inteligence

Význam

Intelligencereferstotheabilityofpeopletorecognizeandunderstandobjectivethingsanduseknowledge,experienceandotherproblem-solvingcapabilities,includingmemory,observation,imagination,thinking,judgment,etc.;referstoknowingandunderstandingTheabilitytosolveobjectivethingsanduseknowledgeandexperiencetosolveproblems.

Podrobné vysvětlení

1.IntelligenceandCourage."Guanzi·DescriptionoftheSituation":"Ifyoucangoawayandrisefromtheintelligenceoftheworld,youwillbemoreblessedwithease."HanBanBiao"WangMingLun":"Idon'tknowSacredtoolsaredestinedandcannotbesoughtbyintelligence."TangWuJing"Politicians·DefencetheRiseandFall":"TheQinfamilyisfullofintelligenceandcannibalizetheprinces."MingLiuJi,"FollowSongs"":"Thedragonandthesnakearenotclear,theintelligenceisstrivingforstrength."

2.Peoplecanrecognize,understandthingsanduseknowledge,experience,etc.Theabilitytoquestion.ZhouJianren"HowDarwin's"EvolutionTheory"AttractedMe":"Hisintelligenceisnotoutstanding,buthehashisownhobbiesandhasperseverance.""XinhuaMonthlyReport,No.10,1954:"Thecountrypaysspecialattentiontothephysicalandintellectualdevelopmentofyoungpeople."

3.Intelligencereferstotheabilitytosolveproblemswithwisdom.

4. Rozdílné definice inteligence

People’sabilitytoacceptandbuildknowledgeisoftenregardedasintelligence.Regardingintelligence,scientistshavedifferentdefinitions.Thefollowingarethedefinitionsofintelligencebyseveralscientists.

Wisterw:Intelligencereferstotheindividual’spotentialtoadapttonewsituationswithconsciousnessthroughthinkingactivities.Itisanindividual’spsychologicalgeneralitytowardsnewproblemsandnewconditionsinlife.adaptability.

Terman:Intelligenceistheabilityofabstractthinking.

Buckinghan: Inteligence je schopnost se učit.

Storddard:Intelligenceistheabilitytoengageindifficult,complex,abstract,agileandcreativeactivities,aswellastheabilitytoconcentrateandmaintainemotionalstability.

Piaget:Theessenceofintelligenceisadaptationtobalancetheindividualwiththeenvironment.

Guilford:Intelligenceistheabilitytoprocessinformation.

Inshort,intelligencecanberegardedasthesynthesisofvariouscognitiveabilitiesofanindividual,withspecialemphasisontheabilitytosolvenewproblems,abstractthinking,learningability,andadaptabilitytotheenvironment.

Základní faktory

Pozorování

referstotheabilityofthebraintoobservethings,suchasdiscoveringnovelthingsthroughobservation,etc.Haveanewunderstandingofsound,smell,temperature,etc.duringtheobservationprocess,andimprovetheabilitytounderstandtheessenceofthingsthroughobservationofphenomena.Wecanaddsometrainingcontentsuchasobservationandimaginationitemstothelearningandtraining,andthroughtrainingtoimprovethestudents'observationandimagination.

Pozornost

referstotheabilityofaperson'smentalactivitytopointtoandconcentrateonsomething.Forexample,ourgoodstudentscanconcentrateonreadingbooksandresearchtopicsforalongtime,whiletheirinterestinotherirrelevantgamesandactivitiesaregreatlyreduced.Thisisamanifestationofstrongattention.

Paměť

istheabilitytoremember,maintain,re-recognizeandreproducethecontentandexperiencereflectedbyobjectivethings.Forexample,whenweareold,westillremembertheimagesofourfathersandmotherswhenwewereyoung,andthefamilyenvironmentwhenwewereyoung.Itisthathumanmemoryisatwork.

Myslitelnost

istheindirectandgeneralabilityofthehumanbraintoreflectobjectivethings.Afterpeoplelearntoobservethings,hewillgraduallyclassifyandsummarizevariousobjects,events,andexperiences,andhecangeneralizedifferenttypesthroughthinking.Myslitelnostisthecoreofintelligence.

Fantazie

Itistheabilityofapersontocreateanewimageinthemindbasedontheexistingimage.Forexample,whenyoutalkaboutcars,Iimmediatelyimaginedallkindsofcarimages.Therefore,imaginationisgenerallycompletedonthebasisofmasteringacertainaspectofknowledge.

