Characterrelationship
CloseErrorCorrection
LoverXuGuangping Chyba1362254byla zpětně vrácena
WifeZhuAn Byla odeslána zpětná vazba k chybě 4777048
SonZhouHaiying Byla odeslána zpětná vazba k chybě 2492347
FatherZhouBoyi Chyba4944360byla zpětná vazba
MotherLurui Byla nahlášena chyba11007946
TheyoungerbrotherZhouJianren Došlo k chybě768273Zpětná vazba
BrotherZhouZuoren Byla odeslána zpětná vazba k chybě 253877
GrandfatherZhouJiefu Byla nahlášena chyba3946336
GrandsonZhouLingfei AnoByla nahlášena chyba2601288
Daughter-in-lawMaXinyun Byla nahlášena chyba82698
Great-granddaughterZhouJingxin Byla nahlášena chyba1510604
Sister-in-lawYuTaixinzi Byla nahlášena chyba8722429
MyfriendZhaoJiabi Byla nahlášena chyba2505801
FriendTaiJingnong Byla nahlášena chyba1820138
FriendBernardShawp> Byla nahlášena chyba953235
ComradeFengNaichao Byla nahlášena chyba1357943
TeacherZhangTaiyan Byla nahlášena chyba119131
TeacherFujinoYanKuro Chyba 148644 byla odeslána zpětná vazba
StudentXiaoHong Chyba 16911 byla odeslána zpětná vazba
StudentSunFuyuan Byla nahlášena chyba1844460
Charakter zkušenost
Mládí
LuXun'south (3 fotografie)
OnthethirddayofAugust,Xinsiyear,theseventhyearofGuangxu(September25,1881),hewasborninShaoxing,ZhejiangDongchangfangXintaimenZhoujia.TheyoungnameisAZhang,Changgen,ChangGeng,andthescientificnameisZhouZhangshou.IntheeighteenthyearofGuangxu(1892),heenteredtheSanweiBookstoreandstudiedwithShouJingwu,takingpicturesafterclass.EstablishedfriendshipwithZhangRunshui.
Inthe19thyearofGuangxu(1893),hisgrandfatherZhouJiefuwasimprisonedbecauseofanaccident,andhisfatherZhouBoyibecameseriouslyill.Everydayforhisfatherinandoutofqualityshopsandpharmacies,hewascold-eyed.
Ve 22. roce Guangxu (1896) zemřel jeho otec. Rodinná situace se zhoršuje.Letos začal psát deník.
Inthetwenty-thirdyearofGuangxu(1897),thefamilyhadameetingtodividetheroomandgaveLuXunthepoorandsmallones.LuXunrefusedtosignandwasreprimandedbyhisuncles.
Strivetostudie
Během LuXunova pobytu v Japonsku (5 fotografií)
InAprilofthe24thyearofGuangxu(1898),heenteredthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver.TeacherAcademy,renamedZhouShuren.InDecember,Iwasurgedbymyuncletotakethecountyexam.Afterwinningtheranking,hestoppedtakingthegovernmentexamonthegroundsthathisfourthbrotherwasill,andcontinuedtostudyinJiangning.Inthetwenty-fifthyearofGuangxu(1899),hewastransferredtotheMiningRailwaySchoolattachedtotheJiangnanLushiSchooltolearnaboutmining.Duringthisperiod,hecameintocontactwithHuxley's"TianYanLun",whichhadacertaininfluenceonhislaterthinking.Inadditiontoreadingnewbooks,heloveshorseridinganddarestocompetewiththechildrenofQirenonhorseback.
InJanuaryofthe28thyearofGuangxu(1902),IgraduatedfromtheMiningRoadSchool.InMarch,togetherwithLiSuizhiandQianJunfu,wenttoJapantostudyatpublicexpense.InApril,IenteredtheJiangnanClassofHongwenCollegeGeneralCourse(aJapaneselanguagelearningcrashclass),andthethreeofthemwereinthesameclassinthesamedormitory.
Putthepigtailsinthe29thyearofGuangxu(1903).Afterclass,Iliketoreadbooksonphilosophyandliterature,payingparticularattentiontoissuesofhumannatureandnationalnature.
V dubnu 30. roku Guangxu (1904) promoval na Hongwen College. V červnu jeho dědeček Jie Fudied ve věku 68 let.
InJanuaryofthethirty-secondyearofGuangxu(1906),watchingthe"Japanese-RussianWarEducationalFilm"duringthebreakwasdeeplystimulatedanddecidedtoabandonmedicineandgotoliterature.InJune,thestudentstatuswasincludedintheGermanlanguageschoolsetupbythe"TokyoSoleLanguageAssociation".Insummerandautumn,hewasdeceivedtoreturntoChinatomarryZhuAn.SoonhereturnedtoJapan.InJuly,hereturnedtoTokyofromSendai,nolongerenrolledinschool,andspecializedinliteraryandartistictranslationwork.Inthefollowingyears,helearnedGermanandRussianindifferentways.
Ve třicátém čtvrtém roce Guangxu (1908) studoval od pana ZhangTaiyan, byl členem „Recovery Society“ a přeložil „Sbírku zahraničních románů“ se svým druhým bratrem, spisovatelem. Life.
V prvním roce Xuantongu (1909) byly vydány dva svazky „Sbírky zahraničních románů“.
Zmatený a zoufalý
InAugustofthefirstyearofXuantong(1909),hereturnedtoChinaandservedasateacherofphysiologyandchemistryinHangzhouandZhejiangNormalSchoolsandaJapaneseteacherofSuzukiKanshou’sbotanytranslation.
V srpnu druhého roku Xuantongu (1910) sloužil učiteli a vedoucímu střední školy Shaoxing. V roce 1911 napsal svůj první román „Nostalgie“ v klasické čínštině.
InthefirstyearoftheRepublicofChina(1912),theProvisionalGovernmentwasestablishedinNanjing.AttheinvitationoftheDirectorofEducationCaiYuanpei,heservedastheChiefoftheFirstSectionoftheSocialEducationDepartmentoftheMinistryofEducation.InAugust,hewasappointedbythePresidentasamemberoftheMinistryofEducationoftheBeijingGovernment.Fromthisyearto1917,hecopiedalargenumberofancientsteles,compiledinscriptionsoninscriptionsonstonesteles,andproofreadtheancientbooks,amongwhichhealsoconductedcertainresearchonBuddhistthought.
InthesixthyearoftheRepublicofChina(1917),onJuly7th,ZhangXunresignedduetochaosandresigned.Onthe14th,hereturnedtotheMinistrywhenthechaoswassettled.
InJanuaryoftheseventhyearoftheRepublicofChina(1918),heparticipatedinthereorganizationof"NewMládí"andservedasaneditorialboardmember.
Průkopník v literárním světě
LuXunův projev „Co se stalo po Noraisgone“ (2 fotografie)
MayintheseventhyearoftheRepublicofChina(1918),PublishedunderthepseudonymLuXun,thefirstvernacularshortstorywritteninamodernstyleinthehistoryofmodernChineseliterature,"TheDiaryofaMadman",whichwaspublishedin"NewMládí"Volume4,No.5.IntheninthyearoftheRepublicofChina(1920),hetaughtthehistoryofChinesenovelsatPekingUniversityandBeijingNormalSchool.InJune,hereadtheChineseversionoftheCommunistManifestoandpraisedthetranslator.InSeptember,publishedthenovel"Storm".
InAugustofthetwelfthyearoftheRepublicofChina(1923),thecollectionofnovels"Scream"waspublished;heseparatedfromhisyoungerbrotherZhouZuorenandmovedtoNo.61XisitaHutong.Thereasonfortheseparationisunknown.InDecember,hegaveaspeechon"WhathappenedafterNorawasgone",andconcurrentlyservedasateacherofWomen'sNormalUniversityandEsperantoSchool;thefirstvolumeof"Stručná historie čínských románů"waspublished.
V červenci třináctého roku Čínské Republiky (1924) jsem se zúčastnil Xi'antolection na téma "Historické změny čínských románů". Návrat do Pekingu v srpnu. V listopadu, "Yusi" týdenní.vyšel.
Bojovník za demokracii
Inthe14thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1925),the"WomenTeachers"wasfurtherescalated.LuXunwasrelievedofhispostbytheChiefEducationOfficerZhangShizhaoforsupportingthejuststruggleofprogressivestudents.Inthesameyear,LuXunsuedZhangShizhaotothePingzhengyuan.
InMarchofthe15thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1926),the"March18thMassacre"occurred.InApril,LuXun's"DeathPlace"and"RemembranceofLiuHezhen"criticizedDuanQirui'sgovernmentforslaughteringstudents.HewashunteddownandtookrefugeinYamamotoHospital.Duringtheasylumperiod,hecontinuedtoworkhard.InAugust,"Wandering"waspublishedandwenttoXiamenUniversityasaprofessorintheDepartmentofChineseLanguageandLiterature.ResignedinDecember.
