Jedna prefektura a šest krajů
Prefektury | Správa | Jurisdikce | Podřízenost státu |
prefektura Huizhou | XiansheCountyEmblemTowns | TwoLeveladministrativedistrict,sincethesecondyearofWudeintheTangDynasty(619),itbecametheruleofprefektura Huizhou | |
Shexian | |||
Shexian | HuichengTownofJinsheCounty,thesamecityofFuxianCountyinthe34thYearofJiajing(1555) | JinsheCounty,HuizhouDistrict,TangkouTowninHuangshanDistrict,Scénická oblast Huangshan,etc. | Setupinthe26thyearofEmperorQinShihuang(221BC),itbelongstoZhanCounty,thefirstcountyofthisprefecture |
Okres Xuning | DnesXiuningHaiyangTown | TodayXiuningCounty(exceptHuangjianTownship,BanqiaoTownshipandHuaqiaoTownship),etc. | 13. rok HanJian’an (208) hrabství Xiangzhi, pod jurisdikcí tohoto státu |
YixianCounty | BiyangTown, Jinyi County | JinyiCounty(exceptKecunTownship,MeixiTownshipandHongtanTownshipnorthoftheHuangshanMountains) | Setupinthe26thyearofQinShihuang(221BC),itbelongstoZangCountyandbelongstoHonshu |
JixiCounty | HuayangTown, Jixi County | NowJixiCounty(exceptsomevillagesinTantou,Dayuan,JinkengandXitouTownships) | AnalysisofSheCountyHuainthesecondyearofTangYongtai(766)Yangzhenislocatedinthisstate |
WuyuanCounty | Nyní ZiyangTown, okres Wuyuan | NowWuyuanCounty,XiuningCountyBanqiaoTownshipandHuaqiaoTownship | Inthetwenty-eighthyearofKaiyuanofTangDynasty(740),ananalysisoftheHuaijinTownshipinHuiyuTownship,XiuningCountyandLepingCounty,neighboringcounty,belongedtothisprefecture |
Okres Qimen | nowQishanTown,Qimen | TodayOkres Qimen(exceptAnlingTowninthenorth) | InthesecondyearofTangYongtai(766),YixianCountyandRaozhouPoyangCountywereeachsetup,UnderthejurisdictionofHonzhou |
Zeměpis
Příroda
Krajina Huizhou (9 Zhang)
HuizhouXianghao"Halfhalfofthemountainsandhalfofthewater,halfofthefarmlandandmanor."Therearetoweringpeaks,hillsandrowsofridgesandvalleys,deepmountains,valleys,basinsandplains.Thewavesareclearandthestreamsarelooped.Everywhereisclearandmajestic,thewaterisbeautifulandthemountainsarebeautiful,likeapictureofbeautifulscenery.Manyliteratiandinkguestshavedevelopedafeelingofadmirationforher,andsometouristseven"loveherclearlandscapeandliveforalongtime."BecausethehillyterrainofHuizhouformsagapwiththeJinquBasinandHangjiahuPlain,mostofthestreamsheretendtogoeastward,whichinvisiblydeepenstheconnectionbetweenHuizhouandHangzhou.ThenorthsourceoftheQiantangRiver(Zhengyuan)Xin'anRiveroriginatedfromLiugujian,Huaiyushan,XiuningCounty,Huizhou,andNanyuanQujiangalsooriginatedfromQingzhidaijian,LongtianTownship,XiuningCounty,Huizhou.Therefore,XiuningcanberegardedastherealsourceofQianjiangRiver..
Terén
AncientHuizhouhas4mountainsonallsides,YishanonthewestisHuangshan,andBaijiMountainontheeastisthebirthplaceofSheCounty,andthemainpeakisthetipoftheship.Therearetwomountainsinblackandwhite,withdragonsflyingandphoenixdancing,formingapatternofblackandwhiteHuizhou.Thenorthisthebarriermountain,themainpeakisQingliangPeak(1787metersabovesealevel),andthesouthisGuniujiang(1728metersabovesealevel)standinginOkres Qimen,locatedatthejunctionofWuyuanandXiuningDazhanMountain(1629.8metersabovesealevel),FengyouMountain(675metersabovesealevel)lyinginthesouthwestofWuyuan,andBaiyueQiyunMountain(585metersabovesealevel)risingfromthenorthwesternpartofXiuning,aremagnificentandmagicalheavenlypaintings.
ThemostfamousisHuangshan(thehighestpeak,LianhuaPeak,1860metersabovesealevel),whichstretchesbetweenSheCounty,HuangshanDistrict,Xiuning,andYiCounty.Ithassteeppeaks,sky-splittingskyscrapers,andheavyrocks.Hongboisrichandbeautiful,andisafamousscenicspotathomeandabroad.Two-thirdsofthepopulationofancientHuizhoulivedintheeasternpartoftheBaijiMountains,thebirthplaceofShexianCounty(commonlyknownasNanxiang).Therefore,itisalsoknownasthemothermountainofHuizhou.EmperorLiangWupraisedthe"Xin'angreatlandscape".ThemountainreferstotheBaijimountainrangethattraversestheentireNanxiang.
Půda
Huizhou (5 fotografií)
MostofthemiddleandlowmountainsinHuizhouareyellowsoil,andthemountainisyellowbrownsoilwiththicksoillayer,Highgravelcontent,goodwaterpermeabilityandhighfertility,whichisconducivetothegrowthofwood,tea,mulberryandmedicinalmaterials.Thehillyareasaremostlyredsoilandpurplesoil,withheavytexture,acidityandpoorfertility,butgoodlightandheatconditions,suitableforthegrowthofQuercuspineandCamelliaoleifera.Thepiedmontbasinsandplainvalleysarerichinsandyloamandalluvialsoilonbothsidesofstreamsandrivers.Farminginagriculture.Podnebí
Huizhouscenery (77 fotografií)
Huizhouislocatedinthenorthsubtropicalzone,andbelongstothehumidmonsoonclimate,withmildandrainy,fourdistinctseasons.Theannualaveragetemperatureis15°-16°C.Mostareashavenoseverecoldinwinterandthefrost-freeperiodis236days.Theaverageannualprecipitationis1670mm,andthehighestis2708mm.PrecipitationismostlyconcentratedinMay-August,withabundantwaterandheatresources,suitableforthegrowthofavarietyofforesttrees,tea,fruittreesandcrops.Huizhouhasfamousteasinceancienttimes,HuangshanMaofeng,Tunxigreentea,Qimenblacktea,Huizhoutributechrysanthemum.Historická evoluce
Znak – jasná konotace.
Huizhou-acleargeografický koncept.
prefektura HuizhouandHuizhouFuzhibothrefertoSheCounty,notTunxiDistrictofHuangshanCity.
Sledování zdroje
HuizhouwasborninShezhou,whichwassetupintheninthyearofEmperorWenKaihuang(589)intheSuiDynasty.
OntheninthdayofOctoberinthesecondyearofXuanhe(October1120),FangLaledtheuprisinginQixianVillage,SheCounty,andsuccessivelycaptured52countiesinsixstatesinthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver,whichhadgreatinfluence.
SongHuizongXuanhethreeyears(1121),aftertheFanglaUprisinginPingzhen,ShezhouwaschangedtoHuizhou,exceptthatitwasrenamedXing’anFu(1357-1367)attheendoftheYuanDynasty,anditwasabolishedaftertheRevolutionof1911.Duringthe790yearsofFuliuCounty,thenameofHuizhouhasbeenusedfor780years,andthesixcountiesunderitsjurisdictionhavenotchanged.ThishasplayedapositiveroleinthedevelopmentofarelativelyunifiedcultureinHuizhou,andalsoprovidedfortheriseofHuizhoumerchants.convenient.
HuizhouisanimportanteconomicandculturalplaceinChinesehistory."Anhui"isthenameoftheprovincetaking"An"fromAnqingPrefectureand"Hui"fromprefektura Huizhou.Huizhouisageographicalconceptaswellasahistorical,cultural,andideologicalconcept.InancientChina,thethinkersinHuizhouwereprobablythemostconsciouslymakingtheirideasliveandsecular.Theyquietlyintroducedthosemoralandethicalprinciplesthatoriginallybelongedtotheupperclassintothepeople'slifeworld.Inthepasttime,thepeople,thingsandstoriesofHuizhouhavegraduallydriftedaway;andthosehistoricalandculturalmemorieshiddendeepinthefolkarestillvivid...
AncientHuizhouisthebirthplaceofHuizhoumerchants,theMingandQingDynastiesDuringtheperiod,HuizhoumerchantsdominatedtheChinesebusinesscommunityformorethan500years.HuizhouSchool,whichiscomposedofculturalandartisticformssuchasHuizhoumerchants,Huizhouopera,Huicuisine,Huicarving,Xin'anNeo-Confucianism,Xin'anmedicine,Xin'anpaintingschool,Hui-stylesealcutting,Hui-stylearchitecture,andHui-stylebonsai,isevenmoreextensiveandprofound.
Huizhouculture(abbreviatedasHuiculture,whichisanimportantpartofAnhui’smulticulturalism)isaregionalculturewithlocalcharacteristics.Itscontentisbroadandprofound,anditembracesChinesefeudalism.Thebasiccontentoffolkeconomy,society,lifeandcultureinthelaterperiodofsocietyishailedasatypicalspecimenofthelaterperiodofChinesefeudalsociety.Theacademicresearchonithasgonethroughatleasthalfacentury,andithasbecomemorepopularafterthe1980s,andhasgraduallybecomearelativelyindependentlocalscience"HuiXue".Greatplacetolearn.
Historické změny
IfWuyuan’schangetoJiangxiin1934wasthebeginningofthedismembermentofHuizhou,thenthetwoadministrativedivisionsin1983and1987splitHuizhouagain:1983TaipingCountyintheHuizhouarea(notoneofHuizhou’ssixcounties,butformerlyunderthejurisdictionoftheMingandQingDynasties)andTangkouunderthejurisdictionoftheformerHuizhougovernment(nowShexian)areunderthedirectjurisdictionofprovincie Anhui,andthecountyisestablished.HuangshanCity;thecounty-levelHuangshanCitywasrevokedin1987andmergedintoaprefecture-levelcityrenamedHuangshanCityfromthe"HuizhouRegion".Thetwozoningchangesareintrinsicallylinked,andthisistheso-calledHuizhourenamingincident.IntheHuizhourenamingincident,theestablishmentin1983atthefootofHuangshanMountain-ProvincialCounty-levelHuangshanCitywasrevoked,andtheoriginalHuizhouareawasmergedtoformtheprefecture-levelHuangshanCity.ThenameofHuangshanMountainreplacedtheplacenameofHuizhou.Fromthenon,Huizhounolongerexists.Atthesametime,Jixi,oneofHuizhou's"onegovernmentandsixcounties",wasplacedunderthejurisdictionofXuancheng.
Chronologie
Huizhouhasalonghistoryandalonghistory.AccordingtothetextualresearchoftwoNeolithicsitesdiscoveredinJixiCountyin1955and1981,humanactivitiesexistedinthenorthandsouthofHuiling(ieHuiling)asearlyas6000yearsago.BeforetheWesternZhouDynasty,theworldwasdividedintoninestatesaccordingto"Yugong".ThisareabelongstoYangzhou,theplacewheretheso-called"barbarians"belong.
Dávná historie
V období jara a podzimu před 473 př. n. l. patřil Wu do Wu; po 473 př. n. l. Wufell podYue; po 306 př. n. l. v té době existovaly Wu, Yue a Chuco a války byly časté.
