vynález - techintroduce

WordSolution

(1)Tvorba (nové věci nebo metody).

(2) Hrajte kreativně.

(3)Discoveroneorseveralnaturalelementsorcombinationsofsubstancesthatothershavenotdiscovered.

(4) Vynálezy starověké čínštiny: osvícení a objasnění.

(5)OnetypeofinventionsandcreationsprotectedbythePatentLawreferstonewtechnicalsolutionsproposedforproducts,methodsorimprovements.

Definice

In1888,Darwingaveadefinitionofscience:"Scienceistoorganizefacts,discoverlawsfromthem,anddrawconclusions."Darwin'sdefinitionpointsouttheconnotationofscience,namelyfactsandlaws.Scienceneedstodiscoverfactsthatpeopledon'tknow,anduseitasabasis,seekingtruthfromfacts,ratherthanpurethinkingthatisdivorcedfromreality.Asforthelaw,itreferstotheinevitableconnectionoftheinherentessencebetweenobjectivethings.Therefore,scienceisbasedonpractice,andhasbeentestedbypracticeandrigorouslylogicallydemonstrated.Itisaknowledgesystemaboutthenatureofvariousthingsintheobjectiveworldandthelawsofmotion.

Inventionistheprocessandresultofapplyingthelawsofnaturetosolveuniqueproblemsinthetechnicalfieldandproposinginnovativesolutionsandmeasures.Theproductwasinventedtomeettheneedsofpeople'sdailylife.Inventionscanbedividedintousefulinventionsanduselessinventions.Theresultsoftheinventioneitherprovideunprecedentedmodelsofartificialnaturalobjects,orprovidenewprocessesandnewmethodsforprocessing.Theinnovationandtransformationofmachineryandequipment,instrumentequipmentandvariousconsumergoods,aswellasrelatedmanufacturingprocesses,productionprocesses,anddetectionandcontrolmethodsareallinventions.

Inthefieldofintellectualproperty,inventionreferstooneofthetypesofpatentsprotectedbythe"PatentLaw",andreferstonewtechnicalsolutionsforproducts,methodsorimprovements.Inventionsinthefieldofpatentshavetheirstipulatedobjectsofprotectionorobjectsofprotection.

Funkce

Inventionsaredifferentfromscientificdiscoveries.Inventionsmainlycreatethingsthatwerenotthereinthepast,anddiscoveriesmainlyrevealtheexistenceandattributesofunknownthings.

Theinventionisanoveltechnologicalachievement,notsimplyimitatingexistingartifactsorrepeatingtheschemesandmeasuresthathavebeenputforwardbythepredecessors.Atechnologicalachievementcannotbecalledaninventionifitcanbefoundintheexistingtechnologicalsystemintermsofprinciple,structureandfunction.

Theinventionmustnotonlyprovidesomethingunprecedented,butalsoprovidesomethingmoreadvancedthantheprevioustechnology,thatis,superiortotheexistingtechnologyintermsofprinciple,structure,andespeciallyfunctionalbenefits.Inventionsalwayshavebothinheritanceandcreation,andingeneral,theyaremostlyadvanced.

Theinventionmustbeaninnovationwithapplicationvalue,ithasaclearpurpose,novelandadvancedpracticality.Theinventionplanshouldnotonlyreflecttheattributes,structureandlawsofexternalthings,butalsoreflecttheirownneeds.Beforetheinventorcreatesanewproductornewprocess,hehaspre-builtthedesignedobjectaccordingtothefunctionalrequirementsinhisconcept,andconstantlyimproveshisplanaccordingtotheoptimizedfunctionaltargetduringtheprocessofinvention.

Inventionisdifferentfromactualtechnologyorfieldtechnologyinactualproductionandengineering.Aninventionmusthaveapplicationprospectsandpossibletechnicalsolutionsandmeasures.Whetheraninventioncanbeappliedtoaproductionprocessorengineeringactivityalsodependsonwhetheritcanbeincorporatedintoanexistingtechnicalsystemorcauseaninnovationinanexistingtechnicalsystem,andConditionsoffunds,equipment,manpower,materials,management,andmarkets.Withinvention,theremaynotnecessarilybeacorrespondingproductorprocess,anditmaynotbeabletosolvepracticalproblemsinproductionandengineering.Onlybytransforminginventionsintoproductdevelopmentandprocesstesting,intotechnologicalinnovation,trialproduction,massproduction,andpopularizationandapplication,canitbecomeareality.

ScientificandtechnologicalinventionsmostlycomefromEuropeandtheUnitedStates.The"materialization"oftheseinventionsintonewproductsorprototypesalsocomesfromthehandsofEuropeansandAmericans.However,mostofthe"finalstage"workofturninganewproductortrialproductintoaproductworthyofmassproductionandbringingittothemarketismostlydonebytheJapanese.

Aninvestigationagencymadeaninternationalcomparisonofthenumberofnewinventions,newproductizations,andnewcommercializationsintheworldinthe20thcentury.Theresultsare:First,thenumberofnewinventionsfromtheUnitedStatesreached29ThenumberofnewinventionsfromEuropereached11,whilethenumberofnewinventionsfromJapanwaszero;second,thenumberofnewproductsfromtheUnitedStatesreachedasmanyas30,andthenumberofnewproductsfromEuropewassix,whilethenumberofnewproductsfromJapanwasonlyTherearetwo;third,thereareonly6newproductsfromtheUnitedStateswiththemostinventions,twoinEurope,andasmanyas24newproductsfromJapanwithzeroinventions.

