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Guozijian (10 fotografií)
ThehighestinstitutioninthecountryduringtheHanDynastywascalled"TaiXue".Theestablishmentofthe"TaiXue"byEmperorWuoftheHanalsoinheritedthefunctionofthehighestinstitutionofimpartingConfucianclassics.InthefirstyearofYong'an(258years),theEmperorSunXiuoftheEasternWuDynastyestablishedGuoxue,establishedadoctoralsystemofTaixue,andenacteddoctorsoftheFiveClassics,whichwastheoriginofJianyeTaixue.TheWesternJinDynastyEmperorWudiXianningestablishedGuozixueatthebeginningoffouryears(278).ThiswasthebeginningoftheestablishmentofGuozixueapartfromTaixueinthehistoryofancientChineseeducation.
"BookofJin·Volume24·OfficialRecords"records:"Xianningfouryears(278years),EmperorWuestablishedGuozixueatthebeginning,fixedtheGuoziJijiu,onedoctor,andfifteenassistantsPeopleteachstudents.Doctorsareallthosewhoperformpureandclearcode.Ifyouarefreetoridearegularattendant,aservantofthemiddlebook,oraprince'sconcubine,youmustcallforatest."Enrollment.However,thestudyofGuoziwasnotprosperousintheWesternJinDynasty,especiallyaftertheendoftheWesternJinDynasty.
AfterJinwuEmperorSimaYanunifiedthecountry,JianyeTaixuewassuspended.AfterthedeathofEmperorWuofJin,the"EightKingsRebellion"oftheCentralPlains,alargefamilyheadedbyWangDaoandXieAn,surroundedtheWesternJinimperialfamilyLangxieWangSimaRuiin307,andhurriedlycrossedsouthtoJianye(nowNanjing),knownas"Yongjia"inhistory.Nandu"establishedtheEasternJindynasty,whichwasontheleftsideoftheriver,andbuiltJiankangTaixueunderJilongMountain.
Na konci západní dynastie JinMin (313), protože se císař JinMin jmenoval SimaYe, aby se vyhnul jeho jménu, byl Jianye County přejmenován na Jiankang County.
DuringtheLiuSongDynasty,inthefifteenthyearofYuanjia(438),EmperorWencalledLeiCizongtothecapital(nowNanjing)andopenedtheSchoolofGuoziinJilongMountain,andgatheredhundredsofprofessors.
AttheendoftheLiuSongDynasty,ZuChongzhireturnedtoJiankangandservedastheofficialancestorofYeZheShushe.ZuChongzhispentalotofenergytostudymachinerymanufacturing,rebuildguidecars,andinventedthousandsofmilesofboats,watermills,etc.,whichwastheearliestbeginningofthemechanicalengineeringprofessionintheSouthernDynastiesofmycountry.
ZuChongzhicalculatedthetruevalueofPitobebetween3.1415926and3.1415927,whichisequivalenttoaccuratetothe7thdecimalplace,simplifiedto3.1415926,whichbecamethemostadvancedachievementintheworldatthattime.
NorthernQichangedGuozixuetocallit"GuoziTemple".AfterSuiPingchen,heimplementedapolicyofrestrainingthelocalforcesinthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver,destroyingthepalacesoftheSixDynasties,blazingfiresandburningthousandsofmiles,JiankangCitywascompletelydestroyed,andJiankangTaixuewasinterrupted.
Během dynastií SuiandTang
IntheearlyyearsofEmperorKaihuangintheSuiDynasty,itwasdecidedthatGuoziTemplehadjurisdictionoverGuozixue,Taixue,FourSchools,CalligraphyandMathematicalStudies.InthethirteenthyearofEmperorKaihuang(593),GuoziTemplewasnolongeraffiliatedwithTaichangandbecameanindependenteducationalmanagementinstitution,renamedGuozixue.