In221BC,EmperorQinShihuangunifiedthesixcountriesanddividedthecountryinto36counties.ThisdistricthasYiandShetwocounties,whichbelongtoKuijiCounty(zhiwucounty,nowSuzhou,Jiangsu).
IntheChuandHanDynasty,itbelongedtoZangCounty(zhiguzang,nowChangxingCounty,Zhejiang).SheCountyatthistimeincludesJinshe,Xiuning,Wuyuan,Jixi,Chun'an,Sui'anandotherplaces;YixianincludingtodayYixian,Qimen,Shitaiandotherplaces.DuringtheChu-HanWar,thisareawasonceoccupiedbyXiangYu.AsthetitleofhisheroMeiYun,itwassoonoccupiedbytheHangeneralChenYingandbelongedtotheHan.
V 6. roce císaře Gaozu z dynastie Han (před 201 lety) patřila Yi do státu Jing (současný vládnoucí Huainan).
Ve dvanáctém roce císaře HanGaozu (před 195 lety) patřila Yiand do Státu Wu (v současnosti vládne Yangzhou, Jiangsu).
Ve třetím roce císaře HanJinga (154 př. n. l.) patřila Yi a Shea do Jiangdu Kingdom (v současné době vládne Yangzhou, Jiangsu).
InthesecondyearofEmperorWuoftheHanDynasty(121yearsago),DanyangCounty(Zhiwanling,nowXuancheng,Anhui)wasestablished,andSheandYiwerethetwocities.
V šestém roce Yuanshou (před 117 lety) byl LiuXu, syn císaře Wu, králem Guanglingu.
InthefourthyearofEmperorWufengoftheHanDynasty(54yearsago),LiuXuwasconvictedandcommittedsuicide.
Ve druhém roce císaře Hongjia z HanDynastie (před 19 lety) byl LiuYunke, potomek LiuShenga, král Jingof Zhongshan, Liyuan, králem Guangde. Patří do Danyang County.
InthefirstyearofYongshi(thefirst16years),LiuYunkediedandhadnochildren.Thecountrywaseliminated,andYixianCountywasrestoredtoDanyangCounty.
InthesecondyearofEmperorPingoftheHanDynasty(AD2),LiuYu,adescendantofLiuYue,KingofLiguangchuan,becameKingofGuangde,andYixianCountywasrestoredtoGuangde.WangMangusurpedtheHan.
InthesecondyearofthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina(AD10),thekingofHanGuangdewasdemotedasthepublic,andYixianCountywaschangedtoYanlu.
Inthe6thyearofEmperorGuangwuintheEasternHanDynasty(AD30),itwasrenamedYixianCountyandstillbelongedtoDanyangCounty.
InDecemberofthethirteenthyearofEmperorJian’an(208)oftheHanDynasty,SunQuansenttroopstoHeQitoeliminatetheso-called"bandits"inShedi.Cheng)Jinqi,Maogan,andYidiChenpu,etc.dividedtheoriginalShediintofive,namely:She,XiuyangCounty(thelandwestoftheoriginalSheisXinli),LiyangCounty(ZingXinliinanotherplacetothewestoftheoriginalShe),Xinding(ZingXinliinthesouthoftheoriginalShe,nowSui'an,Zhejiang)andShixin(ZingXinliintheeastoftheoriginalShe,nowChun'an,Zhejiang),Inaddition,atotalofsixcountieswereseparatedfromDanyangCountytoestablishXinduCountyandruleShixin(nowChun’an,Zhejiang).
XiuyangCountywaschangedtoHaiyangCountyinthefirstyearofWuYonganintheThreeKingdoms(258years)becauseofthetaboooftheLordWu,SunXiu.
InthefirstyearofJinTaikang(280years),JinextinguishedWuandXinduCountywasrenamedasXin'anCounty,whichstillbelongstoYangzhou.XindingCountywaschangedtoSui'anCounty,HaiyangCountywaschangedtoHainingCounty,plustheoriginalShixin,Liyang,She,andYi,itstillleadsthesixcounties.
V osmém roce císaře Xiaowu z dynastie Song v jižních dynastiích (464) byl Liyang v Hainingu. V té době Xin'an County vládl pěti hrabstvím, jmenovitě: Ona, Yi, Haining, Sui'an a Shixin.
IntheSouthernDynastyEmperorLiangWu'sordinarythreeyears(522),ShouchangCounty(ieShouchangCounty,ZhejiangProvince,nowmergedwithJiandeCity,ZhejiangProvince),whichwasoriginallyunderthejurisdictionofWuJun,wasplacedunderXin'anCountyandXin'anFromthenon,thecountyregainedsixcounties,namelyHaining,Shixin,Sui'an,Shouchang,SheandYi.
V prvním roce císaře LiangWu'sDatong (535 let), HuayangTown, byla analyzována hrabství Liang'an County (první Liang'an) a hrabství mělo sedm hrabství. Brzy poté byl Liang'an County stále opuštěn a šest hrabství.
InthesecondyearofEmperorLiangWu'sreign(553years),theoriginalXin'anCountywasdividedintotwo,andthethreecountiesofSui'an,Shixin,andShouchangremainedXin'anCounty;Liyang,whichwasoriginallymergedinHaining,wasreclassifiedItwasrestoredtotwocounties,plusSheandYi,atotaloffourcounties,underthejurisdictionofthenewlybuiltXinningCounty(thatis,thebasicareaofthepresentdistrict),governingHaining,andtheoriginalXin'anCountyunderthesamejurisdictionasYangzhou.Atthistime,Xin'anCountyisnotthepresent"Huizhou",butthetimeisonlynineyears.
Ve třetím roce Tianjia(562)Císaře ChenaWendihovJižní dynastii(562)bylo LiyangCounty opět sloučenodoHainingCounty,aXinningCountysesloučilydoXin'anCountyin,Yizhybe,ybeto,u Heininga,Yiho
Inthe9thyearofEmperorWen'sopeningoftheEmperorSuiDynasty(589),thecountywaschangedtoastate,andthecountywasgovernedbythestate.ThetwocountiesofSheandYiweremergedintoHainingasShezhou,andHainingwasestablishedundertheprefecture.;ShixinCountywaschangedtoXin'anCounty,theoriginalSui'anandShouchangweremergedintoXin'anCountyandplacedunderthejurisdictionofWuzhou(nowJinhua,Zhejiang).Shezhou'sjurisdictionisonlyhalfoftheoriginalXin'anCounty,whichisnowthebasicareaofHuizhou.Whatwascalled"Xin'an"inthenexttwodecadeswasnot"Huizhou"asitistoday.
IntheeleventhyearofEmperorWen’sopening(591),theoriginalSheCountywasrestored,andHuangdun,whichhadpreviouslybelongedtoHaining,wasplacedunderthejurisdictionofSheCounty.TheoriginalYiCountywasrestoredandthestatewasestablishedinYiCounty.TheprefectureleadsthethreecountiesofShe,YiandHaining.
IntheeighteenthyearofEmperorKaihuang(598years),HainingwaschangedtoXiuningandplacedunderthejurisdictionofWuzhou(nowJinhua,Zhejiang).Soonafter,XiuningwasplacedunderShezhou.
InthethirdyearofEmperorYangoftheSuiDynasty(607),thestatewaschangedtocounty,andShezhouwaschangedtoXin'ancounty,stillleadingthethreecountiesofXiuning,She,andYi,andthecountywasgovernedbyShe.Soonafterthewarbrokeout,WangHua,anativeofDengyuan(laterJixiCounty)inShexianCounty,raisedhisarmy,occupiedthecountyandnearbycounties,andcalledhimselfKingWu.Inthetwelfthyearofthegreatcause(616years),WangHuaqiangovernedthecountyinXiuning,andinthefollowingyear(617),WangHuareturnedtothecountygovernorinXiuning.
InthefourthyearofWudeofTangGaozu(621),Xin'anCountywaschangedtoShezhou.TheprefecturegovernsSheCountyandstillleadsthethreecountiesofShe,YiandXiuning.Inthesameyear,WangHuareturnedtotheTangDynastyandwasawardedthetitleoftheGrandDukeofYue.ShewasgiventhetitleofShizhouasthegovernor.TheenvoyswereinchargeofthesixarmiesofShe,Xuan,Hang,Mu,Wu(nowJinhua,Zhejiang)andRao(nowShangrao,Jiangxi)..IntheseventhyearofWude(624years),thegovernorofShezhouwaschangedtothegovernorofShezhou.InthefirstyearofZhenguan( 627), byl DuduMansion propuštěn a Shezhou patřil do Jiangnan Road.
InthefifthyearofEmperorGaozong'sYonghuiperiod(654),BeiyeCountywasplannedtobebuiltinpartoftheland.FourleadingcountiesinShezhou:She,Yi,Xiuning,Beiye.Inthe21styearofKaiyuan(733years),ShezhouwaschangedtoJiangnanDongdao.
Inthetwenty-eighthyearofEmperorXuanzongoftheTangDynasty(740years),HuiyuTownshipinXiuningCountyandHuaijinTownshipinLeping,aneighboringcounty(onetalkaboutYoujinTownshipinFuliang,neighboringcounty),werenewlybuiltWuyuanCountyisunderthejurisdictionofShezhou.ShezhouleadsthefivecountiesofShe,Yi,Xiuning,BeiyeandWuyuan.InthefirstyearofTianbao(742),ShezhouwaschangedtoXin'anCounty,andthegovernmentwasstillinShe.InthesixthyearofTianbao(747),YishanwaschangedtoHuangshan.
InthefirstyearofEmperorSuzongofTangDynasty(758),Fuzhouwasabolishedacrossthecountry,andXin'anCountywasrestoredtoShezhou,underthejurisdictionoftheJieduEnvoyofXidao,Zhejiang,andtheobservationenvoysofXuan,SheandRao.InthesecondyearofQianyuan(759),theambassadorsofXuan,She,andRaoofZhejiangXidaoJieduweredismissed,andShezhouwasplacedunderthejurisdiction.
InthesecondyearofZongYongtaiintheTangDynasty(766),thetwocountiesofSheandXiuningweredesignatedasGuideCounty;ChishanTownintheoriginalYiCountyandFuliangCountyofRaozhouweredesignatedasQiMenCounty;ShidaiCounty(Shitai)wasdesignatedaspartoftheoriginalYiCounty,andShidaiCountywasplacedunderthejurisdictionofChizhou;HuayangTown,SheCountywasalsodesignatedasJixiCounty.Shezhouleadseightcounties:She,Yi,Xiuning,Wuyuan,Beiye,Jixi,Guide,Qimen.ShezhouwaschangedtoXuan,She,andChiObservatory.InthefourthyearofDali(769),BeiyeCountywasabolished.InthefifthyearoftheDaliperiod(770years),DeCountywasabandonedandthelandwasmergedintoXiuning.Shezhouledsixcounties,layingthefoundationfortheestablishmentof"onegovernmentandsixcounties"formorethanathousandyears.InthefourteenthyearoftheDali(779),theobservingemissariesofXuan,SheandChiwereabolished,andShezhouwasunderthejurisdictionoftheobservingemissariesofZhejiangEastandWestRoads.
InthefirstyearofthefoundingofTangDezong(780),Zhejiangwasdividedintotworoads,andShezhouwasunderthejurisdictionofZhejiangWestRoadObservatory.InthesecondyearofJianzhong(781),hecompoundedwiththeObservationEnvoyoftheEastandtheWestofZhejiangProvince,setuptheJieduEnvoy,andgavethetitle"ZhenNavyJieduEnvoy",whichbelongedtoShezhou.InthethirdyearofZhenyuan(787),Xuan,She,andChiObservatoriesweresetup,andShezhouwasunderthejurisdiction.