ThisshowsthatalthoughEuropeansandAmericansaregoodatinvention,toacertainextent,theyarealsogoodat"materializing"inventionsintorefreshingproducts;buttheyoftenfailto"carrythemthrough"andrealizeXiongBiThewholecontentof"innovation"asdefinedbythespecialdefinitionisthedevelopmentofnewproducts,newmarkets,newproductionmethods;newsourcesofsupplyofrawmaterials,etc.

Typ

Accordingtothedegreeofinnovation,inventionscanbedividedintotwocategories.

Průkopnická technologie

Thiskindofinventionisbasedonthebasicprincipleofthenewtechnicalschemewhichisqualitativelydifferentfromtheexistingtechnology.Itisalsocalledthebasictechnologicalinvention.Forexample,theinventionofsteamenginetechnologypioneeredtheconversionofthermalenergytomechanicalenergy,whichisfundamentallydifferentfromsimplemachinerythatonlyconvertsmechanicalenergy.Theinventionofelectricpowertechnologybasedontheprincipleofelectromagneticinductioncreatedthemutualtransformationofelectricalenergyandmechanicalenergy.Fromtheuseofchainnuclearreactionprinciplestotheuseofnuclearfusionreactionprinciples,groundbreakingnucleartechnologyinventionscanbeobtained.Mostpioneeringtechnologicalinventionsinmoderntimesandmoderntimesareconditionedonbreakthroughsinscientificprinciplesandconsciouslyapplynewscientificprinciplestosolvetechnicalproblems.Manymajorbreakthroughsinsciencewillleadtopioneeringinventionsintechnology.

Vylepšená technologie

Thiskindofinventionchangesandsupplementstheexistingtechnologytovaryingdegreeswhilethebasicprincipleremainsunchanged.Itisalsocalledanimprovedtechnologyinvention.Forexample,theuseoftungstenfilamentsinsteadofcarbonfilamentsinelectriclampsandargoninsteadofvacuumareallbasedonthesameprincipleofelectrothermalluminescence.Theinventionofhigh-pressuresteamengine,steamturbineandmulti-cylindersteamengineareallimprovementstosteamenginetechnology.Improvedtechnicalinventionsarebasedonpioneeringtechnicalinventions,andpioneeringtechnicalinventionsareimprovedanddevelopedbymeansofimprovedtechnicalinventions.Improvedtechnologicalinventionsmaybebasedonnewscientificdiscoveries,butinmanycasestheyrelyonlong-termexperienceaccumulationandexperienceexploration.Withoutafundamentalbreakthroughinscientificprinciples,itispossibletomakeanimprovedtechnologicalinventionofgreatvalue.Thedistinctionbetweenimprovedtechnologicalinventionsandpioneeringtechnologicalinventionsisrelative.

Pioneeringtechnologicalinventionsoftenleadtofundamentalchangesintechnologicalsystems,whichareofgreatsignificance.Amongthetechnologicalinventions,themostnumerousaretheimprovedones.Improvingmaterials,structures,processes,andfunctionsrelatedtobasictechnologieswillleadtoimprovedtechnologicalinventions.Transplantingandapplyingabasictechnologytomultipleobjectsusuallyrequireschangingsomeaspectsofthebasictechnologyandderivingotherinventions.Thisisanapplication-improvedtechnologyinvention.Combiningavarietyofexistingtechnologiestoformanunprecedentedsystemtoachieveacertainnewfunctionoftenrequiresimprovementstotheexistingtechnologiestoproducesomeinventions,whicharecomprehensivelyimprovedtechnologicalinventions.Innovationsandimprovementsintheshape,structure,anddesignofproductssometimeshaveaninventivenature.

Význam

Discoveryexplainstheworld,andthekeytotheproblemliesinchangingtheworld.Whatchannelisusedtochangetheworld?Throughinvention,wechangetheworld.Inthecourseofhistory,inventionisinit.Playsadecisiverole,andtheinventionofathingisdonebyasinglepersonaloneorcollectively.Thewholeworldhasneverleftinventionandcreationsinceancienttimes.Therearecountlessbeautifulthingsthatweenjoytoday.Theyareallobtainedthroughthehandsofpeoplewhocaninventandcreate.Throughoutthepastandthepresent,theworld'smajorinventionsafterthe16thcenturyhavenotbeeninventedbytheChinese,whileWesternEuropeisitsmainbirthplace,andasmallpartofitisthecontributionofcountriesoutsideWesternEurope.Creationandinventionarewhereeverynationwins.Withoutorless,itwillbecomeinsignificant,trivial,vulnerable,andpassivelybeaten.

Itistheessenceofmankindtobeabletoactivelyunderstandandtransformnature,andtocontinuouslydiscoverandinvent.Humanbeingsusenaturalconditionstocreatelabormethodsandcrafts,andintheprocessofinventingartifacts,theyareawareofthenatureoftheexternalworldandtheirownpower.