Vylepšená strava

Walnuts:TheoilcontainedinWalnutscansupplytheneedsofthebrainmatrix.Themineralelementszincandmanganesecontainedinwalnutsareimportantcomponentsofthepituitarygland.Regularconsumptionofwalnutsisbeneficialtothenutritionalsupplementofthebrainandhastheeffectofstrengtheningthebrain.

Eggs:Eggsarerichinlecithin,triglycerides,andlecithin,whichhastheeffectofinvigoratingthebrainandimprovingtheintelligence,anditisveryhelpfulforhumandevelopmentandnervoussystem.HumandigestionLecithinAfterthat,cholinecanbereleased,whichcanimprovememoryofallages.

Ovlivňující faktory

Strava

Peoplearecreatedbynature.Foodisthematerialbasisoflifeandthebrain.Fooddetermineslifeandthehealthofthebrain.Alargenumberofresearchresultshaveshownthatthelackofcertainfoodswillmakethebrainunhealthyandevencausenobrains.Humanelitesaremainlycoincidentalscientificdiets.Therefore,ifthiscoincidenceisturnedintoscience-personalizedscientificdiets,peoplecanbecomesmarter.

Dědičné prostředí

Geneticqualityisthebiologicalprerequisiteforthedevelopmentofintelligence.Goodgeneticqualityisthebasisandnaturalconditionforintellectualdevelopment.Studieshavefoundthatthecloserthegeneticrelationship,themoresimilartheintelligencebetweenindividuals.Butheredityonlyprovidesthepossibilityforintellectualdevelopment.Tomakethepossibilityofintellectualdevelopmentbecomereality,italsoneedsthejointeffectofmanyaspectsofsociety,familyandschooleducation.Intermsoftheeffectofheredityandenvironmentonintelligence,hereditydeterminestheupperlimitofintellectualdevelopment.Thisupperlimitcanonlybereachedunderanidealandtimelyenvironment;thehighertheupperlimitdeterminedbyheredity,thegreatertheeffectoftheenvironment.

Raná zkušenost

Thespeedofhumanintellectualdevelopmentisuneven.Studieshaveshownthatthemoreexperiencegainedintheearlystages,thefastertheintellectualdevelopment.Manypeoplecallpreschoolageacriticalperiodofintellectualdevelopment.U.S.Bloomputforwardanimportanthypothesisthatregards5yearsoldasthemostrapidperiodofintellectualdevelopment.Iftheintelligencelevelof17yearsoldis100%,then50%willbegainedfrombirthto4yearsold.Oftheintelligence,theremaining30%wereacquiredattheageof4-7,andtheother20%wereacquiredattheageof8-17.

Školní vzdělání

Intelligenceisnotborn,educationandteachingplayaleadingroleinthedevelopmentofintelligence.Educationandteachingnotonlyenablechildrentogaintheknowledgeandexperienceofpredecessors,butalsopromotethedevelopmentofchildren'spsychologicalabilities.Forexample,whenteachersuseanalysisandgeneralizationmethodstoteachcoursecontent,theynotonlyenablestudentstoobtainrelevantknowledge,butalsomasterthismethodasameansofthinking.IfthisexternalteachingmethodandlearningmethodisgraduallytransformedintointernalgeneralizationTheabilityofthinkinginthisareaisformed.

Sociální praxe

Humanintelligenceisgraduallydevelopedinthepracticeofunderstandingandtransformingtheobjectiveworld.Socialpracticeisnotonlyanimportantwaytolearnknowledge,butalsoanimportantfoundationforintellectualdevelopment.Edison'senlightenmentteacherwashismother,butexperimentswerethebasisofhiscreationandinvention,andanimportantconditionfortheformationofhistalents.

Subjektivní úsilí

Thedecisiveroleofenvironmentandeducationcanonlymechanicallyandpassivelyinfluencethedevelopmentofability.Withoutsubjectiveeffortandpersonaldiligence,itisimpossibletoachievecareersuccessandabilitydevelopment.Manyoutstandingthinkers,scientists,andartistsintheworld,nomatterhowdifferenttheircareersare,theyallhavesomethingincommon,thatis,theyareobsessedwiththeircareersandpersistinPerseverance,hardwork,tenaciousfightagainstdifficulties.Withoutthese,theycanonlybemediocrepeople.Itisimpossibletoachievesuccess,andthereisnowaytoimprovetheirability.

Související teorie

MentalMeasurements

MindMeasurementsarebasedontheinnatedifferencesinintelligence,thatis,thedifferencebetweenhighandlow.Inordertoquantifythedifferencebetweenhighandlow,peopleproposetouseatestmethodtoachieveit.ThisiswhatwecalltheIntelligenceQuotienttest(IQtest).

