatthesametimeusedmusicanddancetoindulgetheirownenjoyment.Aftertheirdeaths,theyweretobesacrificedasmusicians.Thiscruelmartyrdomsystemontheonehandexposedthecruelruleoftheslaveowners,andobjectivelyreflectedtheprogressofproductivitycomparedwiththeprimitiveera,sothatthemusicculturehasarapiddevelopment.condition.

Accordingtohistoricalrecords,therewerecrocodileskin-covereddrumsintheXiaDynasty.IntheShangDynasty,therehavebeendiscoveredwoodendrumswithpythondrumsanddouble-birdgluttonousbronzedrums,aswellaswell-maderockpansbornoutofstonebirchploughs.AsfarastheinfluenceoftheBronzeAgeisreached,theShangDynastyalsoappearedchimesandknittinginstruments,mostofwhichwereingroupsofthree.Theemergenceofvariouspercussioninstrumentsreflectsthecharacteristicsofthedevelopmentofpercussioninstrumentsinthehistoryofmusicalinstruments.TaoXun,abody-mingmusicalinstrumentthatbeganmorethan5,000BC,hasdevelopedfromsingle-toneholesandsecond-toneholestofive-toneholes.Itcanalreadyemittwelvesemitones.AccordingtoTaoXun'spronunciation,thepentatonicscale,thebasisofChinesefolkmusicthinking,isinthelateNeolithicperiod,andtheseventoneshaveappearedatleastduringtheShangandYindynasties.

Západní dynastie Zhou a východní dynastie Zhou

Západní dynastie Zhou a východní dynastie Zhouwerehistoricalperiodsinwhichslaverysocietywentfromprosperitytodecline,andfeudalsocialfactorsincreaseddaybyday.IntheWesternZhouDynasty,thepalacefirstestablishedacompletesystemofritualsandmusic.Inbanquetandentertainment,officialsofdifferentstatushavedifferentstatusandorganizationofdanceteam.Summarizingtheclassicalmusicanddanceoftheepicnatureofpreviousdynasties,wecanseetheso-called"sixgenerationsofmusicanddance",namelythe"CloudGate"oftheYellowEmperor,the"Xianchi"oftheYaoShi,the"Shao"oftheShunShi,andthe"DaXia"oftheYuShi,"Bigworm"inShangDynasty,"DaWu"inZhouDynasty.IntheZhouDynasty,therewasalsoasystemofcollectingfolksongstoobservecustomsandsentiments.Basedonthis,alargenumberoffolksongswereretained,andafterConfucius'sdeletionintheSpringandAutumnPeriod,thefirstcollectionofpoetryinChina-"TheBookofSongs"wasformed.Itcontainsatotalof305poemsfromthebeginningoftheWesternZhouDynastytothemiddleoftheSpringandAutumnPeriodformorethan500years.Themostoutstandingpartof"TheBookofSongs"is"wind".TheyarethefifteenfolksongscirculatedinHenanProvinceasthecenter,includingseveralnearbyprovinces.

Inaddition,thereareseveralgenressuchas"Daya"and"Xiaoya"createdbyliterati,aswellastheepicsacrificialsong"Ode".Basedontheanalysisofthecharactershandeddown,thesongsinthe"BookofSongs"canbesummarizedintotenmusicalstructures.Astheclimaxattheendofthesong,therehasbeenaspecialname"Chaos".Beforeandafterthebookof"TheBookofSongs"waswritten,thefamouspatrioticpoetQuYuancompiled"NineSongs"basedonthesacrificialsongsofChu,whichhasstrongcharacteristicsofChuculture.Atthispoint,thetwodifferentmusicalstylesofthenorthandsouthhaveaddedradiancetoeachother.

ThefolkmusiclifeoftheZhouDynastyinvolvedmorethanadozenaspectsofsociallifeandwasveryactive.ThestoryofZhongZiqi'sbosomfriendbeganatthistimeasthelegendaryBoyaplayedthepiano.Thisreflectstheimprovementofperformancetechnique,compositiontechniqueandpeople'sappreciationlevel.Intheguqinperformance,thepianoplayeralsosummedupthepsychologicalfeelingof"gettingtotheheart,thentotheinstrument".Accordingtorecords,thefamoussingerQinQing'ssingingcan"vibratethewoodsandrestraintheflyingclouds."ThereisalsothefolksingerHanE,whosings"YuyinRaoLiang,ThreeDaysEndless".Thesearehighachievementsinvocaltechnology.

TheachievementofthehighlydevelopedmusiccultureoftheZhouDynastycanalsobeanimportantsymboloftheancientmusicalinstrumentsinthetomboftheWarringStatesEmperorZenghouYiunearthedinSuixian,Hubeiin1978.ThisundergroundmusictreasurehousecomparabletotheEgyptianpyramidsprovidesthemodelofthecourtritualmusicsystematthattime.Theeightkindsof124musicalinstrumentsunearthedhereareclassifiedaccordingtotheZhouDynasty’s"eight-tone"musicalinstrumentclassification(gold,stone,Therearealmostallkindsofmusicalinstrumentssuchassilk,bamboo,gooseberry,soil,leather,wood.

Amongthem,the64mostimportantchimeinstrumentsarearrangedinthreelevels:upper,middleandlower,withatotalweightofmorethan5,000kilogramsandatotalrangeofuptofiveoctaves.BecausethissetofchimeshasthecharacteristicsoftwotonesinonebellofShangandZhouDynasties,thetwelvesemitonesinthecentralpartareallavailable,whichcanbeusedtorotatethepalace,whichconfirmsthereliabilityoftherecordsofthepalaceinthepre-Qinperiod.TherearealsoinscriptionsonthetombbellandPanmusicalinstrumentofZenghouyi.Thecontentisthetheoryofmusicandtemperamentamongthevassalstates,reflectingthehighachievementsofmusicandtemperamentinZhouDynasty.

IntheZhouDynasty,thetheoryoftheTwelveLawshasbeenestablished.Thenamesofpentatonicscales(gong,Shang,Jiao,Zheng[zhi三声],Yu)havealsobeenestablished.Atthistime,peoplealreadyknowthatthepalacetoneisthedominanttoneinthepentatonicorseventonescale,andthechangeofthepalacetonepositioniscalledtheXuanPalace,sothattheeffectofmodulationcanbeachieved.Theoutstandingachievementsinlawcanbefoundinthe"three-pointprofitandlossmethod"recordedin"Guanzi-DiyuanChapter".Basedonthechordlengthofthepalacetone,addonethird(yiyi)togetthepurefourthsyllablebelowthepalacetone;subtractonethirdofthechordlengthofthepalacetone(lossone)togetthesyllableTheupperpurefifthquotient;continuetocalculatethechordlength(wavelength)ofeachtoneofthepentatonicscale.

Accordingtothismethod,calculatethechordlength(wavelength)oftwelvesemitones(twelvetemperaments)inafulloctave,whichconstitutesthe"three-pointprofitandlosssystem."Thiskindoftemperamentisbasedonthenaturalfifth-degreeintergrowth.Thesoundofeachintergrowthisslightlyhigherthanthefifthdegreeofthetwelveequaltemperament,sothatthetwelvetimesofintergrowthcannotgetthehigheroctaveoftheoriginaltemperament.Thesound,causingtheso-called"YellowBellcannotberestored",causinginconveniencetotherotationofXuanGong.Butthiskindoftemperamentthatfullyreflectsthebeautyofmonophonicmusichascontinued.

