Úvod
SuperconductingTechnologyISaTechnologyWithgreatdevelopmentPontientandGreatstrategicsIgnanceiNenthe21Stury.SuperconductingMaterialShavehighcurrentCarryingCapacityAndLowenergieConsConscalTistics, andcanBewidelyuseuseuseuseuseuseuseuseuseuseuseuseuseuseuseuseusedenenergie, obrana, doprava, lékařská díla, lékařská montherfields.DuetothehighcriticalteremperatureofHigh-theMperatureSuperConductors, a athelowpriceofliquidamoniausedforitscooling, theoperationIsconvenient, anditisanewenergieMaterialwithpracticalSigniticannancencanceance.SUNCETHEDISCOVERYOFOXIDESERCONDUCTORSINTHETHETHERTHETHIDY, THOHASBEENANUPSURGEINSTUSYINGHIGHTHIGHTERATURESERCONDCONDUCTIVITYALONDTHEWORLD.SINCETHEN, PeoplehavediscoveredvariousseriesOfHigh-TemperatureSuperCuctingMaterialswithincreasulyshighSuperCuctingtransitionteremperatures.V současné době teplota transsition u rtuti na bázi rtuti na základě.INADDITIONTOBASICRESEARD, země AROUNDTHEWORLDHAVEALSONVESTALOTOTOFMANEADMaterialReSourcesInTheindustrializationResearchOfSuperCuctingMaterials.
Dějiny
HighperatureCuperConductorsUssuallyReferTomaterialsTareSuperconductingABoveTeTemperatureofliquiquidNitrogen (77 k) (77 k).WhosUperConductorsWerediscovered (1911), oni whereatTractedBetheirPeculiarProperties (tj. Zerorezistence, diamagnetismus, andquantumTunelEffect).BUTINTHESTERYTY-FIVEYEARSSINTHENEN, AlltHuperConductorshathavebeendiscoveredonlyshowSuperConductivityAtextremeLyLowtemperatures (23K), sotheirapplicationshavebeengreatlyrestrictedrited.
HighTemperatureSuperConductingMaterialsgenerallyReferTosuperconductingMaterialswhosecriticalteMperemIsAbove77KandtheresistanceIsclosetozero.Oni sekanuálněbeuseuseuseinacheapliquididnitrogen (77k) chlazení životního prostředí.Therearetwomaintypes: yttriumbariumcopperoxid (YBCO) a BISMUTHTHRONTIUMCALCALCALCALCOPPEROXIDE (BSCCO).Yttrium-barium-copper-oxygenisgeneralysTopreseperCodcuktingThInfilms, které jsou použity anthefieldsofelectronics acommunications;.
V roce 1911, KamerlinonnonnisofleideNuniversityintHenetherlandsAccidencallyDiscoveredThtHedMercuryWascooledto-268.98 ° C, TheresistenceofmerCurysUddenlyDisappeared; později nadále, žeMymeTALoySareithasThecharacteristicsOfLosingResistanCeatlowTemperatureSiMilartotheabove-intionedMercury.Vzhledem k tomu, že jezněl, KamerlinonCallEditaSuperconductingstate, AndhewonthenobelPrizeIn1913Forthis.
V roce 1933, MeissnerandolsenfeldofthTheNesterlandsJointlyDiscoveredanotherextremeLyportantPropertyofsuperConductors.WhenthemeTalisinasuperconductingstate, themagneticinductionIssuperCoscructorriszero.ButitsqueezeDoutThemagneticfieldthatoriginallyexistedInTheBody.ExperimentssingSingLecryStaldersfoundtHenthentHesHoldTrollTransitionstoasuperconductingstate, theMagneticfieldAroundthesolderSuddenlyChanges, atheLinessofMagneticforceseemtoberepelledeleDouthofTheSuperConductorAllaltonces.Peoplecallthisfenomenon "Stepping".Snaeffect ".
