Úvod
CognitiveInformationProcessingTheorybelievesthatcareerdevelopmentistoseehowapersonmakescareerdecisionsandhowtousethemintheprocessofcareerproblemsolvingandcareerdecision-makinginformational.
V roce 1991, Garypeterson, Jamesmampson, Robertreardonco-auto-autor "CareerDevelopmentAndService: AkindThebook" CareerDevelopmentAndServices: AcognitiveApproach "popisuje testhismethodofcognitiveInformation Processing (CIP) (CIP) (CIP) (CIP).
Hypotéza pro zpracování zpracování
Téměřallinformation -ProcessingTheoristsbelievetHatEarningSesensialsSittitetedByTheacquisitionAnduseofinformation.OneoftheirbasicAssumptionsIsThatbehaviorisdeterMinedBeinformationflowwithInTheorganism.SinnethiskIndindofinformationflowisJestaconjecture, itcanNeverBedIRectlyObSersed.Proto psychologshaveconstructedDifferentModelstoderiveThisinformationflow; itdependsonwhichInternalProcesssthetheoristStantStoexplain.Možná, žeInformationflowDiagramstooseFrooseFromareTenable.Butingeral, InformationProcessingToristsRemainlyConredwithtwoissues: (1) Poté, co se týče potomku;.
Klasifikace propracování tvorby
ResearchAndStudyFromTheperspectiveFinformationProcessing, startorifferentsources.Somepeoplethink (Ellis, 1978), itisinfluedBeheGestaltMemorytheory, která se zaměřuje.Somepeople(Norman,1970)distinguishedthreetheoriesthathaveanimpactontoday'sinformationprocessingtheory:(1)MathematicallearningtheoriesfirstproposedbyEstesandSpence;(2)(3)Emphasizesthesignaldetectiontheorieswithselectiveattentionasthestartingpointandlong-termmemorytracesastheend;(3)Computer-modeltheorieswithemphasisonartificialintelligenceandcomputersimulation.
Podle.E.Snelbecker'SpointOfView, v současné době, WhatIsconsideredToBewithIntescopeofinformationProcessing TheoryCanberoughlyDiDidedTotheFollingThreetecateRategories:
1.FocusOninformationtheoryInMathematicmaticTatisticalAnalylysalysalyly
Theamericanscholarc.ShannonisRecognizedAstHefatherofinformationtheory.AsatechničkaOfbelltelephonecompany, ShannonhasProceceseDinformationMathematicallymaticallymaticalsTeresearchProcessinOrderTosolveTolemFInformationCodingAndimPovetheefEfficienciencienceAndReliabiliabiliabiliabilityofTHecommunicationSystem.HediscardshespecificcontentofTheMessageinthecommunicationsystem, andtreattHeinformationgeneratedBytheInformationSourceasonlyanabstractquantity.HeappliedMathematicTatisticStothefieldOfCommunication, putForwardtheMathematicalForMulafinformationtropy, popsaná proprofinformationtransmissionAndextractermSofquantity, aputForwardTheConceptofinformationquantity.HedesignedaseTofMetHodSeasuasiasInformationAndundervariousconditions, thelayingthefoundationOfModernInformationtheory (Wangyutian, 1986).
Shannon'sMeasurementFocuseSonthesiMilarityBeentransMitedMessagesInSagesInderTocalculate HowMuchinformationThesenderantCanget.ShannonRegardstheexchangeofMessagesAcharacteristicOfCommunication.Proto je informace o theoryIsconcended s withtheimpactofMessagesthatMayhavebeendered, aswellasthesignalsTareaktialsDelivered.
Psychologysdaptedshannon'ssinformationMeasurementand a.THESTERIMULIPRESENTTOTHESUBCORESCORVEDTOTHESOURCEANDTRANSMITERTOFTHTHTHTHTHTHTHTHETONTIONTIONACESYSTYM.TheChannelisRegardedasthecharacteristicofTheHumansUbject; thesubject'SmaximuMacAccuracyInEncodingTheSignalandMakingTheCorectRectRectRectRectRectRectRectRectRectRectRectRectRectRectRectRectRectRectRectRectResponseIscalledhischannelCapacity.
InformationAnalysisFocuseSontheConsistencyofTheparticintis'ResponSestotheTiMulipresentesenterieSeriesOfAtTents.Forexample, wecanpresentFourtoneswithferentTimbresbresButthesameinotheraspects (taysAndAndDuration), asktHemTomakeFourDifferentResponsessessesses.Inthisway, WecandeterMineMoutDetailedCalculations.DidtheparticipantProcessalltheInformationAvailableInThissituation?