QinandHanDynasties

"Yuefu"begantoappearintheQinandHanDynasties.ItinheritedtheZhouDynasty'ssystemofcollectingstyles,collecting,organizingandchangingfolkmusic,andeventuallyalargenumberofmusiciansplayedatbanquets,rites,andceremonies.TheselyricsusedforsingingarecalledYuefupoems.Yuefuwaslaterextendedtorefertoallkindsoflyricsthatareeitherentertainingornot.EvensomeoperasandQiyuearealsocalledYuefu.

ThemainsongformintheHanDynastyisXiangheGe.Ithasevolvedfromtheinitialacappellasingingof"onepersonsinging,threepeopleharmony"toa"xianghedaqu"accompaniedbysilkandbambooinstruments,andhasa"yan-chaos-chaos"structure.ItisveryimportanttotheSuiandTangSongsanddancesofthetimearegreatlyinfluenced.PercussionmusicaroseinthenorthwesternfrontierintheHanDynasty.Ituseswindinstrumentsandpercussioninstrumentsofdifferentarrangementstoformvariousformsofpercussion,suchashorizontalblow,ridingblow,yellowdoorblow,andsoon.Theyareplayedimmediatelyoronthemove,andareusedformilitarymusicetiquette,courtbanquetsandfolkentertainment.

ThesurvivingfolkwindandpercussionmusicinmoderntimesshouldhavethelegacyoftheHanDynastypreaching.IntheHanDynasty,"HundredOperas"alsoappeared.Itwasashowthatcombinedsinging,dancing,acrobatics,andhorns(Sumo).TheachievementoftheHandynasty'slawisthatJingfangdividedtheoctaveintothesixtylawwiththemethodofthreepointsofprofitandloss.Althoughthistheoryismeaninglessinmusicpractice,itembodiesthesubtletyoflegalthinking.Intheory,theeffectofthefifty-threeequallawhasbeenachieved.

Tři království, DvaJins, Jižní a Severní dynastie

TheQingbusinessmusicdevelopedbyXianghegewasvaluedbytheCaoWeiregimeandtheQingbusinessadministrationwassetup.ThewarsattheturnoftheJinDynastycombinedQingShangMusicwithSouthernWuGeandWesternMusic.Thusitbecameanimportantmusicgenrespreadthroughoutthecountry.

Atthistime,theguqin,arepresentativeinstrumentoftraditionalmusicculture,hasmatured.Thisismainlymanifestedinthefollowing:intheHanDynasty,therehasbeenaguqinmonograph"QinFu"withthetitleofQinmusic.JiKang,awell-knownviolinistduringtheThreeKingdomsperiod,hasarecordof"TheJadeofZhongshaninHuiyi"inhisbook"QinFu".Thisshowsthatpeopleatthattimealreadyknewabouttheoccurrenceofemblemovertonesontheguqin.Atthattime,alargenumberofliteratiandpianoartistsappearedoneafteranother,suchasJiKang,RuanJi,etc.,andanumberoffamoussongssuchas"GuanglingSan" ("NieZhengassassinated by the KingofHan"), "YiLanCao" a "WineMania" vyšly.

InthelastyearsoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties,asonganddancedramawithastoryline,charactersandmake-upperformances,singinganddancing,andaccompanimentwithsingingandorchestralaccompanimentwerealsopopular.Thisisalreadyasmallrudimentaryopera.

Theimportantachievementsoflawinthisperiod,includingtheJinDynastyXunHaofoundthe"nozzlecorrectionnumber"ofwindinstruments.IntheSouthernSongDynasty,HeChengtiancreatedanewlawthatisveryclosetothetwelveequallawbyaddingequaldifferencesonthethree-pointprofitandlossmethod.HiseffortsinitiallysolvedtheproblemthatHuangZhongcouldn'trestorethethree-pointprofitandlossrule.

Dynastie SuiandTang

IntheSuiandTangDynasties,theregimewasunified,especiallyintheTangDynasty,withpoliticalstabilityandeconomicprosperity.Cityculture,coupledwiththefoundationofmusicculturethathasbeennurturedsincetheWeiandJinDynasties,hasfinallygerminatedthepeakoftheall-rounddevelopmentofmusicalartwithsinginganddancingmusicasthemainsymbol.

ThemusicenjoyedatthecourtbanquetintheTangDynastyiscalled"SwallowMusic."QibumusicandJiubumusicintheSuiandTangdynastiesbelongedtoYanyue.TheyarefolkmusicinChinaandsomeforeigncountries,includingQingShangMusic(Hannationality),XiliangMusic(Hannationality),Gaochang(nowTurpan)music,Qiuci(nowKuqa)music,Kangguo(nowRussianSamar)Chinese)Music,Anguo(Bukhara,Russia),Tianzhu(India),Goli(Korean),etc.YanyueisalsodividedintoZabuJiandLibuJi.AccordingtoBaiJuyi'spoem"LibuJi",theperformanceofZabuJiishigherthanthatofLibuJi.

ThepopularsonganddancesongoftheTangDynastyisuniqueinYanyue.ItinheritsthetraditionofXiangheDaqu,blendstheessenceofninepartsmusic,andformsastructureofscatter-middlesequenceorbeatsequence-brokenordancedallover.Thereareatotalof46TangDaqunamesrecordedin"Jiaofanglu".Amongthem,"NeonClothesandFeatherDance"waswrittenbythefamousemperormusicianTangXuanzong,andithaselegantstyleofFrenchmusic,whichispraisedbytheworld.ThefamouspoetBaiJuyiwroteavividpoem"DancingSongofNeonClothesandFeatherClothes"describingtheperformanceoftheDaqu.

ThefamouspianomasterssuchasZhaoYeliandDongTinglanintheTangDynasty,andthepianomasterssuchastheLeifamilyhavemadethedevelopmentofguqinartmoreperfect.Anewwayofnotationforguqin-reduced-characterscores,graduallyreplacedtheoriginaltextscores,makingnotationmoreconvenientandfaster,andpromotedthepopularizationofqinmusic.

TheprosperityofmusiccultureintheTangDynastyisalsomanifestedinaseriesofmusiceducationinstitutions,suchasJiaofang,Liyuan,GreatMusicDepartment,AdvocacyDepartment,andLiyuanSpecialEducationalGarden,whichspecializesinteachingyoungchildren.Theseinstitutionshaveproducedbatchesoftalentedmusicianswithrigorousperformanceappraisal.Tangpoems,whichcanberegardedasoneofthebestinliteraryhistory,couldbesunginmusicatthattime.Atthattime,Kaukiusedtobeabletosingfamouspoemsasapleasure;poetsalsomeasuredtheirwritinglevelbythespreadoftheirpoemsintomusic.AmongthebandsintheTangDynasty,thepipaisoneofthemainmusicalinstruments.Ithasalmostthesameshapeasthepipa.FujianNanquandJapanesepipastillretainsomecharacteristicsofTangpipainformandperformancemethod.