IntelligenceQuotient:IntelligenceQuotient,referredtoasIQ.

Intelligenceismeasuredbyintelligencetestsinanarrowdefinition(seeIQ).Thesetestsarethemostaccurate(reliableandeffective)mentalmeasurementtests,buttheyarenotusedtomeasurecreativity,personality,character,orwisdom.Therearemanywaystotestintelligence,buttheyallmeasurethesameintelligence.Thegfactorhasalwaysbeenregardedasamajormeasurementfactorinintelligencetests.

Someresearchershavesuggestedthatintelligenceisnotasinglequantityorconceptbutasetofrelativelyindependentabilities.

Vícenásobné inteligence

HarvardUniversitypsychologistGardnerproposedtheMultipleIntelligenceTheoryin1983.Hebelievesthatthedefinitionofintelligenceinthepastwastoonarrowandfailedtoaccuratelyreflectaperson'strueability.InthebookFramesofMind,heproposedthathumanintelligencecanbedividedintoatleastsevencategories(laterincreasedtonine):

1.Logic

1.Logic

1.Logic

1.Logic

1.b>(Logical)

2.Language(Linguistic)

3.Spatial(Spatial)

4.Music(Musical)

5.Kinestetika

6.Introspection(Intra-personal)

7.Inter-personal(Inter-personal)

8.NaturalExploration(Naturalist)

9.ExistentialWisdom(Existential)

Úspěšná inteligence

SternbergofYaleUniversityIhavebeenengagedintheresearchofintelligenceforalongtime,andputforwardthetheoryofsuccessfulintelligence(Successfulintelligence),whichmakespeoplerealizethatthesuccessoflifemainlydependsontheintelligencequotient(IQ),butdependsonthesuccessfulintelligence.Sternbergnotonlyengagesintheoreticalresearchonsuccessfulintelligence,butalsoconductspracticalexperiments.His"Úspěšná inteligence"(1996)isquiteinfluential,andthisbookhasbeentranslatedintoChinese.

Regardingtheconceptofsuccessfulintelligence,Sternberg(1998)believesthatweshouldpaylessattentiontosometraditionalconceptsofintelligence,especiallytheconceptofIQ,andpaymoreattentiontowhathecallssuccessfulintelligence.Intheprefaceofhisbook"Úspěšná inteligence",hementionedinterestinglythathehadfailedtheIQtestinelementaryschool,andhewasdeterminedtoshowthatifhesucceedsinthefuture,itisnotthefunctionofhisIQ.Forthisreason,hefinallyembarkedonthepathofexploringintelligenceandstrivingtofindtheintelligencethatcantrulypredictfuturesuccess.Theso-called"successfulintelligence"referstotheabilitytoadaptto,change,andchoosetheenvironmentinordertocompletethegoalsoftheindividualandthegrouporculture.Ifapersonhasasuccessfulintelligence,thenheknowswhentoadapttotheenvironment,whentochangetheenvironment,whentochoosetheenvironment,andbeabletobalancethethree.Peoplewithsuccessfulintelligencecanrecognizetheirownstrengthsandweaknesses,andthentheycanusetheirstrengthsineverypossibleway,andatthesametime,theycancompensatefortheirweaknessesorshortcomings.Thisisoneofthereasonswhypeoplearesuccessful.

"Pravá inteligence" Perkinse

AnotherpsychologistfromHarvardUniversity,D.Perkins,proposed"Trueintelligence"in1996.).HecheckedalargenumberofstudiesonIQtestsandthepromotionofIQ,andthenproposed:IQincludesthreemaincomponentsordimensions:

ThefirstisNeuralintelligence:Thisreferstotheeffectivenessofthenervoussystem.Andaccuracy.Neuro-intelligencehasthecharacteristicof"Useitorloseit".Obviously,neuro-intelligencecanbemaintainedandstrengthenedthroughtheuseofinnatefactors.Neuro-intelligenceissomewhatsimilartofluidintelligencereferredtobyR.B.Cattell.

Thesecondisempiricalintelligence(Experientialintelligence):Thisreferstotheknowledgeandexperienceaccumulatedbyindividualsindifferentfields.Thiscanbeseenastheaccumulationofallpersonalexpertise.Thebasisofempiricalintelligenceistheaccumulationofknowledgeandexperience,whichcanenablepeopletohavehigh-levelskillsinoneormorefields.Apersonwhogrewupinapoorstimulusenvironmenthadasignificantdifferenceinintelligencecomparedtoapersonwhogrewupinarichlearningenvironment.Arichlearningenvironmentcanpromoteempiricalintelligence.TheempiricalintelligenceissomewhatsimilartothecrystalintelligencedescribedbyCartel.