InthethirdyearofDaye(607),itwasrenamedGuozijian.Therewasonepersonintheprisonwhowasdedicatedtothemanagementofeducation.Therewereonemasterbookandonerecorderunderthesupervisionofthegovernment,suchasGuozixueandTaixue.,FourSchools,Calligraphy,andMathematicalStudies.Therearequotasfordoctors,teachingassistants,andstudentsinallofficialschools.Accordingtothe"SuiShu·HaiguanZhixia"record:Doctor:"Guozi,Taixue,andfourdisciplineseachhavefivepeople,andShushu,andmathematicseachhavetwopeople,"AssistantProfessor: "Guozi, Taixue a čtyři obory mají pět lidí,"Kniha a počítánídva lidíkaždého," student: "Sto a za typ lidí v zemi...". Guozixue a Taixue koexistují vedle sebe. Je to škola, která se specializuje na studium konfuciánské klasiky.
TheTangDynastyinheritedthesystemoftheSuiDynasty.InthefirstyearofWude(618),theGuoziSchoolwasestablishedintheTangDynasty.Theschoolhas300students,allstudentsarechildrenofnobles,and24teachers.InthefirstyearofZhenguan(627)TangrenamedGuoziSchoolasGuozijian,andatthesametimebecameanindependenteducationaladministrativeinstitution.Intheprison,thereisonepersonwhosacrificeswine,whoisthehighesteducationchief.ThereisoneCheng,onemasterbook,andonepersonresponsibleforstudents'academicperformanceandschoolstatusandotherspecificmatters.IntheTangDynasty,ZengJiyichangedthenameofGuozijian,andwasrenamedSichengguanandChengjunjian.ThenamewasrestoredinthefirstyearofShenlong(705).Accordingtothe"BookofOldTang·TheBookofEmperorGaozong":"AllsixstudiesareundertheImperialCollege."Theso-calledsixstudiesareGuozixue,Taixue,Simenxue,law,calligraphyandarithmetic.
Během dynastií Song a Yuan
AftertheTangDynasty,ChinaenteredtheperiodoftheGreatSplitofFiveDynastiesandTenKingdoms.Duringthisperiod,Jiangzhou(nowNanjing)onceagainbecamethecapitaloftheSouthernTangDynasty.In902,YangXingmiwasnamedtheKingofWu,andYangzhouwasthecapitalofthecountry,andhewascalled"YangWu"inhistory.Later,thepowerministerXuWenmanipulatedWu'smilitaryandpoliticalpower.In909,XuWenconcurrentlyservedasthegovernorofaforeignstate,andhisadoptedsonXuZhigaowasinchargeofmilitaryandpoliticalaffairs.
In937,XuZhigaoproclaimedEmperorWuinthereignofWuandmadeJinlingthecapital.JinlingwasrenamedasJiangningMansion,thecountrywasnamedTang,anditwascalled"SouthernTang"inhistory.In939,XuZhigaoclaimedthathewasthedescendantofEmperorYongwang,thesixthsonofEmperorMingofTangDynasty.ThepalacecityoftheSouthernTangDynastywaslocatedinthecenterofJinlingCity,roughlylocatedalongtheHongwuRoadinpresent-dayNanjing.
TheSongDynastyfollowedtheTangDynastysystem,dividedintoXijingGuozijian(nowLuoyangCity,HenanProvince),TokyoGuozijian(nowKaifengCity,HenanProvince),andaddedmartialarts.TheGuozijianintheSongDynastyalsochangeditsnamefrequently,sometimescalledGuozijianorGuozixue,anditsfunctionsweredualistic.Onewastoserveasthehighestadministrativeinstitutionforgovernmenteducation,andtheotherwasthehighestinstitutionforstudentstostudy.
Forexample,ChengYi,awell-knownscholarintheNorthernSongDynasty,onceservedastheimprisonmentfortheImperialAcademyinXijing,andHuYuanoncesentencedtheImperialimprisonmentforTokyointhenameofspeakingout.InthesecondyearofEmperorTaizongofSongDynasty(989),GuozijianwaschangedtoGuozijian,andinChunhuafiveyears(994),GuozixuewaschangedtoGuozijian,andthenamechangedrepeatedly.
Recruitthechildrenofofficialsabovegrade7toenroll,andtheyarecallednationalstudentsorsupervisedstudents.AtthebeginningoftheSongDynasty,therewasnoquota,butlateritwaslimitedto200people.However,theactualnumberisverysmall,soitcanbeaddedtotheclasstofillupthevacancyoraudit.