Inthe16thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1927),hewenttoteachatSunYat-senUniversityinJanuary.InMarch,metwithChenYannian,secretaryoftheCPCGuangdongandGuangxidistrictcommittees.OnApril1,hewenttotheWhampoaMilitaryAcademytodeliveraspeech"LiteratureintheRevolutionaryEra".Onthe12th,the"April12counter-revolutionarycoup"tookplace.Onthe29th,therescuedprogressivestudentsresignedwithoutsuccess.InAugust,published"WeiJinStyleandtheRelationshipbetweenArticlesandMedicineandLiquor".InSeptember,hewrotetoTaiJingnong,refusingtobeacandidatefortheNobelPrizeinLiterature,leavingGuangzhouforShanghai,andbeganlivingtogetherwithXuGuangpinginShanghai.InDecember,therewasadisputewithLiangShiqiuandothersonthe"thirdperson"andthe"freeperson."
InthespringoftheseventeenthyearoftheRepublicofChina(1928),heparticipatedintheChineseRevolutionaryMutualAidSociety.Thisyear,IstartedadebatewithmostmembersoftheCreationSocietyandtheSunSocietyontheissueof"revolutionaryliterature".Thisyear,IbegantocollectandtranslateMarxistworks.Atthesametime,hebegantoadvocaterevolutionaryartandthemodernwoodcutmovement.
OnSeptember27intheeighteenthyearoftheRepublicofChina(1929),XuGuangpinggavebirthtoason,andLuXunnamedhim"ZhouHaiying".Attheendoftheyear,withFengXuefengseveraltimestonegotiatetheformationofthe"ChineseLeft-wingWritersLeague."
LeagueLeagueLeague
InFebruaryofthe19thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1930),theChinaFreedomMovementLeaguewasestablished.Asoneofthepromoters.OnMarch2,attendedtheinauguralmeetingoftheChineseLeft-wingWritersLeagueandwaselectedasastandingcommitteemembertogiveaspeechon"OpinionsontheLeft-wingWritersLeague".
OnJanuary20thinthe20thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1931),RouShiwasarrestedandLuXuntookrefugeinhisapartment.Returntotheoldapartmentonthe28th.
Pohřeb pana LuXuna (9 fotografií)
OnJanuary29,the21styearoftheRepublicofChina(1932),therewasawarinthelineoffire.ShetookrefugeintheUchiyamaBookstorethenextday.OnFebruary6,escortedbyafriendoftheNeishanBookstoretotheNeishanbranchintheBritishconcessionfortemporaryshelter.Initiatedthe"SpringFieldArtResearchInstitute"withAiQingandothers.InJanuaryofthe22ndyearoftheRepublicofChina(1933),CaiYuanpeiinvitedhimtojointhe"ChinaCivilRightsProtectionLeague"andwaselectedasanexecutivemember.OnFebruary17,CaiYuanpeiinvitedtoSoongChingLing'shousetowelcomeBernardShaw.ImissRouShias"ACommemorationforOblivion".
V lednu 23. roku Čínské republiky (1934) byla vydána kniha „Beijing Annotation Book“, upravená společně se ZhengZhendu.
Překlad Gogolovy „Mrtvé duše“ začal v únoru 24. roku Čínské republiky (1935). V červnu integroval „Novou literární řadu · Druhou epizodu románů“ a napsal předmluvu.
InJanuaryofthe25thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1936),severepainsappearedintheshouldersandribs,andthelastinnovativework"NewStories"waspublished.InFebruary,begantotranslatethesecondpartof"Mrtvé duše".OnMay15hehadarelapse,thedoctordiagnosedastomachproblem,butthefeverhasnothealedsincethen.OnMay31,Ms.SmedleyinvitedtheAmericandoctorDengtomakeadiagnosis,butthesituationwasnotoptimistic.InJune,hisbodyimprovedslightly,andLuXunandthepeoplearoundhimthoughtthat"Mr.LuXuniswell".Iwrote"AnAnswertotheTrotskyites"onJune9th,"AnAnswertoXuMaoyongandQuestionsabouttheAnti-JapaneseUnitedFront"onAugust5th,and"TwoorThreeThingsRemindedbyMr.TaiYan"inOctober,October17Theolddiseaserelapsed,andthediseasebrokeoutbeforedawnonthe18th.
Postava odešla
Odešel v 5:25 19. října 1936.
Osobní život
Členové rodiny
Členové rodiny LuXunfamily (9 fotografií)
ZhouJiefu:LuXun'sgrandfather(1838—1904),therealnameZhifu,laterchangeditsnametoFuqing,thewordZhensheng,thenameisJiefu,thenumberoneMeixian.BorninHanlin,hewasonceexpatriatedasthemagistrateofJinxiCounty,JiangxiProvince,andwaslaterimprisonedduetoanimprisonmentcase,whichcausedtheZhoufamilytodecline.ZhouJiefu's"propositionandpracticeoffreereading"has"openedagapintheclosedsystemoftraditionaleducation"forLuXun.Ťiang:LuXunova nevlastní babička (1842-1910),ZhouJiefuova nevlastní manželka,Macecha ZhouBoyi,LuX pro ni osobně zvládl pohřeb,když odešla.Byla legrační a častokrát se zasloužila o projevy LuXu,přitom se jí dostalo osvícení.
PanDafeng:LuXun'sgrandmother(orAuntPan),ZhouJiefu'sconcubine.
ZhouBoyi:LuXunův otec (1861-1896), jehož skutečné jméno je ZhouFengyi, se jmenuje Boyi. Měl otevřenou mysl a sympatizoval s hnutím westernizace. Později se zapletl do nemocí a jeho nemoc způsobila, že LuX neochutnal těžkosti života a.
Rodina:BabičkaLuXun,z GaofuTown,KuaijiCounty,upraveno jeho otcemHeYuanjiepro Imperiální akademii.
LuRui:LuXunova matka (1858–1943), byla laskavá a rozhodná, laskavá a odvážná a její myšlenky byly relativně otevřené, což mělo na LuXun velký vliv.
ZhouZuoren:LuXunův druhý bratr (1885-1967), dříve známý jako ZhouXiashou, proslulý moderní esejista.
DuanGu:SisterLuXun,shediedbeforeshewasoneyearold,aboutoneyearolderthanZhouJianren.
ZhouJianren:Třetí bratr LuXuna (1888-1984), dříve pod názvem ZhouSongshou, abiolog.
ZhouChunshou:LuXunův čtvrtý bratr (1892-1898) zemřel, když mu bylo 6 let.
ZhuAn:LuXunova legální manželka (1878–1947), rodačka z DingjiaLane,Shanyin,Zhejiang(nyní DingxiangLane,ShaoxingCity),vdaná 25letá LuXu ve věku 28 let v roce 1906.SheandLuXun měl celých 28 let,když se oženil s jiným manželským párem.
XuGuangping:LuXun'slover (1898-1968), rodačka z Panyu, Guangdong, byla studentkou LuXunu. Po zbytek svého života se starala o LuXunův život.
ZhouHaiying:SonofLuXunandXuGuangping(1929-2011),radioexpert.
Emoční zážitek
Brothers Discord
Inhispersonallife,twothingshithimhard.Oneishismarriedlife,andtheotherishisdisharmonywithhisyoungerbrotherZhouZuoren.LuXunandZhouZuorenhavealwaysbeenreluctanttotalkaboutthismattertoothers,whichhasmadethismattermoreandmoreconfusingandhasbecomethemostincomprehensibleeventinthehistoryofmodernChineseliterature.Overtheyears,theresearchcommunityhasformedthreeviewpoints:"economictheory","disrespecttheory",and"familydisputetheory".Thefirst"economictheory"isthatZhouZuoren'swifeYuTaixinzispenttoomuchmoney,causingthefamilytomakeendsmeet,andfinallycausinggapsbetweenthebrothers.ThesecondargumentisthatLuXunhadanaffairwithXinzi,whichcausedtheZhoubrotherstofeud.ThethirdargumentisthateveryoneintheZhoufamilyisdissatisfiedwithXinzi,causingtensioninthebrotherhood.Asfarasthedenialof"brothers'discord"isduetotheideologicaldifferencesbetweenthetwo,thesethreepointsofviewareconsistent.Butotherthanthat,theacademicresearchbasicallyhasn'tmademuchprogress,andthethreeviewpointscan'treallyconvincereaders.
Manželství a láska
InLuXun’slife,hewasmarriedormarriedtotwowomen.Theloverelationship.First,whenhewas26yearsold,hereturnedtoShaoxingfromJapantomarryMs.ShanyinZhu'anundertheauspicesofhismother,LuRui;LuXundidnotreleaseitwithhersincehemarriedZhuAnuntilhisdeath.Thiskindofmaritalrelationship(LuXunknewthatoncehedivorcedhiswife,ZhuAnwouldsufferdeathorinhumanexperience,sohedidnotdivorce).DuringLuXun’stimeoutside,ZhuAnhasbeentakingcareofLuXun’smother’slifewithoutcomplaints;thesecondisWhenhewas47yearsold,hearrivedinShanghaifromGuangzhouandlivedwithXuGuangping,Panyu,whohadfollowedhimforalongtime.AfterLuXun'sdeath,Ms.ZhuAn,likeComradeXuGuangping,maintainednormalcontactwithsocietyasLuXun'ssurvivorformorethantenyears.
