High-tech válka

Basicintroduction

Awarinwhichatleastoneofthetwowarringpartiesusesalargenumberofhigh-techweaponsandcorrespondingstrategiesandtacticsiscalledahigh-techwar.Newweaponsdevelopedusinghightechnologyandexistingweaponsmodifiedarecalledhigh-techweapons.Forexample,precision-guidedweapons,stealthaircraft,advancedC(U3)Isystems,aerospacesystems,andcountermeasuresusedbymultinationalforcesintheGulfWarGuidancesystem,electronicwarfaresystem,nightvisionequipment,etc.High-techweaponshavehighhitaccuracy,longfiring(range),fastresponsespeed,goodmobility,andhighreliability,whichwillhaveamajorimpactonthestrategy,tacticsandoutcomeofwar.TheGulfWaristheembryonicformoffuturehigh-techwars,fromwhichwecanseecertaincharacteristicsofhigh-techwars.Themainpurposeoftraditionalwaristoannihilatetheenemy'svitalforcesandconquerthecity.Nowitispossibletousehigh-techweaponstoattacktheenemy’scommandcenters,transportationhubs,powerfacilities,industrialcentersandothereconomicinfrastructuresfromalongdistance,destroying50%ofthem,andthrowingtheopponent’seconomic,military,andsocialactivitiesintochaosorhalt.Thisistheso-called"strikeinfrastructurestrategy",alsoknownasthe"paralysisstrategy",whichcanforcetheenemytosurrenderwithoutoccupyingtheenemy'sterritory.Inhigh-techwarfare,information,asanewelementofcombateffectiveness,iscloselyintegratedwithelementsofcombateffectivenesssuchasfirepower,mobility,andprotection,makingthetraditionallarge-scaleuseoffirepowertokillwarsmoredependentoninformationandfirepowertoimplementprecision.Thewarofcombat.A"surgical"attackonaspecifictargetisanewformofwarfarecreatedbyusinghigh-techweapons.Alargenumberofhigh-techweaponshavebeeninstalled,especiallywiththeadvancedC(U3)Isystem,ithasbecomeeasiertoachievejointoperationsofvariousservicesandarms.Itcansimultaneouslylaunchelectronicwarfareandprecisionguidancefromland,airandsea.Asuddenattackwithweaponsasthemainmeansofattack.Electronicwarfarerunsthroughthewar.ThecommandorganizationandtheC(U3)Isystemwillbecometheprimarytargetsoftheopponent'sattack.Thefighttoprotectone'sownrighttousetheelectromagneticspectrumandtopreventtheothersidefromusingtheelectromagneticspectrumhasbecomethefourth-dimensionalbattlefieldofwar.Theroleofaircombatismoreprominent."Air-to-groundcombat"and"air-seacombat"willreplaceland-basedwarfare.Withoutreliableairprotection,tanksandshipscaneasilybecomethetargetsoftheopponent'sairforce.Lossofcombateffectiveness.Thecontinuedimprovementofstrategic,theater,andtacticalmaneuverabilitywillsurelyexpandthescopeofthebattlefieldandincreasethespeedoftroops'advancement.Infuturewars,thefrontlinewillbereplacedbyasimultaneousandcontinuousattackontheentiredepthofthebattlefield.Theboundarybetweenthefrontandtherearwillbecomeblurred,andthebattlefieldwillbeinafluidstate,becominganon-lineornobattlefield.Thepossibilityoflocalwarbreakingoutatnightisextremelyhighinthefuture.Alargenumberofweaponsandnightvisionequipmentthatcanbeuseddayandnightmakethenightnolongeranobstacletocombatoperations,andnolongeracoverfornightbattles.Withhigh-qualityweaponsandequipmentofthistype,youhavemasteredtheinitiativeinnightcombat.High-techweaponsandequipmentwillalsochangethesizeandstructureofthetroop.Thecompositionofthetroopwillchange,thesizewillcontinuetoshrink,butthecombateffectivenesswillbestronger.Alargenumberofhigh-techweaponshavebeeninstalled,placinghigherdemandsonthequalityofsoldiers.Theproportionofprofessionalandtechnicalpersonnelinthearmyisgreater,andtheeducationlevelofcommandersandsoldiersatalllevelswillgenerallyincrease.

High-techwarfareisawarbetweenthetwosidesoronepartymainlyusinghigh-techweaponsandequipmentandcorrespondingcombatmethods.Judgingfromthepracticeofwarfaresofar,high-techwarfareisalocalarmedconfrontationwiththeuseofhigh-techconventionalweaponsystems,combatobjectives,andlimitedscale.

Development

High-techwarfareisaproductofcontemporaryhigh-techdevelopmentandapplicationinthemilitary.AftertheSecondWorldWar,especiallyafterthe1970s,withthein-depthdevelopmentoftheworld’snewtechnologicalrevolution,informationtechnology,biotechnology,newmaterialtechnology,newenergytechnology,spacetechnology,marinedevelopmenttechnology,etc.asthemainbodyemergedAlargenumberofhigh-tech.Thesehigh-techtechnologiesarewidelyusedinthemilitaryfieldtomakeaqualitativeleapinweaponsandequipment,andtheircombateffectiveness,suchaslethality,hitaccuracy,andmaneuverability,hasbeenunprecedentedlyimproved.Thishaschangedtheoriginalformofwar,andmadewarwithhigh-techcharacteristics.High-techwarfare.

Somecharacteristicsofhigh-techwarfarearedifferentintheVietnamWarintheearly1970s,theMalvinasIslandswarinthe1980s,theUSinvasionofGrenadaandtheUSairraidonLibya,andotherlocalwarsandarmedconflicts.Toadegreeisreflected.TheGulfWarthatbrokeoutintheearly1990sbecameatypicalexampleofcontemporaryhigh-techwarfarewithitscombatstyles,combatmethods,combatmethods,combatguidance,andcombattheoriesthatweredifferentfromtraditionalwars.

Funkce

(1)Silná ovladatelnost války(z hlediska účelu a prostředků k dosažení války má špičková válka silnou ovladatelnost);

(2)Široký bitevní prostor(z hlediska pole a rozsahu válčení má technologicky vyspělá válka vlastnosti bezprecedentně obrovského prostoru bitevních polí);

(3)Výjimečná systémová konfrontace(z hlediska formy válčení má válčení vyspělých technologií charakteristické rysy systémové konfrontace);

(4)Diverzifikované bojové metody(z hlediska vývoje a změn bojových prostředků má technologicky vyspělá válka charakteristické rysy různorodých bojových metod);

(5)Automatizace velení a řízení(z použití bojových silMeziúčinnosti má technologicky vyspělá válka vlastnosti automatického velení a řízení);

(6)Válečná spotřeba(z hlediska požadavků na logistickou podporu má špičková válka vlastnosti obrovské spotřeby)

Strongcontrollabilityofwar

Introduction

Thepurposeofhigh-techlocalwarsislimited.Nomatterhowgreattheadvantageofwarinitiators,theyusuallyThegoalofwarisstipulatedinthepursuitoflimitedandspecificnationalinterests.Thisismanifestedinthelimitedcontrolofthepurposeofthewar,thescopeofoperations,thetargets,themeansofwarfare,theinvestmentoftroops,andthedurationofthewar.Inthecontrolofthepurposeofwar,thegoalisusuallynottothreatenthesurvivaloftheotherpartyandcompletelydeprivetheotherpartyofmilitarycapabilities.But"youdon'thavetokillit,justkillit."Intermsofcombatscopecontrol,itisoftennotbasedonthecombatcapabilitythatonehastodeterminethegeographicscopeoftheengagement,butratherrestrictcombatoperationswithinacertainarea.Intermsoftargetcontrol,itismainlytoattackmilitarytargetssuchascommandandcontrolhubs,importantmilitaryinstallations,andheavyforcesgroups,tominimizeunnecessarydamage,especiallyciviliancasualties.Regardingthecontrolofmeansofwarfare,internationallawisbasicallyrespected,andthecontroliswithinthescopeofconventionalweapons.Regardingthecontrolofinputforces,itdoesnotemphasizethelargenumberofpeople,butinsteadpaysattentiontoreasonableandadequateuse.Intermsofthedurationofthewar,duetothelimitedpurposeofthewarandtheefficientcombatenergy,thepaceofwarhasbeengreatlyaccelerated,andthequicknessofdecisivenesshasbecomemoreprominent.Modernlocalwarsarenotonlystronglyinfluencedandrestrictedbytheinternationalcommunity,butareoftenresolvedthroughpoliticalanddiplomaticmeansundertheinterventionoftheinternationalcommunity.Duetothedifferentpurposesandmethodsofpreviouswars,warslackedcontrollability.Whenthewarmachineisactivated,itisoftennotbasedonhumanwill,makingthescaleandprogressofthewardifficulttocontrol.Thewarisnotonlydifficulttoachievetheexpectedpurpose,butalsocausesalargeconsumptionofresourcesandcausesalargenumberofcasualties,suchastheFirstWorldWar(1914.7-1918.11),thetotalforcemobilizedbybothsidesofthewarexceeded70millionpeople,35countriesandregionsweredirectlyorindirectlyinvolvedinthewar,and65.4milliontroopsweremobilizedagainstbothsides.Thenumberofpeoplereached1.5billion,andmorethan21millionsoldiersandciviliansdied.Thecostofdirectwarfarewasasmuchas186.3billionUSdollarsandpropertylosseswere330billionUSdollars.DuringtheSecondWorldWar(1939.9—1945.8),61countriesparticipatedintheWarringStatesPeriod,and1.1troopsweremobilized.100millionpeople,70millionsoldiersandciviliansdied,propertylossesamountedto4trillionU.S.dollars,anddirectwarcostsamountedto1,352billionU.S.dollars.Itcausedheavylossesofpersonnelandproperty,causedpoliticalpassivity,andtheresultsofthewarevenwentagainsttheoriginalintentionofthepoliticians.High-techweaponsandequipmentarethemeansofwarthatcanbeeffectivelycontrolledforlethalityanddestructivepower.Therefore,war,amachinethatisdifficulttocontrol,isalsocontrollableandhasbecomeaneffectivetoolforachievingthepoliticalgoalsofpoliticians.Thecontrollabilityofhigh-techwarfareismainlymanifestedinthefollowingthreeaspects.

