Přehled
InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization(InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationforshortINTELSA)
InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization,intergovernmentalglobalCommercialcommunicationssatelliteorganization,referredtoassatelliteorganization.HeadquarteredinWashington,USA.
Úvod do organizace
InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization
Aninternationalsatellitecommunicationsorganizationfundedandestablishedbymostcountriesintheworldtooperatecommunicationssatellitecommunicationsservices.OnAugust20,1964,14countriesincludingtheUnitedStates,Canada,France,theFederalRepublicofGermany,Australia,andJapanjointlyformedatemporaryInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization.Afterpassingthe"AgreementonInternationalTelecommunicationsSatellites"and"AgreementonInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOperations"inFebruary1973,itbecameapermanentorganization.Chinajoinedtheorganizationin1977.AsofJanuary1996,therewere128members.ThefirstsatellitewaslaunchedinApril1965,called"INTELSTA-1",locatedinageostationaryorbitovertheAtlanticOcean.Thecommunicationcapacityis240telephonesor1TV.InJune,acommercialsatellitecommunicationsservicebetweentheUnitedStatesandEuropewaslaunched.Sincethen,satellitesof2,3,4,5,and5Ahavebeenlaunchedsuccessively,respectivelypositionedovertheAtlanticOcean,theIndianOceanandthePacificOcean.Sincethe1960s,communicationsatelliteshavemadeanindeliblecontributiontomasscommunication.Inordertobetterrealizetheroleofcommunicationsatellites,manycommunicationsatelliteorganizationshaveemerged.
Historická evoluce
HistoryIntheearly1960s,theUnitedStatesconductedaseriesofexperimentswithBritain,France,Japanandothercountriestosuccessfullyuseartificialsatellitestocommunicateacrosstheocean.Internationalcommunications.In1962,theU.S.CongresspassedasatellitecommunicationslawauthorizingtheestablishmentoftheU.S.communicationssatellitecompany
andrequiredthecompanytonegotiatewithothercountriestoestablishaglobalcommercialcommunicationssatelliteorganizationassoonaspossible.InJuly1964,representativesof11countriesincludingtheUnitedStates,theUnitedKingdom,France,andJapangatheredinWashingtontonegotiateandformulatethe"InterimAgreement"and"SpecialAgreement"ontheestablishmentofaglobalcommercialsatellitecommunicationssatellitesystemformembersoftheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion.Countriesjoinedandsigned.OnAugust20ofthesameyear,representativesof13countriessignedthe"InterimAgreement"inthenameofthegovernment,andsignedthe"SpecialAgreement"inthenameofthegovernmentorgovernment-designatedtelecommunicationsagency,announcingtheestablishmentoftheInternationalCommunicationSatelliteConsortium.
InJuly1971,representativesofmorethan70countriesthatjoinedandsignedthetwoagreementsgatheredinWashingtontoreviewandrevisetheabovetwoagreements,andtheywerenamed"InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationAgreement"and"InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationAgreement".OrganizationalBusinessAgreement.The"InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationAgreement"istheorganizationallawofthesatelliteorganization,includingthepurpose,scopeofactivities,financialprinciples,organizationalstructure,therightsandobligationsofthecontractingstates,andtheproceduresforjoining,withdrawingfrom,andamendingtheagreement.Thisagreementisjoinedbygovernmentsorgovernmentagenciesofvariouscountries,andthosewhojoinarecalledcontractingparties.The"InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationOperationAgreement"istheoperatinglawofthesatelliteorganization,includingtherightsandobligationsofthesignatories,investmentandcapitallimits,procurement,spacesegmentcapacityallocation,etc.Thisagreementissignedbythegovernment,governmentagencies,ortheirdesignatedtelecommunicationsagencies,andthesignatoriesarecalledthesignatories.ThemeetingalsodecidedtochangethenameoftheInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteConsortiumtotheInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization.AsofJuly16,1984,109contractingstatesandsignatorieshavejoinedandsignedthetwoagreements.
Hlavní účel
InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization-ImaginationMapofGlobalSatelliteSystemInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization,itspurposeistoestablishanddevelopaglobalcommercialsatellitecommunicationsystemforcountriesaroundtheworldEqualuse.TheInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationiscurrentlythelargestsatelliteorganizationintheworld.ItwasfoundedintheUnitedStatesinAugust1964andisheadquarteredinWashington,DC,theUnitedStates.Theorganizationhasbeencommittedtothemaintenanceandoperationoftheglobalsatellitesystemthroughthespacesegmentoftheglobalcommercialcommunicationssatellitesystemtoservetheinternationalpublictelecommunicationsbusiness.Thisspacesegmentincludessatellitesdistributedingeosynchronousorbits,whichjointlyprovideglobalservicesthroughtheV,V-A,andV1satellitesovertheAtlantic,Pacific,andIndianOceanregions,andtheKsatellitesovertheAtlantic.TheserviceworkoftheInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationmainlyincludes:internationaltelephoneservice,internationaltelevisionservice,domesticcommunicationservice,internationalcommunicationsatelliteorganizationbusinessservice,internationalInternetservice,VISTAserviceandlinerepairservice,etc.