Inventionisthestartingpointoftechnologyandproductionactivities.Withtheinventionandapplicationofstone-makingtoolsandartificialfiremaking,thehistoryofhumanmaterialproductionandsociallifebegan.Technologicalchangeandtechnologicalprogress,theimprovementofproductivityandpeople'slivingstandards,andthedevelopmentofsocietyandhistoryareallinseparablefrominventionandcreation.Theprogressofancientsocietyreliedoninventionssuchasthegrindingofstonetools,thesmeltingofcopperandiron,themakingofpotteryandsunbricks,andthebreedingofsilkworms.Theindustrialrevolutioninthe18thcenturybeganwiththeinventionofnewtextilemachinesandsteamengines.Electroniccomputersandaseriesofmoderninventionshavefundamentallychangedpeople'sworkingmethods,livingconditionsandsocialoutlook.Thehistoryofhumancivilizationisfirstofallahistoryofinventionandcreation.

Inventorsinhistoryareoftenunclearaboutthesocialsignificanceoftheircreativeactivities.Whentheyimproveexistingutensilsortechniques,mostofthemproceedfromtheirimmediateneeds,anditisimpossibleandimpossibletofullyrealizethegreatvalueandapplicationconsequencesoftheirinventions.Moreover,theyusuallyengageininventionandcreationinanamateurway.Inmoderntimes,especiallyinmoderntimes,peoplehaveincreasinglyclearlyrecognizedtheimportanceofinvention,solicitedinventionsbyofferingrewards,andencouragedandprotectedinventionswiththepatentsystem.Inventionhasbecomeaspecializedprofession.Inventorshavetheirowndevelopmentandresearchinstitutionsandorganizationsthatexchangeachievements.Researchontheregularityofinventionsandcreationshasbeenvalued,andinventioneducationandtrainingoninventionmethodshavebeenpopularized.Moderntechnologicalinventionshavegreatlyimprovedtheirconsciousness,qualityandquantity.

Technologicalinventionsmustusenaturalknowledgeandscientificprinciples,andrelyontechnologicalinnovationsinproductionandengineeringtobeeffective.Comparedwithinvention,scientificresearchhasmoreguidingandpracticalsignificanceformaterialproduction.Butsciencemustbeinventedbeforeitcanbecometechnology,andtechnologymustbeinventedbeforeitcanbecomeanewproductivity.Technicalideasandtechnicalsolutionsaretheintermediaryforthetransitionfromknowledgetopractice,andarethekeylinkintheprocessofsciencetransformingintoproductivityandengineeringapplications.

Patenty

Úvod

Inordertopromoteinventionsandtheirapplications,thestaterecognizesinventionsaspatentsinlegalform.Inageneralsense,thecreationsandimprovementsthatpeoplemakeintechnologicalactivitiesthatarenovel,advanced,andpracticalareallinventions;inventionsrecognizedbythestateandlawsarenotthesame.Theinventionsrequiredbythepatentlawhavenovelty,whichonlyreferstothetechnicalsolutionsthathavenotbeendisclosedorseenbefore,andsometimesonlyrequiresuchnoveltyinthecountry,whichisdifferentfromtheunprecedentedinthehistoryoftechnologicaldevelopment.TheadvancednatureoftheinventionmentionedinthePatentLawmeansthatthenewsolutionhasasignificantimprovementovertheoriginaltechnology,ratherthanaslightimprovement.Noveldesignsarealsoprotectedbylawandcanbepatented,buttheyareusuallynotrecognizedasinventions.Whenjudgingthepracticalityofaninvention,thepatentlawincludesconsiderationofsocialvalueandnationalconditions,anddoesnotgrantpatentrightstoinventionsandcreationsthatviolatenationallaws,socialethics,orinterferewithpublicinterests.Ingeneral,nopatentsaregrantedforinventionsonmedicines,food,nuclearmaterials,anddiseasediagnosisandtreatmentmethods.

Inventionistheresultofvalueandusevalue.Thepatentfixesthecommodityattributesoftheinventioninlegalformandmakesitapropertythatcannotbepossessedfreeofcharge,therebyprotectingtheinterestsoftheinventor.Patentyalsorequireinventorstodisclosetheircreationstobenefitothersforpaiduse,andtoimplementinventionsandcreationsasalegalobligationofthepatenteetopromotetheexchangeoftechnicalinformationandthepromotionandapplicationofinventions.

Vynálezpatentového zákona

Inordertoprotectthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofpatentees,encourageinventionsandcreations,promotetheapplicationofinventionsandcreations,improveinnovationcapabilities,andpromotescientificandtechnologicalprogressandeconomicandsocialdevelopment,Thecountryhasformulatedapatentlaw.Inthepatentlaw,patentsrefertoinventionpatents,utilitymodelpatentsanddesignpatents.Amongthem,aninventionpatentapplicationiscalledaninventionpatentafterithasbeengrantedapatentrightbythenationalpatentofficeinaccordancewiththePatentLaw.AccordingtoArticle2oftheChinesePatentLaw,aninventionreferstoanewtechnicalsolutionproposedforaproduct,methodorimprovement.

Theinventiongrantedapatentrightshouldbenovel,creativeandpractical.

Noveltymeansthattheinventionorutilitymodeldoesnotbelongtothepriorart;nounitorindividualhasfiledanapplicationforthesameinventionorutilitymodeltothePatentAdministrationDepartmentoftheStateCouncilbeforethefilingdate,andRecordedinthepatentapplicationdocumentsorpublishedpatentdocumentspublishedafterthefilingdate.

Inventivenessmeansthatcomparedwiththepriorart,theinventionhasoutstandingsubstantivefeaturesandsignificantprogress,andtheutilitymodelhassubstantivefeaturesandprogress.