ThethirdisReflectiveintelligence:Thisreferstoawiderangeofstrategiesforsolvingproblems,learningandcompletingchallengingintellectualtasks.Itincludesvariousattitudesthatsupportpersistence,systemism,andimagination.Itincludesself-monitoringandself-management.Introspectiveintelligencecanbeseenasacontrolsystemthathelpstoeffectivelyuseneuralintelligenceandempiricalintelligence.Peoplecanlearnstrategiestouseneuro-intelligenceandempiricalintelligencemoreeffectively.IntrospectiveintelligenceissimilartoconceptssuchasMetacognitionandCognitivemonitoring.

Tři faktory

RobertSternbergputsforwardthetheoryofthreefactorsofintelligence,andbelievesthatintelligenceconsistsofthreeparts—components,experience,andcontext.

Componentialintelligence(Componentialintelligence)referstothementalprocessesthatrelyonthinkingandproblemsolving.

Experientialintelligencereferstotheabilityofpeopletodealwithproblemsintwoextremesituations:novelorconventionalproblems.

Contextualintelligenceisreflectedintheprocessingofdailythings.Itincludesadaptingtonewanddifferentenvironments,choosingtherightenvironmentandeffectivelychangingtheenvironmenttosuityourneeds.

Kontroverze

Scholarswhostudyhumanintelligencehavefacedalotofcriticismfrompublicopinion—eventothepointthatordinaryscientistscannotbearit.Somecontroversialtopicsinclude:

1.Fromtheperspectiveofmentalmeasurementtheoryandthedifferenceinviewingthistopicinacommonsense;

2.Důležitost inteligence v každodenním životě;

3.Theinfluenceofgeneticfactorsandenvironmentalfactorsonhumanintelligence;

4.Differentracesandgenderdifferencesinintelligence,aswellasthesourcesofthesedifferencessignificance.

ØTest inteligence

Inteligencetestreferstothescientientientifictestofintelligence, soastanderStandthelelelofintelligence.thefirstintelligencetestwastheBinay-simonintelligencescAlededByBinay-Simon.Today, images, iMemMeMeMent, ty, které jsou amból, awortsOnSonces, awortsOnSonus.

Usingthemorecommonintelligencetests,therearetwoIQteststhatareadministeredbyindividualsandarestillwidelyused:theStanford-BinettestandtheWechslertest.

●TheWechslerscale(Wechslerscale,WS)mainlyreferstoW-BI,WAIS(AdultIntelligenceScale),WISC(ChildIntelligenceScale)andWPPS(Scalesforpreschoolandschool-agechildren)Iseveralintelligencescales.Althoughitalsohasamemoryscale(WMS),itisoftennotincluded.ItandtheBinetScale(BS)representthetwomaintypesofintelligencetests.ThemainfeatureoftheWexlerscaleistodivideseveralsubtestsintoonescale.Eachsubtestfocusesonmeasuringanintellectualfunction.Ontheotherhand,theBinayScaleisamixedarrangementoftestitemsthatmeasurevariousintellectualfunctions.Bothtypeshavetheirownstrengths,butcliniciansandresearchersmostlyusetheformertypeoftest.

●Stanford-Binetscaleintelligencedistribution:140oraboveisverygood(genius);120-129isexcellent;130-139issupernormal;110-119isupper-middleandintelligent;90-109isModerate;80-89aremiddle-lower;70-79arecriticallyinsufficiency;lessthan70arementallydeficient.Tryitontheintelligencetestforchildrenover11yearsoldandtheintelligencetestforadults.

Klasifikace testů inteligence

1.Accordingtothecontentofthetest,itisdividedinto:abilitytestandachievementtest,suchasacompletesetofachievementtests.

2.Accordingtothecharacteristicsofthetestobject:individualtestandgrouptest.

3.Podle výkonu testu se dělí na textový test (test papíru a tužky) a netextový test.

4.Podle účelu testu se dělí na:popisný test,diagnostickýtest,prediktivní test.

5.Podle času testu:test rychlosti a obtížnosti.

6.Accordingtothetestrequirements:therearethehighestasatestandatypicalbehaviortest.

Vývoj inteligence

Intelligencehasagreatinfluenceonaperson,soitisveryimportantforthecultivationofintelligence.Then,howtocultivateandstarttheintelligenceofchildren,askhimPsychologicalnetworkprovidesthefollowingplansforparents.