Controllingtargets

Thedevelopmentofprecision-guidedweaponsprovidesarelativelyeffectivetoolforcontrollingwarfare.Comparedwithtraditionalweapons,precision-guidedweaponscaneffectivelycontrolandachievethepurposeofwar,whilereducingThedegreeofdamagetonon-striketargets.The"point-pointing"typeofprecisionstrikehasreplacedthe"carpettype"offranticbombing.Targetsthatpreviouslyrequiredmultiplebombingscannowbeachievedwithonlyoneortwopreciseattacks.Forexample,duringWorldWarII,aB-17aircraftrequired4,500sortiesand9,000bombstodestroyatarget.DuringtheVietnamWar,F-105aircraftrequired95sortiesand190bombstodestroyatarget.IntheGulfWar,abombdroppedbyanF-117aircraftcouldaccuratelyhitthetarget.Forexample,whenaguidedbombdroppedbytheU.S.AirForceexplodedattheTelecommunicationsBuildinginIraq,theHillardHotelnexttotheTelecommunicationsBuildingwasunharmed.Inthe36hoursafterthewar,only23civilianswerekilled.IntheKosovoWar,NATOusedprecision-guidedweaponsaccountedfor90%ofthetotalbombsdropped.Itbombedmorethan40citiesintheYugoslavFederationandkilledlessthan2,000people.Insharpcontrast,thisComparedwiththeaveragecasualtiesof1millionpeopleonthesamedayduringWorldWarII,thisisaworldofdifference.OnMarch9,1945,334U.S.bombersattackedTokyo,Japan,causing84,000civiliandeathsanddestroyingmorethan267,000houses.

Controlthescaleofwar

Inadditiontopoliticalfactors,thekeytocontrollingthescaleofwarliesinhigh-techweaponsandequipment.High-techweaponshavehighprecisionandgreatpower.Ontheonehand,itcaneffectivelycontroltheamountofarmsandweaponsinvestedbybothsidesofthewar.Becauseonthebattlefield,bothsidesinthewararepursuinghighermilitaryeconomicbenefits.Generallyspeaking,tasksthatcanbecompletedwithasmallnumberoftroopsandweaponsdonotneedtoinvestmoretroops.Ontheotherhand,high-techweaponsandequipmentcancontroltheescalationofwarandavoidtheextensionofwar.Althoughhigh-techwarfaremaybeconductedundernucleardeterrence,duetotheunprecedentedincreaseintheaccuracyandpowerofcertainhigh-techweapons,itcanreachorexceedthedamageofsmallnuclearweapons.Therefore,theescalationofwarcausedbytheuseofnuclearweaponscanbeavoided.Inaddition,thehighprecisionofweaponscanalsoeffectivelyavoidthespreadofwarandtheescalationofwar.

Controltheprogressofthewar

High-techwarfare,duetothewidereconnaissancerangeofcombatweaponsandlongstrikedistance,thewarisnolongerasusual,fromthefrontofthebattlefieldtothedepthofthebattle.High-techweaponsIthasbeenpossibletodirectlyachievestrategicgoalsbyhittingimportantgoalsindepth.Thisway,theprolongeddelayofthewarhasbeenavoided,thecourseofthewarhasbeenshortened,andthewarcanbeendedasplannedinadvance.Warsinthepasthavebeenrelativelylong.Nottomentionthe103-yearAnglo-FrenchHundredYears’Warinhistory,eventherecentwarslastedquitealongtime.Forexample,theFirstWorldWarwasfoughtfor4years,andtheSecondWorldWarwasfoughtfor6years.TheKoreanWarwasfoughtfor4years,theVietnamWarwasfoughtfor14years,andtheIran-IraqWarwasfoughtfor8years.High-techwarfareisusuallycountedindays,hours,orevenminutesandseconds.ThefourthMiddleEastwarlastedonly18days,theUSinvasionofPanamawasonly15days,theUSinvasionofGrenadawasonly8days,andtheUSairattackonLibyawasonlyannouncedin18minutes.Itended,andIsrael’sattackonIraq’snuclearreactortookonly2minutes.Thetwomedium-scalewars,suchastheBritishAmaIslandWarandtheGulfWar,lastedonly74daysand42daysrespectively.EspeciallyintheGulfWar,whichwascalledthe"desertsaber,"themultinationalforceachievedthecombatobjectiveinonly100hoursandendedthegroundcombat.

Thestrongcontrollabilityofhigh-techwarfareenablesbettercoordinationbetweenwarandpoliticalanddiplomaticmeans,bettermeetstheneedsofnationalpoliticalanddiplomaticstruggles,andismoreconducivetopoliticalgoals.accomplish."Ifyouhavealongtimeandthecountrybenefits,youwon'thaveit."Wirelessprolongsthewarprocess,resultinginexcessiveconsumptionoflimitednationalpower,whichisfundamentallyunfavorable.

Thebattlefieldhasavastspace

Introduction

Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyandweaponry,thebattlespacehasgraduallyshownanincreasinglyexpandingtrend.Inhigh-techwarfare,ontheonehand,thebattlefieldspacewherethetwoarmiesdirectlyengageisreduced,theforcesusedarehighlyconcentrated,andthestrikesagainsttargetsarehighlyprecise.Ontheotherhand,duetothecomprehensiveapplicationofalargenumberofhighandnewtechnologiesonthebattlefield,thewarhasexpandedfromthethree-dimensionalspaceofland,sea,andairtoland,sea,air,space,andelectricmulti-dimensionalspace.Themilitary’sstrategicmobility,long-rangestrikecapabilitiesandintelligenceReconnaissancecapabilitieshavebeensignificantlyenhanced,theboundariesbetweenfrontandrear,offenseanddefenseareblurred,andtherelevantspaceofwar,thatis,thespaceinvolvedinwardeploymentandcombatoperationshasgreatlyexpanded.(Now,strategicmissilescanhitouterspaceoranycorneroftheearth;therangeofcombattacticalmissileshasexceeded1,000kilometers;therangeofair-to-surfacemissileshasreachedmorethan110kilometers;therangeofartilleryhasexceeded70kilometers.)

Globalbattlefieldextension

Firstofall,thephysicalspaceisextremelylarge.IntheFirstWorldWar,thefirstMarnebattlethatdeterminedtheoutcomeofthewarwasonlyafewhundredtothousandsofsquarekilometers.IntheSecondWorldWar,thebattleofOder,theBattleofBerlin,theBattleofNormandy,thebattlefieldThescopeisnomorethantensofthousandsorhundredsofthousandsofsquarekilometers.IntheGulfWar,thebattlefieldspaceexpandeddramatically,startingfromthePersianGulfintheeast,theMediterraneanSeainthewest,theRedSeainthesouth,andTurkeyinthenorth,withatotalareaof​​14millionsquarekilometers.Thefirstwaraftermankindenteredthe21stcentury,theAfghanistanWar,wasfarsmallerthantheGulfWarandtheKosovoWar,butitscombatspacewasmuchlargerthantheGulfWarandtheKosovoWar.Althoughthemainbattlefieldofthewarislimitedto650,000squarekilometersofAfghanistan,therelevantspaceofthewarextendstotheUnitedStatesandallovertheworld.TheU.S.militaryusedB-52andB-1Bbombersforlong-rangeattacksfromDiegoGarciabaseintheIndianOcean5,000kilometersawayfromAfghanistan.B-2long-rangestealthbomberseventookofffromthemainlandtoconductoperations;inadditiontothemainbattlefield,theyareonaworldwidescale.Thereare89countriesthatgrantU.S.militaryaircraftoverflightrights,76countriesgrantU.S.militaryaircraftlandingrights,and23countriesagreetoacceptU.S.militaryforces.Fromthe18thcenturytotheGulfWar,theareaof​​thebattlefieldexpandedhundredsofthousandsoftimes,andtheheightofthebattlefieldexpandedtensofthousandsoftimes(seethetableofhistoricalandmodernbattlefieldspacechanges).Inthefuture,withthecontinueddevelopmentofhighandnewtechnologies,thebattlefieldwillcontinuetoexpand.Fromtheperspectiveofdevelopment,thebattlefieldisextendingfromaregionalbattlefieldtoaglobalbattlefield.