Practicabilitymeansthattheinventionorutilitymodelcanbemanufacturedorused,andcanproducepositiveeffects.

Patentapplicationsforinventionsthatdonotgrantpatentrights:

(1)Vědecké objevy;

(2) Pravidla pro intelektuální aktivity a metody;

(3)způsoby diagnostiky a léčby nemocí;

(4)druhy zvířat a rostlin;

(5)získat metodou jaderné transformace

(6)Nopatentshallbegrantedforinventionsandcreationsthatviolatetheprovisionsoflawsandadministrativeregulationstoobtainorusegeneticresourcesandrelyonthegeneticresourcestocomplete.

Důvody

Thetechnologicalinventionsofeacheraarecloselyrelatedtothelevelofsocialproductivityandthestateofscienceandtechnologyatthattime,anddependonthequality,abilityandwayofthinkingoftheinventor.

Meetingandconformingtosocialneedsarethebasicconditionsformakingtechnologicalinventions.Thegrowthofsocialdemandproposesnewtechnologicalgoals.Thecontradictionbetweentheoriginaltechnicalmeansandthenewtechnicalgoalpromotesandencouragesinvention.Intechnologicalactivities,theaccumulationandintegrationofknowledgeandexperiencewillalsoleadtoinnovativetechnologicalideasandinventions.Newtechnologicalachievementscantriggernewdemandsandhelpthepopularizationandapplicationofnewinventions.

Inventioniscreativementalwork.Newtechnicalsolutionsoftentakemany,dozensorevenhundredsoftrialsandovercomemanydifficultiesandsetbacksbeforetheycanbeformed.Dedication,perseverance,hardworkandpracticearethebasicqualitiesofaninventor.

Theproposalofnewtechnicalideasandtechnicalsolutionsisbasedonadeepunderstandingofthemechanismoftheexistingtechnologyandinsightintoitscrux,anddeepunderstandingandinsightdependonasubstantialknowledgebackground.Asthedifficultyoftechnologicalinventionincreases,thedemandforknowledgebecomeshigher,notonlygeneralprofessionalknowledge,cross-professionalknowledge,butalsostrongbasicscientifictheoreticalknowledgeandmathematicalknowledge.

Inventingistobeunconventionalandevenwhimsical,totransformseeminglyimpossiblethingsintorealitywithoutstickingtostereotypes.Thedisplayofcreativethinkingabilityisofspecialimportanceintheprocessofbrewingandformingnewideas.Imagination,guessing,intuition,inspirationandcreationarecloselyrelated.

invention

Atechnicalgoalmaybeachievedbydifferenttechnicalmeans.Inordertorealizeatechnicalinventionwithacertainfunctionalrequirement,thereareoftenseveralschemes,andeachschememayincludeseveralalternativesubschemes.Inventorsmusthaveabroadvisionandbegoodatcomparing,screeningandverifyingvarioustechnicalsolutionsbasedoncomprehensivefactorssuchasfunctionalvaluerelationships,resourcesandenvironment.Theformationanddeterminationofnewtechnicalsolutionsmustbeguidedbyscientificthinkingmethods.Theexperiencesummaryoftechnologicalinventionisconducivetotheimprovementandapplicationofscientificandtechnologicalmethodology.

20. století

TenInventions

Rádio v roce 1901

Intheearly20thcentury,almostnooneItcanbeimaginedthatanelectromagneticwavecantravelanymeaningfuldistancewithoutanymetalwireorcableasaconductor.Sohowcantheradiosignaltravelalongthesurfaceoftheearth?Ofcourseitcanshootoffthehorizonalongastraightline.ButGuglielmoMarconibelievesthatifsomeconditionsareprovided,radiowavescantravelalongthesurfaceoftheearth.In1895,inhisbirthplaceofItaly,helaunchedaradiosignalandtraveled1.5miles;6yearslater,onDecember12,1901,Marconi,whowasonly27yearsold,performedamiracle.Theradioantennawasfirmlytiedtothehigh-flyingkite,andaMorsecode"S"wastransmitted.Ittraveledabout2,000milesacrosstheAtlanticOcean.ThissignalwassentfromthetownofPoldhooinCornwall,England,andreachedthereceivingplaceofSt.JohninNewfoundlandinlessthanasecond.Marconiheardthreefainttickingsounds.Thisisthesoundoftheannouncementofthebirthofthecommunicationsindustry,andthefirstshockwaveofthearrivaloftheelectronicage.Thiseraincludesradio,televisionandcellularphones-sothisisadiscoverythatwillopenupourimagination.

Letadla z roku 1903

OnDecember17,1903,beforethesunwentdown,OrvilleWrightandWilburWrightwereabletomakethemAnairplanemadeofwood,wireandclothhasbeenflyingfor59seconds.Butfewnewspapersarewillingtocommentonthis,becausetheideaofhumanbeingsflyingintotheskyandbecomingthecontemporaryDaedalusandIcarusisconsideredabsurdbymostclear-headedpeople.Butonceitsucceeds,thedevelopmentofthisbusinessisextremelyrapid.Infact,only15yearslater,ifallthevariouspartsofmodernaircrafthavenotbeenmanufactured,thenatleasttheideaofthemhasbeenborn.