Guozixuesetupasupervisingschooltosupervisetheschool,whichwillteachthebusinessandmoralitybydirectlectures.
NanjingGuozijianintheNorthernSongDynasty-YingtianfuAcademy(2photos)
InthethirdyearofQinglioftheNorthernSongDynasty(1043),FanZhongyanparticipatedinthepolitical"NewQingliNewDeal",andYingtianfuAcademywaspromotedItwastheImperialCollegeinNanjing(nowShangqiu),andtheImperialCollegeinTokyo(nowKaifeng)andXijing(nowLuoyang)wererankedasthehighestinstitutionintheNorthernSongDynasty.FanZhongyanputforwardtenreformproposalssuchas"refiningtributesandselectingofficials".Reformingtheeducationsystematthattime,Yingtianfu(nowShangqiuCity,HenanProvince)implementedreformsfirst,andchangedthesuperficialstyleofstudythatadvocatedCifuatthattime,emphasizingtheclassicsandtherighteousnessandcurrentaffairs.,Focusonreality.ThecentralgovernmentschoolsintheLiaoDynastyalsohadShangjingGuoziStudies,ZhongjingGuoziStudies,TokyoGuoziStudies,XijingGuoziStudiesandNanjingGuoziStudies.ExceptforNanjingGuozixue,thereisnocleartexttotest.
GuoziXueintheJinDynastywasfoundedinthethirdyearofHailingKingTiande(1151).ItstipulatedahundredstudentsofCifuandJingyi,andonlythebrothersordescendantsofofficialsfromtheclan,relatives,andofficialsofthethirdrankandabovewereenrolled.
Inaddition,inthethirteenthyearofKingSejong'sDading(1173),theJurchenGuoziSchoolwasestablished,andonlyoutstandingJinrenstudentswereallowedtoenter.
IntheYuanDynasty,GuoziwasestablishedtosuperviseGuozixue.MongoliaGuozisupervisedandadministersMongoliaGuozixue.MongoliaGuozixuewasfoundedintheeighthyearofYuanShizutoYuanDynasty(1272).TheadmissionqualificationsarelimitedtoMongolianandHanpeople.ThelearningcontentismainlybasedontheMongoliantranslationof"Tongjian""JieYao",andconcurrentlystudyarithmetic,learntopassanexam,andassigntalentstoofficials.HuihuiguozisupervisesHuihuiguozixue,andHuihuiguozixuewasfoundedinthetwenty-sixthyearofYuanShizutoYuanDynasty(1290).
Thequalificationsforadmissionarelimitedtothepublicofficialsandthechildrenofthewealthypeople.Thecontentofthestudyismainly"ThinkingfortheOther"literature,andthepurposeistocultivatetalentsfortranslatinghistoryofgovernmentofficials.IntheYuanDynasty,therewasalsoastudyofChineseandGuozi.Thecoursestaughtinclude"TheClassicofFilialPiety","ElementarySchool","TheAnalects","Mencius","TheUniversity","TheDoctrineoftheMean",aswellas"Poetry","Book","BookofRites ","ZhouLi","ChunQiu"","Snadno"a brzy.
Během dynastií Ming a Qing
InthetenthyearofYuanDade(1306),BeijingGuozijianwasfoundedandoriginallycalledBeipingCountySchool.Asof2017,ithasahistoryof711years.ThehighesteducationalinstitutionandeducationaladministrationinstitutioninthecountryduringtheYuan,MingandQingdynasties.
TheMingDynastyGuozijianwasfoundedwhentheMingTaizufirstappointedJinling,thatis,theTianfuSchoolwaschangedtoGuozixue.LaterTaizuestablishedthecapitalofNanjing,rebuilttheschoolbuildingunderJimingMountain,andchangedtheschooltoprison,soitwascalledGuozijian.IntheeighthyearofHongwu,ZhongduGuozijianwasestablishedseparatelyinFengyang.
Inthetwenty-sixthyearofHongwu(1393),FengyangZhongduGuozijianwasabolished,anditsteachersandstudentsweremergedintoNanjingGuozijian.Atthistime,thenumberofstudentsinNanjingGuozijianhasincreasedtomorethan8,000.InthesecondyearofYongle(1404),BeipingCountySchoolwasrenamedtheImperialCollege.