SINCECAMERINONNISDISCISCOREDTESUPERCODCUDUCTIVITYOFMERCURYNEAR4.2K, NewsuperconductingMaterialshavebeendiscoveredateredAloveretherePerictiable, pohybující se od fromthelightlementsboronandlithithiumtothetransitionheavymetaluranium.Seriesetc.TheinitialResearchOnSuperConductingMaterials nejvíce zaměřené, slitiny, přechodný metrbidesandnitrides.BY1973, ASERIESOFA15SUPERCONDUCTORSANDARNYSUPERCODUCTORSWEREDISCORED.SuperconductingMaterialsNeedtouseliquiquidheliuMasarefrigerantTobeinaSuperConductingstate, sotheirapplicationsreat -restricted.V roce 1986, BernozandMullerdiscovered 35ksuperconductinglanthambariumcopperoxygenssystem.ThisbroughDiscoveryledTotheDiscoveryoFarEriesOfrareeThbariumcopperoxideSerconCorSatHightertemperatures.Throughelementreplacement,atthebeginningof1987,WuMaokun(ZhuJingwu)oftheUnitedStatesandZhaoZhongxianoftheChineseInstituteofPhysicsannouncedthediscoveryofa90Kyttrium-barium-copper-oxygensuperconductor,achievingthefirstbreakthroughinthetemperaturebarrierofliquidnitrogentemperature(77K).BernozandMulleralsowonhe1987NobelPrizeInphysicsfortheirpioneeringwork.
ThisPeofsuperconductorisussuallycalledahigh-temperatureSuperConductorbecauseitscriticalTemPemPemPeMaBoveTeTemperatureofLiquiquidNitrogen (77 k) (77 k).TheDiscoveryofyttrium-barium-copper-oxygencuperconductorsABoveTheTemperatureofliquidNitrogenHasProvidedordidedphysicsLaboratories sWithtHeconditionsforconductingSuperConductingExeretiments.Proto je tedyBeeNanupsurgeinexploringNewhigh-temperatureSuperconductorsAroundTheworld.ATTheendof1987, ChinesescholarshengzhengzhiandothersFirstDiscoveredTheFirSrareearth-Freethallium-Barium-Copper-Oxygenhigh-TemperatureSuperconductor.INEARLY1988, JapandevelopedAbismuth-Strontium-Calcium-Copper-OxygenCuperconductorwithAcriticalteMperatureof110K.Infebruary1988, shengzhengzhiandothersfurtherdiscovered125KthalliumbariumcalciumcopperoxygenSuperconductor.Afewyearslater (1993) FrenchScientistsDiscovereda135kmercury-barium-calcium-copper-oxygensuperconductor.
Příprava
INORDERTOMEETTHEREQUIREMREVSOFVAIRYaplikace, vysokoteplotní supravodivé materiály MainlyInclude: Filmmaterials (Tenký film, ThickFilm), Bulkmaterials, WireSandStrips.
Tenký film
HighperatureSuperConductorfilMethebasisofhigh-temperatureSuperCuctingElectronicDevices a ateparationOfHigh-QualityHigh-temperatureCuctingFilmStheKeyTodeviceaplikaces.The PreparationOfHigh-TemperatureSuperconductingFilmsisAllyAlwaysCarriedOutByvaPordepositionOrePitaxialGrowThofFoffilMsonssingLecryStalSubstrates.AftertenyearsOfResearch, ThePreparationTechnologyOfHigh-TemperatureSuperconductingFilmsHasbecomematureandhasreachedApracticalLevel.AtPresent, thetwomostComMoNlyuseusedAndAstEffectiveCoatingTechnologiesare: magnetransputtering (MS) a pulseDedlaserdeposition (PLD).ThesetwomethodshavetheirownUniqueFeatures.MagnetronsputteringIssuibleforLargeareas.OneofTheBestGrowthMethodsfordeposition.ThePulseDedlaserdepositionMethodCaneasilyTechemicalCompositionOfThefilmConsistentwithTheChemicalComPositionOfThetarget, andcancontroltHetHicknessOfThefilm.