Parentsshouldtreattheirchildrenwithanattitudeofappreciation,gratification,andgratitude,andbefullofconfidenceandhopefortheirchildrenfrombeginningtoend.Everychildisapotentialgenius!Everychildhaseightkindsofintelligenceorninekindsofintelligencetovaryingdegrees!Everychildislikelytouseoneorseveraloftheseintelligencetothefullestandoutstanding!

Parentsshouldre-understand"intelligence"andshiftthefocusofdevelopingchildren's"intelligence"intime.Traditionalintelligenceisbasedonverbal-linguisticintelligenceandlogic-mathematicalintelligence.Parentsmainlyfocusonthecultivationanddevelopmentofchildren'sverbal-linguisticintelligenceandlogic-mathematicalintelligence.Gardner'sresearchresultsshowthat:intelligenceis"underacertainsocialandculturalbackground,theabilityofindividualstosolverealproblemstheyfaceandtoproduceandcreateeffectiveproductsneededbysociety."Parentsshouldpromptlyshiftthefocusofdevelopingtheirchildren’s"intelligence"tocultivatinganddevelopingtheirchildren’s"abilitytosolvepracticalproblems"and"theabilitytoproduceandcreateeffectiveproductsforsocialneeds",focusingontheoverallimprovementofchildren’squalitytomeettheneedsofsocialdevelopment.(Inasense,thecultivationofchildren'spracticalandcreativeabilitiesemphasizedbyqualityeducationisconsistentwiththedirectionpursuedbyGardner'stheoryofmultipleintelligence).

Parentsshouldkeeppacewiththetimes,learnforlife,andconstantlymastereffectivemethodsto"activate"variousintelligencesoftheirchildren.Intelligenceisakindofpotential,thepotentialdevelopmentabilityofthehumancentralnervoussystem.Parentscanbecometheactivatorofthispotential,ortheymaybecomethe"terminator"ofthispotentialinignoranceorunintentionally.Therefore,toactivateachild's"potential",notonlytheloveoftheparents,butalsothewisdomandskillsoftheparentsareneeded.Parentsshouldlearnactively,learnforlife,constantlyabsorbthelatestscientificeducationalconceptsandmethods,observechildrenobjectively,evaluatechildrenfairly,guidechildrenreasonably,andscientifically"explore"children...effectivelyactivatechildren's"Potential"makesachild'slifemoreexciting!

Parentsshouldnotblindly"followthetrend",letalonecopyitmechanically.Thereisnobestfamilyeducationmodelandmethod,aslongasthemostsuitable.Eachchildisacompletelivingbodyandanindependentindividual.Eachchildhasitsownuniqueintelligencecompositionandstructure,hasuniquesuperiorandweakintelligencefields,andhasitsownpersonalizedlearningstyleandlearningmethod.Parentsshouldpayattentionto"teachstudentsinaccordancewiththeiraptitude"and"prescribetherightmedicine".Wemustneverblindly"followthetrend"orcopyitmechanically.Themodelsandmethodsthataresuitableforotherfamiliesandotherchildrenmaynotbesuitableforyourfamilyandyourchildren!

Choosetherighttoysforyourchildrenandplaygameswithyourbaby,Isagoodwaytodevelopbaby'sintelligenceinthisperiod.Youcanincreaseyourbaby’sintelligencethroughthefollowing3games:

1.Findtoys

Method:Adultsplaywiththebaby,andshowhiminfrontofhimwhentheinterestisstrong.Toysareplacedintheadult’spocketorunderthepilloworunderthebedsheet.Whenthetoyisfound,theadultshouldimmediatelypickupthebabyandpraisehim"Awesome!Sosmart!".Thisencouragesthebabytodevelopkeenobservationandmemoryandestablishtheconceptofpermanenceforobjects.

2.Rozvíjejte vizuální, sluchové a hmatové hry

Choosecolorfulfacialmakeup,variouscolorfulplastictoys,mirrors,pictures,smallanimals,etc.,firstdemonstrate,Puttoysofthesamecolortogetherandletthechildrenfollowthem;hearingtoysthatcanmakepleasantsounds,suchassmallrattles,rattles,musicboxes,windchimes,etc.,canfollowthesoundofthetoyswhenplayingwithchildrenTeachthemtopronouncedifferentpronunciations.

3. Hry pro rozvíjení kognitivních a hmatových schopností

Firstofall,teachthechildtolookinthemirrorandlethimgradually"know"himself.Forexample,holdthebabyinfrontofthemirror,holdhislittlefingerandsay"nose"onhisnose,thenholdhislittlehandandpointtotheadult'snose,andrepeatuntilhecanpointtothenoseandsaythenose.Then,teachyourbabytorecognizeotherthings:usetoyswithdifferenttexturesandtextures,suchasfluffydolls,smalltoysmadeofsilkfabrics,buildingblocks,beachballs,etc.,teachhimtorecognizethingsandcultivatefeelings,Distinguishsize,distinguishcolor,aswellas"tearpaper","pickingupbeans","throwingthings"andotheractions.