TangXianzongYuanhe6thyear(811),hewaschangedtoXuanzhouObservatory.InthefirstyearofTangZhaozong'sDashun(890),ShezhoubelongedtotheNingStateArmyJiedu.InthethirdyearofZhaozongTianfu(903),theNingStateArmyJieduEnvoywasabolishedandXuanzhouObservationEnvoywasrestored.
DuringtheFiveDynastiesandTenKingdomsperiod(907),theTangDynastydied,andtheHuainanJiedushiYangWowasstillcalledthereignofTangAizongTianyou,andShezhouattachedit.In919,ShezhouwasinchargeofWu.In937,WudiedandwasintheSouthernTangDynasty.
InthefirstyearofEmperorTaizong'sTaipingrejuvenation(976),Jiangnan(SouthernTangDynastywasrelegatedtoJiangnanin971inthefourthyearofEmperorTaizu'sopeningoftheSongDynasty),andShezhouwasattachedtoJiangnanWestRoadasatransshipmentagent.InthesecondyearofZhenzongTianxi(1018),ShezhoubelongedtothetransshipmentagentofJiangnanEastRoad.
SongHuizongXuanhethreeyears(1121),aftersuppressingthepeasantuprisingledbyFangla,ShezhouwaschangedtoHuizhou,Huizhougotitsname.Stillleadingsixcounties,governinginSheCounty.
Inthe4thyearofJianyanofEmperorGaozongoftheSouthernSongDynasty(1130),thetransferenvoyofLijiangnanRoadinHuizhou,thesoothingenvoyofJiankangfuRoad.InthefirstyearofGaozong'sShaoxingyear(1131),hewasattachedtothetransferenvoyofJiangnanEastRoad.
InthefourteenthyearoftheYuanDynasty(1277),HuizhouwaspromotedtoHuizhouRoad,andthecountyunderitsjurisdictionremainedunchanged.),ZhiHangzhouRoad.InthefirstyearofYuanChengzongYuanzhen(1295),WuyuanCountywaspromotedasaprefecture.HuizhouRoadleadsfivecounties,namelyShe,Yi,Xiuning,Qimen,andJixi;stateone,namelyWuyuan.Inthe16thyearofEmperorYuanShun'sZhengzheng(1356),XiaoMingWangHanLin'erwaspromotedtoZhuYuanzhangastheprovinceofZhongshuinJiangnanandotherplaces,andHuizhouRoadwasunderJiangnanandotherplacesintheprovinceofZhongshu.InJulyoftheseventeenthyearofEmperorShunYuan(1357),HuizhouRoadwaschangedtoXing'anMansion,anditstillledthecountyfiveandstateone.
Inthe27thyearofZhengzheng(1367),ZhuYuanzhangchangedXing'anPrefecturetoprefektura Huizhou.
InthesecondyearofHongwu(1369),WuyuanPrefecturewasreducedtocounty,HuizhouPrefekturytillledsixcounties,namely:She,Yi,Xiuning,Jixi,Wuyuan,Qimen.
InthesecondyearofEmperorShunzhioftheQingDynasty(1645),NanzhiliProvincewaschangedtoJiangnanProvince.TheHuizhougovernmentwaschangedtoJiangnanChengtodeclarethepoliticalenvoy,andstillleadthecountysix.
Inthe6thyearofKangxi(1667),JiangnanZuochengannouncedtheestablishmentofprovincie AnhuiastheChiefEnvoyofAnhui(takenthenameofAnqingandHuizhou).
Moderní historie
InJanuaryofthefirstyearoftheRepublicofChina(1912),thegovernmentwasabandonedandthecountywasleftinprovincie Anhui.
Inthe23rdyearoftheRepublicofChina(1934),ChiangKai-shekassignedWuyuanCountytoJiangxiProvinceinordertofacilitatethe"suppressionoftheCommunists.",The"WuyuanBacktoAnhui"campaignlastingtwentymonths.
InJuneofthe36thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1947),duetothecontinuousresistanceofthepeopleofWuyuanandthestrongdemandsofthepeopleofotherHuizhoucounties,the23rdyearoftheRepublicofChina(1934)wasplacedinWuyuanCountyofJiangxiProvince.Wasreclassifiedbacktoprovincie Anhui.
DuringtheLiberationWarinthe37thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1948),theAnhuiProvincialGovernmentoftheNationalistGovernmentoncemovedtheprovincialcapitaltoTunxi.
In1949,sincetheliberationofWuyuanCountyandJiangxiProvincewerethefourfieldsofthePeople'sLiberationArmy,forthesakeofmanagement,WuyuanwasplacedunderJiangxiProvince.
OnApril13,1961,theprefektura HuizhouwasresetandTaipingCountywasplacedunderthisdistrict.OnAugust16,Tunxiwaschangedtoamunicipality;
OnJuly7,1968,theHuizhouRegionalRevolutionaryCommitteewasestablished,andthecountyremainedunchanged.OnMarch29,1971,theHuizhouareawaschangedtotheHuizhouarea.
OnFebruary27,1979,theHuizhouRegionalRevolutionaryCommitteewaschangedtotheHuizhouRegionalAdministrativeOffice.
OnDecember1,1983,withtheapprovaloftheStateCouncil,HuangshanTownshipinShexianCounty,GuangyangTownshipinShitaiCounty,andTaipingCountywereestablishedasHuangshanCity(countylevel),whichisdirectlyunderthejurisdictionoftheprovince.
OnNovember27,1987,withtheapprovaloftheStateCouncil,theHuizhouareawaschangedtoprefecture-levelHuangshanCity,andtheoriginalcounty-levelHuangshanCitywaschangedtoHuangshanDistrict,whichbelongstoprefecture-levelHuangshanCity;TunxiCitywaschangedtoTunxiDistrict;PutJixiCountyundertheXuanchengarea.
InJuly1988,prefecture-levelHuangshanCitywasformallyestablished,governingthreedistrictsandfourcounties,namely:TunxiDistrict,HuizhouDistrict(Xinli,YansiTown,SheCounty),HuangshanDistrict,SheCounty,andYiCounty,XiuningCountyandOkres Qimen.
Provoz
Železnice | Anhui-JiangŽeleznice,Beijing-FuzhouHigh-speedŽeleznice(openedtotraffic),Huang(Hui)-HangzhouHigh-speedŽeleznice(openedtotraffic),itisproposedtobuildAnhui-Jiangdoubleline,HuizhoutoJinhua,HuizhoutoQuzhou,TonglingtoTaiping,HuizhouToChizhouIntercityŽeleznice.Existingstations:HuizhouHuangshanStation,HuizhouHuangshanNorthStation,ShexianStation,ShexianNorthStation,ShexianSanyangStation,JixiCountyStation,JixiNorthStation,WuyuanStation,QimenStation,DahuStation,YixianStationEtc. |
Dálnice | HuihangExpressway;HetonghuangExpressway,YangjihuangExpressway;HuangtataoExpressway;JingwuHuangchangExpressway;HuangqunanExpressway;TunqijingExpressway (ve výstavbě);HuangqianExpressway (ve výstavbě);Expresní silnice Jiqi (ve výstavbě); |
letectví | Mezinárodní letiště Huizhou HuangshanTunxi |
Vodní doprava | PlantobuildashippingwharfnearHuashantorestoreXinanjiang-Shendu-Jiekouwatertransportation ShenduPort:ShendutoQiandaoLakeroute. |
Vzdělání
AncientVzdělání
Huizhouhasarichhistoryandaprosperouswritingstyle.Alargepartofitisattributedtothetime.Vzděláníandschool.SincetheSongandYuanDynasties,Huizhouhasbuiltmorethan260academies.Thevastmajorityofacademiesaresponsoredbytheclanorfoundedbythechildrenoftheclan,andtherearealsoafewgovernment-runschools.AccordingtoLiaoTengxuan's"HaiyangJilue·ThePrefaceofZhanyunAcademy","therewereacademiesinthecounty,anditstartedintheSouthernTangDynasty".SincetheSongandYuandynasties,Huizhouacademieshavebeenverydeveloped,becomingtheareawiththemostacademiesinthecountry.
Tomorrow,inthesixthyearofQi(1626AD),YuShiZhangNesaid:"ThemostprosperousacademyintheworldhasnoexperienceinDonglin,Jiangyou,Guanzhong,andHuizhou."(Note1)Daoguang"Huizhou"FuZhi"Volume3"YingJianZhi·School"records:"Whenyouliveinthevalley,youcancultivatefieldsandcoveryourwidows.Thosewhoareeverywherearelearning,andthosewhoarewalkingarebusiness.Theplacesofstudyareoutsidetheprefecture,andmostofthemareinacademies.Therearedozensofacademies .,With Ziyangasthemajor."Wuyuan's"DongFamilyGenealogy·FengyouMountainBookHouseRecords"zaznamenal:"Starověcí lidé mají školu, večírek má školu, umělecky uspořádanou, státem vlastněnou školu, původem je Shangqi.
MycountyoncebuiltZiyangAcademytoselectandrecruitscholars.Thefourtownshipsorinter-regionalacademiesprovidelecturesandessays."HuizhouAcademyhasamountainleadertopresideovertheworkoftheacademy.Mostofthemhirewell-educatedscholarsandfamousscholarstogivelectures.Theyuseacombinationofindividualresearch,mutualquestionandanswer,andclassroomlectures.TheyfocusonresearchingandlearningConfucianclassics,andsometimesdiscusscurrentaffairs.Theaimofitseducationistocultivatetalentsforself-cultivation,familyharmony,governance,andpeaceforthecountry.
Moderní vzdělávání
Inthecontemporaryera,educationisstillatopicthatneverends.In2012,thecitycompletedthestandardizedconstructionof146schools,rebuilt,strengthenedandrenovated346,000squaremetersofprimaryandsecondaryschoolbuildings,improvedtheschoolconditionsofTunxiNo.1MiddleSchool,ShexianMiddleSchoolandotherschools,andbuiltShexianXin'anMiddleSchoolandXiuningCountyMiddleSchool.Newcampuses,municipalspecialeducationschools,HuizhouNo.1MiddleSchoolandMunicipalExperimentalPrimarySchoolHigh-speedŽelezniceNewDistrictSchool,etc.,havenewlybuilt,renovatedandexpanded48publickindergartens,andthequalityofeducationhasbeencontinuouslyimproved.HuangshanVocationalandTechnicalCollegewasformallyestablishedandrecruitedstudents.AnhuiXingzhiSchoolandHuangshanTourismManagementSchoolwereamongthenationalsecondaryvocationalreformanddevelopmentmodelschools.