PersonalWorks
Sbírka románů
"Scream" v srpnu 1923, publikoval Beijing Xinchao NewsAgency
"Putování" srpen 1926,PekingBeixinBookstore
"NewStories" 1936, ShanghaiCulturalLifePublishing House
Sbírka esejů
EachofthecompleteworksofLuXunListofkindsofeditions(5photos)
TheessayscreatedbyLuXunbeforehisdeathwerecompiledandpublishedbyCaiYuanpeiandXuGuangping.Afterhisdeath,theywereincludedinthefirsteditionofLuXun'scompleteworks.However,thetimeisrushed,anditisinevitabletobeleftbehind,1948In1952,TangTaocompiledandpublished"SupplementtotheCompleteWorksofLuXun"and"SupplementtotheCompleteWorksofLuXun".ThesearticleswerelaterincludedinvariousversionsofLuXun'scompleteworksindifferentclassifications.Therearemanynames,andthefollowingarebasedonthe2005editionof"TheCompleteWorksofLuXun"byPeople'sLiteraturePublishingHouse.NameofWork | Informace zprvního vydání | Název práce | Informace o prvním vydání |
|---|---|---|---|
"Hrob" | března 1927, Weiming Society | "Horký vítr" | 1925 Listopad 2008,Knihkupectví BeijingBeixin |
"The HuagaiCollection" | srpna 1926, BeijingBeixin Bookstore | "The HuagaiCollectionPokračování" | May1927,BeijingBeixinBookstore |
Tyto až do pokračování | 1948, Shanghai Publishing Company | "JustCollection" | října 1928, ShanghaiBeixin Bookstore |
"SanxianJi" | září 1932, ShanghaiBeixin Bookstore | "NanqiangbeiCollection" | dubna 1934, stejné knihkupectví v Šanghaji |
"TwoHearts Collection" | |||
p> | 1932, ShanghaiHezhong Bookstore | "LaceLiteratura" | června 1936, ShanghaiLianhua Bookstore |
"PseudoFreeBook" | října 1933, ShanghaiQingguang Bookstore | "ZhunfengyueTan" | prosince 1934, ShanghaiLianhua Bookstore |
"Qiejieting Essays" | July1937,ShanghaiSanxianBookstore | "Qiejieting EssayTwoCollection" | July1937,ShanghaiSanxianBookstore |
Poslední kompilace Qijieting Esejů | July1937,ShanghaiSanxianBookstore p> | 《Jiwaiji》 | 1935 V květnu, ShanghaiMassBook Company |
"Jiwaiji Collection" | 1938, Kompletní dílo nakladatelství LuXun | "SupplementtoJiwaiji" | 1952, Shanghai Publishing Company |
Výše uvedené informace jsou sestaveny z |
Překladatelské práce
Překladatelské práce | Informace o prvním vydání | Překladatelské práce | Informace o prvním vydání | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
《WallNextTranslationCollection" | dubna 1929, ShanghaiBeixin Bookstore | "ModernJapaneseNovel Collection" | června 1923, ShanghaiCommercial Press | |
"Otázky moderní nové literatury" | ||||
p> | dubna 1929, ShanghaiDajiang Bookstore | "PeachyCloud" | July1923,BeijingXinchaoClub | |
"ArtTheory" | června 1929, ShanghaiDajiang Bookstore | "Symbol deprese" | prosince 1924, Peking, Nejmenovaná společnost | |
Literatura a kritika | června 1929, ShanghaiShuimo Bookstore | "OutoftheIvoryTower" | prosince 1925, Peking Weiming Society | |
"Cestování na Měsíc" | 1903, TokyoEvolutionSociety, Japonsko | "Malý John" | ledna 1928, Peking Weiming Society | |
"WorkerSuihuiluofu" | května 1922, ShanghaiCommercial Press | "Myšlenky · Krajina · Postavy" | května 1928, Peking-NewZealand Bookstore | |
"ModernNovelSeries Translation" | července 1922, ShanghaiCommercial PressLibrary | "Trendy moderní historie" | 1929, Beixin Bookstore | |
"Airošenkovy pohádky" | července 1922, ShanghaiCommercial Press | "Malý Petr" | Listopad 1929, ShanghaiChunchao Bookstore | |
"Literární a umělecká politika" | června 1930, ShanghaiShuimoBookstore | "ArtTheory" | July1930,ShanghaiGuanghuaBookstore | |
"Zničení" | září 1931, ShanghaiDajiang Bookstore | "Harfa" | 1933 Září, ShanghaiLiangyouBook Company | |
"Říjen" | února 1933, Shanghai ShenzhouGuoguang Society | "Jednodenní práce" | březen 1933, ShanghaiLiangyouBook Company | |
《表》 | července 1935, ShanghaiCulturalLifeBookstore | "Ruské pohádky" | srpna 1935, ShanghaiCulturalLifeBookstore | |
"Mrtvé duše" | V roce 1938, ShanghaiCulturalLifePublishingHouse | "Špatné děti a další anekdoty" | června 1936, ShanghaiLianhua Bookstore | |
Rostliny a další" | června 1936, ShanghaiCommercial Press | "Pastorační zpěv horských lidí" | p> | V roce 1938, Kompletní dílo nakladatelství LuXun |
"Dodatek k překladu" | březen 2008, FujianEducationPress | |||
"Podzemní cestování" | March1906,ShanghaiPopularBookstoreandNanjingQixinBookstore | |||
Sbírka extrateritoriálních románů | březen 1909, první díl; červenec 1909, druhý díl, sestavili a přeložili bratři Zhouaiji v Kuaiji, vydal ZhouShuren, neznámý vydavatel | |||
Výše uvedené informace jsou sestaveny z |
Akademické monografie
"Stručná historie čínských románů" | prosinec 1923, ročník I; červen 1924, ročník II, Pekingská univerzita NewWave Publishing House |
"Nástin historie čínské literatury" | V roce 1938, Kompletní dílo nakladatelství LuXun,organizedbytheCommitteeoftheCompleteWorksofLuXun |
"Historické proměny čínských románů" | 1938TheCompleteWorksofLuXunPublishingHouseandtheCompleteWorksCommitteeofLuXunorganizeditin2009> |
Umělecká díla
Coverdesign (vybraný) | Peking UniversitySchoolemblem (luxusní originální verze) | ThedesignofthenationalemblemintheearlyRepublicofChina |
|---|---|---|
samosymbol (sova) | Malování (sova) | Copyworks |
|---|---|---|
Jiné práce
Název práce | Informace o prvním vydání | Poznámky |
|---|---|---|
"Divoká tráva" | July1927,BeijingXinchaoClub | Sbírka prosebásní |
"ThePickingUpinthe MorningFlower" | September1928,BeipingWeimingSociety | ProseCollection |
"Starověká kniha Předmluva a sbírka postscriptů" | V roce 1938, Kompletní dílo nakladatelství LuXun | CompiledandcompiledbytheCommitteeoftheCompleteWorksofLuXun |
Předmluva a doslov překladů | V roce 1938, Kompletní dílo nakladatelství LuXun | LuXunCompiledandeditedbythecommitteeofthecompleteworks |
"Kniha dvou míst" | 1933,ShanghaiMládíGuangshuBureau | Sběr dopisů od LuXun a XuGuangping |
"LuXun'sLetters" | In1937,SanxianBookstore | Uspořádejte XuGuangping |
"LuXunův deník" | 1951, Shanghai Publishing Company | Shromáždil XuGuangping |
Výše je organizována od |
LuXunův rukopis
"LuXunManuscriptSeries" (15 svazků), nakladatelství People's Literature, 2014;
CharakterEvaluation
Pozitivní hodnocení
MaoZedongClassrevolutionist):"LuXun'sbonesarethehardest,hedoesn'thavetheslightestsenseofslaveryorcharm.Thisisthemostpreciouscharacterofthecolonialandsemi-colonialpeople.LuXunisanationalheroontheculturalfront."LuXunisthemasteroftheChineseCulturalRevolution.Heisnotonlyagreatwriter,butalsoagreatthinkerandagreatrevolutionary.""
KimYangshou(Koreanliterarycritic):"ThewriterwhooccupiesthelargestterritoryonthemapofEastAsiancultureinthe20thcentury."
AlexanderAlexandrovichFadeyev,SovietUnionWriter):"LuXunisatrueChinesewriter.Becauseofthis,hehascontributedalotofnationalandinimitableworkstotheworld’sliterature.Hislanguageisinafolkstyle.AlthoughhisironyandhumorarecommontomankindHischaracter,butitalsohasnationalcharacteristicsthatcannotbeimitated."HealsocommentedonLuXunas"China’sGorky."
GuoMoruo(Poet,Scholar):"LuXunisarevolutionarythinkerandanepoch-makingliteratureandart.Awriterisahistorianwhoseekstruthfromfacts,aneducatorwholeadsbyexample,andaninternationalistwholongsfortheliberationofmankind."
YoshimiTakeuchi (TakeuchiYoshimi, japonský literární kritik): "LuXunis je moderní čínský občan, matka kultury."
Neutrální hodnocení
HuShi(modernthoughtenlightenmentist):"LuXunisaliberalandwillneverbesuccumbedtoexternalforces.LuXunisourperson"
WangMeng(theformerMinisterofCultureoftheRepublic,afamouscontemporarywriter):"IsittoogoodforourwriterstobelikeLuXun?Notnecessarilyatall.ItisaverygreatthingtohaveLuXunintheliteraryworld.WhatiftherearefiftyLuXun?MyGod!"