Párová pomoc

Infantsandyoungchildrenhaveamazinglearningabilities,andtheyareextremelycurious,sotheyare"greedy"searchinglikeaspongesoakingupwater.Parentsshouldhelpthebabytounderstandthesurroundingthingsinapurposefulandplannedway.Itisnecessarytoobservecarefully,discoverthechildren'sneedsandinterestsintime,andteachpatientlyandtirelessly,andneverbeirritableanddampentheenthusiasmofthechild.Moreimportantly,weshouldpayattentionto"exercise",takeakindattitude,consideratecare,patientrepetitionandcontinuousencouragementtocreateawarmatmosphereforthechildandcultivateahappymood.Inthisway,thechildwillformahealthymentalityandenthusiasm.Self-confidentcharacter,optimisticandprogressivequality,letchildrenbenefitforlife.

1.Momtouchesit,babysmiles

WearefortunatetoinviteMr.Zhang,whohasmorethan20yearsofpreschooleducation,tointroduceparentstothefivebasicelementsofinfantintelligencedevelopment.Asthebabiesgrowup,thegapbetweenbabiesisgettingbiggerandbigger.Somearelivelyandclever,enthusiastic,goodatlearningandimitating;somearetimid,lackingthespiritofexploration,acceptingandmasteringnewthingsandnewskills.slow.Thekeytothesedifferencesliesinwhetheryougiveyourbabyawell-plannedandwell-methodedearlyintelligencedevelopmenteducation.

2.Krásné zvuky dělají miminka chytřejší

Everyoneneedstouch.Adultsalsoneedtoshakehandsandhugs,whichismorenecessaryforinfantsandyoungchildren.Itcannotonlydevelopchildren'stactileabilitiesandpromotetheirgrowth,butalsoconveytheloveofparents,allowingchildrentohaveagoodemotionalexperienceandcultivateahealthyattitude.Itisanexcellentmeansofparent-childcommunication.(Touchingshouldbedonewhenthechildisawake.Parentsmustwashtheirhandsandremovetherings,bracelets,watchesandotheraccessoriestoavoidscratchingthechild.Touchingshouldbegentleandnottoolong,fiveorsixtimesaday,Threeorfourminuteseachtime.

3. Svátek na světě a děti jsou známé

Everyonehopesthattheirchildrenwillbeabletotrainandcultivateassoonaspossible.Achild’sgoodhearingisverybeneficialtothedevelopmentofthechild’slanguagelevelandtheimprovementofhisintelligence.Normalinfantsandyoungchildrenhavehearingabilityatbirth,andlisteningtothesourceofthesoundisthemaintrainingmethod.Itisnecessarytoinsistontalkingtothechildrepeatedly,gentlyandkindly.Itcanstorealotoflanguageinformationinthebaby'smind.Thechildespeciallylikesshort,cheerful,bright-pacednurseryrhymes,whichcanbereadtohimmore.Butpayattention,theauditorytrainingtimeshouldnotbetoolong,andthevolumeshouldnotbetooloud.

IQměření

In1905,Frenchpsychologistsdevelopedthefirstscaletomeasureintelligence-theBinet-SimonIntelligenceScale,whichwasintroducedtoChinain1922,1982ItwasrevisedbyMr.WuTianminfromBeijingintheyear,withatotalof51questions,mainlysuitableformeasuringtheintelligenceofelementaryandjuniorhighschoolstudents.In1936,WexlercompiledtheWexlerIntelligenceScaleforAdults(WAIS)andChildIntelligenceScale(WISC)in1936,TheWechslerIntelligenceScale(WPPIS)forchildren4-6.5.TheWechslerScalewasintroducedinChinainthemiddleandlate1980sandtheChineseversionwasrevisedandpublished,soitiswidelyused.

ItisanintelligencescalecompiledbytheAmericanpsychologistWexler,revisedbyChina'sHunanMedicalUniversityGongYaoxianandothers,andformulatedtheChinesenorm.Wecanmeasurechildrenaged6-16and16Adultsovertheageof.Throughpsychologicalmeasurement,youcanunderstandyourownintelligencelevelandpotential,identifytheintellectualimpairmentcausedbytrafficaccidents,inordertogivefullplaytoyourownadvantages,scientificallyfillinthecollegeentranceexaminationvolunteers,prenatalandpostnatalcareb>Providescientificbasis.

