Definice
Thedisciplinethatstudiesthemostgenerallawsofnormaladultpsychology.Theresearchscopeincludesthetheoreticalprinciplesandmethodsofpsychology,thebasicprinciplesofpsychologicalprocesses,mentalstatesandpersonalitypsychologicalcharacteristics.Itnotonlysummarizestheresearchresultsofvariousbranchesofpsychology,butalsothegeneralknowledgeandtheoreticalbasisofeachbranchofpsychology.Itisabasic,introductorypsychologyandthebackboneofpsychology.Itcanbedividedintosomesub-disciplines,suchasperceptionpsychology,memorypsychology,thinkingpsychology,speechpsychology,emotionpsychology,willpsychology,personality(personality)psychology,andsoon.Itcanalsobeusedasabasistoconstructotherbranchesofpsychology,suchassocialpsychology,educationalpsychology,managementpsychology,consumerpsychologyandmanyotherdisciplines.
Psychologyhasmanybranches,eachofwhichstudiespsychologicalphenomenafromadifferentperspective.However,anybranchinevitablyinvolvesthegeneralviewofpsychologyandpsychologicalphenomena,suchastheobjectsandmethodsofpsychology,theessenceofpsychologyandtheregularityofpsychologicalphenomena.Theexplanationofthesegeneraltheoreticalproblemsofpsychologyconstitutesanimportantresearchfieldofgeneralpsychology,thatis,thestudyofthebasicprinciplesofpsychology.Theresearchresultsareofgreatsignificancetootherbranchesofpsychology.
Ingeneralpsychology,theresearchonthebasicprinciplesofpsychologyandthegenerallawsofpsychologicalphenomenaaretwoimportantaspects.Therearetwomaintypesofresearchonthebasicprinciplesofpsychology:thefirsttypeisbasedonthequestionofpsychologicalessence,involvingtherelationshipbetweenpsychologyandobjectivereality,therelationshipbetweenpsychologyandbrain,psychologyandsociety,psychologyandpractice,andtheregularityofpsychologicalactivitiesTheseareusuallycalledphilosophicalproblemsofpsychology;theotherisbasedonthestructuralproblemsofpsychology,involvingthehierarchicalorganizationofpsychologicalactivities,theclassificationofpsychologicalphenomena,suchastheconnectionofvariouspsychologicalphenomena.Thesetwotypesofresearchareinterrelatedandaresometimescollectivelyreferredtoasmethodologicalissuesinpsychology.Differentviewsontheseissuesshowdifferenttheoreticaltrendsinpsychology.
Inthehistoryofmodernpsychology,therehavebeenmanyimportantpsychologicalthoughts.Suchasearlystructuralpsychology,functionalpsychology,aswellasbehavioristpsychology,psychoanalysis,GestaltpsychologyandPavloviantheory.Theyhavedifferentdiscussionsonthebasicprinciplesofpsychology,andallhavehadasignificantimpactonthedevelopmentofpsychology.
Generalpsychology'sresearchonthebasicprinciplesofpsychologyiscloselyrelatedtocertainphilosophicalthoughts.Italsodependsonthedevelopmentofspecificresearchinpsychology,andisofteninfluencedbyneighboringdisciplines.Thedevelopmentofpsychologyisinseparablefromtheresearchofbasicprinciples,andwiththeaccumulationofscientificmaterialsinpsychology,certainbasicprinciplesofpsychologywillalsochange.
ResearchFields
Ingeneralpsychology,theresearchonthegenerallawsofpsychologicalphenomenaisoftendividedintoseveralfields:perceptionandperception;learningandmemory;thinkingandspeech;emotionandwill;Personalityandindividualpsychologicalcharacteristics.Theseareasincludeextremelyimportantaspectsofhumanpsychologicalactivity.Manypsychologistsbelievethatgeneralpsychologytakesthementalactivitiesofnormaladultsastheresearchobject.