Airbattlefieldextension

In1903,theWrightbrothersintheUnitedStatesinventedtheairplane,whichopenedthedoortoaircombateversince.In1957,theSovietUnionlaunchedthefirstartificialsatellite,andmankindextendedthetentaclesofwartothedistantspace.Atpresent,"space"hasbecomethemostintensefieldofmilitarycompetition.Withtherapiddevelopmentofspacemilitarization,outerspacehasbecomeastrategic"commandingheight"thatmustbepaidattentiontoandoccupiedtomaintainnationalsecurityandnationalinterests.Thefuturewarwillbeanintegratedwarofland,sea,air,andspace.Withoutastrongspaceforce,notonlywilltherebenoskydominance,itwillalsoseverelyweakentheairandseadominance,andmayevenlosetheinitiativetowarandcannotguaranteenationalsecurity..TheChairmanoftheMilitaryCommissionJiangZeminpointedoutatanimportantmilitarymeetingthat“spacewillbecomeanimportantcombatspaceinthefuture.Spaceoperationswillhaveadecisiveimpactontheprocessandoutcomeofwars.Themilitarycompetitionofmajorcountriesaroundspacemaychangetheworld’smilitarystrategy.”Militarypowersallregardcontrollingspaceasanecessaryconditionforwinningfuturewars.TheheadoftheFrenchSpaceAgency,GeneralGavoti,pointedoutinthearticle"Spaceisastrategicmilitarylocation"thattheuseofspaceisanelementinthemilitarypolicyofmajorpowers.Asanimportantmeansofcollecting,analyzing,andsendinginformationonaglobalscale,spaceplaysanimportantroleinmasteringinformationinanalyzing,tracking,andhandlingcrises.Fromtheperspectiveofmilitarystrategy,fromtheperspectiveofsurveillance,monitoring,communication,andlong-distancetransmissionofalargeamountofinformation,orfromtheperspectiveofknowingthelocationofone'sownpersonnelandthelocationoftheenemyateachmoment,spaceisoneofthebestlocations.Itplaysanextremelyimportantroleinobtainingmilitarysuperiority.U.S.AirForceMajorGeneralBrianArnoldpointedlypointedoutthatinacertainsense,"controllingspaceismuchmoremeaningfulthanmissiledefense."USSecretaryofDefenseRumsfeldpointedoutinareportissuedbytheSpaceCommissionthatspacewillbecomethebattlefieldofthe21stcentury.SomemilitarystrategistsintheUnitedStatesbelievethatinthe19thcentury,whoevercontrolstheEurasiancontinentcandominatetheworld;inthe20thcentury,whoevercontrolstheoceanscandominatetheworld;andinthe21stcentury,thekeyfieldofdominancewillbespace.,…….Spaceisanunparalleledstrategiccommandingheight.Itisnotaffectedbyfactorssuchastheearth,nationalboundaries,weather,orterrain.Withinthescopeoforbitalmaneuverability,satellitesandspacecraftcanoperateinalldirections,makingwarstrulyflexibleandcoordinated.Accordingtostatistics,morethan70%ofthehundredsofUSandRussiansatellitescurrentlyoperatinginspaceareformilitarypurposes.Amongthem,theUnitedStatesandtheformerSovietUnionaccountedfor93.8%ofthetotalnumberofspacecraftlaunchedintheworld.Atpresent,70%ofthestrategicintelligenceoftheworld'smajormilitarypowerscomesfromreconnaissancesatellites.Withthedevelopmentofspacetechnologytoday,itisdifficultforanymajormilitaryoperationsandgroundtargetstoescapesatellitereconnaissance.InordertoensurethesmoothprogressofthewaragainstIraq,theU.S.militaryused60militarysatellites.Beforethewar,variousreconnaissancesatellitesconducteddetailedreconnaissanceofvariousstrategictargetsinIraq.Thebattlefieldhasbeenmonitoredallthetime,providingelectronicreconnaissance,positioningandnavigation,communicationsupport,andweatherservicestothecombatforces,andprovidingtimelyintelligenceandprecisionstrikedatafortheUSmilitary.Therefore,variousspacecraftareanimportantfactoraffectingmilitaryoperationsonland,sea,andair.Spacetechnologyhasbecomeanindispensablesupportsysteminmodernwarfare.Atpresent,militaryactivitiesinthespacebattlefieldareonlylimitedtothesupportandguaranteeofmilitarysatellitestootherbattlefields.Thedirectconfrontationbetweenrealspaceweaponshasnotyetbegun.However,fromtheperspectiveofdevelopmenttrends,"spacewar"willbeinevitable,becausetheUnitedStatesandRussiahavesuccessfullyconductedmissile-to-satelliteandsatellite-to-satellitetests.Inaddition,fromJanuary22to26,2001,theU.S.AirForcesecretlyheldthefirstspaceexerciseinthenewcenturyatColoradoSpringsAirForceBase.Inthesimulatedexercise,alargenumberofmilitaryspacecraftwereusedtosimulateinterceptionofstrategicmissilesandmissiles.Groundlaserweaponsareusedtostrikespacetargets,andevensatelliteweaponsareusedtointerferewiththecommunicationcommandof"enemy"satellites.Thepurposeoftheexerciseisto"strengthentheUSmilitary'sspacewarfaredeterrencecapabilities."TheUnitedStatesorganizedtheestablishmentoftheAirForceandSpaceCommandin1982,andtheNavalSpaceCommandin1983.In1985,theUnitedStatesmergedtheAirForce,NavalSpaceCommandandArmyMissileDefenseCommandtoformaJointMilitarySpaceCommand,whichfocusesonspaceoperations.Task.OnJanuary11,2001,theNationalSecuritySpaceManagementandOrganizationCommitteeoftheUnitedStatesissuedareportrecommendingtheestablishmentofanindependentspacecombatforceofabout30,000peopleinadditiontothethreeservicesofland,sea,andair.Inordertospeeduptheconstructionofthespacecombatforce,theUSmilitaryestablishedtheSpaceCombatAcademylastyeartotrainspacecombatpersonnelfortheUSmilitary.TheU.S.militaryisexpectedtobuildarealspacecombatforcearound2015,andgraduallydevelopintoabrand-newmilitaryspaceforce.TherealintentionoftheUnitedStatesindevelopingamissiledefensesystemistoestablishaspacebattlefieldandseizethecommandingheightsofspace.TheUSSpaceSystemplanstodeploy200satellitesby2010,ofwhich60-70areaimedatChina.By2030,theUnitedStatesmayhave800satellitesinorbit,formingahugespacereconnaissanceandcombatsystem.Inordertotakefulladvantageofspace,theUnitedStateswillalsotakemeasurestopreventothercountriesfromlaunchingsatellites.Russianexpertsbelieve:"IfChinaandRussiadonottakeactionnow,therewillbenoplaceforusinspaceby2010."Basedonthis,peoplepredictthatbythebeginningofthe21stcentury,outerspacewillbecomethemainbattlefieldoffuturewars.InresponsetothisactionbytheUSmilitary,RussiamadeadecisiononJanuary25,2001byRussianPresidentPutintocompletelyseparateitsspaceforcesandorganizeanew"service"forcethatcancompetewiththeUnitedStates.OnMarch28,PutinsignedanordertoappointAdmiralBerminov,theformerChiefofStaffandFirstDeputyCommanderoftheStrategicRocketArmy,asthefirstcommanderoftheRussian"SpaceArmy".Formallyestablishedanewspaceforce.The"SpaceArmy"isahigh-techteamthatreliesonspacetechnologyandsomecutting-edgeweaponsandequipmenttoperformspacemilitarymissions.Itiscomposedoffourmajorparts:thespacelaunchforce,thespacesurveyandtrackingmanagementforce,thespacesurveillancecombatforce,andthemilitaryastronautforce.UniformlycommandedbytheSpaceCommand.Itsmainmissionistointerceptandattackouterspacetargetsandgroundtargets,aswellastoprovideotherservicesandarmswithmultiplesupportandsupportsuchasreconnaissance,earlywarning,command,control,navigation,communications,andweather.

Thetangibletotheintangible

Thebattlefieldsofland,sea,air,andskyareeasiertounderstandforus,becausethevariousweaponsonthesebattlefields,suchastanks,aircraft,ships,Satellitesarethingsthatarevisibleandtangible.Thesebattlefieldsarealltangiblebattlefields.Sowhatkindofbattlefielddoestheinvisiblebattlefieldreferto?Thisisthebattlefieldformedbytheinvisibleelectromagneticwaves,alsoknownastheelectronicbattlefield.Electronicwarfareisastruggleintheelectromagneticfieldcarriedoutbythehostilepartiesusingelectronictechnologyandequipment.Ituseselectronicreconnaissanceandcounter-reconnaissance,electronicinterferenceandanti-jamming,electronicdestructionandanti-destroyasitsbasiccontent.Itspurposeistoweakenanddisruptthenormalityoftheotherparty'selectronicequipment.Worktointerruptcommunications,commandparalysis,weaponsoutofcontrol,radarblinding,andultimatelylossofcombatcapability.Itisthenervecenterforvictoryonthemodernbattlefield.Althoughwecan'tseethisbattlefield,practicehasprovedthatwhoevermastersandpossessesthepowerofelectromagneticcontrolcangaintheinitiative,andwhoeverislikelytowinthewar.Forexample,intheFourthMiddleEastWarin1973,Israeldidnotpaymuchattentiontothestruggleintheelectromagneticfield.Asaresult,itwasshotdownbySyriananti-aircraftmissilesandmorethan100planeswereshotdownatonce,andthelosseswereextremelyheavy.Nineyearslater,onJune9,1982,IsraelandSyriafoughtintheBekaaValley;"thelargestairbattleinthehistoryoftheMiddleEast."TheBekaaValleyisanarrowandlongvalleylocatedineasternLebanonneartheSyrianborder.Onbothsidesofthevalley,therearehighmountainsanddangerousterrain.Ithasalwaysbeenabattlegroundformilitarystrategists.Syriahasdeployed19Sam-6surface-to-airmissilecompanieshere,whichdirectlythreatensthesafetyofIsraelimilitaryairoperations.Israelhaslearnedthelessonsofthepreviouscombatandstrengthenedthemeansofelectromagneticstruggle.First,electronicinterferencewasusedtosuppressandsuppressDestroyedtheSyrianairdefenseradar,command,andcommunicationsystems,andthencarriedoutafierceairassault,andshotdown90Syrianaircraft,butonlylost10aircraft.IsraelonlytooksixminutestodestroythevalueofSyria.20The19SAM-6airdefensemissilecompaniesworthUS$100millionwonamajorvictory.Fromtheabovetwoexamples,itisnotdifficulttoseethegreatroleofelectromagneticpowerinwar.Electromagneticsuperiorityhasbecomethecommandingheightofmodernwarfare.TheGulfWaronceagaindemonstratedtopeoplethegreatsignificanceofseizingthepowerofelectromagneticcontrolwiththelessonsofblood.Fivehoursbeforethestartofthe"DesertStorm"airraid,themultinationalforcebegananelectronicwarfareoperationcode-named"WhiteSnow"againsttheIraqiarmy,launchingaviolent"electronicbombardment"againsttheIraqiarmy'sradar,reconnaissanceandcommunicationsystems.Electronicjammingvehiclesanddisposablejammingequipmentwereusedontheground,earlywarningaircraftandalargenumberofelectronicwarfareaircraftsuchasEA-6EandC-130weredispatchedintheairtosuppresshigh-powerinterferencewithIraq’sairdefenseradarandcommunicationsystem,sothatIraqiThearmyisinchaosofblindradar,communicationinterruption,guidancefailure,andinabilitytocommand.ThemiraculousstrikeeffectofOperation"WhiteSnow"reducedthenumberofradarpower-onoperationsinIraqby90%inlessthan7daysafterthestartofthewar,andtheairdefensesystemwasbasicallyinastateofparalysis.AfterIraqlostitselectromagneticcontrolpower,itscommandautomationsystemwasparalyzedanditsairdefensesystemfailed.Althoughithas680combataircraft,ithasnotbeenabletoshootdownamultinationalforcecombataircraft;with1,700airdefensemissiles,ithasindeedonlytakendownamultinationalforcecombataircraft.Asforthemultinationalforces,hedispatchedmorethan110,000sorties,andtheentirebattlelostonly9aircraft.Basically,heencounterednothreats.Throughtheabove-mentionedbattleexamples,itisnotdifficulttoseethestatusandroleofelectronicwarfareinfuturewars.important.Therefore,theadmiralMueller,theformerchairmanoftheJointChiefsofStaffoftheUnitedStates,onceboldlypredicted,"Ifathirdworldwaroccurs,thewinnerwillbetheonewhoisbestatcontrollingandusingtheelectromagneticspectrum."