Song-YuanDynastie

ThedevelopmentofmusiccultureinSongDynastywasmarkedbytheprosperityofcitizenmusic,whichwasmorein-depthdevelopmentthanthatofSuiandTangDynasties.Withtheprosperityoftheurbancommodityeconomy,"washhouses"and"goulans"amusementvenuesadaptedtotheculturallifeofthecivilianclasscameintobeing.In"Washe"and"Goulan",peoplecanhearthesingingofartsongssuchascall,pursing,smallsing,andsingtomakemoney;youcanalsoseetherapmusictypesYaci,TaoZhen,GuziCi,variousPalacetunes,aswellasperformancesinzajuandacademy;Amongthem,thetwomusicalstructuresofChuangLingandChuangDainsingingandmakingmoneyhaveacertaininfluenceonthemusicalstructureoflatergenerationsofoperaandinstrumentalmusic.TheDrumCiwillaffectlatergenerationsofrapmusicdrums.Zhugongtuneisalarge-scalerapsongthathasmaturedduringthisperiod.Amongthem,singingoccupiesaheavierweight.

InheritingthelegacyofthedevelopmentofSuiandTangtunes,theSongDynastytunemusichasachievedunprecedenteddevelopment.Theliterarygenreofsingingwithlongandshortsentencescanbedividedintotheformofquotation,slow,close,beat,andsoon.Therearealready"spreading","minuscharacters","stealth"andsooninthewayofwritingwords.IntheSouthernSongDynasty,JiangKuiwasafamouslyricistandmusicianwhocouldnotonlycomposelyrics,butalsocomposemusicaccordingtothem.Hehasseventeenself-dutunesandapianosong"AncientResentment"withreduced-characterscoresandhandeddowntotheworld.Theseworksmostlyexpresstheauthor'sfeelingsofcaringforthepeopleofthemotherland,andportrayaquietanddesolatemood,suchas"YangzhouMan","LingxiMeiling","XinghuaTianying"andsoon.TheGuqinmusicoftheSongDynastysettheprecedentoftheGuqingenrewithGuoChuwang'smasterpiece"XiaoxiangWaterCloud".Theworkexpressestheauthor'sfullinterestinthemountainsandriversofthemotherland.Inthelonghistoryofthedevelopmentofbowedinstruments,therewasarecordof"PonytailHuqin"intheSongDynasty.

IntheYuanDynasty,theappearanceofthenationalmusicalinstrumentSanxianisworthnoting.Inthemusictheory,therewasarecordofYanyuescaleinSongDynasty.Atthesametime,earlygongchigenealogyalsoappearedinZhangYan's"Etymology"andShenKuo's"MengxiBiTan".Akindofgongchispectrumprevailinginmoderntimesdirectlyoriginatedfromthistime.TheSongDynastywasalsoanerawhenChineseoperabecamemature.ItismarkedbytheappearanceofNanxiintheSouthernSongDynasty.NanxioperaisalsocalledWenzhouZajuandYongjiaZaju,anditsmusicisrichandnatural.

Inthebeginning,somefolktunescanbesungwithoutbeingrestrictedbypalacetunes.Later,whenitdevelopedintoqupaioperamusic,therewasalsoa"settune"formoforganizingseveralphrasesofdifferenttunestoformanewtune.Therearesolo,duet,chorusandothersingingformsinNanxiOpera.Thethreekindsofsoutherndramashandeddown,"ZhangXieZhuangyuan",etc.canbeseenin"YongleDaqu".IntheYuanDynasty,theartofoperaappearedatapeakrepresentedbyYuanZaju.

TheprosperityofYuanZajuwasinitiallyinthenorth,andgraduallydevelopedtothesouth,blendingwithsouthernopera.RepresentativeYuandramawritersincludeHanQing,MaZhiyuan,ZhengGuangzu,andBaiPu,aswellasWangShifuandQiaoJifu.TypicalworksareGuanHanqing's"DouE'sInjustice","SingleSwordMeeting",andWangShifu's"TheStoryoftheWestChamber".YuanZajuhasastrictstructure,thatis,eachworkconsistsoffourfolds(acts)andonewedge(prologueorcutscene).Onefoldislimitedtothesamepalacetune,onerhymetotheend,andacharacter (moordan) je měkkýšedý zpěvák. Pravidelně někdy dochází k průlomům, jako je WangShifu's "WestChamber", která poskytuje pět knih a 20% slevu.

TheinfluenceofZajuoftheYuanDynastyonsouthernoperashasledtothefurthermaturityofsouthernoperas(calledlegendsduringtheYuanandMingDynasties).Aseriesoftypicalplaysappeared,suchas"TheMoonCourt","PipaJi"andsoon.Thesescriptshavebeenpasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationandarestillbeingperformed.Atthattime,thestyleoftheSouthernandNorthernSongshadbeeninitiallyestablished.TheNorthernSongswiththeseven-tonescalewereheroic;theNanquwiththepentatonicscalewassoftandgentle.WiththedevelopmentofoperaartintheYuanDynasty,theearliestmonographsummarizingoperasingingtheoryappeared,namely"SingingTheory"byYannanZhian,andZhouDeqing's"ZhongyuanYinyun"wastheearliestrhymebookofNorthernOpera.Thelanguageisdividedintonineteenrhymingparts,andthetonesaredividedintofourtypes:Yinping,Yangping,Shangsheng,andQusheng.Thishasagreatinfluenceontheresearchoflatergenerationsofphonologyandthedevelopmentofoperarapmusic.

dynastie MingandQing

Becausethesocietyofdynastie MingandQinghasthebuddingofcapitalisteconomicfactors,thecitizenclasshasgrownstrongerandthedevelopmentofmusicculturehasbecomemoresecularThecharacteristicsofthefolktunesoftheMingDynastyarerichincontent.Althoughthegoodandthebadareuneven,itsinfluencehasreachedthelevelof"regardlessofmenandwomen"and"everyonelearns".Asaresult,privatecollectionandediting,publishingandengravingofsmalltuneshavebecomepopular,andprivatepublicationshavecomeoutfromfolksongsmalltunestosongbooks,operaessays,andqintunes.Forexample,"FolkSongs"editedbyFengMenglongandtheearliestsurvivingguqinscorecollection"MagicalSecretMusic"editedbyZhuQuan.

Therapmusicinthedynastie MingandQingwascolorful.Amongthem,TancifromtheSouth,DrumCifromtheNorth,aswellastherapmusicsuchasPaizi,Qinshu,andDaoqingaremoreimportant.AmongthebeautifulTanciintheSouth,SuzhouTanciisthemostinfluential.IntheQingDynasty,therewerethreeimportantschoolsinSuzhou:thedesolateandvigorousChenTunerepresentedbyChenYuqian;thestraightforwardandheartyHorseTunerepresentedbyMaRufei;andthebeautifulandsoftYuTunerepresentedbyYuXiushan.Manynewgenreshavemultipliedinthefuture.

Severní bubny jsou založeny na Shandongbuben a prkenný buben, Xihedrum a Jingyundrumcentral Hebeia jsou důležitější.Značky zahrnují démonické, Henanmajortunes, atd.;Qinshurap zahrnuje ShandongQinshu,Schuan,SchuanYaqoDiji,angi.