[Kindergarten]ZonghengXiushuiKindergarten,ZonghengShazhouKindergarten,ZonghengShazhouKindergarten,ZonghengLotusPondKindergarten,UglyDuckKindergarten,Qisehuakindergarten,demonstrationkindergarten,etc. |
[Základní škola]CityExperimentalPrimarySchool(čtvrtá základní škola),ModerníexperimentálníZákladníškola,ChengdongExperimentálníPrimarySchool,JiangnanExperimentalPrimarySchool,SchoolPrimarySchool(DesetPrimarySchool,ChPrimarySchool,ChPrimary School),Xchool'PrimarySchool,Xchool. |
[Junior HighSchool]TunxiFourthZhong,TunxiNo.5Střední škola,TunxiNo.6MiddleSchool,Xin'anMiddleSchool,ChangqingMiddleSchool,GuilinMiddleSchool atd. |
【Střední škola】OnaCountyStředníŠkola,Tunxi č.1StředníŠkola,XiuningStředníŠkola,Ona č.2MiddleSchool,JixiMiddleSchool,TianyouStředníŠkola,TanduStředníŠkola,TanduStředníŠkola,Bei'an |
[Soukromá základní a střední škola]ShezhouSchool,ZiyangSchool,YuhongSchoolYuchengMiddleSchool,HuangshanNewCenturySchool,HuangshanSchool,TianJiabingExperimental MiddleSchool,Hucai.School,YucaiSchool,Škola |
[HigherVzdělání]HuangshanCollege,HuangshanVocationalandTechnicalCollege,HuangshanCivilAviationVocationalandTechnicalCollege,AnhuiXingzhiSchool(XingzhiIntangibleHeritageCollege),HuizhouNormalUniversity,ModernVocationalSchool,YongjiaVocationalSchool |
[Others]FudanUniversityGolftrainingschool,HuangshanCitySprávaCollege,HuangshanCityCommercialCadreSchool,ModernVocationalSchool,YongjiaVocationalSchool,HuangshanMunicipalPartySchool,HuangshanRadioandTelevisionUniversity,HuangshanCityHealthSchool,HuangshanCityJapaneseVocationalSchool,NewTechnologyVocationalSchoolHuangshanBranchschool,HuangshanZhonghuaVocationalSchool,HuangshanSnakeBreedingVocationalSchool,HuangshanContemporaryVocationalSchool,HuangshanZhonghuaVocationalSchool,HuangshanTourismEconomicSchool,HuangshanHuatongArtSchool,HuangshanTechnicalSchool, |
Historické celebrity
Talentovaní lidé přicházejí ve velkém počtu
AncientHuizhouhasabeautifulclockandaverydeepculturalheritage.Sinceancienttimes,talentedpeoplehavecomeoutinlargenumbers.ComparedtoShandongQufuandZoucheng,whereConfuciusandMenciuswereborn,Huizhouiscalled"SoutheastZoulu".
Who'sWhoinHistory
WangHua(587-649),TangYueGuogong,ZiGuofu,fromDengyuan,HuayangTown,Shezhou(nowWangVillage,Damiao,YingzhouTown,JixiCounty)),HuizhoumasterProfessorYeXianencalledit"thefirstgreatmaninancientHuizhou"andwasreveredasthelocalorregionalgodofHuizhou.
FangLa (?-1121), vůdce rolnického povstání v dynastii Severní Song. Také známý jako FangShisan, původem z Shexian a Qingxi, Muzhou.
ZhuXi (1130-1200), postava Hui, jméno Hui'an, rodák z Wuyuanu, Huizhou, byl filozofem a pedagogem v dynastii jižních písní v Číně.
ZhuSheng (1299-1370), jehož jméno je Yunsheng, se narodil v Xikou, Xiuning, Huizhou. V rané dynastii Ming byl mládenec Hanlina a Nun.
WangJi (1463-1539), jméno provincie, další jméno je Shishan layman, původem z Pushuin QimenCity, Huizhou, a zakladatel Xin'an Medicine.
WangHong(1466-1536),anativeofWuyuan,Huizhou,hasservedintheofficialdomformorethan30years.Hehasservedseventeenpositionsthroughouthislife.HewastheofficialtotheprinceTaibao,theofficialsecretaryandtheofficialsecretaryoftheMinistryofWar.HewastheonlyofficialintheMingDynasty.TherightpersonoftheSecondArmy.ItfoughtagainstthePortugueseaggressiononthesoutheastcoastandwonthefirstvictoryagainstcolonialaggressioninChinesehistory.
WangZhi(?-1559),anativeofShexianCountyofprefektura HuizhouinSouthernZhiliofMingDynasty,alsoknownasWufeng,ownerofWufengship;MingDynastyseatrader,famouspirate,intheincidentoftheintroductionofmusketstoJapanHasagreaterhistoricalreputationforkeyfigures.TheMinggovernment’smaritimebanpolicyinterruptedmaritimetrade.WangZhicalledagroupofgangsandJapaneseRonintoformasmugglingteam.HecalledhimselftheKingofHui,buteventuallycausedtheJapanesepiraterebellionbecauseoflossofcontrol.Booby.
HuZongxian (1512-1565), jehož jméno je Ružen, se narodil v Jixi, Huizhou. Byl učencem sedmnáctého roku v Ťia-ťingu a byl slavným protijaponským generálem v dynastii Ming.
YinZhengmao(1513-1592),anativeofShexian,Huizhou,wasborninShexianCounty,Jiajing26thyear(1547).
WangDaokun(1525-1593),whosenameisBoyu,wasfromShexianCounty,Huizhou.JinshiinJiajingtwenty-sixyears,MingDynastywriter.HeisgoodatmartialartsandonceassistedQiJiguanginfightingagainstJapanesepirates.HewroteYuanZajusuchas"GaotangDream","FiveLakeTour","FarMountainOpera","LuoshuiTragedy"andsoon.
XuGuo (1527-1596),slovo Weizhen, se narodilo v hrabství, Chuej-čou.
ChengDawei (1533-1606), jehož slovo je Rus, se jmenuje Binqu a pochází z Xiuning, Huizhou. Matematik z dynastie Ming.
HeRuchong(1569-1642),whosenameisKanghou,wasnamedZhiyue,wasborninTongcheng,andhisancestralhomewasWuyuan,Huizhou.Jinshiinthetwenty-sixthyearofEmperorShenzongoftheMingDynasty(1598),suchasfavoredofficialsandhonestandincorruptible,wonthetrustofofficialsinthedynasty,officialatleastBao,HubuShangshu,WuyingdianUniversityScholar(thefirstassistant,primeministerofthelateMingDynasty).
Hongren(Jianjiang)(1610-1664),anativeofShexian,Huizhou,founderofXin'anPaintingSchool.ThevulgarsurnameisJiang,thenameTao,thewordLiuqi,alsoknownasFang,thewordOumeng,afterthemonk,hetakestheDharmanameHongren,andthenameisJianjiangScholarandJianjiangMonk.
ZhangXiaoquan(1626-?),anativeofHuichangTownship,YiCounty,Huizhou,afamousHuizhoumerchant.Hisfather,ZhangSijia,hasbeenstudyingartinWuhu,famousforhis"threeknives"sincehewasachild.Later,ontheedgeofYixianCounty,openedaZhangDalong"scissorsshop,frontshopandbackhome.DuringtheMingChongzhenperiod,ZhangXiaoquanledZhangJingaotoHangzhouDajingxiangtoproduceancestralscissors.BecauseoftheuseofZhejiangLongquangoodsteelasrawmaterials,hepassedthroughThescissorsarecarefullycrafted,andthecuttingedgeisfastanddurable.TheyarenamedZhangDalongScissors.Theywererenamed"ZhangXiaoquan"ScissorsinthesecondyearofKangxiintheQingDynasty.
WangShishen(?-1759),slovo je blízkým lidem,nejmenované Lin,také známý jakoXidongWaishi,je původem z Xiuning,Huizhou(jeden z Zhejiang,neboShexian),kteří žijí vJangzhouajeden z osmi excentrikůvjednomzjednotlivcůvJangzhou,který je přátelský.
JiangYong(1681-1762),thewordShenxiu,andthewordShenzhai,wasborninJiangwan,Wuyuan,Huizhou.AfamousQingdynastyscholar,phonologist,astronomerandmathematician,founderofAnhuiSchoolofClassics.
DaiZhen(1724-1777),namedDongyuan,anativeofLongfu,Xiuning,Huizhou.TextualresearcherandthinkerintheQingDynasty.
JinBang (1735-1801), doplněno slovy Itis. Nejlepší šampion v 37. roce Qianlongu, upravil a upravil Hanlin.
CaoZhenyong (1755-1835), jménem Lisheng, se narodil v Shexian, Huizhou. Ve čtyřicátém šestém roce Qianlongu byl vybrán jako učenec. Upravil RenHanlin.
ZhengFuguang (1780-1862), ZiYuanfu, původem z hrabství Shexian, dynastie Huizhou.Qing Vědec, zběhlý v matematice a mechanické výrobě a autor knihy „Mirror and MirrorLengzhi“.
Wang Maoyin (1798-1865), monetární teoretik dynastie Qing, učenec dynastie Daoguang. Zmínil se o penězích v oddělení domácnosti.
ZhangSongxian(1817-1892),thewordZhuzhai,anativeofXiuning,Huizhou,movedtoNanxun(nowNanxunTown,Huzhou)duringtheKangxiperiodoftheQingDynasty.ThegiantofwealthisknownasoneofthefourelephantsofNanxun.ItissaidthathiswealthissecondonlytotheLiufamily,accountingforfour.ZhangWeiyuestartedhiscareerinplayingcotton,andhisfatherZhangWeiyuestartedhisbusiness.HeopenedacakedumplingshopnearHuajiaqiaoinNanxun,andthenopenedasmallsaucegarden.ZhangWeiyuehastwosons,andZhangSongxianisthesecondchild.ZhangSongxianisagoodmanager.AftertheOpiumWar,heengagedinthesilkindustryanddevotedhimselftotheexportbusinessofJilisilk,andopenedthe"ZhangHengheSilkShop"inNanxunandShanghai.Afteroperatingsilkforafewyears,hebecameafortune.IntheeastofNanxun,hebuiltalargeresidence,AgardenwasbuiltontheformersiteoftheancientDongshuatthebackofthehouse,namedDongyuan,commonlyknownasZhangjiaGarden.
HuXueyan (1823-1885), jménem Guangyong, se slovem Xueyan, rodák z Jixi, Huizhou, známý Huizhoumerchant, osobní jméno „Red-topMerchant“.
XieZhengan(1838-1910),thewordJinghe,afamousHuizhoumerchant,anativeofShexian,Huizhou,thefounderofHuangshanMaofeng,foundedthe"XieYuda"teahouseThefirstofthefivemajorteashopsinHuizhou.XieZhenganfoundedthefirstYudateashoponCaoxiRoadinShanghai.Therefore,therealHuangshanMaofengproducingareaisHuangshanMaofeng,andHuangshanMaofengwasnamedbyhim.Later,forcommemoration,Shanghaihadit.CaoxiRoad.
ZhanTianyou (1861-1919), upřímná postava, hlavní domov Huizhou Wuyuanu, železniční inženýr, první stavitel železnic v Číně.
SaiJinhua(1864-1936),formerlyknownasZhengCaiyun,wasfromZhengVillage,Shangzhou,Erdu,YixianCounty,Huizhou,andwasafamousprostituteinthelateQingDynasty.
HuangBinhong (1865-1955), postavy koexistují, alias Honglu, z okresu Shexian, Huizhou. Moderní slavní krajináři a teoretici malby jsou vynikajícími mistry moderního čínského malířství a jsou moderním představitelem školy "Xin'in'an".
JiangQian(1876-1942),Ziyiyuan,HaoYangfu,anativeofWuyuan,Huizhou,afamouseducator,thefirstprincipalofNanjingNormalUniversity(thepredecessorofCentralUniversityandcurrentNanjingUniversity),nowNanjingThelyricsoftheuniversitysongarecomposedbyJiangQian.
ZhouYichun(1883-1958),ZiJimei,anativeofXiuning,Huizhou,afamouseducator,servedastheprincipalofTsinghuaSchoolfromOctober1913toJanuary1918.