Tlustý pilm
Na půli-temperaturessuperconductuctucThorthickfilmismainlyusedForhtsmagneticShielding, mikrovlny, anténa atd..ItisdifferentfromTHefilmnotonlyinthetHeshofThefilm, bulsointhedepositionMethod.TheMainDifferencesAreentOllingThReestapss: (1) Obecně, ThedePositionOfThInfilmsRestheuseofsingLecrystalsAlsAlsAlsAlsAlsAlsAlsAlsAlsAlsAlsAlsAlsAlsAlsAlSubstrate;.Therearemanythickfilmmethods:suchaspyrolyticsprayingandelectrophoreticdeposition,andthemostcommonlyusedtechnologiesarescreenprintingandsqueegee.ThesetwomethodshavebeenwidelyuseuseusedInTheelectronicsIndustry.
Wireandstrip
TheaplikaceOfSuperConductingMaterialSinstrongelectricityRestHathigh-TemperatureSuperConductorsMustBeprocesesIntocompositemulti-filamentwiresorStripsContainingsUperConductorSomMomMomMonmetal.Butceramichigh-TemperatureConductorsitisverybrittle, soitcannotbedrawnintintothinwires.Mezi theMemanyPrarationMethodsOfsuperconductingCeramicwires, thebismuthCoramicPowDerIlvertuberollingMethod (Agpit) isthemostmatureandidealMethothods.ThecriticalCurrentDuntesituspressedbismTripsismischHigherthatofStripsPreparedByrollingTechnology.
Bulkmaterials
InitialoxidationThematerialSuperConductorspreparedBySolid-PhasemethodorchemicalMethod, a anthebulkmaterialisobtainedBeusualpowDerAllurgyProcessesSusEsSassheschanicalCompactionSinternsintering.PREPARACEMETODISRELAITAITIALITY SPEMPLE.
aplikace
Založený na vývoji vývojeFsuperconductingTechnology, supeconductingTechnologyCanBeaplieDandAnDexpandedInTheFollingindustries:
Elektřina
THEMOMBINACEOFSUPERCODUCTINGTECHNOLOGIEANDECTICKOLICKÁVÁNÍ.Výroba energie, přenos a distribuce přinesly revoluční změny.ThePowerIndusTrySthemostimportantaplikacePlaceandMarketFortheSuperConductingDustry.TheaplikacesOfSuperConductingTechnologyInpowerMainlyInclude:
1) HighTemperatureSuperConductivityCable
TheExpansionofExistingCablesHasAlwaysplaguedTheedevelonmentFurbanpower.TraditiorbanUndergroundtransmissionCableshaveProblemssuchassMallflux, largeloss, termallandOilpollutionTothesoilandgroundwater, andhighcivilconstructioncosts.UrbanpowerCapacityExpansionisbecomingmoreandmoredifficult.HighperatureSuperConduktingCablesHavetHeadvantAgesOfSmallsize, LowCost, HigherengysAinve, nopollution atd.., HaveHugeeconomicAndenvironmentAlBenefits, a budou přípravky.
Thelarge-ScaleaplikaceOfHigh-TemperatureSuperConductingCablescangreatlyimproveTeefficienceFowPowerTransmissionSystemSandReduceoperatingCosts.ATPRESENT, TheoveralldevelopmentTrendOfHigh-TemperatureSperCuctingCablesCablesInTheworldistodelodelorlarge-kapacita, lowAcloss, andultra-temperatureSuperconductingCables.PodleExPertestimates, vysoce teploturesuperConductingCablesAblesRemostLiketEthefirstToBepractical a commercialized.