XiaZhiqing (čínsko-americký, slavný literární historik): "Obecně řečeno, LuXu je v milosti hissery, nejedná se o amenta ani satiru té doby."
Negativní hodnocení
ChengFangwu(proletarianrevolutionist):"WeChinesehaveacommonproblem.Whennovelsbecomepopular,weusewhateverwordsareItiscalledanovel,whichiseasytomisunderstand.Theauthorisadmiredbythousandsofpeople,andhisinfluenceonordinaryyoungpeopleisgreat.Iamparticularlydissatisfiedwithhimlikethis."
JiangMenglin (bývalý prezident Pekingské univerzity, moderní pedagog): "Pokud vím, jeho raná díla, jako je "Diář šílence" a "Pravdivý příběh AhQ", byly všechny pro zábavu, tančily a používal inkoust a uspokojoval starou etiku a mohl zůstat v sociálním stavu."
WangShuo(contemporarywriter):"IhaveneverfeltthatLuXun’snovelsarewellwritten,andhisnovelsaretoodull.LuXun’skindofpositiveinthe1920sand1930sThevernaculartextthatisinitsinfancyandhasnotcompletelyseparatedfromtheinfluenceofclassicalChineseisalsoalittlelumpy,anditisalwaysabitambiguoustoread."
Umělecká charakteristika
Nové vlastnosti
Dřevoryt "AMadman's Diary" namaloval ZhaoYannian (6 fotografií)
LuXun'snovelsareuniqueintheirselectionofmaterials.Inthechoiceofsubjectmatter,LuXunonlyselects"thewarriorandthetactician,thethief,themonster,themonsterThemodelofgods,talentedmenandbeautifulwomen,laterprostitutesandclients,andrascalslaves”hasbeenreformed,withtheconceptof“forlifeThe"Enlightenment-style"creationpurposecreatedthetwomainthemesofmodernliterature"showingfarmersandintellectuals".Hismaterialsare"mostlytakenfromtheunfortunatepeopleinamorbidsociety."LuXunhasanextremelyuniqueperspectivewhendealingwiththesesubjects.Whenobservingandexpressinghisprotagonist,hehashisownuniqueperspective,thatis, healwayspaysattentiontothemental"sickness"ofintellectualsandfarmersin"pathologicalsociety".Therefore,in"Hometown",themostshockingthingisnotRuntu'slaterpoverty,butthenumbnessoftheheartshownbyhis"Master".Theexcavationofintellectualthemesalsofocusedontheirtraumaandcrisis.Forexample,"OntheRestaurant"sawthattheheroeswhofoughtaloneintheRevolutionof1911couldnotescapetheirlonelyfate,andunderthepressureofpowerfulfeudaltraditionsBacktotheorigin,consuminghislifeinthedepression.ThesereformsofLuXunin"Hell"and"Wandering"evolvedintotwoplotsandstructuralmodelsof"seeing/ být sledován“a „vracet se domů“. V románu „Ukazování veřejnosti“ jsou akce všech pouze „sledovány“ a vztah pouze „sledovat“ a „být sledován“. mode,LuXunnotonlytellsthestoriesofothersbutalsotellshisownstories.Thetwopermeateandinfluenceeachothertoformapolyphony.Thetriplerelationshipof"LuTown".Thisrelationshipcontainsboththestoryof"I"and"LuTown",aswellasthestoryofMrs.XianglinandLuTown.However,readersoftenignoretheformer.Theformerspeaksofan"eternaldrifter".Story,thelattertellsastoryaboutcannibalisminfeudalsociety.Thetwostoriesareconnectedintandem,usingXianglin'swifetoquestionthesoulof"I",thusrevealingtheinnerconnectionbetween"I" a tradičního ducha Luženu. Romány podobné tomuto modelu zahrnují „Domovské město“, „Osamělý“ a „V restauraci“.
Tyto "NewStories" (12 fotografií)
Inaddition,ontheonehand,LuXunhasbeenexploringtheformofthesubjectinfiltratingthenovel.In"OntheRestaurant"and"TheLonelyMan",thenarrator"I"andthecharactersinthenovelaretheexternalizationoftwodifferentsidesof"self"ortwosidesofinnercontradiction,sothewholestoryhasaselfsoulThenatureofdialogueandmutualrefutation.Ontheotherhand,LuXunisalsopursuingasubtleandrestrainedexpression,aswellasasimpleandcondensedlanguagestyle.Heoncesaid,"Itrytoavoidthenaggingofwriting.Ionlyaskforthemeaningtobepassedontoothers.Iwouldratherhavenofoil."Inthisregard,whenintroducinghisexperienceinwritingnovels,healsosaid,"Drawapersonsparingly.It’sbesttodrawhiseyes.”“InoldChinesedramas,thereisnobackground.ThereareonlyafewmainpeopleonthedecorativepapersoldtochildrenintheNewYear(butthedecorativepaperhasalotofbackground).IamconvincedthatFormypurpose,thismethodisappropriate.”ThisalsoshowsthatLuXunemphasizedthespiritualoutlookofthecharacterswhendescribingthecharacters,andpaidgreatattentiontotheartistictasteofthefarmersinthedescription.LuXunstudiedtheartisticcharacteristicsofolddramasandNewYearpaintingsthatfarmersliked,andusedtheminhisownartisticcreations,makinghisnovelsshowstrongnationalcharacteristics.Andhehasextensivelyborrowedfromtheartisticexperienceofpoetry,prose,music,art,andevendramatocreatenovels,andtriedtointegratethemintoonefurnace,so"poeticnovels"("SorrowsforthePast","SocialOpera",etc.)andprosestylesappeared.Novels("RabbitandCat","Duck'sComedy",etc.),even"dramaticnovels"("RiseofDeath",etc.),etc.Inthe1930s,LuXun’screativeenergywasmainlyfocusedonessays,buthedidnotforgetthecreationofnovelsandcontributedtohislastinnovativework"NewStories".ThiscollectionofnovelsstillshowsLuXun'suninhibitedimaginationandpowerfulcreativity:ithasanewimpactonthecreationnormsofmodernChinesenovelscreatedin"Scream"and"Wandering",lookingfornewbreakthroughs.In"NewStories",LuXunconsciouslybroketheboundariesoftimeandspace,andadoptedthe"mixtureofancientandmodern"methods:Inadditiontothehistoricalrecordsofthemaincharactersinthenovel,healsocreatedsomeminordramaticinterspersedcharacters.Alotofmodernlanguage,plotanddetailsareaddedtowordsanddeeds.Usemodernlanguagetoplayfreely,mockandexposerealityina"slick"posture.Atthesametime,therearetwocolorsandintonationmelodiesof"solemn"and"absurdity"inmanyarticles,whichcomplementeachotherandpermeatethedissolution.Forexample,in"MendingtheSky",Nuwawasyearningforthegrandeurandmagnificencewhenshecreatedhumanbeings.Attheend,posteritycampedonthebellyofdeadcorpsesunderthebannerof"creatingman,repairingthesky",whichisextremelyabsurd.ThisabsurdityThegreatnessofthepreviousarticlehasdisappeared,andtransformedintoakindofhistoricalsadness.
Charakteristické zkoušky
Inhislife,LuXundevotedmostofhislifeandeffortstothecreationofessays,especiallyinthelateryearsofhismostmaturethinking.Hisessaysareextremelycritical.LuXunoncedividedtheessaysinto"socialcriticism"and"civilizedcriticism",andwhatheemphasizedwastheconnotationandfunctionof"criticism".Readingthroughthe14collectionsofessayspublishedbyLuXunduringhislifetime,youcanseeachronicleofideologicalandculturalstrugglesthatconstantlycriticizes,debates,andcounterattacks...CriticismandcontroversywiththeRetroistscontinuedtotheprotestofthefascistdictatorshipoftheKuomintanggovernmentin"TheLastPartofQijieting'sEssays"andthecounterattackagainstthe"Left"lineoftheChineseCommunistParty.LuXun’sessaysshowtheunyieldingspiritof"don’tconquertheenemy,neverendthewar",whichisfundamentallycontrarytotheChinesecultureandthetraditionsof“forgiveness”and“thegoldenmean”ofChineseintellectualsandscholar-officialculture.TherebelliousnessandheterogeneityofLuXun'speopleandwritings.