TheearliestrepertoireofKunquOperaisMingLiangChenyu’s"WanShaJi",otherimportantrepertoiressuchasMingTangXianzu’s"PeonyPavilion",QingHongsheng’s"EternalLifePalace"andsoon.Yiyangqiang,withitsflexibleandchangeablecharacteristics,hasanimportantinfluenceondialectsmalldramasinvariousregions,whichmakesthesmalldramasinvariousregionsincreasedaybyday,suchasvariousGaoqiangdramas.AttheendoftheMingDynastyandthebeginningoftheQingDynasty,theBangziaccentrepresentedbyShaanxiXiqinOperainthenorthdevelopedrapidly.ItaffectedtheBangziinPuzhouinShanxi,theBangziinTongzhouinShaanxi,theBangziinHebei,andtheBangziinHenan.Thishigh-pitchedandboldclappervoicehasenduredinthenorthernprovincesforalongtime.InthelateQingDynasty,Pihuangqiang,composedofthetwobasictunesofXipiandErhuang,wasinitiallyformedinBeijing,andasaresult,PekingOperawithaninfluencethroughoutthecountrywasproduced.

Inthedynastie MingandQing,thedevelopmentofinstrumentalmusicwasmanifestedintheemergenceofvariousformsofinstrumentalensembleamongthefolk.SuchasBeijing’sZhihuaTempleWindMusic,HebeiSongs,JiangnanSizhu,ShifanGongsandDrumsandsoon.Qintunessuchas"PingshaFallingWildGoose"intheMingDynastyand"FlowingWater"intheQingDynasty,aswellasanumberofrichqinsongs"YangguanThreeDie"and"EighteenHuqiPai"arewidelycirculated.PipamusichascomeoutsincetheendofYuanDynastyandthebeginningofMingDynasty,suchas"HaiqingTakesaSwan"and"AmbushonTenSides",andtheearliest"PipaScore"editedbyHuaQiupingappearedintheQingDynasty.AttheendoftheMingDynasty,thefamousmusicrhythmscientistZhuZaiyucalculatedtheratioofthewavelength(chordlength)betweentwoadjacenttemperaments(semitones)ofthetwelveequaltemperament,accuratetotwenty-fivedigits.

Moderníí

Na konci 19. století byla Čína nucena otevřít jižní pobřežní tribunu, která se začala dostávat do kontaktu se západní hudbou a nástroji.

From1838to1903(thatis,morethansixtyyearsbeforetheriseofthe"schoolmusicandsong"movementinthenarrowsense),churchmusicalsohadahugeimpactonmodernChinesemusiceducation.AftertheOpiumWar,thenumberofmissionariestoChinaincreased.WhenWesternmissionariespreachedinChina,theyoftenusedthesingingofhymnsasanauxiliarymethod.Therefore,conceptssuchassemitoneswerespread.

FolkmusicianshavecreatedanewstageforthedevelopmentofChinesemusicalinstruments.ErhucomposerLiuTianhuahascreatedalargenumberoferhusolopieces,suchas"GoodNight","BrightWalk","RiverWater",etc.,PerformerHuaYanjun(blindABing)composedErhuandPipasongssuchas"TheTwoSpringsReflectedintheMoon".Despitetheturmoilofthetime,Chinesefolkmusichasmadegreatprogressinbothsoloandbandensemble.

DuringtheNewCultureMovementfromthe1910stothe1920s,manyChinesemusicianswhostudiedabroadreturnedtoChinaandbegantoplayEuropeanclassicalmusicandbegantorecordnewworkswithstaff.Anewsymphonyorchestraisformedinbigcities,whichmixesEuropeanclassicalmusicandjazz,andisverypopularinconcerthallsandradios.Inthe1930s,Shanghaireacheditsheyday.

AlthoughWesterninstrumentsandmusicalmethodsareused,popularmusicisstillintheChineseway,thatis,melody-basedandpentatonic-based,sothatitcanbelovedbythemostpeople.ZhouXuanwasoneofthemostpopularperformersatthetimeandarepresentativeofpopularmusicatthetime.Thethemesongs"SingeroftheEndoftheWorld"and"SongofFourSeasons"sungforthemovie"AngelsontheRoad"wereextremelypopularatthetime,inlinewiththeanti-Japanesesentimentofthepeopleatthattime.,Iscalled"GoldenThroat".

Moderníí

AfterthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,inadditiontorevolutionarysongs,SovietsongstranslatedintoChinesewereadded.AroundtheworldbegantoestablishsymphonyorchestrastoperformWesternclassicalmusicandnewworksbyChinesecomposers.EasternEuropeanorchestrashaveperformedinChinamanytimes,andChineseorchestrashavealsoparticipatedinmanyinternationalperformances.ChinesemusicianshavealsotriedtouseWesterninstrumentalmethodstowriteChinese-stylemusic.OneofthemoresuccessfulexamplesistheViolinConcerto"TheButterflyLovers",whichadoptspartofthemelodyofYueOpera.

Theexchangeswiththethirdworldcountriesarealsoincreasing.Forthisreason,theOrientalSongandDanceEnsemblewasestablished,whichspecializesinlearningandsingingfolksongsofvariousethnicgroupsinAsia,AfricaandLatinAmerica.IthasbeenverypopularinChinasincethen.MusicindevelopingcountriesbegantohaveanimpactonChinesemusic.TheorchestrationandensemblestylesofChinesenationalbandsarebasicallyfinalized,andmanysuccessfulnationalinstrumentalsymphonieshavebeenproduced.

Inthe20thcentury,Chinesefolkmusicbegantoreceivewidespreadattentionfromallovertheworld.EverySpringFestival,IwasinvitedtoholdaChineseNewYearconcertintheGoldenHallinVienna,andtherewerefullseats.

Moderní

SinceChina’sreformandopeningup,popularmusicfirstenteredthemainlandfromHongKongandTaiwan,especiallyTaiwan’scampussongsandTeresaTeng’ssingingThesongisverypopularintheMainland.ZhangMingmin's"MyChineseHeart",whichwasperformedatChinaCentralTelevision's1984SpringFestivalGala,becameaninstanthitinthemainland.ThisisalsothefirstpublicperformanceofHongKongandTaiwansongsinmainlandChina.Sincethen,popularsongsinmainlandChinahavecombinedwithvariousstylesandgenresofmusicinotherregions,resultinginmanypopularsongs.

China’spopmusichasdevelopedrapidlyandhasbecomeanewforcethatcannotbeunderestimatedintheworld’spopmusic.ThepopularmusicinHongKongandTaiwaninmycountryhasdevelopedveryrapidly,basicallykeepingpacewithinternationalpopulartrends,especiallyinHongKong,becausetheauthoritiesdonotinterferewiththecreationofmusic,manyfamoussingersandsongshaveappeared,notonlypopularinthemainland,butalsopopularinJapan,SouthKoreaandotherplaces.Theworshipoffans.

Since1984,ChinesepopmusicinMainlandChina,Taiwan,HongKong,andotherpartsoftheworldhascontinuedtoexchange,andtherehasbeenatrendofmutualintegrationandconvergence.Therefore,thegeneraltitleof"GlobalChinesePopMusic"begantoappear.Anoutstandingperformance:MainlandChinaisoneoftheworld'slargestconsumermarkets,andthereleaseandcompilationofmajorpopularmusicchartsfromHongKong,Taiwanandoverseasareincreasinglyfocusingonthemainlandmarket.

Features:entertaining,generallyacceptabletolistenerswhodonothavedeepmusicaltheoryandskillsorevennomusicalknowledgeatall;life,itdirectlyventspeople’semotionsandfeelings;popular,mostlylyricsApproximatelyvernacular,andthecontentexpressedisveryclosetolife.