Onthewhole,thementalactivitiesofnormaladultshavereachedtheadvancedlevelofmentaldevelopment,whichreflectsthecharacteristicsofhumanmentalactivitiesandistypical.However,generalpsychologydoesnotstudythespeciallawsofpsychologicalphenomenainacertainageoracertainsociallifeofaperson,butthegenerallawsofpsychologicalphenomena,suchasthemeasurementofsusceptibilityandvariousperceptions.Themechanismofperception,theformandprocessoflearningandmemory,thevariousoperationsofthinking,theperceptionandunderstandingofspeech,themeasurementofability,thestructureofpersonality,etc.Theresultsofthesestudieshaveacertaingeneralsignificance,andtoacertainextentcanbeappliedtopeopleofdifferentagesanddifferentfieldsofactivity.Itcanbesaidthatgeneralpsychologymainlyrevealsthegenerallawsofpsychologicalphenomenathroughthestudyofthementalactivitiesofnormaladults.
Metoda výzkumu
Metoda systémového pozorování
ItreferstodirectlyandsystematicallyobservethepsychologyoftheresearchobjectundernaturalorlaboratoryconditionsTheexternalperformanceoftheactivity,observeitsgenerationanddevelopment.Inpsychologyresearch,manyempiricaltopicsareestablishedthroughobservationofpsychologicalactivities.Onlywhenresearchersobserveacertainphenomenonandbecomeinterestedintheinternalcausesofthephenomenon,willtheyproceedwithfurtherresearch.Forexample,indailylife,itisnotdifficulttofindthattheperformanceofmentalactivitiesalwayshasthepersonalcharacteristicsofthesubject:whenlearning,somepeoplelearnfastandrememberfast,andsomepeoplelearnslowlyandforgetfast;Somepeoplearequick-thinking.Somepeopleareslowinthinking;somearegoodatcalculations,andsomearegoodatwriting.Thedifferentperformancesofthesepeopleinlearningactivitiesconstituteanimportantcontentofrelevantexperimentalresearch.
Ontheotherhand,becauseallkindsofhumanactivitiesarerealizedunderpsychologicalregulationandcontrol,itispossibletounderstandpeople’spsychologybyobservingpeople’sexternalwordsanddeeds.Observationmethodsarealsopossible.Itcanbeusedasaresearchmethodtoexploretheinnerlawofmentalactivity.Forexample,wecanunderstandthegenerationanddevelopmentofchildren'sgamesthroughone-wayglassobservation;throughobservingpeople'sbehaviorinincidentsonthestreet,wecanunderstandtheconditionsfortheproductionofaltruisticbehavior.
Usesystematicobservationmethodtostudythelawofoccurrenceanddevelopmentofmentalactivity.Becauseitisusedindailylifeconditions,normallifeisnotdisturbed,andtheobserverdoesnotknowthatheisbeingobserved,andtheactivityisrelativelynatural.Thematerialsobtainedaremorerealandpractical,whichistheadvantageofthesystematicobservationmethod.Thedisadvantageofusingsystematicobservationasaresearchmethodisthattheresearcherdoesnotknowwhenthementalactivityhewantstostudywillappear,andhehastowaitforittohappenforalongtime,withacertainpassivity.
Případová studie
referstoin-depthanddetailedresearchoncertainmentalactivitiesofaspecificobject.Throughacomprehensiveandsystematicstudyofacase,researchershopetodiscoverthegenerallawshiddenbehindthosesuperficialphenomena.Forexample,S.Freudestablishedatheoreticalsystemofpsychoanalysisthroughcasestudiesofhispatients.Theshortcomingofcasestudyasaresearchmethodisthatitcaneasilyleadpeopletogeneralmisunderstandings.WhetherFreud'sconclusionfromafewViennaneuroticpatientsrepresentsallhumanpersonalitycharacteristicsisveryworthwhile.Suspect.Forthisreason,psychologistsdonotusethecasemethodasaresearchmethodtoobtainreliableconclusions,butonlyuseitasoneoftheeffectivewaystoprovidecluesforfurtherresearch.However,formanyincidentsorabnormalconditions,suchastornadoes,floods,andbraininjuries,theperformanceofhumanmentalactivities,thecasemethodistheonlyavailableresearchmethod.