Americká armáda ve válce v Iráku spoléhala na významné výhody elektronické technologie, aby vyslala elektronické letadlo EA-6B „Prowler“ atd. k implementaci supersilného elektronického rušení k zajištění průniku vzduchu a pozemní ofenzivy.

Proto budou budoucí války špičkových technologií vedeny v pětirozměrném bojovém prostoru země, moře, vzduchu, nebe a elektřiny.

Systemconfrontationisprominent

Introduction

Militaryconfrontationhasalwaysbeenasystemconfrontation.Inhigh-techwarfare,thiskindofconfrontationismoreprominent.Withthedevelopmentofhightechnology,the"onespear,oneshield"mutualrestrictionofweaponsystemshasbeenreplacedbythe"multiplespears,multipleshields"mutualrestrictionsystemconfrontation.Thecombateffectivenessofaweapondependsnotonlyonthelethalpowerofitswarhead,butalsoItalsodependsontheinteractionoftheintelligencedetectionsystem,commandandcontrolsystem,communicationsystem,informationprocessingsystem,mobilesystem,protectionsystemandothersub-systemsthatconstitutethecombatsystem.Thecombateffectivenessoftheentirecombatsystemisnolongersimplytheeffectivenessofeachcombatsystem.Additionisamultiplicationrelationshipinwhichthewholeisgreaterthanthesumofitsparts,especiallyastheproductoftheeffectivenessofseveralkeysystems.Modernwarfareisnotaconfrontationbetweensingleorseveralcombatpowerunits,butacontestoftheentirecombatsystem..

Fromtheaspectofweaponsandequipment,inthepast,militaryequipmentconstructionhasmostlyfocusedontheimprovementoftheperformanceofindividualtactics.Fightingunderhigh-techconditions,anysingleweapon,withoutthecooperationofotherweaponsandequipment,Nomatterhowadvanceditstechnologyis,itcannotcompletethemission.Forexample,theUS"Patriot"airdefensemissilecombatsystem,whichconsistsofearlywarningsatellites,multi-functionalphasedarrayradars,million-timehigh-speedinformationprocessors,missilelaunchers,missilesWheninterceptingthe"Sud"missile,whentheIraqi"Sud"missileislaunched,theearlywarningsatelliteimmediatelydetectstheflameonthetailofthemissile,andtransmitstheinformationtothegroundstationinAustralia,andatthesametimetransmitsittotheUnitedStatesthroughthecommunicationsatellite.TheXiaYanshanCommandCenteroftheAerospaceCommandofChina.ThecomputersinthetwoplacescomparetheinfraredcharacteristicsoftheScud’slaunchwithpossibleballisticdata,andthenusethedatafromtheearlywarningsatellitetodeterminetheimpactpoint,andthentheprocessedinformationistransmittedtothesatellitethroughthesatelliteThefront-linecommandcenteroftheCentralCommandandthe"Patriot"airdefensemissilecenterinRiyadh,thesetwocenterscontrolandguidethe"Patriot"missilestointerceptthe"Scud."Thecoordinatesarereportedtothecombataircraftthatarepatrolling,andthecombataircraftareorderedtoattacktheScudmissilelauncheranddestroyit.Theoutcomeoffuturewarswilllargelydependonwhosemilitaryequipmentsystemismorecompleteandequipped.Whoeverhasahigherdegreeofintegrationofmilitaryequipment,whocanmasterinformationadvantagesandturnthemintocomprehensiveadvantages.Inviewofthis,weshouldalsoestablishanewconceptof"system"intheconstructionanduseofweaponsandequipment,fromasystemperspectiveCometothinkaboutandplantheconstructionanddevelopmentofweaponsandequipment,sothattheweaponandequipmentsystemhasgreatbondingstrengthandaggregationability,andachievesthebestintegrationofcombateffectiveness.Thisisfromtheweaponsystem.

FromIntermsofcombatpower,inaccordancewiththesystemintegrationpointofview,establishasuper-jointintegratedcombatforce.Inthefuture,informationizedwarfareisahighlycorpsecombat.Theuseoftraditionalservicesandarmstoconductjointoperationshasbeendifficulttoadapttothishighlevelofintegration.Combatneeds.Tothisend,theorganizationofthefuturemilitaryorganizationwillbreakthetraditionalmilitarysystemsofland,sea,air,andspace,andestablishfoursubsystemsinaccordancewiththefouroperationalfunctionsofreconnaissanceandsurveillance,commandandcontrol,precisionstrikes,andsupportandsupport.,Namely:detectionandearlywarningsubsystem,commandandcontrolSubsystem,PrecisionStrikeSubsystem,CombatSubsystem,andSupportSubsystem.Thedetectionandearlywarningsubsystemintegratesallspace-based,air-based,land-based,andsea-basedreconnaissanceandmonitoringplatformsandsystemstocompleteall-weatherandall-roundreal-timeperceptionofthecombatspace;thecommandandcontrolsubsystemintegratesallstrategiclevelsandcampaignsLevelandtacticallevelcommandandcontrolandcommunicationsystemsareconnectedasremains,transformingtheperceptionandinformationofthecombatspaceintocombatdecision-makingandcontrol;theprecisioncombatandstrikesubsystemintegratesallcombatunitsandstrikeweaponsintoone,accordingtothecommandandcontrolsystem.Decision-makingandcontrol,theimplementationofprecisionoperationsandprecisionstrikesagainsttheenemy;thesupportandsupportsubsystemprovidesreal-timeandaccuratesupportforcombatoperations.Thefunctionsofthesefoursubsystemsarecloselyconnectedandorganicallyconnectedtoformalargeintegratedcombatsystem.

Anarmyconstructedinaccordancewiththislineofthinkingwillfundamentallyabandonthemodelofindustrializedarmyconstruction,eliminatethedisadvantagesoffocusingonmilitaryexpertiseandpursuingthebenefitsofasingleservice,andenablecombatforcestoforma"systematicsystem"or"system".Systemintegration",whichcangivefullplaytotheoverallpower.

TheUSmilitarybelievesthatwiththechangesinmodernhigh-techlocalwars,itisdifficulttoachievetheexpectedstrategicobjectivesbyrelyingonasingleserviceorcombatmeansinoperations.Thesuccessorfailureofwaroperationsultimatelydependsontheoverallcombatsystem.Theplayofcombateffectiveness.

Therefore,inthecurrentarmybuilding,itpaysspecialattentiontoimprovingitsmostshortcomings,whichistoenabletheoverallcombatcapabilityofthearmytobecomprehensivelyimproved.Therearethreemainpointsinthepracticeofvariouscountriesinthisregard.