Kolekce LuXunessay
LuXun’scriticismisdifferentfromordinarythoughtreviews.Healwaysfocuseshiscriticismonpeople,theirpsychologyandsoul:thisisakindofcarefromawriter.AsLuXunhimselfsaid:"Myhabitsarenotverygood,andwheneverIrefusetobelievewhatisonthesurface,"Ioftenhave"suspicions."Therefore,whathepaysmostattentiontoispeople'sconcealedmentalstate,andeventhementalstatethathecan'tconsciouslyrealizehimself.Forexample,intheessay"On"Fucking"",LuXunseesthedistortedandunavoidablementalityofresistancecausedbythefeudalhierarchyandfamilysystembehindthe"nationalcurse"thatChinesepeopleareaccustomedto.LuXunalsoproposedthe"push-back"wayofthinking,thatis,"lookatthepositiveandnegativeside".Basedonthis,hewrotesomeessays,suchas"XiaoZagan":"Ifyouclaimtobeathief,youdon'tneedtoguardagainstit,butyouareagoodperson;Therighteousgentlemanmustguardagainstit,theoppositeisthethieves":Thisissodeeptothepointthatitiscreepy,andnaturallyitisalso"venomous."LuXun’sessaythinkingisalsonon-standardized.Heoftengoesbeyondtheconventionalthinkinglinetofindnewwaysandingenuity,openingupnewideas,suchasinthefamousacademicessay"WeiJinStyleandtheRelationshipbetweenArticlesandMedicineandLiquor"Basedonthislineofthinking,adifferentconclusioncanbedrawn:JiandRuan’sdestructionofethicsisonlyasuperficialphenomenon,butinfactitisamanifestationofexcessivelove.LuXun’sessaysaresharpandvenomousandunacceptable.Italsoliesinhisimagination,whichalsoviolatesthe“conventional”(association).Ontheonehand,LuXunconnectspeopleandthingsthatseemtobethefurthestawayinappearanceandform,andseemtobeimpossibletoconnect.Together:Discovertheinterlinkageof"God"inthehugecontrastof"Shape";ontheotherhand,wecandiscoverandfeeltheuniqueconnectionbetweenhistoryandreality.In"TheCrisisoftheEssay","Thefireworkgirlcannolongerpullherbusinessinthelane,soshehastoapplygreaseandpowderandcomeontheroadatnight".Inthisway,oneendisthenoblemanandhishall,andtheotherendisthe"mostuncleanplace"ontheground.UnderLuXun'sinvolvement,the"sacred""joy"andthe"elegant""vulgarization"havebeenachieved.
LuXunovy památky (ShanghaiLuXunMemorialCollection) (8 fotografií)
"Specificandindividualpeopleandthingsareexcludedfromindividuality,specificity,andparticularity,Makeageneralmeaning,understandtheoverallgeneralization,andaddabriefname,whichisupgradedtoa"specimen"of"thiskind"by"thisone",whileretainingtheimageandspecificcharacteristics,becomingtheunityof"one"and"kind""ThisisthebasicmethodusedbyLuXunwhenconductingcontroversies.InLuXun's14essaycollectionsduringhislifetime,manywonderfulandtypicalimageswerecreated,suchas"Ba'erDog","XiZai","ForemanoftheRevolution"andsoon.Theseimagesareoftenatypeofsocietyextractedbydissectingsomeone’swordsanddeedsatonetimeandoneplaceasatypicalphenomenon,"attackonepoint,butnottherest",andthusextractatypeofsociety.Theseimageshavethemeaningoftimeandspace,whichalsomakesThistypeof"commonname"haslong-termartisticvitality,justlikeAhQandXianglin'swifeinLuXun'snovels.Inlinewiththeunconstrainednatureofthought,thelanguageofLuXun'sessaysisalsounrestrainedandextremelycreative.LuXun'sessayscanbesaidtohavebroughttheexpressiveandlyricalfunctionsofChinesetotheextreme.Inhisessays:orthemixtureoforalandclassicalChinesesentencepatterns;orthecrossapplicationofparallelismandrepetitivesituations;ortheinterlacingoflongsentencesandshortsentences,declarativesentencesandrhetoricalquestions,mixingthesimplicityofproseandthebeautyandmomentumofparallelprose.Itcanbedescribedas"affectionateandprosperous."Forexample,in"RememberLiuHezhen":"Arealwarrior,daretofacethebleaklife,anddaretofacethedrippingblood."Heartyandimpressive.Ontheotherhand,thelanguageofLuXun’sessaysisanti-normative.Hedeliberatelydestroysgrammaticalrules,violatesconventionalusage,andcreatesaninharmonious"contradictorystyle"inordertobreakthebondageoflanguagetoideas,andatthesametimeachieveabsurdityandabsurdity.Qijun'saestheticeffect.Forexample,hesometimesorganizeswordswithoppositemeaningsorincompatiblewordstogether,whichisprofoundlyillogical:"reasonableoppression","kneelingrebellion","gallopingonyoungplants"andsoon.
PrózaFeatures
BookShadows (6 fotografií)
LuXunhasnotmanyessays,butitcanbesaidtobeexcellent.ThesechaptersContainedin"PickUptheFlowerintheEvening"and"Weeds"."ComeintheMorning"isLuXun’sreviewofhischildhoodandadolescence.Itisarecollectionoftheauthor’sadolescentlife,includinghischildhoodimpressionsofShaoxing,studyinginNanjing,studyinginJapan,andteachinginShaoxingafterreturningtoChina.Especiallythosewhodescribethelifeintheirhometownarethemost.Comparedwithhisessays,theseessaysaremoreclear,innocent,andcordial."CrossingFlowersintheEvening"focusesonthedepictionofworldlyhumanfeelings,notonlyonthevividnaturalsituations(suchas"FromtheBaicaoGardentotheSanweiBookHouse")andthetruerecollectionofyouthfulactionsfullofvigor,butalsoonthegraciousnessThefamilyaffectionportrayslivingcharacters,suchasMr.Fujino,FanAinong,andMr.ShouJingwuof"SanweiBookstore".Theauthordidnotwritethemrigidlyfromtheperspectiveofamoralist,butinsteadusedemotionstodriveTuanYi'spen.Themostrepresentativefigureistheeldestmother.In"AChangYu"andotherworks,LuXuntriedhisbesttoobjectivelynarrate,nottopraiseandcriticizeatwill,inthesimpletextandstory,thereaderwasdeeplymovedbythekind,simple,enthusiasticandbeautifulheartoftheeldermother.Incontrast,thedissatisfactionwiththeboring,ridiculous,andsillyworldoftheoldlifein"PickUptheMorningFlowersandEvening"doesnotappeartobeprominent.Thebeautyandloveoftheolddays.ItcanberegardedasaspiritualrefugeforLuXunwhenhisthoughtsaredepressed,anditcanalsoberegardedasaretreatforhistiredbodyandmind.Thecollectionofprosepoems"Divoká tráva",whichhasacompletelydifferent"gossip"stylefrom"ThePicksofMorningFlowersandEvenings",presentsanother"LuXunstyle".In"Divoká tráva",LuXun'swritingsburstintothehaziness,heavinessandweirdnessofdreams,thegloomandmysteryofghosts;magicalscenes,absurdplots;uncertainvagueideas,incomprehensibleabnormalfeelings;magnificence,Thecoldcolors,thestrangeimagination,thestrongpoeticsentiment...Oneofthemainreasonsforthese"strangevariations"isthepeculiarityofthelanguage-fromthevariationofdailylifelanguage,whichisacombinationofmagnificenceandarduousness.Ontheotherhand,thereasonisthevariantstyleof"Weeds":itclearlyshowsthepoetic,fictionalization("TremblingoftheDecliningLine")anddramatization("Passenger")oftheprose.Thegeneralartisticfeatureof"Divoká tráva"istheintrovertedlyricaltendency.Whatitrevealsisthe"truth"and"deepness"ofthesoul,andistheconsciousexperienceandbreakthroughofthepredicamentof"man".LuXunuseditforreferenceandsuccessfullyabsorbedit.Itusessymbolism,butitisobviouslymoreautonomousthanLiJinfa’srigidtransplantationinthesameperiod.Asaresult,ithasalsoachievedgreatsuccessintheexplorationofartisticexpressionmethods."Divoká tráva"expressestheuncertaintyofthethemeandalmostcontainsLuXun'semotions.,Personalityandevenallaspectsoftheentireinnerworld,itisthespiritualhistoryofthetransitionfromLuXun,aculturalcriticduringtheEnlightenmentperiod,toafighteraftertheEnlightenmentperiod.
Akademická myšlenka
LuXun’sthoughtsonliteraryhistoryareextremelyrichandprofound,emittingashiningbrilliancewiththecharacteristicsofthetimes.Hecreativelyengagedinthecompilationofliteraryhistory,leavingittotwoliteraryhistorymonographs-"Stručná historie čínských románů"and"AnOutlineoftheHistoryofChineseLiterature"",hasmadeagreatcontributiontothestudyofChineseliteraryhistory.Itisextremelyregrettablethat,duetotherealisticandobjectiveconditionsthatwerenotconducivetocreationatthattime,acompletehistoryofChineseliteraturethatheoriginallyplannedtowritecouldnotbecompletedinhislifetime.SupportLuXunTherearetwomajorconceptsforacademiccreation,oneistheliteraryhistoryviewoftheearlyevolutionism,andthesecondistheliteraryhistoryviewguidedbyMarx’smaterialisminthemiddleandlatestages.