IntheeighteenthyearofYongle(1420),thecapitalwasmovedtoBeijingintheMingDynasty,andtheBeijingGuozijianwaschangedtoJingshiGuozijian.Therefore,theGuoxueintheMingDynastywasdividedintothenorthandthesouth(alsoknownasthenorthandthesouth).Inthe20thyearofYongle(1422),thereweremorethan9900peopleinNanjingGuozijian,anunprecedentedgrandoccasion.
Atthattime,neighboringcountriessuchasKorea,Japan,Ryukyu,Siamandothercountries"tothecountryforcultureandeducation"continuedtosendoverseasstudentstoNanjingGuozijiantostudy.Butthiskindofgrandoccasionlastedforawhile,andafterZhengde,itgraduallydeclined.
IntheseventhyearofShunzhi(1650),NanjingGuozijianwaschangedtoQingjiangNingfuSchool.DuetotheoldsystemoftheMingDynasty,theancestorsoftheQingDynastyfirstrepairedtheImperialPalaceinBeijing.Accordingtothe"DraftsofQingHistory·ElectionRecords":"TheancestorappointedtheDingYanjing,andrepairedtheMingBeijianastheTaixue.
V prvním roce Shunzhi obětuje víno, ředitele a dozorce, lékaře, asistenty vyučování a učence. Úředníci jako Zheng, Xuelu, Dianbu atd.
DuringtheQianlongperiod,GuozijianJijiuimitatedtheteachingmethodofHuYuansuLake,afamousConfucianinSongDynasty,dividedintotwoteachingsofclassics,justiceandgovernance,"strictlysetupcourses,rewardandlure",insistedonthepracticalapplicationofthecountry.Thereisaglorioussceneof"agreatnumberofmastersandapprentices,allworkinghard,researchingandpursuingpracticalstudies".However,theincreasingcorruptioninthelateQingDynastymadetheschoolavassaloftheimperialexamination.
In1902,NanjingQingjiangNingfuSchoolestablishedSanjiangNormalSchool(thepredecessorofSoutheastUniversity)onthebasisofSipailouJiangningSchool.
OnDecember6,1905(31styearofGuangxu),theschoolsystemwasreformedinthelateQingDynasty,theschoolwassetup,theImperialCollegewasabolished,anditseducationaladministrationfunctionwasincorporatedintotheEntranceDepartment,andthehistoricalmissionoftheImperialCollegecametoanend.
In1956,BeijingGuozijianwasbuiltastheCapitalLibrary.
In1998,PiyongopenedtheBeijingGuozijiantotheoutsideworld.
V roce 2005 byla hlavní knihovnamovedout.
In2006,BeijingGuozijianandConfuciusTempleestablishedtheBeijingConfuciusTempleandGuozijianManagementOffice.Itisahistoricalandculturaltouristattraction.
OnApril22,2021,theChineseCultureLectureHallGuozijianCommunicationCenterwasinauguratedinYilunHallhere,whichmarkedtheofficial"settlement"oftheChineseCultureLectureHall,whichhasahistoryofmorethan700years.
Hlavní funkce
Guozijian Statueof Confucius (15 fotografií)
GuozixueorGuozijian,aneducationalmanagementinstitutioninthefeudalsocietyofancientChinaAndthehighestinstitution,ithastwofunctions,oneisthefunctionofthenationalmanagementagency,andtheotheristhefunctionofthecountry'shighestinstitution.TheestablishmentofGuozixue,comparedwith"TaiXue",inadditiontobeingthecountry'shighestinstitutionforteachingclassics,italsoassumesmoreofthefunctionofnationaleducationmanagement;butatthesametime,GuozijianandTaixuecanalsobereferredtoaseachother.,TaixueisoftenusedtorefertotheImperialCollege.
Aftertheemergenceof"Guozijian",thedifferentmeaningsof"learning"and"supervision"illustratethedifferentdivisionoflaborbetweenthetwofunctions."Learning"impartsknowledgeandpointstoeducationandthehighestinstitutionsFunction;"Supervision"referstothefunctionofsupervisionandsupervision,pointingtothenationaleducationmanagement.