Adjustingtheforcestructure

Aswementionedearlier,variouscombatforcesinhigh-techwarfarehavebeenformedasawhole,andtheyareinterrelatedanddependentoneachother.Thisrequirescoordinationamongthevariousservicesandarms.Otherwise,thepassivityofacertaincombatforceonacertainbattlefieldwillresultinoverallpassivity.Taketheland,navy,andairforcesasanexample.Ifthereisnoairpower,thenthepoweronthegroundandtheseaisequaltothelossoffreedomofmovement.Foracoastalcountry,nomaritimepowerisequivalenttolosinghalfofthecountry.IntheGulfWar,Iraqsufferedadisastrousdefeat,whichhasalottodowiththeunreasonablestructureofhisserviceandarms.Iraqhas1.2milliontroopsandisknownasthefourthlargestmilitarypowerintheworld,buttheproportionofitsservicesandarmsisveryuncoordinated.Among1.2millionpeople,thearmyaccountsfor1.15millionpeople,accountingfor96.5%ofhistotalstrength,whiletheairforcehasonly40,000,accountingfor3%,thenavyisevenless,withonly5,000,accountingforonly0.4%.ForthearmsoftheIraqiarmy,thewoodenboardsthatmakeupthebarrelwallaretoolongandtooshort.Thiswoodenbarrelisbasicallypacked.Withoutwater,theoverallcombatcapabilityofthearmywillbeimpossibletotalkabout,soitisnotsurprisingthattherewillbeafailure.Atpresent,thecommonpracticeinvariouscountriestoensurethecoordinateddevelopmentofservicesandarmsistoreducetheproportionofthearmyandappropriatelyincreasetheproportionofthenavy,airforceandspecialforces.

Forexample,atthebeginningofthiscentury,theU.S.Armyreduceditsarmyby25%,theNavyby14%,andtheAirForcebyonly19%.Ontheground,theactiveforceoftheU.S.militarywasreducedfrom2.1millionto1.4million.Intermsofthecompositionofthearmedforces,theproportionofactiveforceswilldecline,andtheproportionofreserveforceswillincreasesignificantly.Intermsofthecomparisonbetweennuclearpowerandconventionalpower,thestatusofconventionalpowerwillrise,andthenumberofnuclearpowerwillrelativelydecline.Inthecomparisonoftheforcesoftheland,sea,andairforces,theproportionofthearmy’sforceswilldecline.Theproportionofnavalandairforceswillincrease.Intermsoftheratioofcombattroopstosupporttroops,combattroopswillberelativelyreduced,andsupporttroopswillincrease.Thestructureofvariousservicesandarmshasbecomemorereasonable.

Realizetheoveralloptimizationofthetroopstructureandthesystemintegrationofcombatforces.

Strengthensupportingconstruction

In1982,anairbattletookplaceinLebanon’sBekaaValley.180planesweredispatched,andtheresultofthisairbattlewas84to0,thatis,Israelshotdown84planesinSyriawithoutanyloss.Theresultofthisairbattleshockedtheworldatthattime.Whyistheresuchabigdisparityinthescore?Fromtheperspectiveofaircraftperformance,thegapbetweenthetwosidesisnotgreat,sowhereisthegap?Let’stakealookatitsforcestructure.BoththeMiG-21andtheMiG-23inSyriaarefighters,thatis,thereisonlyonetypeoffighter.Model,andIsraeldispatchednotonlyF-15andF-16fighterjetsequivalenttofighterplanes,butalsoF-4,F-16andCubplanesforgroundattacks.Inaddition,italsodispatchedElectronicjammerandearlywarningcommandaircraftE-2CmodifiedwithBoeing707.ForSyria,itisneedlesstosaythatthelowestboardisthere,butafewboardsdonotexistatall.

Duringtheentireairbattle,theSyrianaircraftwasfirmlymonitoredbytwoIsraeliE--2CHawkeyeearlywarningaircrafthoveringovertheMediterraneanassoonasittaxiedoutoftherunwayfromtheairport.Itwasabletoseeitclearly,andthentheAWACSreportedSyria'sflightdatatotheIsraeliairfighterformation,andguideditsfighterformationtotakethebestrouteandintercepttheSyrianaircraftatthebestposition.OntheSyrianside,whentheaircraftflewtogether,itsgroundguidanceradarnetworkwasstronglyinterferedbyIsraelielectronicjammers.Thegroundradarnetworkfailedandtheaircommunicationwasinterrupted.Atthesametime,theairborneradaralsolostitsfunction.Inthisway,thepilotscanonlyrelyontheireyestosearchfortargetsintheair,resultinginaseriousimbalanceinthecombatenvironmentonbothsides.Oneisclairvoyance,theotherisnearsightedness,oneisinthelight,andtheotherisinthedark.SotheSyrianaircraftisrising.After2-3minutesofemptyspace,theenemywasshotdownwithoutevenfindingoutwheretheenemywas.Afterthewar,manymilitaryexpertspointedoutwithemotion:"Thefearfulcombatpowerispreciselyduetothecombinationofanearlywarningaircraftandseveralaircraft.Advancedfighterjetsarecombinedintoanintegratedsystem.

Thebattleexampleexplainsthatinthedevelopmentanduseofweapons,itisnecessarytocompletethesystem.Notonlymustthedevelopmentofthecombatsystembematched,butalso,itisparticularlyimportanttopayattentiontothesupportandsupportsystem..Becausenowthecombatsupportandsupportsystemaccountsforanincreasingproportionoftheentireweaponsystem.Forexample,inthe"DesertStorm"operationintheGulfWar,forevery100aircraftdispatched,only30aircraftwereactuallyusedforbombingmissions,whilethenumberofcombatcoveraircraftreached20andthenumberofsupportaircraftreached50.Therefore,webelievethatthedevelopmentofthecombatsystemandthesupportandsupportsystemmustbematched.

Improvetheoverallquality

Peopleandweaponsarethetwobasicelementsofcombateffectiveness.So,forawar,isitsvictoryordefeatdeterminedbypeopleorbyweapons?Regardingthisissue,fromtheperspectiveofmilitaryhistory,wheneveranimportantnewweaponappears,peoplewillalwaysargueaboutthisissue.Inthe18thcentury,whenthenewrifleappearedandplayedamajorroleonthebattlefield,afteralotofcontroversy.Engelscametotheconclusionthathesaiditwasthemanwhowonthewar,notthegun.Afterthat,varioustheoriessuchasthevictoryoftanks,thevictoryoftheairforce,thevictoryofthenavy,andthevictoryofnuclearweaponshaveappearedoneafteranother.Tothis,MaoZedonggaveascientificanswer,thinkingthatitisnotoneortwonewweaponsthatdeterminethevictoryofthewar.Peoplearestillthedecisivefactorintheoutcomeofthewar.JiangZeminpointedout:"Talentsarethefoundationofrevitalizingthearmy,andtrainingandtrainingalargenumberofhigh-qualitytalentsmustbetakenasthefundamentalplanforthemodernizationofthearmy.Wehavealwaysemphasizedthatitispeople,notweapons,thatdeterminetheoutcomeofawar,regardlessofthelevelofdevelopmentofweaponsandequipment.Towhatextent,theroleofmaninwarisalwaysthefirst."Whenhigh-techwarfarecame,especiallywhenhigh-techweaponstookthelimelightinthewar,manypeopleonceagainquestionedthisfundamentalissue.Soinahigh-techwar,isithumansorhigh-techweaponsthatdeterminetheoutcomeofthewar?LetusstilltaketheGulfWarasanexampleforanotheranalysis.

DuringtheGulfWar,althoughIraq’sweaponsandequipmentweresomewhatdifferentfromtheUnitedStates-ledmultinationalforce,objectivelyspeaking,Iraqalsopossessedmanyworld-classadvancedequipment.Justtaketheaircraft.Saidthathehasworld-classcombataircraftsuchasMiG-29,Mirage-F1,andairdefensemissiles.HehasvariousSoviet-madeairdefensemissiles,FrenchRolandmissiles,andAmericanHawkeairdefensemissiles.Thelowqualityofthepersonnelhascausedmanynewweaponstofailtoplaytheirdueroleonthebattlefield.Iraqalsoseizedabatchof"Falcon"airdefensemissilesfromKuwait.ThisisarelativelyadvancedweaponthatposesacertainthreattotheUSmilitary'sairoperations,whichmakestheUSmilitaryveryworried.Butthentheyfeltthatthiskindofworrywasunnecessary.Why?BecausetheylearnedthroughintelligencethatthequalityofIraqiofficersandsoldierswaslowandtheycouldnotmasterthetechnicalperformanceofthismissileinashortperiodoftime.SohowlowisthequalityofIraqiofficersandsoldiers?Accordingtostatistics,morethanhalfofhimareilliterateorsemi-literate.InsharpcontrasttothelowqualityofIraqiofficersandsoldiers,inthe1991GulfWar,amongthe7seniorUScommandersinchargeofbattlefieldcommand,6ofthemhadamaster’sdegreeorabove,andtheysuccessfullyimplementedstrategiccoordinationandcombatcommand.As"MasterDirector'sWar".Morethan98%ofUSmilitaryofficerswhoparticipatedinthewarwerecollegegraduates,andmorethan98%ofsoldierswerehighschoolgraduates.Thesehigh-qualityofficersandsoldiershavebroughtintofullplaytheperformanceofthevarioushigh-techweaponsequipped.AftertheGulfWar,theU.S.DepartmentofDefensebluntlypointedoutinitsfinalreporttoCongress:"Althoughweaponsandequipmenthavebecomethefocusofpraiseanddiscussionafterthewar,inthefinalanalysis,itisthemenandwomenoftheUnitedStateswhowonthewar.".TheU.S.militarybelievesthat"high-qualitymilitarypersonnelarethemostimportantdecisivefactorinU.S.militarypower."Atpresent,allU.S.militaryofficershaveabachelor'sdegreeorabove,ofwhich38.4%aremastersanddoctors.Morethan98%ofRussianofficershaveahighereducation,allJapaneseofficershaveauniversityeducationorabove,andIndiaalsorequiresofficersabovebattaliontoobtainamaster'sdegree.Therefore,inahigh-techwar,itisstillpeople,notafewhigh-techweapons,thatdeterminetheoutcomeofthewar.Underhigh-techconditions,thequalityrequirementsofwarfarehaveshiftedfromfocusingonphysicalandspiritualqualitiestofocusingoncomprehensivequalitiessuchasknowledge,intelligence,ability,andpsychology.