1907 Plast

Afterlearningabouttheinventionofplastic,thehappiestthingintheworldistheelephant.Forhundredsofyears,everythingfromknifehandlestobilliardshasbeenmadeofivory.Inthe1880s,thegradualdecreaseinthesupplyofivoryandtheriseofbilliardscausedacrisis.FerranandCowland,America’slargestbilliardsmanufacturer,can’twaittoofferaprizeof$10,000worthofgold—aconsiderablereward—torecruitany“inventivegenius”whocanprovideasyntheticsubstituteforivory.

Until1907,LeoBaekeland,aBelgianinventorwhomadehugeprofitsbyinventingphotographicpaperforfast-movingphotos,accidentallyinventedphenolandformaldehyde.compoundof.Thisfirstpuresyntheticplastic-phenolicplastic,hasthefunctionsofheat,electricityandcorrosionprotection.Itnotonlybenefitsthebilliardgame,butoneofthegreatbenefitsofplasticisitsversatility.Fromtelephonestotoilets,fromashtraystoaircraftparts,plasticsareusedineverything.By1968,ifyounggraduatesweretofindajobinapromisingandsuccessfulindustry,theyhadtolistentooneword-plastic.

Televize v roce 1923

TheinventorofthetelevisionsetwastheBritishelectronicengineerJohnBaird.In1923,heinventedforhimselfcouldproduce8Thelineimagedeviceappliedforapatent.ThefirstTVsetwassoldattheendof1930.In1932,theBritishBroadcastingCorporationairedtheworld'sfirststandardizedtelevisionprogram.Sincethen,mankindhasenteredthetelevisionera.Today,peopleusesatellitesandotherchannelstospreadTVsignalstoeverycorneroftheearth.

Picilinin 1928

Peoplesaythatpenicillinisthemostcontributorymedicineofthiscentury.ItsinventoristheBritishbacteriologistAlexanderFleming.In1928,theinventoraccidentallydiscoveredinabacterialcultureexperimentthatamoldlatercalledpenicillinwaseatingthebacteriahehadcultivatedinapetridish.BasedontheresultsofFleming'sresearch,aftertenyearsofhardwork,researchersattheUniversityofOxfordintheUnitedKingdomfinallyfoundawaytoextractthismoldandputitintomedicaltreatmenttrials.In1943,inordertotreatsoldierswoundedinWorldWarII,theAlliesbegantoputpenicillinintoindustrialproduction.Inmorethanhalfacentury,penicillinhassavedcountlesslivesandpromptedpeopletobegintopayattentiontotheresearchanddevelopmentoftheantibioticfamily.

Jaderné zbraně v roce 1942

Theatomicagebeganin1942.InordertodefeattheAxisfascists,thetopUSauthoritiesdecidedtolaunchthe"ManhattanProject"aimedatdevelopingatomicweapons.Attheendoftheyear,aspartofthe"ManhattanProject",thefirstnuclearreactorwasbuiltandstartedoperatingunderasportsfacilityattheUniversityofChicago.OnJuly16,1945,acloudofmushroomsrosefromtheLosAlamosAtomicEnergyResearchCenterinNewMexico,USA,andtheworld'sfirstatomicbombwassuccessfullydetonated.OnAugust6thand9thofthatyear,theUnitedStatessuccessivelydroppedtwoatomicbombsnamed"Fatty"and"LittleBoy"onHiroshimaandNagasakiinJapan.TheemperorofJapansubsequentlyannouncedanunconditionalsurrender.TheatomicbombseemedtohavecontributedgreatlytothevictoryofWorldWarII,butmankindhassincelivedintheshadowofterribleatomicweapons.

Počítač v roce 1943

Computeristhebasisforhumansocietytoentertheinformationage,butitwasbornoutofwar.In1943,inordertodeciphertheGermancode,BritishmathematicianAlanTuringdesignedthefirstelectromechanicalcomputernamed"Giant".Althoughthiswasonlyahypotheticalcomputerfordecoding,itpioneeredcomputertechnology.Sincethen,thedevelopmentofcomputertechnologyhasbeenchangingwitheachpassingday.In1947,thetransistorcomputercameout;in1959,theintegratedcircuitcomputerwasborn;in1970,thelarge-scaleintegratedcircuitcomputerwasborn;fromthe1980s,anewgenerationofmicrocomputersemerged.Onthisbasis,mankindhasusheredinaneweraoftheInternet.

1953 DNA

OnFebruary28,1953,thefamousBritishgeneticistFrancisCrickannouncedthathe"discoveredthesecretoflife".CrickandhisAmericancolleagueJamesWatsonhavebeencommittedtolifescienceresearchformanyyears,andfinallydiscoveredtheDNAdoublehelixmolecularstructurethatdeterminestheinheritanceoflifefromthecellnucleus,decipheringthegeneticcodeofhumans,plantsandanimals..Thisdiscoveryinitiallyrevealedthesecretsoflife,promotedtheresearchandtreatmentofvariousdiseases,andalsopromotedhumanresearchonimprovingthestructureoffood.Inthefirst20yearsofthenextcentury,humansmayusegenetherapytoeliminategeneticdefectsandovercomecancer,heartdisease,hemophilia,diabetes,andotherfataldysfunctions.TheresultsofhumanresearchonthemolecularstructureofDNAareundoubtedlyveryusefulforhumanresearchonlifeandthetreatmentofdiseases,butitalsomakespeoplefacethemoralcrisiscausedbythis.Forexample,thedevelopmentofcloningtechnologyhascreatedaproblemforhumanbeings.problem.

