Původ
HumanismaroseintheUnitedStatesinthe1950sand1960s,anddevelopedrapidlyinthe1970sand1980s.Itopposedbehaviorismandequatedhumanswithanimals,andonlystudiedhumans.Behavior,doesnotunderstandtheinnernatureofpeople,andcriticizesFreudforonlystudyingneurosesandmentalpatients,andnotexaminingthepsychologyofnormalpeople,soitiscalledthethirdmovementofpsychology.
Škola
Thehumanisticschoolemphasizeshumandignity,value,creativityandself-realization,andattributestheself-realizationofhumannaturetotheexertionofpotential,andpotentialissimilarInstinctivenature.Thegreatestcontributionofhumanismistoseetheconsistencybetweenhumanpsychologyandhumannature,andadvocatesthatpsychologymuststudyhumanpsychologyfromtheperspectiveofhumannature.
ThemainrepresentativesofthisschoolareMaslow(1908～1970)andRogers(1902～).Maslow’smainpointofview:Hestudiedandcategorizedthebasicneedsofhumans,distinguishedthemfromtheinstinctsofanimals,andproposedthathumanneedsaredevelopedatdifferentlevels;Theneedsarearrangedinahierarchicalsequencefromlowtohigh.Thelowestneedsarephysiologicalneeds,whicharetheneedsthatpeoplefeeltobesatisfiedfirst.Rogers’mainpointofview:Hedevelopedthe"self-theory"ofpersonalityinthepracticeofpsychotherapyandtheoreticalresearchonpsychology,andadvocatedthe"patient-centeredtherapy"methodofpsychotherapy.Humanbeingshaveanatural"self-realization"motivation,thatis,aperson'stendencytodevelop,expand,andmature.Itisaperson'stendencytomaximizetheirvariouspotentials.
Interpretace psychologických překážek
Thehumanistictheory'sexplanationofthecausesofpsychologicalobstaclesistheinconsistencybetweenself-conceptandexperience.Oncetheself-conceptisnotdeterminedbytheevaluationprocessoftheindividualorganism,itinternalizesthevalueofothersandregardsthevalueofothersaspartofone'sownvalue,negatingone'sownexperienceandself-conceptinordertomeettheneedsandacceptanceofothersConflictwithexperienceandproducedisharmony.Atthistime,thiskindofdisharmonywillmakepeoplefeelmoreunabletoadapttotheenvironment,resultinginabnormalpsychologicalconditionssuchasanxietyandirritabilityandpsychologicaldisorders.
Viewsonhumannature
Humanismbelievesthatpeoplehavetheneedforself-realization.Whenpeoplemeettheirbasicneedssuchaseating,dressing,andsafety,theywillhaveadvancedneedssuchaslove,respect,andself-realization.Whenthelow-levelneedsarefulfilledandthehigh-levelneedscannotbemet,peoplewillhavesomebademotionsandfeelpain,therebyformingpsychologicalbarriers.Thetrendofself-realizationisaprocessthatguidespeopletoworkhardtounderstand,practice,autonomy,self-determination,andperfection.
Inaddition,thehumanisticviewbelievesthatpeopleareintelligentandpeopleareabletosolvetheirownpsychologicalproblems.Psychotherapydoesnotrequireguidanceandcontrolofpatients.Aslongaspatientsareprovidedwithsufficienttrustandrespect,theywillhavetheabilitytosolvetheirownpsychologicalproblems.
Podstata
Theessenceofhumanistictherapyistoreshapethetrueselfandachievetheharmonyandunityofself-conceptandexperience.Thepurposeoftreatmentistohelppatientsgetridofthosethoughtsandbehaviorsthatdeviatefromtheirownexperienceinordertoadapttotheneedsofsocietyandothers,sothatpeoplecanfindtheirtrueself.Abletoliveforself-worthinsteadofcateringtoothers.Forexample,busyeverydayforworkthatyoudon'tlike,andworktocatertothewishesoftheleader.Theinabilitytorealizeself-worthandidealsleadstopessimisticandnegativethoughts.Whentheleaderisdissatisfiedortheworkisnotgoingwell,itwillproduceabnormalemotionsandevenleadtovariouspsychologicalobstacles.Humanistictherapyisaprocessthathelpspatientsdeepentheirself-understanding,encouragesandcaressothatpatientsfindtheirownvalueandneeds,andworkhardtorealizetheirideals.
Technika
Humanismus (5 fotografií)
Thereisnofixedtechnicalmodelforhumanismtherapy,butthefollowingthreePrinciples.Porozumění
Thisisthebasisforthesuccessoftreatment.Putyourselfinthepositiontothinkabouttheproblemfromtheperspectiveofthepatient,andtrulyunderstandtheirthoughts.Atrueunderstandingwillmakethepatientfeelwarmandrespectful.Theexpressionofunderstandingcanbeverbalornonverbal,andsometimessilencealsoexpressestheunderstandingofthepatient.