Institucionální měřítko
InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization-Satelit č.1 "Asie".
InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization'sglobalsalesforceisconcentratedinAustralia,Brazil,HongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionofChina,Germany,India,Norway,Singapore,SouthAfrica,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates.Today,therearemorethan140memberstatesandnearly200userswithanetworkof20geostationaryorbitsatellites,providingsatellitecommunicationservicesfortelecommunicationbroadcastersinmorethan200countriesandregions.Itistheworld'slargestinternationalsatellitecommunication.net.ChinaandInternationalSatelliteOrganization:AsearlyasAugust1977,ChinajoinedtheInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization.Since1985,ChinahasleasedthehemisphericalbeamtransponderofthesatelliteovertheIndianOceanbelongingtotheInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationforsatellitetelevisiontransmissionandtelegraphandtelephonecommunicationsservicestoremoteareas.Inthe1990s,inadditiontorentinginternationalsatellitetransponders,Chinaalsoleasedthe"Asia"No.1satellitetranspondertoformadomesticsatellitecommunicationsnetworktogetherwithChinesesatellites.Chinaisworkinghardtoorganizeadomesticsatellitecommunicationnetworkwithadomesticsatelliteasthemainstayandtheleaseofinternationalsatellitesandregionalsatellitetranspondersasasupplement.
Institucionální polarizace
Organizace satelitů je rozdělena do čtyř úrovní
InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization-MeasurementandControlEquipment
1,ConferenceofSmluvní státy:Thehighestbodyofthesatelliteorganization,composedofrepresentativesofthegovernmentsofthecontractingstates,usuallyconvenesonceeverytwoyears,andconvenesspecialconferenceswhennecessary.Theconferencereviewedthegeneralpolicies,long-termplans,majoreconomicandtechnologicalmeasuresoftheInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization,majorissuesrelatedtothesovereigninterestsofthecontractingstates,amendmentstotheInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationAgreement,appointmentandremovaloftheDirector-General,etc.
2.Signatoriesmeeting:Itiscomposedofrepresentativesofthesignatories,usuallyheldonceayear,andspecialmeetingsareheldwhennecessary.Reviewtheoperationandmanagementofsatelliteorganizations,thetechnicalstatusofequipmentoperations,financialplans,recommendationsandresolutionssubmittedbytheboardofdirectors,andamendmentstotheInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationBusinessAgreement,etc.
3.Theboardofdirectors:Itiscomposedofrepresentativesofeachdirectorcountry,andconsistsofthreeadvisorycommitteesoftechnology,planningandaccountingaudit,whichusuallymeetfivetimesayear.Reviewandapprovepolicies,plans,andplansforthedesign,development,construction,installation,andoperationandmaintenanceofcommercialcommunicationssatellites,internationaloperationscenters,andmeasurementandcontrolequipment.
4.ExecutiveBoard:apermanentofficeheadedbytheDirector-GeneraloftheSatelliteOrganization,responsibleforthedailyworkoftheoperation,maintenance,researchanddevelopmentoftheglobalcommercialcommunicationssatellitesystem.
5.Activities:Eachsignatoryshallinvestinsatelliteorganizationsinproportiontothenumberofinternationalcommunicationssatellitecircuitsused.Satelliteorganizationsusethisinvestmentamounttodevelop,produce,launch,andupdatecommunicationssatellitesamongthesignatoriesbymeansofopenbidding.AsofFebruary29,1984,theglobalcommercialcommunicationsatellitesystemconsistedof15internationalcommunicationsatellitesinsynchronousorbitsoverthethreeoceansand615satellitecommunicationearthstationsin154countriesorregions,whichundertooktransoceanicinternationalcommunicationsworldwide.Two-thirdsofthebusinessvolumeandalmostalltransoceanicTVrelayservices,andbroadbandsatellitechannelsarealsoprovidedfordomesticcommunicationservicesortelevisiontransmissionsin25countries.Thesatelliteorganizationcollectsusagefeesbyrentingsatellitecircuitsfromcountriesaroundtheworld,deductingthenecessarymaintenanceandmanagementfees,andtherestareallusedasdepreciationfeesforglobalcommercialcommunicationssatellites,internationaloperationscentersandotherassetsandremunerationforinvestmentbyeachsignatory(annualinterestrate14%),Repaidtoeachsignatory.