Základní význam

Musicisanartformthatexpressespeople’sthoughtsandfeelingsandsocialreallifebyusingauditoryimagescomposedoforganizationalsounds.Itisalsooneoftheartformsthatcanimpresspeoplemostimmediately.Whenthemelodysounds,peopleareoftenunabletoresistandareimmediatelyintheatmosphereofmusic,makingpeopleforgettheirworriesandpurifythesoul.Anykindofartformhasitsownexpressionstoexpressideasandtoshapeartisticimagery.Forexample,danceusesbodymovementsandfacialexpressions,paintinguseslines,colors,andcomposition,andliteratureuseswords,words,sentences,andarticlestoembodyartisticimages.Usually,peopledistinguishdifferenttypesofart,suchasdifferentmusicalinstruments,bydifferentmeansofexpression.Musiccanalsoshowtheintentionsofmusiciansandmusiccreators.

Accordingtothe"BookofMusic"inthe"BookofRites",itisrecordedindetailthat"thebeginningofeverysoundisbornfromthehumanheart,Thesound,thesoundcorresponds,soitchanges.”Thiskindofintroductionsimplyandclearlycoverstheconnectionbetweenthechangesinthesoundofmusicandtheemotionsofthepeople.tofurtherunderstand.

Sound:Energyfluctuations(atypeofmechanicalwave)withacertainwavelengththatareeasilycapturedbythehumanearinnature.

Sound:Acontinuousmechanicalwavewithstableandcontrollablewavelengthchanges.

Le: Příjemná zvuková vlna vybraná organizací.

Key:Acollectionoftonesselectedaccordingtoacertainrule.

Zákon: Pravidelnější uspořádání kolektivních zvuků.

Segment:Acertainpartofthemusiccompletedwithinacertainperiodoftime.

Music:Organizealltheabove-mentionedtuningsegmentsofacousticmusicasawhole.

Tato slova se kombinují a tvoří slova jako zvuk, hudba, hudební tón, tón a tón. (Vokální hudba je zkratka pro lidský hlas jako hudební nástroj.)

Soundart

Musicisanartformthatusessoundasameansofexpression.TheimageisshapedusingorganizedsoundasthematerialTocompleteit.Therefore,justasliteratureistheartoflanguage,musicistheartofsound.Thisisoneofthebasiccharacteristicsofmusicart.Asameansofmusicalartexpression,thesoundhassomecharacteristicsthataredifferentfromothersoundsinthenaturalworld.

Thesoundsemittedinanymusicalworkarecreatedthroughcarefulconsiderationbythecomposer.Thesesoundscanbefoundinnature,buttheycannotbecomemusical.Therefore,whetheritisasimplesongoralarge-scalesymphony,itpermeatestheauthor'screativethinkingandinspiration.Randomlypaintedlinesandcolorsarenotpaintings,andarbitrarilypileduplanguageandwritingarenotliterature,andsimilarly,chaoticsoundsarenotmusic.Thesoundthatconstitutesamusicalimageisakindoforganizedandregularandharmoniousmusic,includingmelody,rhythm,mode,harmony,polyphony,musicalstyleandotherelements,whicharecollectivelyreferredtoasmusicallanguage.Withoutcreativefactors,nosoundcanbeturnedintomusic.

Languagehasaconventionalsemantics,andeverysentence,eveneveryword,hasaspecificmeaning.Thisconnotationisrecognizedwithinthesocialspherewherethelanguageisused,andisaconvention;thesoundofmusiciscompletelydifferent.Itisonlylimitedtothescopeofartandexistsonlyasanartisticcommunication;anymusicinSounditselfwillneverhaveaverydefinitemeaninglikelanguage.Theyarenon-semantic.

AuditoryArt

Sincemusicistheartofsound,itcanonlyappealtopeople'shearing.Therefore,musicisalsoanartofhearing.Theprincipleofdirectionalreflectionandexploratoryreflectioninpsychologytellsusthatinvariousexternalstimuliwithinacertaindistance,althoughsoundisinvisibleandinvisible,itcanenablepeople’sauditoryorganstoacceptthisinvisiblething,whichdeterminesIntangibleauditoryartcanaffectpeople'semotionsmoreinadvertentlythantangiblevisualart.

Musiccanonlybeexpressedbysoundandfeltbyhearing,butthisdoesnotmeanthatwhenpeoplecreateandappreciatemusic,onlythepartsofthecerebralcortexcorrespondingtohearingareexcited,andotherpartsareexcited.Thepartsareinastateofinhibition.Infact,musiciansdonotonlyuseauditorychannels,butusethewholebodyandmindtofeelandexperience,recognizeandexpresslife,whichisnodifferentfromothertypesofartists.Thedifferenceisthatintheprocessofartisticconceptionandartisticexpression,musicianscondensetheirvariouspersonalfeelingsintoauditoryimagesthroughimagethinking,andthenexpresstheminspecificforms.

Therefore,thethoughtsandemotionsexpressedinmusicworksarenotpureauditoryfeelings,butoverallfeelings.Similarly,whenpeopleappreciatemusic,althoughtheymainlyreceiveauditorystimulithroughauditorychannels,theymayalsocausevisualimagesduetosynesthesia,producingrichandvividassociationsandimaginations,andthenarousestrongfeelings.React,experiencethethoughts,feelingsandsituationsexpressedbythemusiciansinhisworks,gainasenseofbeauty,andbemovedbyit.

Emocionální umění

Likeart,literatureandotherartforms,musicalsohasaestheticemotions.Itusessoundasamediumtotrulyconvey,expressandexperienceaestheticemotions.Musicisdifferentfromotherartformsinconveyingandexpressingemotionsbecauseoftheperceptualmaterialsandaestheticformsituses—soundisintangible,justlikeemotion,andsuitableforexpressingemotions.Orsolemnandsolemn,orpassionatelyexcited,orgriefandindignation,orlingeringanddelicate,orlikeweeping.Musiccandirectly,trulyandprofoundlyexpresshumanemotionsinaninvisibleway.So,whycanmusicuseorganizedsoundstoexpresspeople'semotions?Onetheorybelievesthattheexpressivenessofmusiccomesfromtheimitationofexpressiveelementsofpeoplebymusic.

Ipersonallybelievethatthereisasimilaritybetweenthesoundformofmusicandhumanemotions,andthereisacertain"isomorphicrelationship",whichisthefundamentalreasonwhymusiccanexpresshumanemotions.MusictheoristYuRunyangoncepointedout:"Thefundamentalreasonwhythestructurecanexpressspecificemotionsisthatthereisanextremelyimportantsimilaritybetweenthetwo,thatis,bothofthemaredisplayedanddevelopedintime.,Ahighlydynamicprocesswithrichchangesinspeed,intensity,andtone.Thisextremelyimportantsimilarityisthebridgebetweenthetwothatcancommunicate."Forexample,"joy",whichishappy,Joyfulemotionalexpression.Generallyspeaking,thiskindofemotionalmovementpresentsaformofjumpingandupwardmovement,withaclearertone,fastermovementspeedandgreaterstrength.Musicthatexpressesthefeelingsof"joy"generallyadoptsasimilardynamicstructure,suchasthefolkmusic"HeyYangYang",whichexpressespeople'sjoyfulfeelingswithfasterspeed,leapingtonesandotherexpressivemeans.