Experimentální metody
Intheearlydaysofscientificdevelopment,non-experimentalmethodsdominatedresearch.Withtheaccumulationofknowledge,thenaturallyoccurringeventsinnaturecannolongermeettherequirementsofhumanbeingsfortheunderstandingofthelaw.Therefore,underspecialconditions,theexperimentalresearchmethodoftriggeringtheeventswehopeintheplacewherescientificobservationcanbecarriedouthasemerged..Experimentsareresearchworkthattestscertainhypothesesunderstrictlycontrolledconditions.Inexperimentalresearch,theexperimenterplayedaproactiveroleintriggeringtheevent.Bytriggeringthepsychologicalphenomenontobestudied,itcanoccurwithinapredeterminedtime,sothattheexperimentercanbefullypreparedforaccuraterecordingandmeasurement.Psychologicalphenomenaareproducedunderpreciseconditions,allowingexperimentersandotherstorepeatthematanytime.Byactivelygeneratingspecificpsychologicalphenomena,experimentandcontrolconditionscanbesystematicallychanged,sothatitcanbejudgedwhetherthemeasureddependentvariablehasalsoundergonesystematicchanges,andthecausalconnectionbetweenthingscanbefound.Comparedwithnon-experimentalmethods,thebiggestadvantageofexperimentalresearchisthatahypothesisthatisverifiedbyexperimentalmethodsismorereliablethannon-experimentalmethods,andthelogicalrelationshipofexperimentalmethodstotheinterpretationofresultsisclearer.
Metoda psychologického testování
referstoamethodofmeasuringacertainpsychologicalqualitywithasetofstandardizedquestions(scales)inadvance.
Therearetwobasicrequirementsforpsychologicalmeasurement:thereliabilityofthetestandthevalidityofthetest.
1. Spolehlivost odkazuje na spolehlivost testu.
2.Validityreferstoatestthateffectivelymeasurestherequiredpsychologicalqualities.
Inordertoensurethereliabilityandvalidityofpsychologicaltests:Ontheonehand,wemustconductin-depthresearchoncertainpsychologicalqualities.Thedeeperweunderstandintelligenceorpersonality,thecorrespondingscalewillbesaidtobeperfect.Ontheotherhand,attentionshouldbepaidtorigorandscientificitywhencompilingpsychologicalscales.
Metoda vyšetřování
Metoda vyšetřováníreferstoobtainingoriginaldatathroughconversations,answeringpapers,etc.,andanalyzinganddiscussingtheobtaineddata,soastoobtainAresearchmethodofobjectrecognition.Generally,thesamequestionsareaskedtoageneralandrepresentativesampleatthesametime,whichisoftenusedtounderstandthebasicsituationofanindividualoragroup.
Běžné metody průzkumu jsou: metoda rozhovoru, metoda dotazníku, metoda průzkumu, metoda hodnocení, metoda písemné materiálové analýzy.
Vztahy
Inthestudyofgenerallawsofpsychologicalphenomena,generalpsychologyandotherbranchesofpsychologyarecloselyintegratedwitheachother,especiallywithexperimentalpsychology.Generalpsychologysummarizestheresearchresultsofotherbranchesofpsychology,withacomprehensivenature.Withthedevelopmentofscientificresearch,manybranchesofpsychologyhaveemergedinthefieldofgeneralpsychology,suchassensorypsychology,perceptualpsychology,memorypsychology,thinkingpsychology,emotionalpsychology,personalitypsychology,etc.Theyalsohaveacomprehensivenature,reflectingtheinterconnectionandmutualpenetrationofgeneralpsychologyandotherbranchesofpsychology.