WhatultsubjectSarepresentedswithasingle-dimensional stimulus (to, kromě formonestimuluswithadifferentdimension, allotheraskectsarexactthesame), tam bude fenomén.Oncethesubjectshadenough -practiticetoClearlyKnowToreoRedToeachstimulus, jejich přístaviště najevonasymptoticlines, a aintainedAuraniadedAccuracyduringoperation.Navíc, suvelifTHestimulusisonlyPreceisedThroughDeferentsenSoryChannels, orhearrangementofThestimuliisdifferent, thechangeinthenumbembulithatcanbecorrectlyidentifiedIsverysMallAllAllowsMallAllsMallsMallsMallsMallsMallsMallsMallsMallsMallsMallsMallsMallsMallsMallsMallsMallsMallsMallsMallsMallsMallsMallsMallS.In1956, g.MillerPublisednarticleenTillted: „TheMagicalNumberseven, PlusOrminustwo: somelimitSourInformationProcessingenergy“ (TheMagicalNumberseven, PlusOrMiMimitSoNoUlToNoRionalitesiteoranitesitesitesitesinsitesinsitesinsitesinsitesin..MillerProposedthatWesHoussesegoldsteadofWastetofillthesesevenorsomemoryholes.Aftermiller'Sarticlewaspublished, PsychologAgedIndinnHrendrendrendsOfSuchstudies.Ačkoli pojednává oopletestionsAbouttheCalculationProcedureofHumanlanchannenergy, manypsychologshaveacceptedthisDiscovery, která je nalezena.ThereArealsopeoplewhoThinkfroMoterperperspectRiveThatWeCanorganizeInformationInto „kusy“, který kanincreasehumaninformation -zpracovává kapacita.Proto se mělo za to, že se mělo zaznamenat, že jsou formátorová organizace.
Obecně závisí, psychologové beevethatinformationtheoryhelpsusformamodelofhumansasasinformationprocessors.ThisModeleMphasizestHeroleofactivechoicesHedpeopleResportTostimuli, spíše totanthepassiveroleofpeopleasseeninthestimulus-responSetheory.AtThesametime, Somepeoplethink (Simon, 1979), že se zaměřuje.
2.InformationProcessingTheoryFocusingOnComputersimulation
TheConceptofTreatingPeopleasInformationProcessorSISLINEDTOTHETHEDEVETHOFCOMPOMETERTECHNOLOGIE.Computertechnology se vyvinula, která se vyvinula.PsychologShavediscoveredThComputerProgramscAlsalobeusedStodescrethetheWayhumansthindandlearn.SomeresearchersUseComputerstosimulateHumanproblemssolvingandAndlearningprocesses.Inthisway, psychologyNolongerjustspeculateaboutwhishAppeningInsideThe "Blackbox."
TherearetwomaindevelopmentsComputerSandhumaninformationProcessing: onteoNeHand, i když manyInformationtheristsAreNoTinterestInHumanCognitiveProcesses, jsou converysconcerdedaBotiMProvingThewaysputersProcessinformation.Proto se oni oni oni ošetřovali ProcessasaguidetoimprovetheComputer'SDataProcessingProgram.Therefore,thetermartificialintelligence(artificialintelligence)isoftenonlyusedtorefertotheinformationprocessingstepsfollowedbythecomputer,regardlessofwhetherthesestepssimulatetheactualwayhumansprocessinformation,whichisnotthesameasthetermitself.TheMeaningofiscontradictory (Simon, 1969).OneofTemostPracticalGoalSinartificialIlIlTelligenceSoFintheBestwayForCompurterstostore, extrakt, provádění a použití informací.AsforthetherhumansFollowTheSepswhensolvingproblems, thisNottheTeyCareabout.
Butatherscholars'terestincomputerProcessingFocuseSonsimulationTheprocessofHumanproblemSolving.Computersimulation(computersimulation)usuallyreferstothemethodusedwhenusingcomputersandcomputerlanguagestodescribetheprocessofhumaninformationprocessing.ThemosttypicalcharacterinthisregardisSimon.HebeevestHatthereisaone-on-on-oOncordencebetween-meancognitiveactivities a composputters.
TheFirstSuccessComputersIMiMulationOfHumanthinkingWasDesignedByNewellandsimon.To pogramiscalled the „logictheorist“ programové abeusedtoprovevarioustheoremsinformallogic.„Logictheorists“, který vyvolal asomeofthessingMetSodSusedByHumansinproblem-Solvingactivities, ButheycAnonlySolVeCealeteSofproblemsMeblems.NewellandsiMondesigneDedeMoresophophistictedproblem-SolvingSystemIn1972, nazvaný „GeneralProblemSolver“.TentoprogramkombinesalargemumbembrateGiestHatarebeliedTobethebasisofhumanProblem-Solvingactivities.TentoprogramcannotonlyProveLogicaltheorems, bucalsoplaychess aposemusic.Asaresult, ThePoposesedAbASicStructurecructureInvolvedinproblem-SolvingBehavior, který sekrý „informační processingSystem“ nebo „IP“ nebo „IP“.ThereceptiveSystem (orreceptor, to, pak, pak, pakendingsAnthechannelstransMitSensationstothebrain) oftproblemSolverisconEdTotheinformationProcessor, andtheInformationProcessorneedStouseMoryory.MemoalsAlsoprovidesInformationForinformationProcessors, andInformationProcessorsProvideInformationFormation ForEffectors.EfektorreferstotheactionProcessofimplementingTheDecisionInTheProcesOfproblemSolving.