ThesituationofUSmilitaryofficersparticipatinginthewarinIraq,GeneralFranks,USCentralTheaterCommander,MasterofPublicAdministration(ShippensburgUniversity),CentralTheaterCommander,ThirdArmyCommanderKeatingLieutenantGeneral,GraduatedfromWilliamandMaryUniversity,CommanderoftheCentralTheaterAirForce,CommanderoftheNinthAirForce,LieutenantGeneralMosley(UniversityofTexas),MasterofPoliticalScience,DeputyCommanderoftheCentralTheaterAirForce,BrigadierGeneralAiland,DetroitUniversityEngineeringPh.D.,MajorGeneralStellaman,DeputyCommanderoftheThirdArmy,MasteroftheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,LieutenantGeneralMcNeill,18thAirborneCommander,BachelorofEngineeringfromNorthCarolinaStateUniversity,BrigadierGeneralKimmitHarvard,ChiefofStaffofthe18thAirborneArmyUniversityMaster,MajorGeneralBronteIII,ThirdAircraftInfantryDivision,MasterofDefenseSecurityandStrategicStudies(NavalAcademy),101AirAssaultDivisionMajorGeneralPetrus,Ph.DinInternationalRelations(PrincetonUniversity).TheFourthAircraftInfantryDivision,MajorGeneral,MasterofNuclearEngineering(NorthCarolinaStateUniversity),andMasterofNationalSecurityandStrategy(NavyAcademy).

Currently,countriesaroundtheworldareincreasinglyawareoftheimportanceofknowledge.TheUnitedStatesandotherdevelopedcountriesareworkingtobuildanintelligence-basedmilitary,andsomecountrieswithlowertechnicallevelsarealsoworkinghard.Increasetheknowledgeintensityofitsmilitary.OurarmyistakingtheroadofelitesoldierswithChinesecharacteristics.Inthe"OutlineoftheArmyBuildingPlanduringtheNinthFive-YearPlan",theCentralMilitaryCommissionalsoclearlystatedfromthestrategicguidancethatthemilitaryshouldachieve"twofundamentalchanges.",Theshiftfromhuman-intensivetotechnology-intensive.PresidentJiangZeminannouncedinthe"Reporttothe15thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChina"thatonthebasisofthereductionofonemillionmilitarypostsinthe1980s,mycountrywillreducethenumberofmilitarypersonnelbyanother500,000inthenextthreeyears.Thisisasolidstepinthetransformationfromaquantity-scaletypetoaquality-efficiencytype.Historically,warsindifferentperiodshavedifferentrequirementsforthequalityofpersonnel.Thewarinthecoldweaponperiodmainlyreliesonhumanphysicalability.Evenpeoplewithnoeducationcanfightaftershort-termtraining;thewarinthehotweaponperiodreliesonhumanskills,aslongastheyhaveacertainculturalknowledgeandundergorigoroustraining.,Youcancontrolmodernweapons;andhigh-techwarfarereliesonhumanintelligence,andyoumusthaveahighlevelofscientificandculturalknowledgetocontrolhigh-techweaponsandequipment.ComradeJiangZeminonceemphasized:"Inthefaceofnewchallenges,wehavetodoalotofwork,butthemostimportantthingistostrengthenthestudyandresearchofmoderntechnology,especiallylocalwarsunderhigh-techconditions,andimprovethemodernmilitaryscienceandtechnologyknowledgeandmilitarytheoryofthewholearmy.Strengthentheabilityandabilityofcommandersatalllevelsoftheentirearmytoorganizeandcommandmodernwarfare."Modernhigh-techwarfareisascientificandknowledgewarfare.Thearmyhasincreasinglybecomeaknowledge-intensiveandtechnology-intensivearmedgroup.Thisrequirescommanderstoimprovetheirtechnicalqualityandknowledge.Therefore,asearlyasthemid-1980s,mycountry'sfamousscientistQianXuesenproposedataconferencethatinordertocopewiththepossiblewarinthe21stcentury,ourarmy'sfuturevisionof"divisioncadresshouldbemastersandmilitarycadresshouldbedoctors."Followingthisgoal,ourmilitaryisacceleratingthetrainingofhigh-qualitytalents,establishingasystemoftrainingandpromotingcadresthroughacademies,andopeninguptheacceptanceoflocalcollegegraduatesandtheintroductionoflocalprofessionaltalents,relyingonnationaleducationtotrainmilitaryofficers,etc.toabsorbhighacademicqualifications.Thenewapproachtohigh-leveltalentshasenabledbatchesofhighlyeducatedandhigh-levelcadrestoenterthebarracksoneafteranother,andwillgraduallybecomethemainforceofourarmy'scadres.Increasetheintensityoftraininginacademies.Everyyear,alargenumberofqualifiedstudentsgraduatefrommilitaryacademiesandareenrolledinvariouspositionsatthegrassrootslevelinthearmy.Inaddition,thousandsofoutstandingcollegestudentsarerecruitedfromlocaluniversitieseveryyear.Throughthesemeasures,theoverallculturalqualityofourmilitaryofficersandsoldierswillbecontinuouslyimproved.AccordingtostatisticsfromrelevantdepartmentsoftheGeneralPoliticalDepartment,therearecurrently26,000doctorsandmastersinourarmy,7doctoralstudentswhograduatedfromtheNationalDefenseUniversityhavetakenuptheleadershippositionsofcombattroops,andmorethan200mastershavebecomedivisionchiefs.

Bojová metoda

Bojová diverzifikace

Analyzováno z historie války, technologie určují estatiku.Jaký druh zbraně se používá, existuje jaký druh bojové metody. Během Období Studené zbraně.Obě strany používaly nože, zbraně, šípy. s,vzhled zbraní změnil bojovou formaci. Původní husté a hladké formování se stalo rozptýlenou formací. .Po havárii tanků se vyvinul v mobilní válku.Ve high-tech válčení se kvůli rozsáhlému použití velkého počtu high-tech a nových technologických skupin ve válce objevily různé bojové metody, jako "přesné válčení" a "přesné válčení" ve stylu "útoků" a "vojenská" "válka"; e "integrace země, moře, vzduchu, vesmíru a elektřiny. Kromě toho existuje také "environmentální válka". Dá se říci, že velká rodina "způsobů války" vstoupila do bezprecedentního období prosperity.Analýza těchto bojových stylů. k použití špičkové technologie jsou tradičním bojovým metodám dány nové konotace.

Inshort,Thediversificationofcombatmethodsprovidescommanderswithnewleewayandenhancestheflexibilityofcombatoptions.Forexample,fromMarchtomid-April1986,theUSmilitaryadoptednew"surgical"airstrikestoteachLibya.ThecombatmethodenabledtheU.S.militarytoachievethegoalofwarinaveryshortperiodoftime(thisoperationonlytook12minutes).Thus,itavoidedtheinvasionoftroopsliketheKoreanandVietnamWarsandwasdeeplytrappedinthequagmire.Thedilemmaofself-extrication.

ComputerVirusWar

BeforetheGulfWarbrokeout,theUSCentralIntelligenceAgencylearnedthatabatchofprintersusedinairdefensesystemspurchasedbytheIraqiArmyfromFrancewaspreparingtopassthroughJordan.ThecapitalAmmanwastransportedtoBaghdad,andthenagentsweresecretlyusedatAmmanairporttouseanancientviruschiptoexchangethepackagewiththesamechipintheprinter.AftertheoutbreakoftheGulfWar,theUSmilitaryusedawirelessremotecontroldevicetoactivatethevirushiddeninthecomputer,causingIraqtoThemilitary’sairdefensesystemwasparalyzed.

DuringtheKosovoWar,sinceNATO’sairstrikesagainstYugoslavia,NATO’sofficialwebsitehasbeencontinuouslyattackedbyhackersfromBelgradeandotherpeace-lovingcountries.InfiltratingintoaserverconnectedtotheInternet,theNATOwebpageappearedblank,andNATO’sinternale-mailsystemwasalsopatronizedbyhackers,receivingmorethan2,000illegalemailseveryday.ThesoftwareandhardwareofsomeNATOcomputerswererepeatedlyattackedbyhackers.TheYugoslavFederation’scomputerviruswashithard.IthasbecomethesecondbattlefieldoftheKosovoWar.

Thesameistrueforourmilitary.Duetothedevelopmentandwidespreaduseofmodernmissiles,the"missiledeterrence"hasemerged.ThisnewmethodofwarfarehasaddedanewandeffectivemeansforustocurbthedevelopmentofTaiwan’sindependenceforces.InAugust1995andMarch1996,ourSecondArtilleryCorpscarriedoutthecodenamesintheTaiwanStrait.ThetwolivemissileexercisesofShenjian-95andLianhe-96wereconductedtoconductmissiledeterrence.Thebackgroundofthesetwoexerciseswas:thefirsttimewasinJuly1995,whenTaiwan’sso-calledPresidentLeeTeng-huivisitedtheUnitedStates;thesecondtimeItisTaiwan’sso-calleddirectpresidentialelections.ThesetwoperiodsarethemostrampantperiodsofTaiwanindependenceforces.Weseizethisopportunitytoshowourstrengthandstrengththroughmissileexercises.ThedeterminationgreatlyshockedtheTaiwanindependenceforces.