Inmanybranchesofpsychology,generalpsychologyoccupiesaspecialposition.Itstudiespsychologicalphenomenafromabroadertheoreticalperspective.Itisthebasicresearchfieldofpsychology.Itplaysanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofpsychologyandcanreflectthedevelopmentlevelandtendencyofpsychology.Somepsychologistsbelievethatgeneralpsychologyisalsoaborderlinesubjectbetweennaturalscienceandsocialscience.Itinvolvesnotonlythenaturalaspectsofpsychology,mainlytheneurophysiologicalbasisofpsychology,butalsopeople'ssociallivingconditions.Butdifferentproblemscanhavedifferentemphasis.Someproblemscanfocusonnaturalsciences,andsomeproblemscanfocusonsocialsciences.Thisistrueforthestudyofcognitiveprocessesorpsychologicalphenomenasuchasemotionsandpersonality.
Charakteristika
Currently,generalpsychologyischanginginboththebasicprinciplesandresearchfieldsofpsychology,showingtworemarkablecharacteristics.
Firstofall,cognitivepsychologyhasanincreasinginfluenceongeneralpsychology.Manyspecificresearchresultsofcognitivepsychologyhavebeenabsorbedbygeneralpsychology,butwhatismorestrikingisthatitstheoreticalviewshavegraduallypenetratedintothebasicprinciplesofpsychology.Cognitivepsychologyadvocatestheviewofinformationprocessing,regardsthecognitiveprocessastheprocessofinformationprocessing,andemphasizesthestudyofpeople'sinternalpsychologicalactivitiesandtheirmechanisms.Itattachesimportancetotheroleofstrategyintheprocessofinformationprocessing,andhighlightstheproactiveandintelligentcharacteristicsofpeople'spsychologicalactivities.Italsotriestounifyvariouscognitiveprocesses,andthenunifythecognitiveprocesseswithemotions,personality,etc.,whichpromotethefurtherresearchofthebasicprinciplesofpsychology.
Secondly,theresearchonpeople'ssocialbehaviorandconsciousnessstatusingeneralpsychologyhasincreasedgreatly.Foralongtime,generalpsychologyhasfocusedontheresearchofvariouscognitiveprocesses,whiletheresearchonemotion,motivation,personalityandstateofconsciousnessisrelativelyrare.Thistrendoftakingthecognitiveprocessasthemainbodystillexistsinthecurrentgeneralpsychology.However,specificresearchonpersonalityandconsciousnessissues,includingemotions,motivations,needs,personality,andawakening,sleep,andself-regulation,hasmadegreatprogress,expandingthefieldofresearch.
Therearemanyreasonsforthischange.Itisrelatedtothesocialconditionsofvariouscountries,andisalsorelatedtothedevelopmentalpsychology,socialpsychology,medicalpsychology,andphysiologicalpsychology.Thepenetrationofpsychologyisrelated.Thischangereflectsthatgeneralpsychologypaysmoreattentiontostudyingpsychologicalphenomenafromtheperspectiveofpeopleandthewhole.Thiswillundoubtedlybringgeneralpsychologyclosertopeople'sactuallife.
Výzkumný institut
Chinesegeneralpsychologyresearchhasbeendevelopedinthe30yearssincethefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.ChinesepsychologistsattachgreatimportancetotheideologicalguidanceofMarxism,andhaveachievedsomeresultsinthebasicprinciplesofpsychologyandresearchonperception,perception,memory,thinking,andpersonality.Generalpsychologycourseshavebeenopenedincomprehensiveuniversities,normaluniversities,andmedicalschools,andgeneralpsychologytextbookshavebeenpublished.ThishasplayedamajorroleinpromotingthedevelopmentofChina'spsychologicalsciences.TheChinesePsychologicalAssociationhasestablishedtheGeneralPsychologyandExperimentalPsychologyProfessionalCommittee,whichhasalsocontributedtothepromotionofthedevelopmentofChineseGeneralPsychologybyorganizingvariousacademicactivities.