LuXunacceptedYanFu’s"TianYanLun"inhisearlyyears."Theinfluenceofthetheoryofevolutionisdeeplyingrainedanddirectlyaffectshisacademicresearch.Ontheonehand,LuXunbelievesthatliterature,asanartform,isconstantlychanginganddeveloping.Ithastheessenceofseekinginnovationandchange,anditschangeanddevelopmentareirresistible."Evolutionislikeaflyingarrow.Itdoesn'tstopfalling,itdoesn'tstopatthings,prayingtoflyandreturntothestring,it'simpossibleforreason."Humansocietyisconstantlyevolving.""Thenovel,oneoftheliterarystyles,"isalsolikeapoem.IthaschangedintheTangDynasty.Althoughitisstillinthesearchforstrangestories,thenarrativeiscircumstantial,andthewordsaregorgeous.Comparedwiththecrudeandcrudeoutlinesofthesixdynasties,theevolutionisveryclear."Andastheinitialformofthenovel,"Forcingtheevolutionofmythology,thecentralpersonisgraduallyapproachinghumannature,andeverythingisnarrated,whichisnowcalledalegend."Ontheotherhand,basedonthecontinuousevolutionanddevelopmentofliterature,LuXunbelievesthatliteraturestillItmustbeinnovated."Intheprocessofevolution,itmustbemetabolized.Sothenewoneshouldgoforwardhappily,thisisstrong,andtheoldoneshouldalsogoforwardhappily,thisisthewayofevolution."InthestudyofliteraryhistoryafteracceptingMarxism,LuXunhasalwaysadheredtomaterialism,proceedingfromtheobjectivityofscience,insistingontheprimacyofmatter,andthinkingthathumanconsciousnessisareflectionandimitationofobjectiveexistence.
Překlad Myšlenky
ListofthefirsteditioncoversofLuXun'stranslationworks(25photos)
LuXunisagreatpioneerofChinesetranslationliterature.Inhislife,translationAndtheintroductionofforeignliteraryworksoccupiesaveryimportantposition.Histranslationideasinvolveallimportantaspectsoftranslation,andhisuniqueinsightsstillhaveahugeguidingroleincurrenttranslationtheoryresearchandtranslationpractice.Comparedwithmanytranslationtheories,LuXun’stranslationHisthoughtsaresimpleandunpretentious,andmostofthemareexpressedthroughmetaphorsclosetolife.Histranslationthoughtsinvolvethefollowingaspects:First,LuXun’spurposeoftranslatingforeignliteraryworksistoservethetransformationofthesociety,nottopromoteordowhathewants.Translationandtranslation.Hesaidintheprefaceof"TheCollectionofForeignNovels":"WhenwewerestudyinginJapan,wehadadazedhope;thatliteratureandartcantransfertemperamentandtransformsociety.Becauseofthisopinion,henaturallythoughtofintroduction.Thismatterofforeignliterature."ItcanbeseenthatLuXunconnectstranslationwithsocialchangesandthedestinyofthepeople.Second,theenlightenmentviewoftranslationwithaudienceselectivity.LuXunexplicitlyincludes"translatedreaders"intotranslationstudies.Hementioned:"WeThetranslationofthebookcannotbeassimpleasthat.Firstofall,itisnecessarytodecidewhatkindofreaderstotranslatetothepublic.Thesepeoplearedividedroughly:A,someareveryeducated;B,someareliterate...".Here,LuXunclassifiedthetargetreadersandpointedoutthatdifferentreadersshouldbeusedindifferenttranslations.Method.Histranslationshouldbeaprinciplethatreadersshouldconsider,andithasthesameeffectastheWesternaestheticsofreception.Third,thetranslationmethodologyof"hardtranslation".LuXunproposedthe"hardtranslation"methodologyinthe1930s.AndinthedebatewithLiangShiqiu,heputforwardthetranslationprincipleof"preferringfaithratherthancompliance".LuXun'sviewisbynomeanstooppose"faith"and"compliance",onthecontrary,heemphasizestheneedtogiveconsiderationtoboth.It’sjustthat“faithfulness”and“shunness”cannotbeachievedatthesametime.Thereasonisthat“thetranslationisfaithfulbutnotsmoothbutnotunderstandable.Ifyouthinkaboutit,youmightunderstandit,butthetranslationissmoothandsmooth.Thosewhodonotbelievecanbemisleading,andtheywillnotunderstandhowtothink.Ifyouseemtohaveunderstood,thenyouarejustlost."The"unsatisfactory"hesaidistotoleratesomeunsatisfactory,notdeliberatelytomaintaintheunsatisfactory,butto"installthetranslationintoadifferentsyntax.""Butthesituationisofcoursenotpermanent.Partofitwillchangefrom"unsuccessful"to"satisfactory",andsomewillbeeliminatedandkickedoffbecauseof"unsuccessful"intheend.Themostimportantthingisourowncriticism.Inthepast100years,Chinesehascontinuouslyabsorbednewexpressions,andhasbeencontinuouslyimprovedanddeveloped,suchas"undertheleadershipof...","when...","just...said",and"strike"thatpeoplehavelongbeenusedto.Theexpressionssuchas"dropthecrocodiletears"and"armedtotheteeth"wereintroducedintoChinesethroughtranslation.ThefactsofthedevelopmentofmodernChinesehaveprovedthatLuXun’spropositionisinlinewiththetrendoflanguagedevelopment.
Vlastnosti kaligrafie
LuXunova kaligrafie (6 fotografií)
LuXunisnotonlyagreatwriterandthinker,butalsoanexcellentcalligraphyHome,becauseofhisideologicalandliteraryachievements,peopleoftenignorehiscalligraphyachievements.GuoMoruooncesaidthathiscalligraphy"farsurpassedtheSongandTangDynasties,andwentstraighttotheWeiandJinDynasties."LuXun'scalligraphywasmostlyinrunningscript.Takingacomprehensivelookatitsstyleandcharacteristics,whenYanZhenqing’s"ZhengZuoTie"emerges,theupperpartblendsthesealscriptandtheZhangCaoYi,thelowerpartmixestheSongpen,theMingandQingdynastywritingmethods,formingasimpleandvigorous,softontheoutside,strongontheinside,sparseandelegant,Freeandeasyartstyle.Thelarge-scalewritings,payingattentiontothecomposition,stablestructure,dignifiedandunpretentioususeofthepen,abandoningthedetailsandgreatbody,theslownessofthespirit,andthecharmstraightintotheWeiandJinDynasties,whichshowsthedepthofhiscalligraphyartaccomplishment.Smalllettersandmanuscriptsarehandyandfamiliar.Duetotimevariations,hastilyineffectiveandancientmethods,theyareofteninnocentandinnocent,whichshowshisearlycalligraphyskills.Inthisregard,thecriticWangJinyusaidthatMr.LuXunhasasolidcalligraphyskills,YuYanTiandBeibeiworkedthemostdiligent,andparticipatedinthesamādhi,buthecompletelyembodiedthebrushworkandcompositionindailynaturalwriting.Mostpeoplecan'tseeitbecauseoftheirpersonalvision,levelandotherreasons.LuXun'scalligraphycanbedividedintothreephases:early,middleandlate,eachwithitsowncharacteristics.Theearlyperiodwasbefore1901.ThemainpatriarchalpatriarchalworkswereTangandSongDynasties.Aglimpseofthewritingsofthetwokingsandthewritingstylesofthetwokings.Thebodycompositionismoredense.Duringthisperiod,theendofthepenissometimesfilledwithyouthfulblood,sothecharmisslightlyinferior.Themiddleperiodwasfrom1911to1927.ThewritingsweremainlybasedonWeiJinKaixing,combinedwithZhangCaoandSealLi,andthewritingstylechangedtosimple,concise,implicitandunpretentious.However,duringthisperiod,thewritingsandwritingsweremorediverse:somepreservedthewritinginWei-Jinlower-casescript;someweremixedwiththetwokingsmethodinYanXing;somestrokeswereroundandround,thecalligraphystylewassimple,andthecompositionwassparse;somewereintegratedintothesealscriptwritingwithacursivechapter.Bodystance;somearethecomebackofhisearlierstyleofwritingandsoon.Allthiscanberegardedasatransitionalperiodbook.Thelaterperiodwasfrom1927to1936,whenthecalligraphywasmature.BasedonLuXun'sstrongfoundationinhisearlyyearsandhismid-termaestheticchoicesaswellaslong-termworkandcopying,LuXun'scalligraphyforthepurposeofworkhasmaturedandstabilizedfromtechniquetoaesthetics,formingauniquestyle.Intermsoftechnique,thebrushisbasedontheround,hidden,butthicklinesofthecenter;thestructureischaracterizedbytheshapeofthecharacters,andtheshapeisdense;thecompositioniselegantandclean,theairisrelaxed,andthefreeandeasynatureisthemainstyle.Intermsofaesthetics,thepurposeissimple,elegant,naturalandancient.