IQtest

Test IQ zahrnuje 17 položek, včetně zdravého rozumu, porozumění, aritmetiky, podobnosti, paměti, slov, obrázků, stavebních bloků, uspořádání, hádanek a symbolů, které se testují samostatně. Dokončení celého testu trvá asi jednu hodinu.

8cluesshowthebaby’sintelligence:becausethebaby’slanguagehasjustbeguntodevelop,Therefore,penandpapertestscannotbeusedtotestthebaby’sintelligence,andnowrittenanswerscanbeobtained.Parentscanonlyestimatethedevelopmentofthebaby’sintelligencebyobservingthebaby’smovements.Thefirstdevelopmentinthebrainisthenervoussystemthatcontrolsthespineandlimbs.Therefore,thebestwaytounderstandinfantbraindevelopmentandintelligencedevelopmentistoobservethedevelopmentofchildren’smotorability.Motorabilitydevelopmentinvolvestheabilitytomoveandusethebodyandlimbs.

Rané náznaky diagnostiky intelektuálního vývoje:

Dr.NancyBelleisawell-knownpsychologist.Overthepastfewyears,hehasstudiedandobservedthedevelopmentanddevelopmentofinfants.Exhibition,shelistedthefollowing8cluesinthebook"ResearchonEarlyChildhoodDevelopment"toremindparentstopayattentiontothenormaldevelopmentofinfants’intelligence.

·Když lžíce spadne na podlahu, bude se šestiměsíční dítě dívat ve směru pádu;

·6apůlměsíční miminko dostane vše, co potřebuje, když bude spokojeno, dám hlas vyjadřující spokojenost;

·Formorethan7months,Iwillsmileattheimageinthemirrorandbeabletolookforasmallspoonthatfallsontheground;

·In8andahalfmonths,Iwillplaygameslikehidingcatsandclappinghandswithothers;Iwillalsolistentofamiliarwords;Inordertodrawtheringcloser;alsounderstandthemeaningofcertainwords;

·Aftermorethan10months,Iwillimitateadultsandputthebuildingblocksintothebox.Willgotodisassemble;

·Morethan11months,Iwillimitatethepronunciationofwords;

·Více než 12 měsíců, budu mluvit několika slovy.

Parentscantrytoplaysomeactivitiessimilartotheabovewiththeirbabies,andestimatetheirintellectualdevelopmentforthemselves.Dr.Baileyfoundthattheintelligencetestscoresininfancyarenotnecessarilyrelatedtotheintelligencetestscoresinthefuture.Themostcleverbabymaynotalwaysbethesmartesttoddlerorelementaryschoolstudent.Babieswithdevelopmentaldelaysoftencatchupwithorsurpasstheirfast-developingpartners.Therefore,donotmakelong-termpredictionsforbabiesduringobservation.

Nedorozumění

Learningisthemostinterestingandgreatestgameinlife.Allchildrenareborntothinksoandwillcontinuetothinksountilweconvincethemthatlearningisverydifficultandannoying.Somechildrenhaveneverreallyencounteredthistrouble,andthroughouttheirlives,hebelievesthatlearningistheonlyfungameworthplaying.Wegivesuchpeopleaname,andwecallthemgeniuses.——GlennDoman

1.Ignorujte tělesnou vyspělost dětí

Children’sphysicalandmentaldevelopmentissequential,andearlyeducationmustbeappropriateTimelytrainingonthebasisofphysicalmaturitycanachievegoodresults.Tooearlyandtoolatewillcauseharmtochildren.Weallknowthestoriesofwolfboysandpigboys.Theymissedtheopportunityforvariousintelligentdevelopmentsuchaslanguageandsocialnorms.Therefore,evenifscientistsprovidegoodconditions,Cannotmakethemcatchupwiththeintellectuallevelofthemostordinarychildren.However,prematuredevelopmentofachild'sintelligencewillnotonlyfailtoachievethedesiredeffect,butwillalsocauseharmtothechild.Inthisregard,parentsandfriendsshouldlearnaboutthesensitiveperiodoftheirchildren.