MingGuozijian studoval „Čtyři knihy“ a „Pět klasic“ a souběžně studoval „Encyklopedii sexuálních principů“, zákony a předpisy, čísla knih atd. Kromě toho Guozijianovy povinnosti a ošetření pro učitele a zaměstnance, stejně jako o správě, o všech správcích a o.
Pozicesetting
Pozice
Jedna osoba obětovala víno, ze čtvrté řady; dva lidé, ze čtvrté řady. Vedoucí správy konfucianismu, sedm škol ZongGuozi, Taixue, Guangwen, Čtyři školy, Právo, Kniha a Suanfan.
ChengYi,fromthesixthgrade,isinchargeofthesupervisors.Everyyear,sevenstudentswillbesuccessfulintheircareers,andtheywillparticipateinthetestwiththedivisionandthewinesacrifices.
Onepersoninthemainbook,fromtheseventhproduct.Palmseal,sentencetosupervisesupervisors.
Guozixue
Fivedoctors,thefifthgradeishigh.Thosewholivefromthethirdgradeorabove,thegrandchildrenofthecountry,andthegreat-grandsonabovethesecondgrade.
Pět asistentů vyučování, od šesté třídy. Dr. Zhang Zuo se dělí na profesory.
Speakingstraighttofourpeople,withDr.ZhangZuoandassistantteachersteachingclassics.
Dva doktořizpěti Klasik,každý,vpáté třídě.Dalmouučízeměstudiemvhodnéklasiky."ZhouYi","ShangShu","MaoShi","ZuoShiChunQiu","BookofRites"na lekcích,Ev.
TaiXue
SixPh.Ds,onthesixthgrade,andsixteachingassistants,ontheseventhgrade.Thosewholivefromthefifthgradeorabove,thegrandchildrenoftheprefecturesandcounties,andthegreat-grandsonofthethirdgrade,aredividedintofivepartsastheirprofession,andtherearehundredsofpeopleineach.Thereareseventystudents,fourofDianxue,sixofZhanggu,andfifteenofDongdustudents.
Muzeum Guangwen
Fourdoctorsandtwoteachingassistants.AscholarwhoisinchargeofthestudentindustryofGuozi.Therearesixtystudentsandtenintheeasterncapital.Tianbaonineyearsago,theMuzeum Guangwenwassetup,andtherewasZhijinshiassistantteacher,andthenthenameofZhijinshiwasdismissed.
FourGateHall
Šest doktorandů,na 7.třídě;6asistentů,na8.třídě;4lidé rovně.Ti,kteří učí sedmoutřídunebovýše,syn Houbez je člověk a syn konkubíny je virtuózní.Je to tři sta studentů,pokud čtyřiačtyřistudentizapřípadně.
zákony
Threedoctors,fromtheeighthgrade;oneteachingassistant,fromtheninthgrade.Thosewhoteachtheeighthgradeorlessandwhoarethesonsofprostitutes.ThelawisZhuanYe,andhealsolearnsthestylelawsandregulations.IntheSuiDynasty,LvxuewasattachedtoDaliTemple,witheightdoctors.AtthebeginningofWuDe,undertheImperialCollegeoftheState,itwasabandoned;Zhenguanwasrestoredinsixyears,andthenabandonedinthethirdyearofXianqing,DaliTemplewithadoctoraldegreeorbelow;Longshuowasrestoredintwoyears.Thereare20studentsandtwoDianxue.AtthebeginningofYuanhe,Dongduhadfivestudents.
vědy
Twodoctors,underthegradenine;oneteachingassistant.Thosewhoteachtheeighthgradeorlessandwhoarethesonsofprostitutes.ShiJing,"SuoWen"and"ZiLin"belongtoZhuanye,andalsostudyYuShu.AtthebeginningofWuDe,thestudyofabolishedbookswasrebuiltinthesecondyearofZhenguan,anditwasabolishedinthethirdyearofXianqing,underthepostofthesecretaryoftheprovincewithadoctoraldegreeorbelow,andthesecondyearofLongshuo.Therearetenstudents,twofromDianxue,andthreefromDongdu.