TimeArt

Sculptures,paintingsandotherartformsarefrozeninthespace,makingitclearataglance.Whenweappreciateartworks,wefirstseethewholeartwork,andthenwetasteitsdetails.Musicisdifferent.Musichastounfoldandflowintime.Whenweappreciatemusic,wefirststartwiththedetails,fromthepart,untilthewholesongisplayed(sung),itwillleaveuswithanoverallimpression.Itisimpossibletoobtainacompletemusicalimageonlybylisteningtoindividualfragmentsinamusicalcomposition.Therefore,theartofmusicisalsoanartoftime.

Musicalimageryasanauditoryartisunfoldedintime,andispresented,developed,andendedinsportsovertime.Theso-called"musicimage"referstotheimageormoodoftheartist'sthoughtsandfeelingsshownintheentiremusicalworkandevokedbytheviewer'sthoughtsandfeelings.Forexample,"ChunJiangHuaYueYe"usesacomfortableandquiettunetoexpressthefeelingofboatingonthepicturesqueChunRiveronamoonnightinthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver,creatingafascinatingmusicalmood.

Musicalworksarenotlikeliteratureorpaintings.Oncetheauthorfinishesthecreationandthecreationprocessisover,itcanbedirectlyenjoyedbypeople.Musicalworksmustpassthroughtheintermediatelinkofperformanceinordertoconveytheimageexpressedbytheworkstotheaudienceandrealizetheaestheticvalueoftheirartisticworks.Therefore,musicisalsoanartofperformance,anartthatneedstobefurtherrecreatedbyperformance.

Whenthecomposerrecordedthevividmusicthoughtintheformofsheetmusic,hehadalreadyextracteditssoul,andwhatwasleftwasjustaseriesoflifelessmusicalnotes.Thewaytobringmusicbacktolifeandturnsheetmusicintolivemusicismusicperformance.Ifthereisnomusicalperformance,musicalworkscanonlyexistintheformofsheetmusicforever,andwillnotbecomerealmusic.

Nomatterthescorewrittenbyanycomposer,thereisacertaingapbetweentheirmusicalthinking.Tomakeupforthisgap,todiscoverthehiddenmusicalideasinthemusicscore,andtoenrichandsupplementthethingsthatcannotberecordedinthemusicscore,italldependsonthere-creationofthemusicperformer.Therefore,musicisalsotheartofperformance,andonlythroughperformancecanmusicalworksbeacceptedbytheaudience.

Základní klasifikace

Somemusicalworksareexpressedthroughhumanvoice.Suchworksarecalledvocalworks,andsomeworksareperformedwithmusicalinstruments.SuchmusicalworksareCalledinstrumentalworks.Allmusicworksintheworldareincludedinthetwocategoriesof"vocalmusic"and"instrumentalmusic".

Podle způsobu vyjadřování

  • Vocalmusicmusic

VocalmusicworksarealsoavailableAccordingtotheirdifferentformsandstyles,theyaredividedintodifferentgenressuchassongs,rapmusic,operamusic,andopera.Songisasmallmusicgenre,includingfolksongs,artsongs,popularsongs,children'ssongs,etc.Intermsofform,itcanbedividedintosolo,duet,chorus,unison,andjointsinging.RapmusicreferstoQuyimusic,includingsinglestring,bassdrum,unvoicedsound,Pingtan,Shulaibao,Qinshu, Errenzhuan, Daoqing, Yugu atd.

Operní hudba se vztahuje k hudbě PekingOpera, HenanOpera, YueOpera, HuaguOpera, TeaPickingOpera, HuangmeiOpera, PingOpera, HanOpera a další místní opery.

Operamusicisalsoakindofoperamusic,butitdoesnothaveafixedformulaandtraditionalsingingvoicelikeoperamusic.Operamusicisdramamusiccreatedbycomposersusingnationaltonesandamusicallanguagefulloftimes.

  • Instrumentální hudba

Instrumentální hudbacanbedividedintosolo,ensembleandensemble.

Therangeofsolomusicisverywide.Almostallkindsofinstrumentshavesolo.China'sErhu,Pipa,Banhu,Di,Xiao,Hulusi,Suona,Yangqin,Sheng,Guqin,Zheng,Liuqin,Xylophone,etc.areallwell-knownsolosongs.AlthoughthesameistrueforWesternmusicalinstruments,theworld-famoussolopiecesarethemostfamousforsuchinstrumentsasviolin,piano,guitar,andelectronicorgan.

TheensembleisrarelyseenintheChinesefolk.However,inEurope,stringquartets,woodwindquintets,etc.havemanyexcellentworksthathavesurvivedandcirculatedallovertheworld.

Ensemblereferstomultipleinstrumentsplayingthesamepieceofmusic.Intheensemble,thevariousinstrumentsnotonlygivefullplaytotheirrespectiveperformanceandspecialties,butalsocoordinatewitheachotheraccordingtoacertainharmonylaw.InChina'snationalinstrumentalensemble,JiangnanSizhuandCantonesemusicaccountforalargeproportion.Nationalorchestralmusicismostlyadaptedorcreatedbycomposers.Nationalwindandpercussionmusicisalsoinapositionthatcannotbeignoredinourcountry'sensemble.MusicplayedwithWesternbrass,woodwind,stringedinstrumentsandpercussioniscalledorchestra.OrchestralmusicmadesignificantprogressinEuropeintheseventeenthcentury.Thegenresatthattimeincludedsuites,overtures,fugues,fantasia,capriccios,rhapsody,concertos,andsymphoniesandsymphonicpoemsthathadstrictrequirementsontheform..

Bymelodystyle

  • Klasická hudba

"Classic"ThetermcomesfromLatin,originallyreferringtotheupperclassesofRomansociety,andlatertranslatedintohumanperformancewithuniversalandeternalvalue.Inforeigncountries,thistypeofmusiciscalled"classicalmusic.""classical"means"classical,orthodox,andclassical",soourpeoplecallit"classicalmusic",tobepreciseItshouldbe"Westernclassicalmusic".First,explainconceptually,"classicalmusic"isthenameofamusiccategory.However,eveninforeigncountries ,existuje mnoho různých výkladů specifického významu pojmu „klasická hudba“. Hlavní námitka vychází z odlišného pojetí řady „klasické hudby“:

1.Theuniversality,eternalartisticvalueandthehighestperformanceofmusicartarethestandards,andthosemusicwithpermanentartisticvaluethatcanbeusedasamodelofcontemporariesandfuturegenerationsarecollectivelyreferredtoas"classicalmusic."Accordingtothisstandard,classicalmusicisalsocalled"seriousmusic"or"artmusic"todistinguishpopularmusic(popmusic).

2.Itrefersspecificallytotheperiodofclassicalmusicfrom1750to1820.

ThestyleoftheclassicalmusicschoolwasformedinthegradualdisappearanceofthemusicoftheBaroqueperiod,meltedintothegradualformationoftheromanticmusicstyle,andexperiencedthetransitionofbaroquemusictotheearlyclassicalmusicschool.Amongthemanymusicschools,therepresentativefiguresoftheViennaclassicalmusicschoolare:Haydn,Mozart,andBeethoven.