Especiallyduringthe"Joint-96"exercise,thelaunchofourmissilesshockedtheTaiwanindependenceforcesevenmore.Thisisaschematicdiagramoftheimpactareaof​​mymissile.Atthattime,afterXinhuaNewsAgencypublishedthemapoftheimpactareatotheworld,aforeignnewspapercommented:ThechoiceofimpactareasfortheCCPexercisesisveryartistic.OneoptionisnearTaipeiandtheotherisnearTainan.Aslongasthesetwosquaresaremovedalittlebitabovetheshore,thetwocitiesinthecenterofTaiwan,TaipeiandTainan,arebasicallyfinished.Moreover,theimpactzoneisoneeastandonewest,whichshowsthatthemainlandhastheabilitytoblockadetheislandofTaiwan.Atthattime,thereweresomerhetoricamongthepeopleinTaiwan:"TainanandTaipeimissilesfly,therootisfromLeeTeng-hui","Taiwanalonecomestopower,missilescomeover."ThepeopleofTaiwanhaverealizedtheinternalconnectionbetweenthemissileandtheTaiwanindependenceforces,sointheelection,thevotesoftheTaiwanindependenceforceshavedroppeddrastically.ThemissileexercisealsohadagreatimpactonTaiwan'sstockmarket.Everytimeourmissilefires,Taiwan’sstockmarketdropsalittlebit,andoncewefireit,Taiwan’sstockmarketdropsalittlebit.Inordertochangethisunfavorablesituation,LeeTeng-huiurgentlythrewout3billionU.S.dollarstoresistthedeclineinthestockmarket,buthestillfailedtostabilizethedownwardtrendofthestockmarket..Atthattime,itwasabouttofalltoitscriticalpoint.Accordingtoexperts,ifTaiwan’sstockmarketbreaksthroughthiscriticalpoint,theentireTaiwaneseeconomywillcollapsecompletely.Atthistimeourexercisecametoanend.TheTaiwanstockmarkethasnotbrokenitscriticalpoint.Throughthesetwoexercises,theTaiwanindependenceforceswereeffectivelyrestrainedandtheirseparatistactivitieswerereducedtoacertainextent.Thisisalsotheinevitableresultofthediversificationofcombatmethodsandtheincreasedflexibilityofcombatoptions,makingusmoreflexibleinourmeansofresolvingtheTaiwanissueandcontainingthedevelopmentofTaiwanindependenceforces.

CommandAutomation

Thearrivalofcomputersonthebattlefieldhasalsobroughtrevolutionarychangestothemeansofcommand.Thesymbolistheemergenceofthemilitarycommandautomationsystem.Sincethe1970s,alargenumberofnewtechnologicalweaponshavebeenappliedtothebattlefield.Thenumberofarmedforcesparticipatinginthewarhascontinuedtoincrease,andthebattlefieldhasbeenexpanding.Thishasresultedintherapidmobilityoftroops.Thebattlefieldsituationhaschangeddrastically.Thetimespentoncommandhasbeengreatlyshortened.Thisrequirescommandersandcommandorganizationstograspandunderstandtheever-changingbattlefieldconditionsinrealtime,analyzethemcarefully,makeaccuratejudgments,andquicklymakeuptheirminds.Ithasbecomethemostimportantissueofmilitarycommand.Therapiddevelopmentofmicroelectronicsandcomputertechnologyhasprovidedanewtypeofcommandtoolforthemilitary'scombatcommand.Asaresult,amajorchangeinthemilitary'scommandmodehastakenplace-theimplementationofautomatedcommand.

Inthebattlefieldspaceunderhigh-techconditions,inaveryshortperiodoftime,itisnecessarytoimplementeffectivecommandofmultiplecombatforcesandmultiplecombatmethods,exertoverallpower,andthereisnohighlyautomatedcommandandcontrol.Means,itisdifficulttoaccomplishcombatmissions.Forexample,duringtheGulfWar,theautomatedtheatercommandsystemestablishedbytheUSmilitaryintheGulfformedacommunicationnetworkthroughcommunicationsatellitesandgroundcommunicationequipment,whichwasintegratedwiththecommandsystemsoftheUSPentagon,theCentralHeadquarters,andthearmedforcesoftheparticipatingcountries.TheU.S.CentralHeadquarterscoordinatesvariouscombatoperationsof780,000peopleinmorethan30countrieseveryday.Commandedandcoordinatedmorethan2,000sortiesofmorethan40typesofaircraftfrom12countries,tookofffromdozensofairportsandmultipleaircraftcarriers,dispatchedmorethan110,000sorties,andbombedthousandsoftargetsinIraq.Onlythedailyissueof"The"airraidmissionprogram"ismorethan700pageslong,andthemilitaryinformationprocessedduringthewaramountedtotensofmillionsofwords,whichisequivalenttotheamountofwordsinalargeencyclopedia.Thisisentirelyduetoitsadvancedcommandautomationsystem.

TheIraqWarisaninformationwarcarriedoutbytheUnitedStates.Itisbasedoninformationtechnologyandbasedontheinformationenvironment.Itusesdigitalequipmenttoconnectcommand,control,communications,computers,intelligence,andelectroniccountermeasures.Integration,torealizethesharingofinformationresourcesofallservicesandarms,andthetimelyexchangeofcombatinformation.Greatlyimprovethecommander'sabilitytocommandoperations.

Similarly,fromtheprocessoftheBritisharmysinkingArgentina’sonly10,000-toncruiser-the"GeneralBelgrano"intheFalklandsWar,wecanalsoseethecommandautomationsystem.Greateffect.WhentheU.S.reconnaissancesatellitediscoveredthattheArgentinecruiser"GeneralBelgrano"wastravelingneartheFalklandIslands,itpromptlyprovidedthisinformationtotheBritishtaskforce.ThefleetimmediatelyformulatedaplantodestroythecruiserandreportedittotheBritishwartime.Thecabinet,thecabinetapprovedthisplanduringthewar,andthetaskforceassignedthetasktotheBritishnuclear-poweredsubmarine"Conqueror",whichwasalreadyinthewatersclosetotheship.The"Conqueror"immediatelylaunchedtwotorpedoesandburiedthe"Belgrano"onthebottomofthesea.Itcanbeseenfromthisexamplethatthewartookplaceatsea,buttheintelligencecamefromreconnaissancesatellitesinthesky.Operationsarecarriedoutinthesouthernhemisphere,andthecommandorderisindeedissuedfromthenorthernhemisphere.Informationistransmittedfromtheairtotheground,fromeasttowest,andfromthesouthernhemispheretothenorthernhemisphere.Allofthiscannotbeobservedandcontrolledbythesensesalone,andcommandmustbecarriedoutbyautomatedmeans.

Fromtheabovetwoexamples,wecanseethatcommandandcontrolautomationisaninevitablerequirementforhigh-techwarfare.Withoutcommandandcontrolautomation,high-techwarfarecannotbecarriedout.Inasense,therewouldbenohigh-techwarfarewithoutcommandandcontrolautomation.Thisisalsoanimportantreasonwhycommandandcontrolautomationhasbecomeacharacteristicofhigh-techwarfare.

Thedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology,especiallythedevelopmentofreconnaissancetechnology,communicationtechnologyandcomputertechnology,haspromotedtheestablishmentofthearmy'sC4ISRsystem,makingitpossibletoautomatethearmy'scommand.TheC4ISRsystem(command,control,communication,intelligence,surveillanceandintelligence)iscloselyintegratedtohelpcommandersmakecorrectdecisionsandcommands.Moreover,itislikea"glue",formingawholeofvariousforcesonthebattlefieldtodoublethecombatcapability.Therefore,peopleusuallycalltheC4ISRsystema"powermultiplier."Someoneautomatesthecommandandcontrolofthemilitary,whichisthe"thirdmilitaryrevolution"sinceaircraftcarriersandnuclearweapons.

Costofwarishuge

Obecné charakteristiky

Z hlediska bojové podpory vykazují špičkové války charakteristiku "obrovské spotřeby". Hlavní důvody jsou následující: Dva aspekty:

Risingcosts

Asweaponsandequipmentareincreasinglybecomingautomated,intelligent,andintensive.Apieceofadvancedweaponryoftencontainsmanyscientificresearchresults,whichisdifficulttodevelop,hasalongperiod,andhashighrisks.Therefore,thecostofresearchandproductionofhigh-leveltechnicalweaponsandequipmentandtheinvestmentinpurchasecostshaveincreasedsignificantly.TheU.S.DepartmentofDefensehascompared13maintechnicalperformancesofthenewandoldfighterjetsintheearly1970s.Theresultsclearlyshowthateverytimetheaircraft’smainperformanceisincreasedby1-2times,theresearchcostwillincreaseby4.4times.Thecostincreasedby3.2times.Notonlywasthedevelopmentandprocurementcostshigh,butthemaintenancecostsalsoincreasedaccordingly.AftertheSecondWorldWar,thegrowthrateofequipmentcostsincountriesaroundtheworldexceededanaverageof45times.TaketheUSmilitaryasanexample.ResearchanddevelopmentcostswereUS$44billion,whichreachedUS$53billioninfiscalyear2000andincreasedtoUS$60billioninfiscalyear2001.High-techweaponsandequipmentaremorecomplicatedthanpreviousweaponsandequipment,andthehighinvestmentinequipmentdevelopment,procurement,andmaintenancecostsareexpensive,soitscosthasalsorisensubstantially.AttheendofWorldWarII,tankswereonly50,000U.S.dollars,fighterswereonly100,000U.S.dollars,andevenaircraftcarrierswereonly7millionU.S.dollars.IntheGulfWar,thepriceofweaponsandequipmentincreasedbydozensoftimes,orevenhundredsoftimes,theM1tankwasUS$2million,whichisequivalenttothepriceof40tanksinWorldWarII;the"Patriot"missilewasUS$1.1million;F-15fighterjetscost50.4millionU.S.dollars,whichisequivalenttothepriceof500aircraftduringWorldWarII;F-117stealthfighter-bomberscost106millionU.S.dollars;aviationaircrafthasalsoreached3.5billionU.S.dollars,whichisnearly500timeshigherthanbefore.ThevalueofweaponsandequipmentinvestedbythemultinationalteamintheGulfWaraloneamountedtoUS$102billion,whilethetotalvalueofweaponsandequipmentinvestedbycountriesinWorldWarIandWorldWarIIwasUS$2billionandUS$40billion,respectively.Forexample,theUSfourth-generationfighterF-22hasadevelopmentcostofabout20billionU.S.dollarsandasingleaircraftpurchasecostof150millionU.S.dollars;theB-2stealthbomberhasadevelopmentcostofabout45billionU.S.dollarsandasingleaircraftpurchasecostof1billionU.S.dollars.