2. Úzké "učení"

Whenitcomestolearning,manypeoplethinkofsittinginclassandlisteninginschool,aswellasthemanytheoremsandcommonsense.Thisunderstandingistoonarrowandrigid.Whenababycanrecognizethedifferencebetweenhismotherandotherpeople;whenaboyreads"FemalePsychology"inabookstoreoutofcuriosityabouttheoppositesex;whenapersoneatsWesternfoodforthefirsttime,carefullyimitatingWhensomeoneelse;whenagirlpaysattentiontothecelebrities’outfits;whenapersonbuysanewelectricalapplianceandreadsthemanual;whenadriveropensamapinastrangeplacetofindtherouteheshouldtake...theseareallIt'slearning,andit'smoreimportantlearning.Wedonothavecertainknowledgeandskillsthatweneed,andwepursueit.Thisislearning.Eightypercentoftheknowledgethatpeopleuseinlifeislearnedoutsidetheclassroom,suchascommonsenseofcommunication,psychologicaladjustmentability,howtorespond,andvarioussocialexperiencesandunspokenrules.Classroomlearningisonlyonekindoflearning,anditisnotthemostimportantone.Classroomlearningallowsustogethighscores,allowsustoenterprestigiousuniversities,andallowsustohaveagoldplatewhenweenterthetalentmarket.Admissionticket,however,itisonlyanadmissionticket.Howtoopenthesituationdependsontheskillswehavecultivatedoutsidetheclassroomandtheknowledgewelearnedafterwewalkedoutofschool.

Isaidsomuch,Iwanttotellmyfriendsnottounderstandlearningnarrowly,soasnottoaskchildrennarrowly.Foryoungchildren,theylearnthroughgamesandlife.Everyquestiontheyaskislearning,andeverygameoractivitytheyparticipateinislearning;foryoungchildren,theirbroadcuriosityandinterestareNature’sbestgift,childrenusethistoincreasetheirknowledgeandabilities,extensiveexplorationandastateofenthusiasmisextremelyimportantforchildren.Theformerallowschildrentoconstantlydiscovertheirtalents,andthelatterallowschildrentoreachtheirinnermostfeelings.Harmonyandpsychologicalself-construction.

3.Zdůrazněnívýsledkůazanedbáváníprocesu

First,happinessismoreimportantthanresults.Thefeelingsthatchildrengetfromtheprocessandthecorrespondingattitudestheyestablisharemoreimportantthanthespecificresultsofthechildren'slearning.Childrendon’tlearnmuch,buttheygethappinessintheprocessoflearning.Theylikelearningandknowledge.Thisattitudeismoreimportantthananythingelse.Someveryutilitarianparentsalwaysexpecttheirchildrentolearnsomethingearly,suchasmemorizingTangpoems,memorizingvocabulary,andlearningmathematics.Infact,childrenreciteafewmoreTangpoemsandlearnafewmoreChinesecharacters.Thislittleadvantagewillsoondisappear.Inthelongrun,thereisnospecialbenefittothechild.IfthechildlearnsbecauseofthedeliberateandutilitarianrequirementsoftheparentsThesenseofresistanceisevengreaterbecauseofsmalllosses.

Úvod

Accordingtorelevantreports,WanXueyuan,directoroftheStateAdministrationofForeignExpertsAffairs,recentlystatedthatChinawillcontinuetoactivelyintroduceforeignintelligenceinordertomeettheurgentneedsofjoiningtheWorldTradeOrganization.China'saccessiontotheWorldTradeOrganizationrequiresagroupoftalentswhoarefamiliarwithWTOrulesandWTOlaws.Chinawilluseacombinationofhiringforeignexpertsanddispatchingpersonneltogoabroadfortraining,soastocultivateagroupofprofessionalscapableofthistaskassoonaspossible.TheBureauofForeignExpertsAffairswillcooperatewiththeStateEconomicandTradeCommissionandotherindustryauthoritiestohireforeignhigh-levelexpertswithrichmanagementknowledgeandpracticalexperiencetohelpcompanieslearnanddrawonforeignadvancedmanagement,marketing,andnewproductdevelopmentexperience,andpromotecorporatetechnologicaltransformation.Atthesametime,Chinawillsendagroupofseniormanagersofyoungandmiddle-agedenterprisestoforeigncountriesformedium-andlong-termtraining.

Inaddition,Chinawillalsohirehigh-levelforeigneconomic,tradeandtechnicalexpertstocometoChinatoholdspecialtrainingsandseminarsoneconomicandtraderules,technicalqualitystandards,corporateproductcertification,tradeandtechnicalbarriers,andenvironmentalbarriers.,Traininggovernmentmanagers.Atthesametime,organizemanagersofgovernmentmanagementdepartmentsandindustryorganizationstoconductdomesticandforeigntrainingtohelpthemunderstandglobaleconomicandtradedevelopmenttrends,especiallytheeconomicandtraderulesofsomedevelopedcountries,andtheexperienceandlessonsofsomedevelopingcountries'accessiontotheWTO.