Matematika
Twodoctors,underthe9thgrade;oneassistant,teachesthosewhoareunderthe8thgradeandthesonofaprostitute.
Související znalosti
Guozijianovo „vězení“ se nečte a nečte
The"prison"isusedforsupervision,surveillanceandprisoninterpretation.Pingshengjiān(also),whenusedasofficialnameandofficialsignature,readjiàn(recommended).HanSimaqian's"HistoricalRecords·FiveEmperorsBenji":"(YellowEmperor)placedtheleftandrightprisonsandsupervisedthenations.Allnationsareinharmony."Thetextisarrangedvertically."ShangJian"meanstheword"supervised"infront,and"XiaJian „znamená slovo „dohlížený“ vzadu. Levý i pravý dohlížitel jsou oficiální jména.
ZhangShoujiemeansthatthe"supervisor"oftheofficialnameisreadout,andthe"supervisor"ofsupervisionisreadflat.FromtheWei,JintotheSuiandTangdynasties,theprovincialgovernor’sofficewasthecentralsupervisor,andaftertheendoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties,thesecretaryoftheprovincialgovernor’ssecretarysupervisedthesecretarialsupervisor.
The"supervisor"isalsotheofficialsignature,suchasZhongshuSupervisor,QintianSupervisor,andShepherdHorseSupervisor.Guozijianisnotonlyanofficialoffice,butalsohasthenatureofGuozixue.
Inourcountry,GuozixueandGuozijianhavealonghistory.InthesecondyearofEmperorWudioftheWesternJinDynastyinXianning(276AD),Guozixuewasestablished,anditstoodsidebysidewithTaixue.DuringtheSouthernandNorthernDynasties,eitherGuozixue,Taixue,orbothwereestablished.
NorthernQichangedGuozixuetoGuoziTemple.ThisisthesignofGuozixue'stransformationfromahighereducationinstitutiontoaneducationalmanagementagency.EmperorWenoftheSuiDynastyusedGuoziTempletogovernGuozi,Taixue,andFourSchools,whichemphasizedtheeducationandmanagementfunctionofGuoziTemple.EmperorYangofSuichangedGuoziTempletoGuozijian.
TheTangandSongDynastiesalsogovernedGuozixue,TaixueandFourSchoolsunderthejurisdictionofGuozijian.GuozijianwasestablishedintheMingandQingdynasties,whichwasaneducationalmanagementagencywiththenatureofGuozixue.
Inthe31styearofGuangxuintheQingDynasty(1905AD),aschoolwasestablished,andtheImperialCollegeretiredfromthestageofhistory.
WhoareGuozi?"ZhouLi·Diguan·Shishi":"Teachthecountrywiththethreevirtues.Oneisthemostvirtue,whichisthefoundationofTao.ThesecondisMinde,whichisthepracticeversion.Thethirdisfilialpiety,toknowtheevil."EasternHanConfucianismJiaZhengXuan'snote:"Thesonofthecountry,thesonofthedoctoroftheGongqing.""HanShu·LiYueZhi":"Thesonofthecountry,thesonofthedoctoroftheQingalso."QingLiuShunian" LiuGuiyangův pozůstatek rukopisu písem · GuoZiho chyba ve svědectví“: „Syn země, syn prince, princ a princové a úředníci, všichni.“ Je vidět, že syn země se vztahuje k dětem a žádným z nich.
Jako oficiální podpisy "dozorci" MuMaJian, QinTianJian a ZhongShuJian všichni čtoujiàn (doporučeno).
Inhistory,therewereonlymaleandfemaleprisons,andtherewerenoprisonsdedicatedtoimprisoningthechildrenofnobles.Inaddition,inancienttimes,officialswerecalled"supervisors",low-levelofficialsofthegovernmentofficewerecalledsupervisors,studentsandunderemployedoftheGuozijianSupervisorwerecalledsupervisors,thenumberoneintheexaminationofGuozijianwascalledJianyuan,andthebooksengravedbyGuozijianwerecalledSupervisors.,SaidtherulesandregulationsofGuozijianSupervisoryRegulations,andtheofficialofficethatsupervisedthesaltindustryintheTangDynastywascalledSupervisoryYuan.These"monitors"shouldallberead.
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