3.KognitiveInformation -ProcesingTheoryFocusingonPracticalApplication
THEPLEBLEMOFRESEARDMETHODSHASALAYSBEENAYVERYDIFFICICULTPOBLEBLEMINPSYCHOLOGANESEARD.InformationSognitivePsychologylogyinheritSthetraditionOfExPeperimentalPsychology, absorbsheresearchresultSofComputerscience, andformsarelativně complatitivně kombinéza - aresearchMetHotHotHomThatthatThatCombinesexperiment, simulace a atheoreticalAnalysasis.ThisSearchMethodly reflectthehighlyComprehenSiveRereSearchCaracteristicsOfConteMecienceOnTheBasisofExperiments, aswellasthecombinationOmnativeresearchandquantitativeresearch, athecombinationOfMacroscopicResearchAndMicroscoscosicResearEsearch..ItiteSthebroughInResearchMethodsthatPromotestHedevelofinFinformation -ProcessingCognitivePsychology.TheseresearchMethodsinclude:
(1) Experimentální metoda
Od WundteStabledThefirstpsychologyLaboratoratoryInleipzigmorethanonehunderyEarsAgo, experimentální methodshavebeenwidelyused.Přijaty nejčastěji psychologové.ThisBeCausetheexPERIMENTEMENTODABLES RESEARKSYSTEMACTYMAMIPULALIDALIDAIRAIALS, SpeakereChangesIndentsspendentVariables, and ExploreLelationshipBetSiweensweensweensweensiensablesinaControlledSituation.ExperimentshelPresearcherStoCollectData, ověřeníHypotheses, amprovethereliability avaliditedOfPriceStudies.ExperimentalMethodistHemainMetodusedByinformationPluscognitivePsychology.
THEEXPERIMENTIMENTOFINACEPOCESSINGCOGNITIVEPSCOLOGIEMAINLYREACTIMEACTIMEEXPERIMENTEMENDEYEMEMOVEMEMEXPERIMENTIMENT.
(2) OralreportMethod
OralreportMethod, alsocalledthinkingaloud, isamethodwhewhereparticiparsreportoudTheIrststswenterforminganoperationExploremethodsOginternalcognitiveprocessessesSeses.OralreportsaremostlyCarrieridOutDuringoperation, butheycAnalsObenarratedThroughRughCallafteroperation.Inasense, theSethodoForalReportingIssomeWhatsiMilarTothetraditionAlintrospectionMethod, aitcAlsaloberegardedasacRitiqueandinHeroftheintrospectionMethothothothothothothothothothotHothothotHothothosTospectionMethothothotHothothotHothothosT.Když unduktinganoralreportexperiment, ThexAminerMustaskthesubjectStorePortTedetailedContenTofThingTuringTheoUdandtrubless, sothattheinternalthinkingProcessisexternallyverbal, butheyarenotrequired -coexplainthesituation, cour.WhatthesubjectsReportedShainlybetheinformationRetainedInShort-termMoryOrythatSoonDisIsAppear.Používání thishishodu, Naxen, SimonandothershavemadeCiveSaivementsInInItivereSearch.TheoralReportMethodhasBeenacceptedByManyinformationProcessingCognitivePsychologové.
(3) ComputerSiMulationMethod
ComputerSimulationIsTheMostrepresentativeanDuniquereSearchMethodofinformationProcessingCognitivePsychology.ComputerSiMulationIsTheResectiofPsychologyand acomputerscience, anditisalsoanimportantParTofArtificialIlTelligence.Tento methodistunderStandtheson'SpsychologicalProcesitSelthroughComputersimulationofthepsychologicalProcess, to, toconductalologicalAlysisofThereson'sinternalinformation -ProcessingProcesSProcesS.
ComputerSiMulationIsoftencombined stheoreticalAnalysis, startFomThreeaspects: programování, procesní analýza a programsimulace.ProgramoreductionISamethodtHatusSpontientialFactorsAsOUrceofDaadseparatesCognitiveFactorStoexploreCognitiveProces.ThetypicalDesignistoallowsUbjectstoperformtwithdifferentlevelSomplexity, axploretheoperationTimeandinformationProcessingProcesOfComPomplextSksFoMacomparativePerspective.ProcessanalysistofurtherexplorethesquenceenceanddirectionOfmentAlrepresentationsduringoperationThroughThomparisonOfComputerflowCharts.Programsimulationistocompilethehumancognitiveprocessintovariouscomputerlanguagesandinputitintothecomputer.Pokud je vputputProgramcanworklylylyly, thedesignerCanatleast -knowthatacientationProcesSLogicallyfesible, že je, toobtainlogicalrationality.ověřit.Forexample, Clarketal.UsedComputersimulationMetHODStoexploreTheProceSofHumansendenceComprehension adakoetal.prozkoumal -SopleeSetheIllimitedshort-termmemorytoprocessanAlyZetheContextOfSentences.TheSestudieshaveaeadedCeasilresults.Úspěch.