Umělecká myšlenka
LuXun's designworks (5 fotografií)
LuXun’slifehasaverycloserelationshipwithart.Henotonlyhasaprofoundartisticaccomplishmentandin-depthresearchonfinearts,butalsoactivelyadvocatespopularart,personallyparticipatedinalargenumberoffineartspracticeactivities,andwroteagloriouspageinthehistoryofmodernChineseart.ThethoughtoftransformingnationalcharacterbasedonthespiritofpatriotismistherootfoundationoftheformationofLuXun'sartthought.Themainthemeis:toaffirmthesocialutilityoffinearts,emphasizethecloseconnectionbetweenfineartsandsociety,thetimes,andthepeople,andusefineartsasaweapontofightagainstalldark,backward,anddecadentforces,therebychangingthespiritofthepeople.TherichcontentofLuXun'sartthoughtreflectsthetwomostbasicspirits:oneistopayattentiontoandpromotetheartofthemasses,andtheotheristopromotethespiritofrealism.LuXunadvocatedmodernpopularartandpaidattentiontotheancientpopularart—folkart,toshowthatonlybyrespectingthepubliccanfineartshaveendlessvitality.LuXun'srealismspiritisconcentratedinhistreatmentofartheritageas"usedism"inhistreatmentofartcreationitself.Itismanifestedasemphasizingtheideologicalandspiritualconnotationofthework.Advocatingmassartandadvocatingthespiritofrealismcomplementeachother.StrungtogethertherichcontentofLuXun'sartthought.Charakteristika básní
LuXunalsowrotemanyexcellentpoemsinhiscreativecareer.Althoughtheoverallnumberisnotverylarge,therearemanypraiseworthyandin-depthresearchesonitsartisticcharacteristics.GuoMoruooncecommented:"Mr.LuXunhasnointentionofcomposingpoems,andoccasionally,hewillsingeveryperfectsong.Eithertherhino-horncandleisstrange,orthelivershines."LuXun'spoemsareparticularlyprominentinthecreationofarchaicpoems,andthesepoemsarenotonlycontent.Richandcatchy,withhighartisticbeautyandideologicalcharacteristics,itisagoodcombinationofrevolutionaryrichemotionsandperfectartisticcharacteristics.
LuXun's spoems (2 fotografie)
TheartisticcharacteristicsofLuXun'sclassicalpoetrymainlyhavethefollowingpoints:First,ithasadistinctivepersonalityandarealimage.InLuXun'sancientstylepoems,readerscanoftenreallyfeeltheemotionstheauthorwantstoexpressthroughthevariousnaturalscenerieshedescribesorsomespecificcharacters.Thesesceneriesareextremelywideinscopeandhavedeepmeaning,suchas"ThousandForests","HeronShadows","YellowSheep"andsoon.Thecharactersinclude"XuFu","Mother","Husband","Hero"andsoon.Sometimes,theauthoroftenuseshimselfasthesubjectofthepoemintheformofaself-portrait,expressingwhathethinksstraightforwardly,andlettingtheworldrealizethesubjecthewantstocriticizeandpraisewithhisbroadmind.Forexample,inthepoem"Untitled·UsedtoLongNightsinSpring",theauthoruses"thetearsoflovingmothersarefaintindreams,andthecityheadchangestheking'sflag."Asimpleandclearsentencesurroundsoneselfinwhitesurroundedbyfamilymembers'thoughtsofthemselvesandwarlordsandthepeoplearenotliving.Thesceneisvividlyoutlined.Theauthordidn'tusetoomuchlanguagetopavetheway,butonlyreliedonthetwoimagesof"Mother'sTears"and"Dawangqi"toexpressitinafascinatingmanner.Second,thelanguageissimpleandtheintentionisprofound.ThelanguageofLuXun'spoemsissimpleandnatural,withouttoomuchdecorationandrendering,anditiskindandnaturaltoread.However,whenyoucarefullysavorit,youcanimmediatelydiscovertheintentionofitsexpression,buttheemotionitpromotesisfarfromthat.Plain.Forexample,inthepoem"TheGengziSendstheStoveIsaMatter",onecanclearlyfindakindofemotionimplicitinLuXun'spoem-theironyandlashingoffeudalsuperstition.Theauthorchoosesthismattertoreflectthepovertyinthefamily.Theimplicitcontentisthatthekitchengoddoesnotexist.Worshipingthekitchengodwillonlymakethepovertyathomeworse.Ifyouwanttogetridofyourfate,youcanonlyrelyonyourselfandrelyonpersonalstruggleinexchangefortomorrow.Happiness.Third,richrhetoricanddiverseforms.Intermsofrhetoric,LuXun’scommonlyusedrhetoricincludesmetaphor,exaggeration,allusion,irony,andantithesis.TheserhetoricaltechniqueswithdifferentfunctionsanddistinctivefeatureshavebecomeverygoodweaponsforpropagatingthoughtsandventingemotionsinLuXun'swriting,andalsoletreadersdeeplyrealizeLuXun'sprofoundknowledgeandwisemind.Inaddition,LuXun'sancientstylepoemsarealsoveryrich,includingfive-characterverses,seven-characterquatrains,andseven-characterverses.Forexample,thefivewordsinclude"TheGengziGivestheStove"and"Title"Wandering"",etc.,andthesevenwordsinclude"AnswertotheGuest"and"Self-InscribedSmallPortrait".Vliv postav
Vliv literatury a umění
LuXunisaculturalgiantinthe20thcentury.Hehasworkedonnovels,essays,essays,woodcuts,modernpoems,old-stylepoems,translationsofclassics,andancientbooks.Manyfieldssuchascollationandmodernacademicshavemadegreatcontributions.AsthegreatfounderofmodernChineseliterature,LuXun’sfewnovelscreatedanewformofChinesenovels;hisprose“showstheachievementsoftheliteraryrevolution”;theessayshecreatedarefullofmodernity,Liberal,critical,andcombativearethe"criticalweapons"mostcommonlyusedbywritersoflatergenerations.HisessaysaremoreaboutChinesesociety,politics,history,law,religion,morals,philosophy,literature,artandevenculturalpsychology,civilsociety,andcivilsociety.Anencyclopediaofsex,folklore,folklore...AlmostallChinesewritershavedevelopeddifferentliterarystylesonthebasisofLuXun'screation.Asatranslator,hetranslatedalargenumberofforeignliteraryworks,scientificandnaturalworks,andmadeahugecontributiontounlockingthepeople'swisdomandintroducingadvancedscientificandculturalideas.Asanartlover,LuXunintroducedalargenumberofWesternwoodcutsandprints,andsupportedyoungpeopletolearnwoodcutsandprintsinthetheoreticalandspiritualaspects,whichgreatlypromotedthespreadanddevelopmentofmodernwoodcutsandprintsinmodernChina.ModernChina'sfineartshavemadeoutstandingcontributions.
Akademický vliv
Asanacademicresearcher,ontheonehand,LuXunusedWesternliteraryconceptstostudyChineseclassicalnovelsandwrote"Stručná historie čínských románů",whichnotonlyended"TheerawhenChinesenovelshavenohistory"hasalsocreatedatypicalexampleofliteraryhistoryworks,"showingcountlesswaysforlaterlearners".GuoMoruoandWangGuowei's"TheHistoryofSongandYuanOperas"arebothreferredtoasmodernChineseShuangbiinacademichistory.Ontheotherhand,hecollatedandcorrecteddozensofancientbookssuchas"AncientNovels","JiKangCollection","HanPortraitCollection","HuijiCountyAncientBooksMiscellaneousCollection"andotherdozensofancientbooks.wealth.
Duchovní vliv
LuXuncanbecalledthenationalsoulofmodernChina.Hisspirithasprofoundlyinfluencedhisreaders,researchers,andevengenerationsofmodernChinesewritersandintellectuals..LuXunwasalsooneoftheworld'sculturalgiantsinthe20thcentury.Hecreated"bothinsideandoutside,bothmergedwiththecontemporarytrendsoftheworld,withoutdamagingChina'snationalcharacter",andhasauniquepersonalstyleof"theChinesewhowanttoparticipateinthecauseoftheworldtoday"literature.Liketheworld'soutstandingthinkersandwritersofthesameperiod,whilepayingattentiontohisownnation,healsopaidattentiontotheproblemsfacedbymankindandmadehisownuniquecontribution.
Politický vliv
LuXunpursueddemocracythroughouthislife.HedeclaredwaronfeudalandoldcultureasearlyasthebeginningoftheNewLiteratureMovement,constantlystrugglingwiththeoldideasandculturethatoppressedthepeople.Afterthe"WomenTeachersUniversityTide"occurred,hearguedwiththewarlordswhopersecutedthestudents.LuXunwasnotafraidofrapeandwrotetofight,showingthespiritofanuprightliterati.Afterwards,undertheruleoftheKuomintang,itboldlydiscloseditsdarkrule.Inthe1930s,theystruggledwiththewrongleft-leaningliteraryandartisticlineoftheCommunistParty.Later,incooperationwithliteraryandartisticworkersundertheleadershipoftheparty,theyestablishedtheLeagueofLeft-wingWritersledbytheproletarianliteraryandideologicalthoughts.AstheleaderoftheLeftLeague,LuXunledtheLeftLeaguetocrushtheKuomintangreaction.Theconspiracyofliteratureandarttostrangletheproletarianliteratureandartinvain.
Charakteranekdoty
AsthemostcontributorywriterinthehistoryofmodernChineseliterature,LuXunhasbeenfabricatedmanyanecdotesafterhisdeath.Becauseitisdifficulttodistinguishbetweentrueandfalse,theyareoftencirculatedwidelyandunknown.Itstrueandfalse.Themorefamousofthesefalserumorsis"TheStoryofLuXun'sHaircut",whichisprovedtograftthestoryoftheshavedheadinthebook"LaughsandSmiles"compiledbyQingdynastyscholars.Inaddition,"LuXunLostCottonTrousers"and"ACloseFriendInformedtoHelpLuXunEvacuate"haveallbeenverifiedasfalse.AnotheranecdoteofLuXun'soppositiontoacertainbookstore's"non-paymentofpunctuationandblanks"isstillinconclusive.Regardingthequestionoftrueandfalsetextualresearch,pleaserefertothepaperswrittenbyLuXunresearchexpertsfordetailedinformation.