Sdělení
Frankcommunicationistheprerequisiteforin-depthexplorationofproblemssothatpatientscanexpresstheirfeelingsfreely.Doctorsandpatientsshouldbeonanequalfootingandtalkunguardedasfriends.
Pozornost
Thetherapist’sattentiontothepatientshouldbeunconditional.Thepsychologicalproblemsofpatientsshouldnotbetreatedwithacriticalattitude,butshouldexpressunlimitedcareandaccurateempathy.
>Firstofall,inhistory,humanismisaphilosophicalandliterarymovementthatoriginatedinItalyinthesecondhalfofthe14thcenturyandspreadtootherEuropeancountries.ItconstitutesanelementofmodernWesternculture..Humanismalsoreferstoanyphilosophythatrecognizesthevalueanddignityofhumanbeings,regardshumansastheyardstickofallthings,ortakeshumannature,humanfinitudeandhumaninterestsasthetheme.TheformerisafundamentalaspectoftheRenaissance.Thinkersatthattimere-incorporatedmanintothenaturalandhistoricalworldfromthisaspect,andexplainedmanfromthisperspective.Inthissense,humanismisoneofthebasicconditionsforthescientificrevolutioninthe17thcentury,andtoacertainextent,itisalsoaconditionforthebirthof"scientism".
Thefundamentalismsincethe17thcenturyandthenaturalismsincetheendofthe19thcenturydonotopposethehumanismoftheRenaissance.ThehumanistmovementinhistoryisopposedtosupernaturalbeliefsandmedievalAristotelianism.Leavingasidehistoricalhumanism,wediscusscontemporaryhumanism.Peopleusuallythinkthatcontemporaryhumanismisthe"philosophyofthesubject"(philosophyofthesubject).Sincephilosophershaveinconsistentunderstandingof"subject",inthissense,"humanism"ispolysemy.
IfthephilosophyderivedfromDescartes'"Ithink"andKant'stranscendentalselfisregardedashumanism,thenNeo-Kantismisatypicalhumanism.Let’snottalkaboutwhetherindividualNeo-Kantiansbelongtothephilosophersinthehumanistictrend.Onthewhole,Neo-KantisminheritedKant’sfoundationforscience,especiallynaturalscience(Marburgschool)andculturalscience(Freiburgschool).Theyworkhardwiththebasicprogram,theselffromwhichtheystartisgeneral,non-experienceandimpersonal,whichisfundamentallydifferentfromtheempiricalselfemphasizedbythehumanists.Moreover,Neo-Kantismpaysspecialattentiontothevalueofscience,whichispreciselythecharacteristicof"scientism",whichisverydifferentfromthehumanismthatemphasizespersonalvalue.
Secondly,asaschoolof"subjectphilosophy"or"consciousnessphilosophy",Husserl'sphenomenologycanalsobecalledhumanism.LikeKant,hetookhimselfasthestartingpointandtriedtolaythefoundationforscientificknowledge.Thedifferenceisthatheresortedto"essentialintuition"andperformedhisworkthatconstitutesobjectivityinadescriptiveway.Earlyanti-psychologicalismmadehimregardlogicalstructureas"truthitself".
Husserl’s"Ithink"isdifferentfromKantandisnotimpersonal,butwhatthetranscendentalfoundationofobjectivityrequiresisnotasubjectorsubjectivity,butapluralisticandinter-subjectiverelationship.,Atomology-likefoundation.Isthiskindoffoundation-layingtheoryhumanistic?Yes,ifwetreatany"subjectphilosophy"ashumanism.Buthumanismischaracterizedbytheprimacyofhumanbeings,whileHusserlgivesaphenomenological"reduction"toeverydaylanguageandthe"I"indailylife.Hedoesnotmakeaphilosophicaldefenseforpeople'sdemands.Whathecaresaboutistomakephilosophyastrictscience.Inthisway,idealisticphenomenologydoesnotbelongtothecategoryofhumanism.
Humanismterapie
Third,M.Scheler'santi-formalismphilosophyofvaluederivedfromthe"philosophicalanthropology"ofphenomenologyemphasizesthatpersonalityisamoralactionThecenteroftheworldseemstobeconsistentwithhumanism.Butpersonalityismdoesnotmakepeopleayardstickofgoodandevil.Somepersonalityistsunderstandthatpersonalityismisaphilosophyinwhichpeoplemakefrequentprotestsagainstbeingreducedtoconceptsorlevelsofthingsandfullypayattentiontocontemporaryculturalcrises.Thischangeinthepurportofpersonalityismbringsitclosertothedirectionofhumanism.