WuChengshi(1884-1939),Zijianzhai,anativeofShexian,Huizhou.Confucianscholar,paleographer,andeducator.
JinBangzheng (1887-1946), jménem Zhongfan, se narodil v Yixian County, Huizhou, známý pedagog a sloužil jako ředitel školy Tsinghua od srpna 1920 do dubna 1922.
TaoXingzhi(1891-1946),anativeofShexian,Huizhou,wasborninShaoxing,Zhejiang,andwasaneducator.BorninShexianonOctober18,1891.
HuShi(1891-1962),anativeofShangzhuangVillage,Jixi,Huizhou,afamousscholar,formerlyknownasSirong,scientificnameHongsheng,wordXijiang,laterrenamedHuShi,wordShizhi,pennameTianfeng,Zanghui,etc.;.
WuJingchao (1901-1968), původem ze Shexian, Huizhou, jménem Beihai, sociolog, autor knihy „Cesta za čtvrtým státem“ a dalších sociologických prací.
LiGuoding(1910-2001),whoseancestralhomeisWuyuan(LikengVillage),Huizhou,wasborninNanjing.Heisapoliticianandeconomist.ServedasMinisteroftheMinistryofEconomyandFinanceoftheRepublicofChina.Duringhistenure,hepromotedmanyeconomicconstructionsandwashailedastheimportanteconomicmiracleofTaiwan.
LiJiren (1931-), rodák z okresu Shexian, Huizhou. Profesor Wannan Medical College, mistr tradiční čínské medicíny.
FangJiaxiong (1939-), původem ze hrabství, Huizhou, expertní technologie optického snímání.
HuJintao (1942-), rodák z Longchuan, Jixi, Huizhou, bývalý vůdce Komunistické strany Číny, bývalý prezident státu a předseda Státní vojenské komise.
ZhangQicheng (1959-), původem z Shexian, Huizhou, známý odborník na čínské studie, odborník na zdravotní péči, odborník na kulturu TCM, literárněvědný spisovatel.
Xin'anMerchants
AsHuizhouhasbeensurroundedbymountainssinceancienttimes,thereisrelativelylittlearableland,anditisdifficultforagriculturalproductiontomakeafortune.Therefore,atraditionhasgraduallyformedinHuizhou,boysChoosingtobeanofficialordoingbusiness,Huizhouofficialsandbusinessmen,regardlessofscaleandinfluence,haveformedaveryimportanttorrentinChinesehistorythroughouttheages.Amongthem,HuimerchantsbecameoneofthefourmajormerchantgangsinancientChina,andtheymadeindeliblecontributionstothepromotionofancienteconomicdevelopment.
Anhuimerchants,alsoknownasXin'anmerchants,wereamerchantgroupthatwasasfamousasShanximerchantsduringtheMingandQingDynasties.Theyhadagreatinfluence.ThecitiesandtownsinthesouthoftheYangtzeRiveroftensaidthat"thereisnosuchthingasatownwithoutanemblem,"suchasthesaltofYangzhou.Amongthemerchants,Huizhoumerchantshavethegreatestinfluence.Suzhou,Hangzhou,andQuzhouarealsocitieswhereHuizhoumerchantsareconcentrated.
The"WuHeadandChuWei"inHuizhouisafringezonewithhighmountainsanddenseforests,changeabletopography,andlatedevelopment.BeforetheHanDynasty,thepopulationwasnotlarge,butthelateJin,thelateSong,thelateTangandthethreewavesofimmigrantsinChinesehistorysentalargenumberofpeopletoHuizhouinsouthernAnhui.Thepopulationwaslarge,thereweremanymountainsandtherewerefewplaces,andgoingabroadforbusinesswasawayout.Abundantresourcespromotedbusinessdevelopment.TheearliestbusinessesofHuizhoumerchantsweremountainproductsandgrainsfromotherplaces.Forexample,theabundantwoodresourcesareusedforconstruction,inkmaking,paint,tungoil,andpapermaking.Thesearebulkcommoditiesshippedabroad.TeahasfamousproductssuchasQimenredandWuyuangreen.Goingoutforbusinessmainlydealsinsalt,cotton(cloth),andgrain.
HuizhouculturehasshapedthecharacterofHuizhoumerchants-Confucianmerchants,usingConfucianculturetoguidebusiness.TheMingandQingDynastieswereaperiodwhenmycountry'scommodityeconomywasrelativelydeveloped,andcapitalismhadsproutedintheMingandQingDynasties.ThiswasthepeakofHuizhoumerchants.InthevillagesofXitouTownship,Wuyuan,therehasbeenasayingsinceancienttimes:"Don’tpanic,gotoYuhanginthreedays."ItreflectsthecloserelationshipbetweenHuizhouandHangzhou,JiangsuandZhejianginancienttimes.
Starobylé město Huizhou
Starobylé město HuizhouislocatedinShexian,anationalhistoricalandculturalcity.Itisthebirthplaceof"Huiology",oneofthethreemajorlocalschoolsinChina,andisknownasthe"SoutheastZouLu,theStateofEtiquette".TogetherwithLijiang,Yunnan,Pingyao,Shanxi,andLangzhong,Sichuan,theyarecalled"China'sFourAncientCities".ThescenicspotsofHuizhouAncientCityincludeHuiyuan,YuliangAncientPort,HuizhouFuya,XuGuoshifang,DoushanStreet,TaoXingzhiMemorialHall,Xin'anSteleGarden,TaibaiTowerandotherscenicspots,eachexhibitsdifferentconnotationsofancientHuizhouculture.Amongthem,theYuliangAncientPortwasthestartingpointforHuizhoumerchantstodominatetheMingandQingbusinesscirclesformorethan300years;XuGuoshifangisanoctagonalstructure,unparalleledintheworld;DoosanStreetisTheancientresidentialstreetsofHuizhoumerchants;HuiyuanisamasterpieceofancientHuizhouarchitecturesuchasarchways,ancientresidentialbuildings,andSongancestralhalls,brickcarvings,woodcarvings,andstonecarvings,suchasthe"HuizhouThreeŘezbas".
WalkintoSheCounty,walkintotheancientcityofHuizhou,youwillfullyappreciatethebreadthanddepthofHuizhouculture.YouwillarriveatShexian,afamoushistoricalandculturalcityinChina,afterleavingtheTangyuearchwaygroupanddrivingforabouttenminutes.ShexianislocatedinHangzhou,QiandaoLakeThecenterpointofthetouristroutesof,Huangshan,andJiuhuashan,wheretheHuihangandTunwuhighwaysintersect,andtheAnhui-JiangxiŽeleznicepassesthrough.Herearebeautifulmountainsandbeautifulscenery.Thelayoutofancientresidentialgroupsintheterritoryiselegant,likeamagnificentbuildingHistoryMuseum.[1]
ArchitecturalArt
Lidové domy
Intheolddays,Huizhou’surbanandruralresidencesweremostlybrick-woodbuildings.MingDynastyItischaracterizedbythespaciousupstairs.AftertheQingDynasty,thereweremostlythreeroomswithonebright(hall)andtwodark(leftandrightbedrooms)andonebrightandfourdarkquadranglehouses.Oneroomhadmoreentrances.Thedoorwasdecoratedwithlandscapedfiguresandstone-carvedbricks.Engraved.
Huizhouhasplentyofprecipitation.AllhousesareHuizhou-stylebuildingsofthe"patiopluscourtyard."Mingtang,calledtheFourWatersGuitang,inordertokeepmoneyfromflowingoutoftheauspiciousness.
Thepartitionwallissurroundedbyahighfirewall(horseheadwall).Fromadistance,itlookslikeanancientcastle.Generallyitisafamily’stetheredhouse.Themiddledoorisclosedandeachfamilylivesalone.Themiddledooropens,andonedoorentersandexits.Topayhomagetotheancestors.TheHuizhoumountainousareahasahumidclimate.Peopleregardtheupperfloorsastheirmainhabitatsfordailylife,andretaintheheritageoftheindigenousShanyuepeople’s"nestdwellings."Thereisalsoa"beautyback"onthepatio.
Northfacinghouse:Ifitisnotforthespecialterrain,thebestorientationofthehouseistositinthenorthfacingsouth.However,mostofthehousesbuiltinHuizhouduringtheMingandQingDynastiesareThegatefacesnorth.ItturnsoutthattherearemanytaboosinthelivinghabitsoftheancientHuipeople.IntheHanDynasty,therewasapopularsayingthat"merchantgatesshouldnotfacesouthandZhengjiagatesshouldnotfacenorth."Thereasonisthataccordingtothefiveelements:businessbelongstogold,andthesouthbelongstofire.Itisnotauspiciousforfiretoconquergold;levybelongstofire,andthenorthbelongstowater,whichisalsonotauspicious.DuringtheMingandQingDynastiesinHuizhou,Huizhoumerchantswereprosperous.Ifyoudon’tfacesouth,youwillformanorth-facingresidence.Therearestilltensofthousandsofnorth-facingancientdwellingsinHuizhou.Setuphallsforoccupants,hallsareinuseThedoorisseparatedfromthebackhall.Thebackhallisequippedwithonehallandtwobedrooms.Behindthehallisawalloffire.Apatioissetagainstthewallandwingroomsarebuiltonbothsides.Thisisthefirstentry.Thestructureofthesecondentranceisstilldividedintotwohallswithoneridge,twofrontandrearpatios,withpartitionsinthemiddle,fourbedroomsandtwohalls.
MemorialArches
Memorialarchesarethehighesthonorsymbolinfeudalsociety.Theyareusedtoadvertisemeritandfeudaletiquette.TherearemanyarchwaysinShexianCounty,whichhasalong-standingrelationshipwiththedevelopmentandriseofHuizhoumerchantsandtheoriginandinfluenceofCheng-ZhuNeo-Confucianism.TheancientHuizhoupeoplewhotookConfucianismasthemaincontentoftheirspiritualworld,thenaturalconditionsthattherewasnotenoughlandtocultivatehavebecometheirmaindrivingforcetoexpandtheirlivingspace.InShexianCounty,asmallnumberofpeopleleavetheirhometowns,gooutforbusiness,andtravelallovertheworld.Goingoutforaslittleasthreeorfiveyears,aslongasdozensofyears,inordertohavesomeonetotakecareofGaotang'sparents,usuallymarriedfirstbeforeleaving.Ifyouarenotsuccessfulindoingbusinessabroad,youwillbeashamedtoseeyourhometownelders.Merchantsprosperedandwealthwasprominent.DuringtheMingandQingDynasties,Huizhoumerchantsreachedtheirpeak,andtherewasaprosperoussituationof"noemblemwithoutatown",andtheirfinancialresourceshavecontrolledthecountry'seconomiclifelineformorethanthreehundredyears.Ofcourse,thecourtlookedatHuimerchantswithadmirationandfavor,soHuimerchantsenteredthebenigndevelopmenttrackof"usingbusinesstoemphasizeliterature,usingliteraturetoenterofficialdom,andprotectingmerchantswithofficialdom".TheHuimerchantswhowanderedaroundtheworld,inordertoglorifytheirancestors,theyaskedtheemperor'sgracetoreturntotheirhometown,buildmemorialarchways,andsetupmonumentsforfame,longevity,chastity...TherearemanyarchwaysofMingandQingdynastiesinHuangshanCity.FamoussuchasTangyueArchwayGroupinSheCounty,XidiHuWenguangCishiArchwayinYixianCounty,XuGuoShifanginShexianCounty,andsoon.