  • Pop music

Pop musicistranslatedfromEnglishpopularmusicof.AccordingtothesuperficialunderstandingofChinesewords,theso-calledpopmusicreferstothoseinstrumentalmusicandsongsthatareshortinstructure,popularincontent,livelyinform,andsincereinemotion,andarelovedbythemasses,widelysungorappreciated,andarepopularforawhileorevenpasseddowntolatergenerations.Thesemusicandsongsarerootedintherichsoilofpopularlife.Therefore,itisalsocalled"popularmusic".However,suchadefinitionmaymakethosemusicthatarenotpopularmusicsuchas"Internationale","VolunteerMarch","Marseille","HonghuWaterWaves","SingingtheMotherland","Dongfanghong"and"NanNi"."Bay"andsoon,canbeclassifiedaspopularmusicjustbecausetheyarealsowidelycirculatedamongthemasses.

Ontheotherhand,themusicthatisclearlypopularisexcludedfrompopularmusicbecausetheycannotbespread(thisisalsoalotofpopularmusic).Obviously,popularmusicisnotalwayspopular,andpopularmusicisnotjustpopularmusic.Theaccurateconceptofpopularmusicshouldbecommercialmusic,whichreferstomusiccreatedforthemainpurposeofprofit.Itiscommercialmusicentertainmentandallrelated"industrial"phenomena.(Seethe1990editionofthe"EncyclopediaofMusicDictionaryoftheformerSovietUnion")Itsmarketabilityisprimary,anditsartistryissecondary.

  • Etnická hudba

Broadlyreferstotheemergenceofromanticisminthemiddleandlateperiodofromanticism.,Oraschoolofmusicthatpromotesnationalism.

Inanarrowsense,itreferstoChinesefolkmusic.Theso-calledChinesenationalmusicismusicthathasbeencreatedfromancienttimestothepresentonthelonghistoryandculturaltraditionsofvariousethnicgroupsthathavelivedandreproducedonthislandofChina,andcanembodynationalcultureandnationalspirit.Inabroadsense,Chinesemusicreferstomusicwithfive-tonecharacteristicsintheworld.

Chinesefolkmusicartisaverydistinctiveartformintheworld.Throughthousandsofyearsofcivilization,theChinesenationhascreatedalargenumberofexcellentnationalmusicculturesandformedanationalmusicsystemwithprofoundconnotationsandrichcontent.Thissystemoccupiesanimportantpositioninworldmusic.TounderstandChinesemusic,wemustnotonlysingsomeChinesesongsandlistentosometraditionalmusic,butalsoexamineChinesemusicfromanational,historical,andregionalperspective,andunderstandChinesemusic,soastotrulyunderstandtheconnotationandunderstandingofChinesemusic.Itsstatusandhistoricalvalueintheworldmusicsystem.Chinesefolkmusicisdividedinto:folksongs,folksonganddancemusic,folkinstrumentalmusic,folkrapmusicandfolkoperamusic.

Základní prvky

Základní prvkyofmusic:Thebasicelementsofmusicrefertothevariouselementsthatmakeupmusic,includingstrength,tonality,duration,timbre,etc.Thesebasicelementsarecombinedwitheachothertoformthecommon"formalelements"ofmusic,suchas:tune,rhythm,harmony,aswellasstrength,speed,mode,musicalstyle,texture,timbre,etc.Theformfactorthatconstitutesamusicianisthemeansofexpressionofmusic.Themostbasicelementsofmusicaremelodyandrhythm.

1.Tunes:Tunesarealsocalledmelody.Theundulatingmusicisorganizedhorizontallyandorderlyaccordingtoacertainrhythmtoformatune.Thetuneisthemostimportantmeansofexpressionintheformofmusic,theessenceofmusic,andthedecisivefactorofmusic.Thedirectionofthetuneisendless.Thecommonwaysoftunesare:"Repetitionofthesamesound","Progressive"and"Jump-in".Theprogressionaccordingtotheadjacentnotesofthescaleiscalledprogression,thethird-degreejumpiscalledthesmalljump,andthefourthandabovejumpsarecalledthebigjump.

2.Rhythm:Therhythmofmusicreferstothespeedandstrengthofthemidrangeofthemusicmovement.Therhythmofmusicisoftencomparedtothebackboneofmusic.Beatsarerebeatsanddownbeatsinmusicthatarerepeatedperiodicallyandregularly.Traditionalmusicinourcountrycallsthebeat"Banyan","Ban"isequivalenttoastrongbeat;"Eye"isequivalenttoasecondstrongbeat(middleeye)oradownbeat.

3.Harmony:Harmonyincludes"chord"and"harmonyprogress".Achordisusuallyacombinationofthreeormoretonesoverlappingvertically(simultaneously)accordingtoacertainrule.Thehorizontalorganizationofchordsisharmonyprogression.Harmonyhasobviouscoloreffectsofthick,light,thick,andthin;italsohastheroleofformingsentences,dividingsectionsandendingmusic.

4.Rychlost:sílastředníhorozsahuhudby.

5. Rychlost: jak rychle běží hudba.

6.Mode:Thetonesusedinmusicareconnectedaccordingtoacertainrelationship.Thesetonesformasystemwithonetoneasthecenter(maintone),whichiscalledmode.Suchasmajormode,minormode,five-tonemodeinourcountry,etc.Thenotesinthemodearearrangedfromlowtohighstartingfromthetonictoformascale.

7.Forma:Horizontální organizace hudby.

8.Texture:Thecombinedformofeachpartinamulti-voicemusiccomposition.(Includingverticalintegrationandhorizontalintegrationrelationship).

9.Tone:Toneisdividedintohumanvoiceandmusicalinstrument.Inmusic,sometimesonlyasingletoneisused,andsometimesamixedtoneisused.

Hlavní hudební nástroje

Strunné nástroje

TheearlieststringedinstrumentintheworldistheChineseGuqin,alsoknownastheYaoqin,YuqinandQixian.TheguqinisaninstrumentthathasbeenpopularintheZhouDynasty,andhasahistoryofatleast3000yearsasof(2013);itwasonlycalledthe"guqin"atthebeginningofthiscentury.Thecreatorsoftheqinhave"XiFuximadetheqin","Shennongmadetheqin","Shunmadethefive-stringedqintosingthesouthwind"andotherlegends.ItcanbeseenthattheqinhasalonghistoryinChina."TheBookofSongs·Guanju"has"abeautifullady,afriendofthepiano",andthe „Kniha písní·Xiaoya“ také obsahuje: „na klavír a buben hraje předek Yutiana“ a další nahrávky.

Dechové nástroje

AncientChinesehistoryrecordstheeraoftheYellowEmperorfivethousandyearsago.TherewasamusiciannamedLinglunwhoenteredtheWestBambooispickedasfluteinKunhuaMountain.Atthattime,therewereexactlyfivephoenixesflyingintheair,andhefollowedsuit.Althoughthisstorycannotbecompletelybelieved,itcanberegardedasamysteriouslegendabouttheoriginofwindinstruments.

Starověké hudební nástroje

ThefirstemperorofChina,theYellowEmperor,wasthefamousemperorwhocreatedthecalendarandcharactersfivethousandyearsago.Atthattime,inadditiontotheaforementionedLinglun,therewasalsoamusiciannamed"Fuxi".ItissaidthatFuxiisahumanheadwithasnakebodyandwasconceivedinthemother'swombfortwelveyears.Heplayedafifty-stringedpiano.Becausethetonewastoosad,HuangDicutoffhalfofhispianoandchangedittotwenty-fivestrings.