Antikoncepční pilulky 1954

In1954,AmericanphysicianGregoryPincusinventedthecontraceptivepill,whichiscomposedoftwokindsoffemaleovulationinhibitors.Amixtureofhormones.Thereasonwhythecontraceptivepillislistedasoneofthegreatestscientificachievementsofthetwentiethcenturyisthatitliberatedwomenfrompassivefertility.Fromthenon,womencancontroltheirbirthautonomouslyanddecidewhethertohavechildrenaccordingtotheirownwishes.Yourowncircumstancesdeterminewhentogetpregnant.Moreimportantly,itbreakstheshacklesthatimprisonwomen’ssexualfreedom,givesthemtherighttogooutofthefamilytoparticipateinsocialwork,andultimatelyexpandwomen’ssocial,political,economic,andculturalinfluence.

1957 Umělý satelit

OnOctober4,1957,theSovietUnionlaunchedthefirstsatelliteinhumanhistorytocommemoratethe40thanniversaryofthevictoryoftheOctoberRevolution.Theartificialearthsatellitemarksthebeginningofthespaceage.OnApril2,1961,SovietastronautGagarintookaspacecraftintospaceandbecamethefirstpersontoenterspace.OnJuly20,1969,twoAmericanastronautsboardedaspacecrafttothemoon.Satellitescantransmittelevisionandradioprogramsignals,andcanalsoprovideservicesforaviation,HNA,weatherforecasts,andscientificandtechnologicalinformation,therebygreatly"shrinking"theearth.Inordertofurtherexplorethemysteriesoftheuniverse,humanshavedroppedmanyprobesonthemainplanetsofthesolarsystem,andagrandplanfortheestablishmentofaninternationalspacestationisalsointhemaking.

Transplantace orgánů v roce 1967

In1967,SouthAfricansurgeonChristianChristian.Barnardsuccessfullyperformedthefirsthearttransplant.Sincethen,asmedicineandmedicalequipmenthavebecomemoreadvanced,medicalscientistshavegraduallysolvedtheproblemsoftransplantedorganinfections,andsuccessfullyperformedhandandlimb,liver,skin,retinaandeventesticulartransplants.Themedicalcommunitybelievesthatthenextcutting-edgetechnologyinorgantransplantationisbraincelltransplantationtocurechronicmedicalconditionssuchasAlzheimer'sdiseaseandParkinson'sdisease.Inthenextcentury,medicalscientistswillworktoovercometheproblemofxenogeneicorgantransplantationandtransplantorgansfromotheranimalsintothehumanbody.

1978 IVF

TheBritishgirlLouisBrownistheworld'sfirstIVF,33yearsold.In1978,hermother'seggsandherfather'sspermweresuccessfullymatedinatesttubeandgavebirthtoher.Sincethen,invitropregnancytechnologyhascontinuedtodevelopandimprove.In1984,theembryofreezingtechnologytrialwassuccessful;in1990,theembryotransfertechnologytrialwassuccessful.ThesuccessfulcultivationofIVFgavethoseinfertilecouplesgreathope,butitalsocausedpeopletoworryaboutamoralissue,forexample,awomaninher50soreven60sgavebirthtoachildthroughinvitropregnancytechnology.,Itispossiblethattheoldmanwilldiewhenthechildisstillyoung,sowhowillraisethisorphan?

Starověk

FourGreatInventionsreferstothefourinventionsthathadagreatinfluenceontheworldinancientChina.Namelypapermaking,compass,gunpowder,movabletypeprinting.ThisstatementwasfirstputforwardbytheBritishSinologistJosephNeedhamandinheritedbymanyChinesehistorians.Itisgenerallybelievedthatthesefourinventionshavegreatlypromotedthepolitical,economic,andculturaldevelopmentofancientChina,andtheseinventionshavebeenthroughThespreadtotheWestinvariouswayshasalsohadagreatimpactonthehistoryofthedevelopmentofworldcivilization.

Historický význam

①Theinventionofpapermaking:providedeconomicandconvenientwritingmaterialsformankind,settingoffarevolutioninthecarrierofhumancharacters.

②Theemergenceofprinting:acceleratedthedisseminationofcultureandchangedthesituationinEuropethatonlytheupperclasscanread.

③Theinventionofthecompass:ItprovidedimportantconditionsforEuropeannavigatorstonavigatearoundtheworldanddiscovertheAmericas,andpromotedthedevelopmentofworldtrade.

④Theinventionofgunpowderweapons:changedthewayoffighting,helpedtheEuropeanbourgeoisiedestroythefeudalfortress,andacceleratedtheprocessofEuropeanhistory.

Kompas

Thecompassisasimpleinstrumentusedtodeterminethedirection.ThepredecessorwasSinan.Themaincomponentisamagneticneedle(commonlyknownasanironmagnet)thatismountedonashaftandcanrotatefreely.Themagneticneedlecanbekeptinthetangentialdirectionofthemagneticmeridianundertheactionoftheearth'smagneticfield.Thenorthpoleofthemagneticneedlepointstothegeographicsouthpole,andthisfeaturecanbeusedtoidentifythedirection.Itisoftenusedinnavigation,geodesy,travelandmilitary.Inthecompass,Nreferstothenorth,Ereferstotheeast,Wreferstothewest,andSreferstotheside.Thecompassisapointinginstrumentmadebyusingthenorth-southpointingpolarityofamagnetintheearth'smagneticfield.Ithasavarietyofshapes.AsearlyastheWarringStatesperiod,ChineseancestorsusednaturalmagnetstomakeSinanspoonsthatindicatedirections.DuringtheperiodoftheThreeKingdoms,MaJunusedmagnetsanddifferentialgearstocreateamechanicaldevicethatcouldindicatethedirection—aguidecar.SongDynastyscientistShenKuorecordedthemethodofmakingmagneticneedlesforpointinginhis"MengxiBiTan".Later,itdevelopedintoacompasswithamagneticneedleandanazimuthplate.InthelateNorthernSongDynasty,thecompasshadbeenusedfornavigation;intheSouthernSongDynasty,theneedlediscwasusedtoguideexhibitionsandeconomicandculturalexchanges,whichplayedagreatrole.