2) Supravodivý motor
MotosthemostComMonlyusedelectricquePmentace, butTraditionAlMotorsConsumeAlotofPower.U.S.IndustryExpertsStimatethatAndustrialMotorswithmorethan1 000 HorsewowerConsumeApproxitumniously25%of theU.S.energie.Comparedwithconventionalmotors,superconductingmotorshavetheadvantagesofgoodenergiesaving,smallsize,largesingle-machinecapacity,lowcostandoperatingcosts,andgoodstabilityandperformance.Oni mají vyvoláváníeconomicAndenvironmentAlBenefits.WithTheSamePowerSupply, ThesizeofThesuperConductingMotoris1/3ofTheConventionAlMotor, TheManufacturingCostCanberedBy40%, theCurrentlosscanberedby50%, aooperatingCanberedByd50%.Theu.S.DepartmentOfenerGyestimatestHattHatthelowloshofHigh-TemperatureSuperconductingCanreduceoperatingCostsByBillionsOfDollarSaseaear.
InThemilitary, Warshipshigshigh-TemperatureSuperconducktingmotors, WhishavesMallervolumeand-váha, více flexiblescelayout, morereliableoperationOperationOperationOperationOperationOfTHepropulsionSystem, HighErefficienties.ItcangreatlyimproveConcealmentAnCHIETHEHIGHEHIGHEH-SpeeDandquieToperation, která je příšerná.
3) Supravodivý transformátor
Konvenční formyshavemavemanyshortcomings, takový, coshighloadloss, velká váha, lowoverloadcapacity, nocurrentMitingCapability, olejový arpollation arhortlifespanwaitwaitaitwaitaitwaitaitwaitaitwaitwaitaitwaitaitwaitaitwaitaitwaitaitwaitaitwaitaitwaitaitwaitaitwaitaitwaitaitwaitaitwaitaitwaitaitwaitaitwait.IntheunitedStates, theToTALLedCapacityOfTransformersIsAbout3-4TimestheTotalPowergeneration, a thegRiDlossofitSpowerSystemSabout7.34%útlusové powergenerace, z nich.Incomparison,superconductingtransformershavetheadvantagesofsmallsize,lightweight,highvoltageconversionenergieefficiency,lowfireenvironmentalaccidentprobability,andnooilpollution,etc., který sekanimproveliabilityAndoperatingPerformanceofThePowersystem, reduceCosts, andsave
Energie, environmentální aroteraskespectShaveportantPracticalSignificance.
4) SuperconductingCurrentLiMiter:
Současný moniter (FCL) isakindofPoWerequipment THatiMProvestHestabilityoftHepowergrid.S vývojem, který je kvalitní, coualityrequirementsHepowerGridaregettinghigherandhigher, adtisdifficultFortReTraditionCurrentLiMiterToliMitThepulsEcurrentThePowergridinashortTime.Vyhodená temperaturesuperCurrentliMiterJustMakesupforthorTomingsOfTeraditionCurrentliMiter.ItscurrentlimitTimecAnbelessThanoneHrendMeroseConds, který sekviicklyAnfectivelyLimitTheCurrent.ThesuperconductingCurrentliMiterUsestHysicalCharacteristicsOfThesuperConductingState-NormalTransitionOfThesuperConductortomeetTecurrentMitingRequirements.ITCANInteGredatetection, spouštěcí akurrentlitingatthesametime.ItisconsideredTobetheBeStandtheonlyoneCurlylyalelyaleable.EfektivivníHort-CircitfaultCurrentMiditingDevice.Od roku 1989, TheNitedStates, Německo, Francie, SwitzerlandlandjapanhavesuccesCasilycarriedOdouresearchOnHigh-TemperatureSuperCurrentLiMeters.ATPRESENT, TheTechnicalPerformanceofHigh-TemperatureSuperconductingCurrentLiMersSuible forwistributionSystemSintheworldiscloseTotheapplicationLevel, butheyarestilTheMesterToNTRAGIONS.
5)Superconductingenergiestoragedevices
Superconductingenergiestoragedevicesusesuperconductingcoilstodirectlystoreelectromagneticenergie,andthenreturntheelectromagneticenergietothegridorotherloadswhenneededAnelectricalfacility.Sincetheenergiestoragecoiliswoundbyasuperconductingwireandmaintainedinasuperconductingstate,theenergiestoredinthecoilispermanentlystoredwithalmostnolossuntilitneedstobereleased.Superconductingenergiestoragedevicescanbeusednotonlytoadjustthepeaksandvalleysofthepowersystemortosolvetheimpactofinstantaneouspowerfailureofthepowergridonelectricalequipment,butalsotoreduceoreliminatethelow-frequencypoweroscillationofthepowergridtoimprovethevoltageandfrequencycharacteristicsofthepowergrid.ItCanasObeusedFortHeadjustmenTofReactivePowerAd -PowerFactorToimPovetHeStabilityoftHepowerSystem.