Thearchwayisderivedfromthestargate.Thestaristheoriginalstar,andthestaristheAmadastar.TheruleoftheEmperorGaozuofHanDynasty:Sacrificetotheheavenandspiritstarfirst.InthesixthyearofEmperorRenzongoftheSongDynasty(1028),theouterwalloftheJiaotai(abuildingofferingsacrificestotheheavensandtheearth)wasbuilt,andtheLingxingGatewassetup.MovedbacktotheConfucianTemple,andrespectedConfuciuswiththeetiquetteofofferingsacrificestotheheavens.Later,peoplethoughtthatofferingsacrificestospiritstarsintheHanDynastywastoprayforgoodharvest,andithadnothingtodowiththeConfucianTemple.SeealsothechangeofLingxingtoLiaoxing.AfterthefirstyearoftheSong(SouthernSong),especiallyintheMingandQingDynasties,thiskindofarchitecturewasnotonlyplacedinthesuburbs,Confuciantemples,butalsobuiltintemples,mausoleums,ancestralhalls,governmentofficesandgardensorinfrontofstreets,fronts,andintersections.Itisalsousednotonlyforofferingsacrificestotheheavensandholes,butalsoforpraisingmerits,jingmingandviolent,etc.,sotheLingxingGatenotonlybecametheLiaoxingGate,butalsobecamethearchway.Intermsoftheirconstructionintentions,thearchwayscanbedividedintothreecategories:oneisthehallmark;thesecondisthemerithall;andthethirdistheachievementoftheimperialexamination.
Řezba
ThethreecarvingsinHuizhourefertothesixcountiesinoneprefectureandsixcountiesinancientHuizhou(nowYixian,Shexian,Qimen,Xiuning,Taiping,JixiandJiangxiprovincesofprovincie Anhui)IntheareaofWuyuanCounty),therearethreefolkcarvingtechniquesofHuistylewoodcarving,stonecarvingandbrickcarving.Thethreesculptureshavealonghistory,superbskills,passedonfromgenerationtogeneration,andcompletetechnologicalprocesses.Theyenjoyahighreputationathomeandabroad,andwereincludedinthefirstbatchofnationalintangibleculturalheritagelists.
Obsah tří Orlů v Huizhou zahrnuje především folklór, opery, květiny, ptáky a šelmy, draky, lvy a jeleny, scénická místa, lidové zvyky, rybaření, lesy, farmaření, světlo a tmu, a BoguJitu, atd.
TheproductionproceduresoftheHuizhouthreeeaglesaredifferentduetodifferentmaterials,toolsandtechniques.Forexample,theproductionprocessofbrickcarvingincludesbrickrepair,lofting,blanking,thinning,polishing,repairing,etc.Thetraditionaltoolsmainlyincludecharcoalsticks,chisels,brickplaners,prying,mallets,grindstones,emerycloth,bowsaws,andbrownbrushes.,Pulldrill,etc.;theproductionprocessofwoodcarvingincludespicking,lofting,roughing, Středování, ředění, leštění, lakování atd. Mezi tradiční nástroje patří hlavně mallaxy, kladiva do tvrdého dřeva, dláta, řezbářské nože, drátové pily, brusné kameny, smirkový plátno atd.;výrobní postupy řezby kamene, řezba kamene, včetně opracování kamene, obrábění, broušení, broušení, hrubování a hrubování ,chopaxe,hazi,chop,brusná hlava,atd.
TherepresentativeworkoftheHuizhouThreeSculptures,thewoodcarvingsareChengzhiHallandWoodŘezbaBuildinginYixianCounty,especiallythecarvedbeamsandwoodcarvingsinChengzhiHall"HundredsoftheLanternFestival";thestonecarvingsaretheTangyueArchwaysandYixianArchwaysinShexianCounty.Thestonesculpturesofthesistersof"Songshi"and"Zhumei"inXidiCounty,especiallythestonesculpturesofthesisters,areoneontheleftandtheright,inpairs,reachingtheartisticbeautyof"wordlesspoemsandpaintings."Thebrickcarvingisavillage.Thelarge-scalebricksculptureofthe"FiveHundredMilesofHuangshan"inthepromenadeoftheriversideriverisamasterpiecethathasreachedthepinnacleintermsofthenumberofscenicspots,thelargeareaofthepainting,thenumberofperspectivesandthefullrangeofcarvingtechniques.ThecombinationofthethreesculpturesinHuizhouandthebuildingasawholeisextremelytightandstable.Theworkmanshipofthelayout,theingenuityofthestructure,thebeautyofthedecoration,theprecisionoftheconstruction,andthedepthofconnotationarebreathtaking.Whetheritiswoodcarving,brickcarvingorstonecarving,multipletechniquessuchasreliefcarving,opencarving,roundcarving,linecarving,etc.canbeusedtogether.Itcanbeseenfromtheinheritanceofmycountry'sarchitecturaldecorativecarvingartsincetheHanandTangDynasties,anditalsoreflectsotherartsinHuizhouculture.TheinfluenceofartisticstylessuchasXin'anPaintingSchool,HuizhouPrintmaking,HuizhouSealCutting,HuizhouInkstoneŘezba,andInkMouldŘezbaonthearchitecturaldecorationcarvingstyleofHuizhou.
Nástěnné malby
TheHuizhoumuralsareHuizhouarchitecturalmurals.Theyareakindofmurals.Theso-calledmuralsarepaintingspaintedonthewalls.Theyareoneoftheearliestformsofpaintinginhumanhistory..
Krajina cestovního ruchu
5A-levelscenicspot
název | provincie (nyní) | Countyandcity (nyní) |
Scénická oblast Huangshan | provincie Anhui | Okres Huangshan, město Huangshan |
Starověká oblast kulturního cestovního ruchu Huizhou | provincie Anhui | SheCounty, Huizhou District, HuangshanCity |
AnancientvillageinsouthernAnhui,Xidi-Hongcun | provincie Anhui | YixianCounty,HuangshanCity |
JiangwanScenicArea p> | JiangxiProvince | WuyuanCounty,ShangraoCity |
Scénická oblast Longchuan | provincie Anhui | XuanchengJixiCounty |
AncientRoadPass
[Hui'anAncientRoad]AncientRoadnázev.FromHuizhouFuchengtoAnqingFucheng.Thewholejourneyis210kilometers.
[HuichangAncientRoad]Thenameoftheancientroad.FromtheancientcityofHuizhoutoChanghuaCounty,Zhejiang.62kilometersfromShechengtoYulingPass.Thisoldroadwasconvertedintoahighwayin1932.
[AncientHuifuRoad]Thenameofanancientroad.FromHuizhouFuchengtoFuliangCounty,Jiangxi.Thewholejourneyis200kilometers.MostsectionsofthisroadareusedbyCizhangDálnice.
[HuijingAncientRoad]Thenameoftheancientroad.FromHuizhouFuchengtoJingxianCounty.Thetotaldistanceis94kilometers.TheShejisectionis30kilometers,theroadisflat,andtheroadis6to9feetwide.ItwasusedwhenconstructingtheCizhangDálnice.
[AncientHuikaiRoad]Thenameofanancientroad.FromHuizhouCitytoKaihuaCounty,ZhejiangProvince.ThesectionfromTunxitoKaihuaisastonepavement,andmostofitiscurrentlyusedfortheconstructionoftheWutunDálnice.
[HuiNingAncientRoad]Thenameofanancientroad.FromHuizhouFuchengtoNingguoCounty.Therewerepostshopsonthisroadinancienttimes,anditwasoneoftheofficialroadsforofficialstotraveltoandfromHuizhou.ThisroadisnowusedbytheCi-ZhangDálnice.
[AncientHuiqingRoad]Thenameofanancientroad.FromHuizhouFuchengtoQingyangCounty.Thisroadismostlyastoneroadwithasmoothstonesurfaceandaroadwidthof3to6feet.
[AncientRoadinHuiwu]Thenameofanancientroad.FromHuizhouFuchengtoWuyuanCounty.MostoftheteaandotherlocalproductsinthesouthwestofXiuningarealsotransportedtoTunxiforexchange."
[Hui-RaoAncientRoad]ItwasbuiltintheTangDynastyfromHuizhouFuchengtoRaozhouFu.Thewholedistanceisabout15kilometers.Duetodisrepairforalongtime,ithasnotbeenfullydeveloped.Itissuitableforjunioroutdoorenthusiaststoexperiencethecrossing.
[JiangnanFirstPass]Thenameofthepass.AlsoknownasXiaoyaoRock.ItisthemainpassoftheancientroadfromHuizhoutoHangzhou.ItislocatedintheeastofFulingTownship,JixiCounty.Itis424metersabovesealevel.ThecustomsnamewastakenbyMingHuZongxian.
GardenShuikou
[HuizhouGarden]Thenameoftheregionalgarden.AsaHuizhougardenbuiltforrecreation,culturalentertainment,andlivingrequirements,therearedocumentsavailableJizhebeganintheNorthernSongDynasty.DuringtheSongZhengheyears,JixiXuRunbuiltLeshanAcademy,builtTianyuePavilion,Nanlouandothersmallbuildings,whichareoftenviewedonit.PoyuanZhu’sGardenhaspoolsandpavilions,andZhuWeizhaiwrote"FangTangYin""Waying,seewhalesandcarp".FromSongtoYuanDynasty,Huizhouprivategardenswerebuiltmore,amongwhichthefamousonesare:SongjixiLeshanAcademy,PoyuanZhu’sGarden,ShexianZuiyuan,Xianyuelou,XiuningBambooZhouWu’sGardenPavilion,Zhu’sGardenPavilioninShouVillage,DongyeMountainHouse,HuangyuanWu’sGardenPavilion,LongyuanZhao’sGardenPavilion,QianxianPeiyunGarden;XiuninginYuanDynastyhasLinquanFengyuePavilion,ZuijingtangandYueTanzhu’sGardenPavilion,QiujiangDiaoyueTower,etc.DuringtheMingandQingDynasties,Huizhoumerchantsinvestedalotofmoneyingardenconstruction,makingHuizhougardensflourish.TheprivategardenontherightsideoftheoldhousepavilioninXixinanVillage,HuizhouDistrict,coversanareaofonlymorethan400Squaremeters,thestructureisverysophisticated,thegardenisfullofflowersandtrees.Ontheleftisapond,called"fishingman’spond",wherethelotusandfishareraisedforpeopletowatchandfish.Inthegarden,theartisticconceptionisrefreshingandcomfortable.ThereareeightfamousgardensinYansiTown:SauluoGarden,Caiyuan,TanshanGarden,Xishu,HuixinGarden,MaolinXiuzhu,Xiangxuewo,FangshiGarden.ThevillageShuikouwasoriginallybuiltforFengShuiThroughpeople’soperations,buildings,platforms,pavilions,pavilions,towers,andbridgesloomedamongtheoldtreesandgreenery,andbecameplacesforordinaryvillagerstorelaxandentertain.ItwastheearliestformofparksinChina.
Shuikou]Shuikouname.LocatedinQiankouVillage,HuizhouDistrict,HuangshanCity.ZixiaPeakisthestartingpointonthesouthsideoftheHuangshanMountainRangeandiscalled"thefirstpeakofHuangshanMountain".Thestoneroadleadsdirectlytothecenterofthevillage,andthewatermouthislocatedhere.ZixiaPeakislessthan50metershighandissurrounded.Thetopofthemountainisdensewithancienttrees,dominatedbysweetmoundtreesandmapletrees.Bauhiniaisplantedonbothsidesofthestoneroad.TheGuanyinHallwasoriginallybuiltinthecorneroftheGuanyinstatue,andthereisspringwaterflowingoutbehindthestatueofGuanyin,whichissweetandcool.Inadditiontothemainhall,thereareattachedroomsinthesecondcompartmentformonkstostay.Thegroundinthecourtyardispavedwithstoneslabs.Wateralongthestream,acrossasmallbridge,andbuiltonthefrontLingguanHall.Thestonestepsgoroundandthereisascenicpavilion.