Výroba papíru

(alsoknownasCaihoupaper)CaiLunimprovedtheShangDynastyabout3,500yearsago,andChinahascharacterscarvedontortoiseshellsandanimalbones,calledOracle.Inthespringandautumn,bambooandwoodchipsareusedinsteadoftortoiseshellsandanimalbones,whicharecalledbambooslipsandwoodenslips.Theoraclebonesandthebambooslipsareverycumbersome.DuringtheWarringStatesPeriod,thethinkerHuiShilikedtoread.Everytimehewentouttostudy,hewasaccompaniedbyfivelargecartsfullofbambooslips,sothereisanallusiontolearnthefivecartsofwealth.

IntheWesternHanDynasty,amongthecourtnobles,theyusedsilkorcottonpapertowrite.Silkisageneraltermforfinesilkandsilkisageneraltermforsilkfabrics.Whenwritingonasquaresilk,itisconvenienttowrite.Notonlyisitmorethansimple,butitcanalsobepaintedonit.However,itisexpensiveandcanonlybeusedbyafewroyalnobles.PaperwasalreadyavailableintheearlyWesternHanDynastyinthe2ndcenturyBC,andCaiLunonlymodifiedit.

Výroba papíruwasintroducedtoJapanviaKoreainthe7thcentury.ItspreadtotheUnitedArabEmiratesinthemiddleofthe8thcentury.Itwasnotuntilthe12thcenturythatEuropeimitatedChina'smethodandbegantosetupfactoriestomakepaper.InthefirstyearofYuanxingintheEasternHanDynastyandEmperorYuanxing(AD105),CaiLunusedbark,brokenfishingnets,rags,hemp,etc.asrawmaterialstomakeplantssuitableforwritingonthebasisofsumminguptheexperienceofpredecessorsinmakingsilkcrystals.Fiberpaper,improvedpapermakingtechnology,madepaperacommonlyusedwritingmaterial.Knownas"CaiHouPaper".Haveaunifiedunderstandingoftheconceptofpaper.Whatkindofitemiscalled"paper".Inancienttimes,Egypthadpapyruspaper,Europehadparchmentpaper,andinChinesehistorythereweresilkwaddingpaperandsilkpaperandCaihoupaperforwriting.Amongthem,onlyCaihoupapermadeofplantfiberscontributedtothedevelopmentoftheworldpaperindustryandhumanbeings.Thedisseminationofculturehasafar-reachingimpact,anditsbasiccraftsmanshiphasbeenusedtothisday.Accordingtohistoricalrecordsandlaterstudies,thebasicpointofCaiLun'spapermakingtechniquecanbesummedupasafibroussheetmadebycutting,retting,rinsing,pounding,curtaincopying,anddryingusingplantfibersasrawmaterials.FibroussheetsthathavenotbeenprocessedthroughthebasicstepsofpapermakingcannotbecalledpaperintraditionalChineseconceptswithoutthebasicpropertiesofpaper.TheearliestpaperintheworldwasEgyptianpapyrus,whileparchmentwaswidelyusedinEuropeintheMiddleAges.Becauseofthesinglerawmaterialandlimitedroomforimprovement,thesetwotypesofpaperwerereplacedbyChinesepaperthatusedmultipletypesofmaterials.Nowadays,therearestillafewplaceswherepapermakingisstillusedtomakepaper.

Potisk pohyblivým písmem

ItstartedfromtheengravingprintingintheSuiDynasty.ItwasdevelopedandperfectedbyBiShengduringtheSongRenzongperiod.Potisk pohyblivým písmemwasproducedandspreadtoEuropebytheMongols.,SolatergenerationscallBiShengtheancestorofprinting.Chineseprintingistheforerunnerofmodernhumancivilization,creatingconditionsforthewidespreaddisseminationandexchangeofknowledge.Engravingprintingistouseaknifetoengraveablockofwoodintoprotrudingreversewriting,andtheninkandprintitonpaper.Everytimeanewbookisprinted,theboardhastobecarvedfromthebeginning,whichisveryslow.Ifthereisanerrorintheengraving,itwillbere-engraved.Itishardtoimagine.