Lékařský
1) MRIOFTHEHUMUMANBODYAKINDOFEQUESIPMENT.TraditionalmriusConventionAlmagnets.ThemagneticfieldIssMallanDranditisDifficultTodeCttheinitiallessions.AtTheSametime, TheMainMagneticfieldIsinaclosedMagNetCavity.Duringscanning,thesubjectmustbeplacedinasmallspaceisolatedfromtheoutsideworld,whichiseasytocausepeopletoproduceClaustrophobiahasgreatlyaffectedthewideapplicationofthisdevice,andlow-temperaturesuperconductingmagnetsarethereforewidelyusedinMRI.DuetotheliquidheliumtemperemPareRequirementsOfcryogenCuperConducting, ITSOperation amainTenanceCostSarehigh.SomeCountrieshaveacceleratedThereSearchOfHigh-TemperatureSuperConductingMri.V roce 1998, OxfordMagNetTechnologyandSiemensJointlydevelahigh-temperatureSuperconductingMagNetForHumanMri.
Přeprava
MagneticlevitationTrain
WithhedevelopmentFthenational Anonamy, ThesocietyHashigherandhigherrequirementsFortransportation, adhigh-speedtrainshaveeMergedgedgedged.Ve srovnání s tím ,existingFourTraditionAltransOrtationModesofrailway, dálnice, vodní a vodní adaviatiation, thesuperconductingmaglevtrainhastheadvantagesOfHighSPeed, bezpečnost, lownoiseandsmallarea, andisanidealtransportationtoolinthefuture..
ITindustry
1) SuperconductingComputers:
Vysokorychlostní komputersEnsenlyArngedComponents aConnectingLineSinteReterCircuitchips, butdenlylyArrangedCirccuitSalotofheaccursduringwork, andheatdissipationISaProblembyvlsivlsi.Theverylargescaleintegratedcircuitinthesuperconductingcomputer,theinterconnectionlinebetweenitscomponentsismadeofsuperconductingdeviceswithclosetozeroresistanceandultra-microheating,thereisnoheatdissipationproblem,andthecomputingspeedofthecomputerisgreatlyimproved.Nepřijevotí, vědci, kteří jsou nadále najevousemiconductorsandSuperConductorstomaketransistors, a arenencomplelelyuseSuperConductorStomakeTransistorsors.
2) SUPERCONDUCTINGSSWITCH:
SuperconductingswitchCanBedIdIDideDidedIntoresistenceswitchandinductanceswitch.Odpory, které lze v případě, žeSestHeFollowingPropertiesOfSuperConductors: ifyouchangeanyofTheeparametersOfMagneticfield, currentAndtetemperature, YoucAkeitchangeFromazeRoreSistateToaresistancestate.FORMAPLE, použití AcoldTubeasAsAswitchistOUSHEMAGNETITHELOREDBYACACEACELeLelyCuctingControlementToControltheresistanceofThegateEmentbycausingthegatementTounDoundergoasuperconducting --- NormalRansition.Thelow-Resistancestateofthisswitchiszero, a aresigh-rezistancestateistypicaltheorderofmilliohms, sotheswitchratioisinfinite.THE PRINCIPLEOFUNCTIVESSWITCHINGIS: ITISNOTTHEUDCTANCEOFCIRCIRCUITCOMPONENTSSUCHASCOILSANDWIRES.ItcanbeusedtochangethesuperconducturToritbetweenthenormalstateantthesuperconductingstate, ortomovethuperconductuctionsUcenearTheCircuitComponentTomakeitthesamechange.