[SongtanShuikouForest]LocatedinQihongTownship,Okres Qimen,HuangshanCity,itisoneofthelargestexistingancientShuikouforestsinprovincie Anhui.Itismorethan140acres,likeagreenbarrier,shelteringSongtanVillageforgenerations.InJuly2010,SongtanShuikouForestwaslistedasoneofthe“Top100PhotographySpots”byHuangshanCity.
Lidové zvyky
Dialekt
HuiZhoudialectisalsoknownasHuiyu,whichisanewChinesedialectclassifiedintheAtlasofChineseLanguage.SomescholarstendtoclassifyHuiyuintoWudialect.HuizhoudialectisWudialectinabroadsense,anditcanbelongtoHuiyanfilmofWudialect.
Itistheoldprefektura Huizhoulocatedinthesouthernpartofprovincie AnhuiintheXin’anRiverBasin(includingTunxiDistrict,XiuningCounty,YiCounty,Okres Qimen,SheCounties,HuizhouDistrict,HuangshanDistrict(onlyTangkouTownandTanjiaqiaoTowninthesouth),JixiCounty,andWuyuanCounty),theoldYanzhouPrefectureinnorthwesternZhejiangProvince(includingtoday'sChun'an,Sui'an,Jiande,butnotIncludingthedialectsofGantanTown,QintangTownship,andWuyuDistrictofDaciyanTown)andtheoldRaozhouPrefecture(DexingCounty,FuliangCounty)innorthernJiangxiProvince.HuizhouisspokeninHuizhouShexian,Jixi,Jingde,Tunxi,Xiuning,Yixian,Qimen,Ningguo(limitedtoHongmenTownshipinthesouth),Dongzhi(limitedtoLangmutaareainthesoutheast),Shitai(LimitedtoOccupiedRegions)andothercitiesandcounties.
Klasifikace huilanguage
JishhenpianHuiyu(ShexianDialekt,JixiDialekt,etc.)
JingzhanpianHuiyu(JingdeXixiangdialect,Zhandadialect,etc.)
XiuyiPianHuidialect(Tunxidialect,Xiuningdialect,Yixiandialect,etc.)
QiwuPianHuilanguage(Qimendialect,Wuyuandialect,etc.;andincludingFuliang,Dexing)
YanzhouPianHuilanguage(AnhuilanguageoftheoriginalYanzhouPrefectureinZhejiangProvince,includingJian(German,Chun'an,Sui'an,etc.)
Charakteristika Anhuilanguage
AnhuilanguageretainsmanygrammaticalrulesandpronunciationofancientChinese.Itscharacteristicsaresoftandsoothing,mellowandfrustrated.Sinceancienttimes,becauseHuizhouislocatedinamountainousareawithinconvenienttransportation,peopleinvariousdistrictsandcountieshavelimitedcommunication,andthepronunciationcannotbeunified.ThepronunciationofSouthernAnhuiHuidialectcanbedescribedasvastlydifferent.Eveninacounty,peopleoftencannotcommunicatenormallyintheirHuidialect.
TheHuizhoudialectissomewhatrelatedtotheWudialect,andthedialectsofthecountiesintheHuizhouregionaredifferentfromeachother.The"HuizhouFuzhi"ofJiajingoftheMingDynastycontained:"ThelanguageofLiuyicannotbecommunicated.ItisnotlikeWupeople,andtheirdialectsaremostlysimilar."TheterrainofHuizhouisdominatedbyhillsandmountains."Anextremelyimportantfactorinthelocaldialect.Inaddition,HuizhouislocatedontheborderofAnhui,Zhejiang,andJiangxiprovinces,andvariousdialectsareeasytopenetrate,especiallythefrequentexchangesbetweenHuizhoumerchants,whichhasbroughtcomplicatedinfluencesontheformationofHuizhoudialects.Butafterall,Huizhoudialectisawholedialectofasinglesystem.Regardlessofphonetics,vocabulary,andgrammar,ithasitsownlawsandcommoncharacteristics.Inphonetics,mostofthemhaveacute;thenasalinitialg,whichiscombinedwithkandx,isthestandardrootofthetongue;thereisno"日[z]"motherbuta"[n]"mother;therhymeofnisserious,suchasXiu"Cat"inNingdialectispronouncedas"Min";"cat"inQimendialectispronouncedas"cotton";"Cat"inYixiandialectispronouncedas"Ming".Thistypeofwordwithann-tailissimilartoMandarinintermsofnatureandfunction.ThedifferencebetweenErhuawordsisnon-tonguesound;Huizhoudialecthasanenteringtone.ExceptforXiuningdialect,itdoesnotdistinguishbetweenYinandYang.TheenteringtoneissimilartothethroatpluginWudialect,butitisnottherealthroatplug.TherearemanyuniquedialectwordsinHuizhoudialect,buttheyvaryfromcountytocountyandcomefromdifferentsources.Somewordsarestillusedinancientmeanings,suchas"Xian"means"Mr.";"various"means"shortandchaoticbeard";"goodfortune"means"lucky"andsoon.Huizhoudialecthassomeuniquemorphemeswithgrammaticalfunctions,amongwhich"ren"and"everyone"areexpressedintheplural.Somehaveastructuralcombinationfunction,whichmeansacertainaspectoftheperson,suchas"仂".Someindicatetheaffiliation,suchas"person".Someuniqueintroduction(verb)wordshavemanymeanings,buttheyarenotvagueinthesentence.Forexample,"di"hasthemeaningsof"dao","zai","bei"and"ba".Itisclearhowtouseitinasentence.Itmeansthattheactionisrepeated.Inadditiontoaddingtheadverb"Zai"infrontofthepredicateasanadverbial,sometimesitalsoadds"Ti"attheendofthesentence,suchas:"EatabowlofTim".
Huizhouwasgovernedbysixcountiesinhistory.HuizhoudialectactuallyreferstoShexiandialect,Jixidialect,Xiuningdialect,Yixiandialect,Qimendialect,Wuyuandialect.AsfortheJingdeCounty,TaipingCounty,andShitaiCountythatwereonceplacedundertheHuizhouregionaftertheliberation,mostoftheirlanguagesbelongedtotheXiajiangMandarin,andtheyweregenerallynotincludedintheHuizhoudialect.Inhistory,ShexianCountywasgovernedbythestateandthecountyforalongtime,governingXiuning,Jixiandotherplaces,theso-calledHuizhoudialectshouldberepresentedbyShexiandialect.However,duringtheWarofResistanceAgainstJapaneseAggression,peoplefromthecoastandotherplacesmovedtoTunxioneafteranother,sothepopulationofTunxisurged,anditwasonceknownas"LittleShanghai".Aftertheliberation,Tunxihasbeentheseatoftheregionforalongtime.Toacertainextent,TunxidialectcanalsobetherepresentativeofHuizhoudialect.
NuoDance
NuoOpera(Pinyin:nuóxì),alsoknownasNuoDance,isatraditionaldancepopularintheYangtzeRiverBasininmycountry.ThedancerswearavarietyofsimpleandTheexaggeratedmask,withadistinctivewitchcraftcolor,wasoriginallyaritualofblessingandprayer.Itisrecordedin"TheAnalectsofConfucius","TheCompleteBookofAncientandModernEvents"and"TheHistoryofEtiquetteintheBookoftheLaterHanDynasty".OnMay20,2006,theNuodancewasapprovedbytheStateCounciltobeincludedinthefirstbatchofnationalintangibleculturalheritagelists.
HuizhouisoneoftheregionswithveryrichNuoculture.TheHanDynastybegantohavethenamesof"FangxiangDance"and"TwelveGodDances",especiallyWuyuanNuoDanceandQimenNuoDance.
WuyuanNuoDance,běžně známý jako "GhostDance" nebo "DancingGhost", má po celou historii, četné programy a jedinečný styl.Je to "živá fosílie" ve studiu historie starověkého čínského umění.
TherearefortytofiftykindsoffacesinNuodance,usuallywoodcarvings,withvividfacialmakeup,loyalty,traitor,virtuousandfoolish,joy,anger,sorrow,andjoy.ThetraditionalprogramsofNuodanceinclude"OpeningtheWorld","LiuHaiPlaystheGoldenToad","TwoMonkeysCatchLice","HouYiShootstheSun","ZhangFeiSacrificetheSpear","TheJudgeDrunk","TheMonkeyKingReducesMouseJing"Waitingfordozens,thedancemovesareroughandsimple.TherearemorethanonehundredNuodanceprogramsinWuyuanandmorethantwohundredNuonoodles.Thereare19actorsandmorethan30masksintheexisting"QuenuoGodClass"inChangjingVillage,QiukouTown.Amongthem,thereare4primitivewood-carvedmasks,whichcanperform24performances.Theperformanceisverysimple,rough,exaggeratedandconcise.Forexample,in"OpeningtheWorld",thedancersweara"Pangu"maskontheirheadsandholdalargeaxe,slashingonallsides,demonstratingtheheroicspiritofPanguwhopioneeredtheuniverseandmarchedforwardbravelyandinvincibly."TheJudgeDrunk"showsthedrunkenstateofthejudgeandthekidplayingandfighting,andthecharactersarebrightandfulloflife."DancingFlowers"isagroupoflarge-scaledancedramas,showingthehistoricalstoryofQinIIHuHaiusurpingthethrone,magnificent.
Xin'anSchoolofPainting
InthelateMingandearlyQingdynasties,thegroupofpaintersinHuizhouandthemainHuizhoupainterswholivedinotherplacesatthattimeusedpenandinktodescribethemountainsandexpresstheiremotionsthroughscenery.,Toexpresstheecstasyofone'sownsoul,thepaintingtheoryadvocatesthecharacterandintegrityofthepainter,thepaintingstyletendstobedryandcold,withadistinctliteratieccentricity,itshinesintheChinesepaintingcircleoftheseventeenthcentury.Becausethegeographicalrelationship,lifebeliefsandpaintingstyleofthisgroupofpaintersareofthesamenature,theywerecalled"Xin'anSchoolofPainting"atthetime.
TheXin'anPaintingSchoolhasmanymembersandstrongstrength.Therearenearly80peoplewithimpressivepaintingskills.Amongthem,thereareabout20peopleinZhuoran'sownfamily.Theyaredividedintofourlevels:pioneerChengJiasui,LiYongchang,andLiLiufang;paintingschoolleaderSengJianjiang;themainmembersoftheheydayperiodYuYu,WangYansu,WuShantao,ChengXi,WangJiazhen,DaiBenxiao,WuLong,ShunTiansheng,ChengZhengkui,ZhengMin,WangZhirui,SunYi,ZhaShibiao,WangHongdu,Xuezhuang;modernsuccessorHuangBinhong.
HuizhouPrintmaking
isaprintmakinggenrethatemergedinHuizhouinthemiddleoftheMingDynasty.TheHui-styleprintsoriginatedfrombook-cutting,beganintheSouthernSongDynasty,flourishedinthemiddleoftheMingDynasty,andgraduallydeclinedintheearlyQingDynasty.HuizhouprintswerethemostprosperousduringtheWanliperiodoftheMingDynasty,andtheperiodfromWanlitoShunzhioftheQingDynastywastheheydayofHuizhouprints.IthasgraduallyformedacompleteHuizhouprintmakingsystemfromitsrise,prosperity,innovation,anddissemination.