The"DiamondSutra"printedinthe9thyearofTangXiantong(868)istheworld'searliestsurvivingprintedmatterwithengravingtime.DuringthereignofSongRenzong,thecommonerBiShenginventedmovabletypeprintingonthebasisofthepopularizationofblockprinting.Itisengravedwithglue,andeachwordisprinted.Afterburning,itismadeintoawordprint.Arrangeandinlaytheindividualcharactersontheironplate.Aftertheprintingplateismadebytheprocessofgrillingandpressing,itcanbeprinted.Theprintingontheprintingplatecanberemovedandusedrepeatedly.Thismovabletypeprintingmethodhasthebasicprocessofmodernprinting-typecasting,typesetting,andprinting,whichis400yearsearlierthanthemovabletypeprintingprocessmadebytheGermanJ.Gutenberginthemiddleofthe15thcentury.Followingtheclaymovabletype,theChinesesuccessivelyinventedprintingmethodssuchasmagneticmovabletype,woodtype,tintype,andcoppertype.Theinventionanddisseminationofprintinggreatlypromotedthedisseminationanddevelopmentofhumancivilization.

Střelný prach

Střelný prach,asthefirsttypeofexplosivecontrolledbyhumans,originatedfromancientChinesealchemy.TheancientalchemistsusedthegoldandstonemedicinesnitrateandsulfurthattheyhadalreadymasteredasearlyastheHanDynasty.Afteralongperiodofalchemypractice,gunpowderwasinventednolaterthanthethirdyearofYuanheofTangXianzongYuanhe(808),andusedattheendoftheFiveDynastiesandthebeginningoftheNorthernSongDynasty.Tocreategunpowderweaponsforarson.ThroughtheSong,Yuan,andMingdynasties,variousfirearmssuchasrockets,huozuo(huo聤),andfiregunshavereachedthelevelofpopularity.Theinventionofgunpowderplayedamajorroleinthedevelopmentofworldscienceandtechnology.ModernblackgunpowderwasdevelopedfromancientChinesegunpowder.

Náhodné tvoření

CleverGhostToy

(Slinky)

Vynálezce: USNavyEngineerRichardJones (RichardJones)

Theoriginalpurpose:toinventaninstrumenttomonitorthepowerofwarships.

Procesvynálezu:Jones při testování pružin spadl na zem a začal „chodit“, takže se zrodil „chytrý duch“.

Kardiostimulátor

Vynálezce:ElektrotechnikJohnHopps

Originalpurpose:HoppswasworkingonaprojectResearchonhypothermia,andtryingtouseradioheatingtorestorebodytemperature.

Inventionprocess:Duringtheexperiment,henoticedthatiftheheartstopsbeatingduetolowtemperature,itcanberestoredbyartificialstimulation.

Plastelína

Vynálezce: GeneralElectricEngineerJamesWright

Originalpurpose:DuringWorldWarII,theUSgovernmentneededalotofaircrafttiresAndrubberproductssuchasmilitaryboots.Whitetriedtousesilicontomakearubbersubstitutebecausethiselementiswidespreadinnature.

Inventiveprocess:Whentestingthesiliconeoil,Whiteaddedboricacidtoit,anditturnedintoanelasticandviscoussubstance.Althoughnoonecanfindapracticaluseforit,ithasbecomeaninterestingtoy.

Mikrovlnná trouba

Vynálezce: Raytheonengineer PercySpencer

Originalpurpose:HewasusinganewvacuumtubeCarryoutaresearchprojectrelatedtoradar.

Theprocessofinvention:Spencerdiscoveredthatthecandyinhispocketbegantomeltduringtheexperiment.Hethenputthepopcorninthemachineagain,anditalso"exploded".Atthistime,herealizedthathehadinventedarevolutionarydevice.

Inkoustová tiskárna

Vynálezce:aCanonengineer

Inventiveprocess:Asaresultofaccidentallyputtingaheatedirononthepen,theinkItsprayedoutfromthetipofthepen.Hetheninventedtheinkjetprinterbasedonthisprinciple.

Samolepící papírky

Vynálezce:3MLabresearcherSpencerSilver(SpencerSilver)

Původní účel:vynalézt lepidlo.

Inventionprocess:Silvoinventedaglue,butthestrengthisnotasgoodastheexistingproducts.Itcanstickobjects,butitisveryeasytotearoffwithoutleavingtraces.Afewyearslater,whenacolleagueappliedthisglueonasmallpieceofpaperandusedittomarkmusicscores,theideaofstickynoteswasborn.

rentgen

Vynálezce: fyzik WilhemRoentgen

Originalpurpose:Hewasstudyingthepropertiesofcathoderaytubes.

Inventionprocess:Onedayin1895,whenbrightlightpassedthroughthepipe,eventhoughhismachinewascoveredwithanopaquecloth,hecouldstillclearlyseethefluorescentpaperinthelaboratory..

létající talíř

Vynálezce:WalterFrederickMorrison (WalterFrederickMorrison)

Theprocessofinvention:Heandhisgirlfriend(alsoLaterwife)threwacakepanbackandforthonthebeach.Someoneboughtthiscakepanfor$0.25.Whenherealizedthathecouldactuallybuyacakepanforonly$0.05,abusinessmanwasborn.

suchý zip

(suchý zip)

Vynálezce:SwissengineerGeorgedeMestral(GeorgedeMestral)

Theprocessofinvention:WhenMistrawalkedthroughaclearing,hewasdeeplyattractedbythecocklebur.Afterstudyingthisplantthroughamicroscope,hegotinspirationfromitandappliedthismechanismtoanewtypeoffastener.

Externí motor

Vynálezce: OleEvinrude

Inventionprocess:HewantedtofindawaytoTheicecreamwastransportedtohisresortonasmallislandbeforeitmelted.Hecombinedapropellerwithamotorcycleengineandputitbehindtheboat.Thiswasthefirstexternalmotor.