Butpersonalityistsstilldon'tpaymuchattentiontotheindividual'sabilitytoestablishoneself,andpaymoreattentiontotheindividual'sabilitytoaccommodateothersandopentoavalueorder.Sopersonalityismisnotcompletelyhumanism.Butpersonalityismorspiritualism(centeredatBostonUniversity)popularintheUnitedStatesisoftencalledhumanism.
Fourth,wehavefoundtrueandcompletehumanisminSartre’sexistentialphilosophy.Hisbook"BeingandNothing"isaconcentratedexpressionofphenomenology,existentialphilosophyandhumanism,andisamanifestationofthefulldevelopmentofhumanism.Existentialistsconcluded:"Thereisnootherworldoutsideoftheworldofhumansandtheworldofhumansubjectivity."Existentialism,asatypicalhumanism,isincompatiblewithnaturalism.
Fifth,ThemethodologicalhermeneuticsofDiltheyandhissuccessorsemphasizedthatthesocialandhumansciencesrequireanunderstandingoftextorsocialhistoricalphenomena,whichisobviouslydifferentfromthenaturalsciencesusinggenerallawstoexplainthephenomenastudied.Porozuměníandexplanationaretwodifferentscientificmethods.Naturalism,however,insistsonthecontinuityofscientificmethods.Allnaturalobjectsandphenomena,includinghumans,canbegivenscientificexplanationsbyapplyinggenerallaws,believingthatthiswillleadtorealscientificknowledge.Inthisway,methodologicalhermeneuticsisopposedtonaturalism.Hermeneuticsisalsoincompatiblewithepistemologicalfundamentalismindenyingthecertaintyoftruth.Therefore,intheentirefieldofphilosophy,earlyhermeneuticscanbesaidtobelongtothecategoryofhumanism,whichistheoppositeofscientism.
Proces
Rogersproposed12stepsforthepsychotherapyprocessveryearly.Althoughtheymayseemdifferent,theycannotbecompletelyseparatedintheimplementationprocess.Specifically,itincludesthefollowingsteps:
Thefirstvisitortakestheinitiativetoaskforhelp.Iftheclientdoesnotneedtochangehimself,thetreatmentisdifficulttosucceed;
Thesecondtherapistexplainsthesituation.Thetherapistintroducesthetreatmentprocesstotheclientandemphasizestheroleoftheclient.Theroleofthetherapistisonlytocreateanatmosphereconducivetothegrowthoftheclient;
Thirdly,theclientisencouragedtoexpressemotionsfreely.Regardlessoftheemotionsexpressedbytheclient,thetherapistshouldtreateachotherinasincereandfriendlymanner;
Thefourththerapistcanaccept,recognize,andclarifythenegativeemotionsoftheotherparty.Thehealernotonlypassivelyacceptstheinformationprovidedbytheotherparty,butonlyreflectsthesuperficialcontent,butshouldgodeepintotheotherparty'sheartandpayattentiontodiscoveringtheother'sinsinuationorimpliedemotion.Thisisaverydifficultandverydelicatestep;
Fifth,promotethegrowthofvisitors.Oncetheotherpartyexpressesandexposesthenegativeemotions,vague,tentative,andpositiveemotionswillcontinuetosprout;
Sixth,acceptthepositiveemotionsofthevisitor.Thetherapistonlyneedstoacceptthepositiveemotionsoftheotherpartywithoutevaluation,sothattheotherpartywillnaturallyreachthepointofcomprehensionandself-understanding;
Theseventhvisitorbeginstoacceptthetrueself.Asthetherapistadoptsanattitudeofacceptanceandunderstandingtowardsthepatient,thepatienthastheopportunitytore-understandselfandacceptthetrueself.Thislaysthefoundationfortheotherpartytoachieveself-integrationonanewlevel;
Eighth,helpthevisitortomakeadecision.Thenewintegrationmeansthegenerationofnewdecisionsandnewbehaviors.Thetherapistshouldassisttheotherpartytoclarifythepossiblechoices;
Theninthcurativeeffect.Thevisitorhasachievedanewunderstandingoftheproblemthroughself-understanding,andacertainpositiveandtentativeactionhasemergedasthetimesrequire;
Thetenthexpansionofthecurativeeffect.Onthebasisofexistingattempts,thetherapistshouldhelptheotherpartytodevelopadeeperunderstandingandexpandthescopeofunderstanding;
Theoverallgrowthoftheeleventhvisitor.Thevisitorovercomesthefearofchoiceandhasthecouragetoexplorenewactionsforself-development.Atthispoint,therelationshipbetweenthetwopartiesreacheditspeak,andthevisitorwouldtaketheinitiativetoaskquestionsanddiscusswiththetherapist.
Thetwelfthtreatmentisover.Thevisitorfeelsnoneedtoseekhelpanymoreandthetreatmentisover.