The1930stothe1980swerethepreparatoryperiodforthebirthanddevelopmentof"NewHuizhouPrintmaking".TheseleadingfiguresbelongedtoLaiShaoqi,ZhengZhen,andShiSongling.Afterthemid-1980s,thecreationofAnhuiNewHuizhouprintmakingenteredadiversifiedperiod,andagroupofyoungprintmakerscametothefore.Amongthem,ZhangGuolinwastherepresentative.Anewgenerationofprintmakershasmovedforwardcourageouslyalongthepathofthe"NewHuiSchool"pioneeredbyolderprintmakers.
Festivaly
Laba:TheeighthdayoftheDecemberinthelunarcalendaristheLabaFestival,whichiscalledthe"twelfthlunarmonth"becauseofthenameofthe12thlunarmonth.Assoonasthe"Laba"isoverandtheSpringFestivalisapproaching,everyhouseholdmustcleanupthedustfromthehousestartingfromLaba.IwilleatLabaporridgethatday.AfterLabaisover,everyfamilystartstoslaughtertheNewYearpigs.Theyaskeachothertoeatpigwine,wrapglutinousricedumplings,makericenoodles,friedtofu,friedpeanutsandbroadbeans,makesesamesugar,frozenricesugarandsoon.Peoplehavetoarrangetheweddingceremonytobeheldonthisday,sothereisafolksongsaying:"LabaLabaisagoodday,howmanyauntschangetheirsistersinlaw".
LittleNewYear’sEve:December24ofthelunarcalendar,commonlyknownas"LittleNewYear’sEve".Inthemiddleofthenightbefore,everyhouseholdofferedsacrificestothestoveforthe"JiutianEastChefMingStoveLord",commonlyknownas"SongStove".PrayforMr.ZaotospeakmoregoodwordsbeforetheJadeEmperorandblessthefamilyandanimals.Onthisdayofthenewyear,paintingsofancestorsarehunginfrontofeveryhouse,recordingthenamesofancestorsinthepastdynasties,orpaintingportraitsofancestors.Setupacandlestickincensecase,setuptributes,andtaketheancestorstocomehomefortheNewYear.Fromthisdayon,everyhouseholdcleansfurniture,disassemblesandwashesbedding,sweepsawaydust,andwelcomestheNewYearcleanly.
February2:ThesecondmonthofthelunarcalendaristhebirthdayofLordDi,andancientHuizhoucalledit"thedragonraisesitshead."Itisprobablybecausetherainisgettingmoreandmoreinthemidsummerseasonandthundercanbeheard,sothereissuchasaying.Inthecountryside,farmersarenotallowedtogotothelandonthisday,andwomenarenotallowedtospendadayleisurelywithneedlesandthreads.AccordingtotheruleofJixiCounty,therearestillzongziwrappedupwithaliterofglutinousricetobecookedtoworshipthegodoftheearth.February2isthebirthdayofHundredFlowers,soitisalsocalledthe"FlowerDynastyFestival."
ChongyangTempleFair:AtraditionaltemplefairinLinxiTownontheoutskirtsofJixi.Itwillbeheldfor3days,andthe9thdayoftheninthmonthofthelunarcalendaristhefirstday.WorshipmenandwomenfromalloverthetownsandtownscameingroupstoworshipBodhisattvaZhou,setupastagetosing,andfromsunsettosunrise,allnightlong,itwasreallylively.AfterthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,templefairsbecameafairforauthenticagriculturalandsidelineproductsandhandicraftproducts.
VýrobaCelnice
Intheolddays,variousproductionindustriesinHuizhou,suchasfarming,Congyi,andbusiness,hadtheirownrulesandcustoms.Inruralareas,wemustoffersacrificestothe"GodofFiveGrains"andprayfortheprosperityofthecrops;inthedrought,weshould"seekingrain",fastingvegetarianfood,andworshiptheDragonGirlBodhisattvaasadojo;"Dropping"meansthatneitherbuyernorsellercangoback.Whenbrickswerebuildingahouse,theyhadtoslaughtertheroosters,putthechickenbloodonthedoor,called"thegodofthedoor,"andreadthesacrificialwords"chickenbloodsoakedtotheeast,congratulationstothefatherandgrandchildren;chickenbloodtothewest,congratulationstothehostforaddingmorechildren."."Everyoneechoedeachother,seekingauspiciousness.Woodworkingisdedicatedto"MasterLuban".Itismosttabootositonatoolbenchinthemorning,whichmeanssittingonacoldbench,thatis,thereisnobusinesstodo.Thestorehasa"GodofWealthSeat",whichenshrinesthe"GrandMarshal"alltheyearroundinordertoprosperbusiness,makemoney,andsoon.
ReceivingtheGodofWealth:HuizhoutakesthefifthmonthofthelunarcalendarastheGodofWealthDay,andmostindustrialandcommercialworkersreceivetheGodofWealthonthisday.
Openingceremony:OntheopeningdayofthenewstoreinHuizhou,itisnecessarytoputaredknotattheentranceofthestore,hanggoldsigns,setofffirecrackers,andsomeevenplaymusictocelebrate.
Livingcustoms
HuizhouMarriage:Intheolddays,Huizhouweddingsfollowedtheordersoftheirparentsandthewordsofmatchmakers.Therearegenerallynineprocedures:mediation,employment,appointmentperiod,relocation,openingface,welcomingrelatives,visitingthebridalchamber,andreturningtothedoor.Thematchmakersaregenerallyolderwomen,called"matchmakers".Hiringiscommonlyknownas"sendaburden",andthewomanwillreturnthegiftonthesamedayafterreceivingthegift,andthemarriagewillbedetermined.Afterthemarriageisset,themanwillnotifythewomanofthedateoftheendofthemarriage,whichiscalled"thedateofrequest."Pleasemovetomarryaftertheperiod.Onthedayofthewedding,theauntorauntusestwosilkthreadstotwistoffthehaironthebride'sforehead,whichiscalled"openface"or"ramen."Thencamewelcomingrelatives,worshipping,andmakingabridalchamber.Onthethirddayaftermarriage,XinTanaccompaniedthebridebacktoworshiphisparents,whichhecalled"returningtothedoor".Thisis"MingMediaisgettingmarried".Therearealsospecialformsofmarriagesuchaschildmarriage,concubinemarriage,snatchingrelatives,marriagemarriage,chongxi,andpre-spiritualmarriage.Afterthe1950s,parentsarrangedmarriagesweregraduallyreplacedbyfreelove,andmarriagesweresimplified.Afterthe1980s,thereweresomeformsoftourismandgroupweddings.
ShangjiuTempleFair:TheninthdayofthefirstlunarmonthisthedayofthemartyrdomofZhangXunandXuYuan,ZhonglietoftheTangDynasty.YansiTown,HuizhouDistrictishereeveryyearAtemplefairwillbeheldonSundaytocommemorateit,commonlyknownasthe"ShangNinthMeeting".Themeetinglastsforthreedays,startingonthe8thdayofthefirstdayandendingonthe10thdayoftheday.Duringthetemplefair,activitiestovisitthegodsandworshipthegods,setupastagetosing,andvendorsfromallovertheworldalsocametothefairandsetupstalls,allkindsofagriculturalandsidelineproducts,farmtools,anddailynecessities.Nowthe"ShangNineConference"haslosttheoriginalmeaningofcommemoratingZhangXunandXuYuan,andtheactivityoftravelingtothegodshasbeencancelledandithasbecomeanannualmaterialexchangemeeting.
Throwinghydrangea:AfolktourismactivityheldinXidiVillage,YiCounty.Thevillage’sresidenceintheQingDynasty,"Dafudi",isonthesidefacingthestreet,andasmall,exquisite,simpleandelegant"embroideredbuilding"issuspendedintheair.ThiswasoriginallyusedbyHuWenzhao,theoriginalhomeowneranddoctorofChaoLie,forhiswifeandyoungladiestotakeacoollookatthescenery.Nowadays,peopleregarditasanembroideredbuildingforthrowingcolorfulballs,whichhasaspecialtaste.
MulianOpera:AnancientoperagenreinHuizhou,circulatedthroughoutHuangshanCityandneighboringcounties,especiallypopularinQimenandShitai.TheplaywascompiledbyZhengZhizhenfromQimenintheMingDynasty.Itisdividedintothreevolumes(100%off).ThestoryismainlyaboutFuXiang’swifeLiuQingti,whoblasphemedthegodsandwasthrownintohell.HissonFuLuobusavedhismother.Diligently,traversedthetentemplesofhell,andfinallymotherandsonwerereunited.Intheolddays,duringtheleapmonthoftheXiacalendar,Huizhoufolksoftenperformedthisplayinordertodriveawayevilspiritsandavoiddisasters.LiftingthepavilionisafolkentertainmentpopularinXiuningandTunxi,alsoknownas"jiaojiao".Theliftingpavilionisdividedintoupper,middleandlowerlevels.Thehandsomechildrenaredressedupasadramastoryandplacedonthethirdfloorliftingpavilion.Thechassisiscarriedbyfourtoeightbigmen.Thesurroundingareaofthepavilionispiercedwithpaperlanternssuchasdragons,phoenixes,cranes,auspiciousclouds,watersplashes,etc.Duringtheparade,candlesarelitinthelanterns,reflectingthebrightly-dressedchildren,lookingfromadistance,itlookslikeafairytale.
StackedArhats:AfolkentertainmentpopularinYeVillage,SheCounty.Duringtheperformance,theactorwearsredcoloredtrousers,hisupperbodyisshirtlessandshirtless,andhisfaceispaintedwithfacialmakeup.Theactorsareallmale,andtheperformancesaresimpleandrough.Beforetheperformance,theremustbeanaltarceremony,burningpaperandincense,andLuohansweepingthehall,andthenalltheactorswillsteponthestageorperforminthesquare.Actorsdonottalkorsing.Underthesimplerhythmofdrumbeats,theyperformrespectivelytheboyworshipGuanyin,theobliqueangleflag,thefairybridge,thestonemonkeyoutofthemountain,thesix-pillararchway,theLiangxinwaterpavilion,thewatercurtaincave,andtheLiuhaiplaygoldentoad.Modeling.
DrumDance:AfolkdancepopularintheWucheng,Yucun,andTunxiLiyangareasofXiuning,alsoknownasthe"DrumofVictory".ThelegendistocommemoratethevictoryoftheTangDynastygeneralsZhangXunandXuYuanagainsttheAnluChongshanrebels,andcelebratedwithdrums.Thisdanceisperformedbydozensofpeople.Thedrummersaredressedassamurai,shortandtight-fitted,cross-dressedinred,andtheneckisslungwithadrum(flatroundleatherdrum).Themarchingpacemadeacrispsound.Thereisapairofbigredlanternsinfrontofthequeue,onepersonholdsascorpion,writesthewords"victorydrum",andthenateamofcentipedeflagbanners.
DancingZhongkui:Afolkdance,alsoknownas"playingZhongkui",ispopularinYansiTown,HuizhouDistrictandZhujiaVillageinSheCounty.Accordingtoreports,therewasthiscustomduringtheWanliperiod.EveryyearduringtheDragonBoatFestival,theseareasplaywith"ZhongKui"withpuppetsontheirshoulders.Later,peopleplayZhongKuiandplayaroundinthevillage.歙县郑村镇的堨田村，每年端午节都要举行这项活动，煞是热闹。