Vynikající známky
WhenLuXunwasintheMiningRoadSchool,hisacademicperformancewasoutstanding.Theschool’sdirectorQianDepeioncepraisedhim:"ZhouShurenisreallyknowledgeable."Atthattime,everytimehetookanexamTherearebonuses.TheChineselanguageisonceaweek,andtheotherquizzesareonceamonth,andthebestonesaregiventhird-classsilvermedals.Accordingtotheregulations:everyfourthird-classchaptersareallowedtobeexchangedforasecond-classone,afewsecond-classonesareexchangedforafirst-classone,andafewfirst-classonesareexchangedforagoldone.Inthewholeclass,onlyLuXunreceivedthiskindofgoldenmedal.
Pomáhat mládeži
WhenLuXunwasinGuangzhou,ayoungmanwasinfluencedbyhimandfollowedhimtoShanghai.AfterarrivinginShanghai,LuXunenthusiasticallystayedinhisapartmentinJingyun,andlaterthemanaskedLuXuntofindhimajobinShanghai.LuXunfoundYuDafuinadifficultsituationandsaidthattherewasnoway.Hehadtoaskabookstorenewspapertoaskhimtodothingsinname.ThemonthlysalaryofthirtytofortyyuanwastakenoutbyLuXunhimself,andDafutransferredittothebookstorenewspaperasamonthlysalary.he.TheextentofLuXun'ssupportandassistancetotheyouthcanbeseen.
Známost krku
LuXunandthefamousmodernmedicalscientistandfounderofZhejiangMedicalUniversityLiSuizhiandQianXuesen’sfatherQianJunfuaretheacquaintancesoftheneck.ThethreeofthemwenttoJapantostudytogetherin1902,andtheysharedthesamebedroominthesameclass.LuXun'smedicalgraduationthesisongeneticswaswrittenbyLiSuizhi'shelp.Thenamesofthetwowerealsolistedinthe"Who'sWhoinJapan"atthetime.AlthoughLuXun,LiSuizhi,andQianJunfuwereindifferentuniversities,theystillgatheredtogethertodiscusstheworldandexpressthegrandplanofnationalsalvation.Aftertheyreturnedtothecountry,theyoftenwentbacktoeachother,andthefriendshipremainedthesame.
Malý bílý a červený slon
LinYutangoncewroteinanarticlethatMr.LuXuniscommendableinChina,andheisknownasthe"WhiteElephant".Becauseelephantsaremostlygray,whenyouencounterawhiteone,itisregardedasanationaltreasure.XuGuangpingoftenreferredtohimasthe"littlewhiteelephant"whenhewasseparatedfromLuXunandexchangedletters,andLuXunoccasionallyreferredtohimselfashimselfinhisletters.AfterthebirthofhissonZhouHaiying,LuXunuseditasagifttohissonasthe"littleredelephant",whichcanbedescribedas"awhiteelephantandaredelephantandafatherandson."Littleelephant,redred,littleredelephant;littleelephant,littlered,littleredelephant,littlered,littleelephant,littleredred.”Thewarmthofthehusband’spitycanbeseen.
Žádné velké rukopisy
LuXundidn’tcareaboutthepreservationofmanuscripts.Heoftenlitteredthemanuscripts,andsometimesdistributedthemtovisitinggueststowipetheirhands,orevensoldthemasscraps.AwriterXiaoHongboughtfrieddoughsticksonLaduRoadinShanghaitoeat,butfoundoutthatthesheetoffrieddoughstickswasactuallythemanuscriptpaperofLuXun’stranslationof"Mrtvé duše".XiaoHongwassurprisedandwrotetoLuXun,butwhenLuXunknewaboutitNotsurprising.XiaoHonghadnochoicebuttotruthfullytellXuGuangpingthisknowledge,andXuGuangpingseverelycriticizedLuXunforthis.
Učení z buddhismu a taoismu
Inthemindsofscholar-officials,BuddhismishigherthanTaoism.Thechangesinthemodernideologicalworldhavefurtherstrengthenedscholars’goodwilltowardsBuddhism.LuXunonceaskedforalargenumberofpurchasesandstudiedBuddhistscriptures.LuXunoncesaid:"Shakyamuniisreallyagreatphilosopher.Iusuallyhavemanydifficultproblemsinlife,andhehasalreadyunderstoodmostoftheenlightenment.Itisagreatphilosopher!"AboutTaoismInrelationtoChinesesociety,themostfamousassertionisprobablywhatLuXunsaid:"ChinaisrootedinTaoism."Intheeyesofmanyintellectuals,TaoismisthesourceofthemaladiesinChinesesocietyandculture.LuXunalsoclaimedthattheTaoist"stoletheBuddhistscripturesandmadetheTaoistscripturesindiscriminately,andthisscripturecametocursetheBuddhistscriptures,andontheotherhand,heusednastymethodstoharmthemonks,causingthemtobesmokyandchaotic."
Náklonnost učitele a studenta
DuringhisstudiesinJapan,LuXunandhisteacherYankuroFujino'sdayandnightgettingalongwitheachotherhadanimportantinfluenceonhisgoingtotheworld.FujinograduatedfromtheAichiPrefecturalMedicalSchool(nowNagoyaUniversity),andhewaspromotedtoprofessortwomonthsbeforeLuXunenrolled.WhenFujinospokewithanaccentfromhishometownofFukuiCounty,LuXunwasnotusedtoit,butfeltcordial.LuXun,whowasdeterminedtoabandonthedoctorandgotoschool,finallyappliedtoFujinotowithdrawfromschool."Mr.Fujino"isLuXun'smemoriesoflifeinSendai.Later,FujinolearnedthatZhouShuren,aformerChinesestudentstudyingabroad,becameawriterLuXun,andwrotehisstoryinprose.
Připomínka pozdějších generací
Cena za literaturu LuXun
SponsoredbytheChineseWritersAssociation,theCena za literaturu LuXunisoneofChina’shighestliteraryawards.Itisselectedonceayear.Itaimstorewardthecreationofexcellentnovellas,shortstories,reportage,poems,essays,andliterarytheoryreviews,rewardthetranslationofChineseandforeignliteraryworks,andpromotetheprosperityanddevelopmentofChineseliterature.
Pamětní místa
Bývalé sídlo LuXunu (4 fotografie)
AsofSeptember2013,thereare11LuXunmemorialplacesinChina:theyarerespectivelyBeijingLuXunMuseum,BeijingLuXun’sFormerResidence;ShanghaiLuXunMemorial,ShanghaiLuXun’sFormerResidence,andLuXun’sTomb;XiamenLuXunMemorialinXiamen;GuangzhouLuXunMemorialinGuangzhou;NanjingLuXunMemorialinNanjing;ShaoxingLuXunMemorialinShaoxing,ShaoxingLuXunTheformerresidenceandLinhaiLuxunExhibitionHallinLinhaiCounty,ZhejiangProvince.ExceptfortheprivateLuXunmemorialhallsponsoredbytheZhejiangLinhaiLuXunExhibitionHall,theothersareallofficiallysponsored.ThelargeronesareShanghai,BeijingandShaoxing.Shaoxing Memorial Hall
TheShaoxingLuXunMemorialHallwasestablishedinJanuary1953.ItislocatedontheeastsideofLuXun’sformerresidence.ItisadjacenttoLuXun'sancestralresidenceintheeast,ZhoujiaxintaiGateinthewest,ZhujiataiGateinthenorth,Dongchangfangkouinthesouth,andShoujiataiGateacrosstheriver.LuXunlivedinhisformerresidencenexttothismemorialwhenhewasadolescent,andLuXunhasmentionedthismanytimesinhisworkssincethen.
Pekingské muzeum
BeijingLuxunMuseumislocatedinFuchengmenInnerStreet,XichengDistrict,BeijingGongmenkouErTiaoNo.19,October1,1949,justafterthefoundingofNewChina,XuGuangpingarrangedtheformerresidenceofLuXunatNo.21XisantiaoHutongasitwas,andopeneditonOctober19,1949onLuXun’s13thanniversaryofhisdeath.FromMay1924toAugust1926,LuXunlivedhere.HereLuXuncompletedhiscollectionsof"The HuagaiCollection","The HuagaiCollectionPokračování","Weeds"andsomearticlesin"Wandering","Hrob",and"ComeontheFlowerintheEvening".
Shanghai Memorial Hall
ShanghaiLuXunMemorialHallisthefirstmemorialhallinthecountryafterthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina(Museum),foundedin1950,islocatedatNo.200Tian'aiRoad,HongkouDistrict,Shanghai.Themuseumwasnamedthefirstbatchof"nationalfirst-classmuseums"bytheStateAdministrationofCulturalHeritagein2008.Today,theLuXunMemorialHallinShanghaihasformedatrinityofmemorialbuildingsthatdisplaythelifeofLuXun'sformerresidence,LuXun'stomb,andLuXun'smemorialhall.