Organizační dohoda
Úvod do katalogu
InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization-MeasurementandControlEquipment
Article1:Definitionp>
Článek 2:Zakládání satelitních organizací
Article3:Thescopeofactivitiesofsatelliteorganizations
Článek 4: Právní subjektivita
Článek 5: Finanční zásady
Article6:OrganizationalStructureofSatelliteOrganizations
Článek 7: Konference smluvních stran
Článek 8: Podpis
Partnerské setkání
Článek 9: Představenstvo, složení a hlasování
Článek 10:FunkcePředstavenstva
Článek 11: Generální ředitel
p>Article12:TransitionalManagementandSecretary-General
Článek 13: Zadávání veřejných zakázek
Article14:RightsandObligationsofMemberStatesArticle15Article:SatelliteOrganizationHeadquarters,Privileges,TaxExemptionsandImmunities
Článek 16: Odstoupení od smlouvy
Article17:AmendmentArticle18:DisputeResolutionArticle19Article:SignArticle20:Entryintoforce
Článek 21: Další ustanovení
Článek 22: Archiv dokumentů
Příloha A: Povinnosti generálního tajemníka
AnnexB:ResponsibilitiesofManagerialContractorsandGuidelinesforManagerialContracts
AnnexC:ResolvingArticle18ofthisAgreementandArticle18oftheBusinessAgreementRulesofProcedureforDisputesinArticle20
Příloha D:Přechodná ustanovení.
Smluvní státy
:TakingintoaccounttheprovisionsofUNGeneralAssemblyResolution1721(XVI),satellitecommunicationsshouldbeavailabletoallcountriesintheworldwithoutdiscriminationassoonaspracticallypossible.Theprinciples,takingintoaccounttherelevantprovisionsoftheTreatyonPrinciplesfortheExplorationandUtilizationofOuterSpace(includingtheMoonandOtherStars)byStates,especiallytheprovisionsstatedinArticle1thatouterspaceshouldbeusedforthebenefitofallcountries,Itisnotedthatinaccordancewiththe"AgreementonTemporaryArrangementsfortheGlobalCommercialCommunicationSatelliteSystem"andtherelated"SpecialAgreement",aglobalcommercialsatellitecommunicationsystemhasbeenestablished.ItishopedthatthiscommunicationsatellitesystemwillcontinuetobedevelopedtoestablishaAseparateglobalcommercialcommunicationssatellitesystem,aspartofanimprovedglobalcommunicationsnetwork,willexpandcommunicationsservicestoallregionsoftheworldandcontributetoworldpeaceandunderstanding.ItisdeterminedtoachievethisgoalthroughavailableThestate-of-the-arttechnology,forthebenefitofmankind,providesthemosteffectiveandeconomicalfacilitiespossible,andconformstotheprincipleofthebestandfairestuseofradiofrequencyspectrumandspaceorbits.Itispossibletousetheglobalcommunicationssatellitesystem,andenablethoseITUmemberstatesthatarewillingtoinvestinthesystemtoinvestinthesystem,andthenparticipateinthedesign,development,construction,(includingprovisionofequipment),installation,operationandmaintenance,andtheacquisitionofthesystemOwnership,inaccordancewiththe"AgreementonTemporaryArrangementsfortheGlobalCommercialCommunicationSatelliteSystem."
Svolatschůzi StátůStrany
InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationholdsaconferenceofparticipatingStateseverytwoyears,andameetingofStatesPartiesisheldeveryyear.ItiscomposedoftheConferenceoftheParties(composedofcontractingpartiestotheInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationAgreement),thesignatoriesmeeting(composedofthesignatoriesoftheworkagreement),theboardofdirectorsandtheexecutivebody.InNovember2000,theInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationpassedaprivatizationresolutionwiththeaimofenhancingthecompany'sadaptabilityandcompetitivenessintheincreasinglyfiercecompetition,anddedicatedtocustomers'Internetservicesandbroadbandservices.OnJuly18,2001,InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization,theworld’sfirstcommercialcommunicationssatellitetechnician,announcedthatithadcompletedthehistorictransformationfromatreatyorganizationtoaprivatecompany.ThenewlyestablishedInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteCo.,Ltd.hasmorethan200shareholders,includingcompaniesfrom145countries,andrepresentstheoperatorsofmostoftheworld'sfamoustelecommunicationscompanies.
Koncentrace globálních prodejních sil
Italreadyhasanetworkof20geostationarysatellites,providingInternettocustomersinmorethan200countriesandregions,Broadcasting,telephoneandnetworkcooperationprograms.
Událost selhání
OnApril10,2019,theInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationannouncedthatstartingonApril7,theIS-29epropulsionsystemmalfunctionedandpropellantleaked,andithadbeeninterruptedwiththeearthCommunication.