AftertheGulfWar,thepriceofweaponsandequipmenthasrisenfurther,especiallyforthenewgenerationofhigh-techweaponsandequipment,whosepriceshaveincreasedseveraltimesorevendozensoftimes.

Hlavní bojový letoun 4-5krát F-22-2 miliard USD

Bomber 20-30krát B-2-6 miliard USD

Dopravní letadla 30-40krát C-17-200 milionů juanů

Hlavní bojový tank 6–7krát japonský typ 908,5 milionu juanů

Vrtulník 4-5krát AH-64 (revidováno) Tisíc juanů

Letadlová loď 3–4krát třídy Nimitz 13 miliard juanů

Americký učenec James Nigan poznamenal: „Pokud cena zbraní a vybavení poroste rychlostí, za 70 let, bude současný americký obranný rozpočet (310 miliard amerických dolarů) schopen vyrobit pouze jedno bojové letadlo.

Increaseinmaterialconsumption

SinglesoldiereverydayForexample,theaveragematerialconsumptionwas20kgduringWorldWarII,90kgduringtheVietnamWar,and200kgduringtheGulfWar.Lookingatthemonthlyammunitionconsumptiononthebattlefield,itwas18,000tonsintheKoreanWarand77,000intheVietnamWar.Tons,ithadreached357,000tonsduringtheGulfWar.Materialconsumptiononthebattlefieldhassoared,makinglogisticstransportationfaceseriousdifficulties.InordertoensurethattheUSmilitaryisfightingintheGulf,theUnitedStateshasestablishedthelargestlogisticstransportationsystemsinceWorldWarII.Itused90%ofthetransportaircraftoftheMilitaryAirTransportCommand,andleasedaircraftfrommorethan30airlinesinChina,SouthKorea,andGermany.Intermsofmaritimetransport,theMilitaryMaritimeCommanddispatched135transportshipsandthereservefleetwasdispatched.170merchantshipswerealsoleasedand78foreignshipswereleased.Forgroundtransportation,theUnitedStatesused2,400trainsfrom7statesandorganized5,000transportvehiclesinSaudiArabia.SomeonecalculatedthatduringtheGulfWar,theUnitedStatesuseddomesticThetotalamountofvariousmaterialsshippedtotheMiddleEastreached186milliontons,whichisequivalenttotransportingamedium-sizedcitylikeAtlantatotheGulf.

Itispreciselybecauseoftheabovetwopointsthatthehigh-techwarfareDuringtheSecondWorldWar,theUSmilitaryspentonlyUS$194millioninJapanesemilitaryspending;duringtheVietnamWar,itwasonlyUS$230million.IntheGulfWar,theUSmilitary’saveragedailyconsumptionwasashighasUS$1.4billion.LikethisDon’tsaythatwecan’tfightthewar,evenasupereconomicpowerliketheUnitedStatesfeelspowerless.BeforetheGulfWar,theUnitedStatesplayedtheroleofabeggar,lobbyingandbegging,andfinallyreceived54billionU.S.dollarsinaid.This54billion.TheU.S.dollaraccountedfor88%ofthetotalcostoftheGulfWar.Itwasthis54billionU.S.dollarthatsolvedtheurgentneedsoftheU.S.militaryandenabledthemtomaintainthewar,whichlastedonly42days.Basedonthis,somepeoplepredictedthatifIraqcouldhaveawaytofightthewar.Delayedforanothertwomonths,themilitaryexpenditureoftheentirewarwillreachhundredsofbillionsofdollars,whichwillbeawarthattheUnitedStatescannotafford.

Requires500,000to750,000gallonsoffuel.Convertinganordinarybombintoadirectattackammunitionrequiresaconversionfeeof21,000U.S.dollars.ThecostofabombingmissionofonesortiewouldcostUS$1–15,000perhour.ThedeploymentofanaircraftcarrierbattlegroupwouldcostUS$3millionaday,andapointofmilitaryfastfoodwouldcostUS$6million.Itwillcost9billionU.S.dollarstotransporttroopsandequipmentbacktothecountryafterthewar.Thecostofthiswarreached99billionU.S.dollars.

Thecharacteristicof"hugewarconsumption"showsthathigh-techwarfareisbackedbyastrongcomprehensivenationalpower.Withoutastrongcomprehensivenationalpower,themodernizationofthemilitarywillnotbediscussed,andwithoutastrongcomprehensivenationalpower,Itisdifficulttosupporthigh-techwars.Fromthisaspect,studentscanalsounderstandmoredeeplywhyourpartyiscurrentlyfocusingoneconomicconstructionandwhy"whetheritisconducivetoimprovingourcountry'scomprehensivenationalstrength"isoneofthecriteriaforthesuccessorfailureofreforms.Thereasonisverysimple,becauseonlywhenthenationalstrengthisstrengthenedcanwehaveastrongnationaldefenseandcalmlycopewiththehigh-techwarsthatmaycometous.

Butweareemphasizingtheimprovementofthecountry’scomprehensivenationalstrength.Atthesametime,wemustdealwiththerelationshipbetweeneconomicconstructionandnationaldefenseconstruction.Wemustachievecoordinateddevelopment.Ifeconomicconstructionisdonewell,itdoesnotmeanthatnationaldefenseconstructionmustgoup.Inthisregard,Kuwait’slessonsshouldbetakenseriously.Kuwaitclaimstobe"Thecountryfloatingontheoilsea",relyingonoilexports,peopleinthiscountrycanbesaidtohavereachedarichoilflowandimprovedeconomicconstruction,butitsdefenseconstructionisquiteweak,sothatin1990Iraqonlyusedlessthan10%.TheentireterritoryofKuwaitwasoccupiedwithinafewhours.However,wemustnotimpedethesmoothprogressofthecountry’seconomicconstructionbyover-emphasizingnationaldefenseconstruction.ThelessonsofthedisintegrationoftheformerSovietUnionareverypainful,andsofar,historiansandpoliticiansIwasamazedthatsuchahugecountrywouldfallapartinmorethanayear.Thereisnoprecedentinhistory.Thereasonisthatformanyyears,theformerSovietUnioncontinuedtoengageinanarmsracewiththeUnitedStates,whichmadethedomesticeconomydeformed.Development,itsatomicbombwassuccessfullyexploded,andthesatellitewentintothesky,butthepeoplecouldn’teveneatpotatoes,whicheventuallyledtothecollapseoftheformerSovietUnion.Untilnow,thissequelaehasseriouslyplaguedtheRussianarmy.Atleastlifeisdifficulttomaintain.TheFrenchnewspaperFeiJialureportedonSeptember7that5soldierskilledasergeantinaunitoftheRussianstrategicmissileforceandtook46hostages.ThefederalsecurityAftertheassault,thehostage-takerssurrendered.ChiefLiebiesaid:Inthepastfivemonths,theofficerofthemissileforcehasnotreceivedhissalary,andhedoesnotruleoutthepossibilityofariotinthearmy.TheRussianmediarevealedashockinginsidestory.Thenewswastitled"RussianSoldiersSellingFriendsforTalents."BecausetheRussianarmy'ssalarywastoolow,somesoldierssoldtheircomradesashostagestotheChechenrebelsinexchangeformoney.Therefore,thisisnowcirculatingintheRussianarmy.Oneword:Thegovernmentpretendedtocareaboutus,andwealsopretendedtodefendthecountry.Theysecretlysoldmanytanks,artillery,andeventherawmaterialsfornuclearweapons.AccordingtoareportbyAgenceFrance-PresseonSeptember7,"TurkishpoliceseizedthemfromRussia.SmugglednuclearmaterialsthatcanbeusedtoproducenuclearweaponsandarrestedfourRussians.Nowaslongasyouhavemoney,youcanbuyalmostanyweaponinRussia.Thereissuchaninterestingsceneinthefeaturefilm"KissingRussia".InordertogetridoftheentanglementofaRussiansmuggler,theChinesefatherscaredhimandsaid:"Aretheretanks?"Ididn'texpecttheotherpartytoanswerverysimply,"Yes."Askhimifhehasaplaneagain?Hereplied:"Yes."Atthistime,theChinesemansimplysaid:"Iwantarocket",buthedidn'texpecttheotherpartytoaskinturn:"Howmanydoyouwant".Althoughthisisacomedyplot,ittrulyreflectsthecurrentsituationoflossofcontrolofRussianweapons.Thesearetheconsequencesofanarmsracethathasledtotheabnormaldevelopmentofthedomesticeconomy.Atpresent,thetotalannualmilitaryexpenditureoftheworldhasexceededonetrillionU.S.dollars,whichmeansthatanaverageof2millionU.S.dollarsperminuteisspentinmilitaryactivities.Therefore,howtohandletherelationshipbetweeneconomicconstructionandnationaldefenseconstructionisamajorissuefacinggovernmentsofallcountries.