Inaddition,inthelegendoftheYellowEmperor,Shennongwasalsoamusician.Hetaughtfarming,tastedherbsanddiscoveredherbs.HealsocreatedtheWuxianQin.

Způsob zápisu

InthehistoryofChinesemusicculturedevelopmentforthousandsofyears,manynotationmethodshavebeenproduced,suchassubtractedcharacterscore,Luluscore,GongshangscorePeopleuseittorecord,preserveanddisseminatefleetingmusic.However,duetothecomplexity,cumbersomeandinaccuracyofthesenotationmethods,inadditiontothereduced-characternotationwhichisstillusedintheguqinnotation,theGongchinotationisalsousedbysomeoldartistsinthefolk,severalothernotationmethodshavegraduallybeenused.Wasforgottenbypeople.

InthemodernandcontemporarymusiclifeofChina,thetwonotationmethodscommonlyusedbypeopletorecordmusic—staveandnumberednotation—arenotChinese"nativeproducts",butareimportedfromabroad.

Číslovaný hudební zápis

Číslovaný hudební zápisisalsoknownasdigitalmusicalnotation.Ituses1,2,3,4,5,6,and7torepresentthe7basicsoundlevelsinthescale,andtherestis0.Itmeansthatbyaddingadotaboveorbelowthenumbertoindicateahighoctaveoralowoctave;addingashorthorizontallinebehindorbelowthenumbertoindicatethetimevalueisasimpleandintuitivenotationmethod.TheembryonicformofthenumberedmusicalnotationfirstappearedinEuropeinthe16thcentury.Inthe17thcentury,itwasimprovedbytheFrenchCatholicpriestSuettiandusedtoteachandsingchurchsongs.Inthemiddleofthe18thcentury,thefamousFrenchthinkerandwriterRousseauimproveditandcompileditinhis"DictionaryofMusic."Inthe19thcentury,afterthecontinuousimprovementandpromotionofGarland,ParisandCheve,itwaswidelyusedamongthemasses.Therefore,thiskindofnotationiscalled"Jia-Pa-Xie'sNotation"intheWest.However,becausethisnotationisnotconvenientforrecordingmulti-voicemusicwithcomplexstructures,notationhasalmostneverbeenpopularizedinEurope.

Intheearly20thcentury,thenumberedmusicalnotationwasintroducedtomycountrythroughJapanduringtheschoolmusicperiod.Afterthevigorouspromotionofearlymusiceducatorsandthedevelopmentoftheanti-Japaneseandnationalsalvationsingingmovementinthe1930s,itquicklybecamepopularinmycountryandbecameadomesticmusiceducation.Themainnotationmethodofperformance,dissemination.

ThereisanotherreasonwhythenumberedmusicalnotationhasbeenwidelypopularizedinChina,thatis,thenotationofthenumberedmusicalnotationisquiteclosetothegongchimusicalnotationthatispopularinChina.Forexample,thegong-chimusicalnotationusesthewords"ShangChiGongfanLiuwuyi"andthedifferentradicalsattachedtotheleftsideofthecharactertoindicatethesound,whilethenumberedmusicalnotationusessevenArabicnumbersandacircleattachedtoorbelowthenumber.Thegong-chiscorewithdotstorepresentthesoundusestheboardeyesymbolattachedtotherightofthecharactertoindicatethetimevalueofthesound,whilethenumberedmusicalnotationusestheshorthorizontallineattachedtotherightorbelowtheArabicnumbertoindicatethetimevalueofthesound.Thenumberedmusicalnotationissosimilartothegong-chimusicalnotation,andthemethodofrecordingthespeedofthesoundofthenumberedmusicalnotationissimplerandmoreaccuratethanthegong-chimusicalnotation.Therefore,theChineseareveryeasytoacceptthenumberedmusicalnotation.Asfarastheworldisconcerned,Chinaisthecountrythathasabsorbedthenumberedmusicalnotationbestandcarrieditforward.NoothercountryintheworldislikeChina,wherethenumberedmusicalnotationissopopular.

Thenumberedmusicalnotationhasmanyadvantages,suchaseasiertolearnandeasytomemorize.Manymusiciansinourcountryrecordtheinitialcreativemusicalthoughtswhencomposingmusic,andtheyaremoreaccustomedtousingeasy-to-writemusicalnotation.WhenNieErcomposed"TheMarchoftheVolunteerArmy"andXianXinghaicomposed"TheYellowRiverCantata",theirfirstdraftswerealsowritteninnumberedmusicalnotation.ThisallowsittohavemoreusersthanthestaffinChina,anditplaysanimportantroleinpromotingandpopularizingmassmusicandculturalactivities.

Stave

Staveisthemostwidelyusednotationmethodintheworld.Itusesthepositionofthenoteheadofthenoteonthefiveparallelhorizontallinestorecordtheheightofthemusicalnote.Thedifferentshapesofindicatesthedurationofthesound.Comparedwiththenumberedmusicalnotation,thestaffedmusicalnotationhastheadvantagesofmoreintuitivelyindicatingthepitchofthemusicaltoneandcontainsalargeamountofmusicinformation.Whenwritinglarge-scalemusicwithawiderange,manyparts,andfrequentkeychanges,thestaffedmusicalscorehasmoreadvantagesthanthenumberedmusicalscore.Therefore,itiswidelyused.Usedinthefieldofprofessionalmusic.

ThepredecessorofthestaffcanbetracedbacktotheNeumnotationandquantitativenotationintheMiddleAgesinEurope.Stavewasdevelopedonthebasisofthefirsttwonotationmethods,andgraduallybecamemoreandmoreperfectinthe17thcentury,andbegantobefinalizedandusedinthe18thcentury.StaveiscompatiblewiththeculturalbackgroundofWesternmulti-thinking.IthasirreplaceableadvantagesinrecordingWesterninstrumentalmusic,symphonyandotherharmonicmulti-linemusicalthinkingworks.IthasalwaysbeenthemainwrittenformofWesternmusicrecording.

Stave,amethodofrecordingmusic,wasintroducedtoChinainthemiddleofthe17thcentury.InitiallyitwasonlyusedtorecordanddisseminatescripturesongsandchantssungintheCatholicChurchtopraiseGod.Attheendofthe19thcentury,theuseofstaffinChinawaspromotedwiththepreachingofWesternmissionariesandtheestablishmentofnewlearning.Atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,duetothesystematicstudy,disseminationanduseofWesternmusictheory,compositiontechniques,andWesternmusicalinstrumentperformancebyXiaoYoumeiandotherpeople,thestatusofstaffintheprofessionalmusicfieldinChinawasestablished.Nowadays,thestaffplaysaveryimportantroleinthemusiccreationofChineseprofessionalmusicians,theperformanceandsingingofprofessionalmusicgroups,themusicteachingofprofessionalmusicacademies,andthelearningofpiano,violinandothermusicalinstrumentsbythemajorityofpianochildren.Inourcountry,thepromotionofstaffcanimprovepeople'sperformance,singing,andappreciationlevel,whichisofgreatsignificanceforpopularizingelegantmusiccultureandpromotingtheexchangeofmusicculturebetweenChinaandforeigncountries.

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