Definice
Theemergenceofemergingindustrieshasputforwardcorrespondingrequirementsfortalents.Sincethe1940sand1950s,newscienceandtechnologyhavedevelopedbyleapsandbounds.Inparticular,electronicsandinformationtechnologyhavebeenincreasinglywidelyused,markingthathumansocietyhasenteredanewstageoftechnologicalrevolution.
Klasifikace
Industryformedbytheindustrializationofnewtechnologies.Atthebeginning,newtechnologybelongstoaformofknowledge,anditsachievementsaregraduallyindustrializedduringthedevelopmentprocess,andfinallyanindustryisformed.Forexample,bioengineeringtechnologywasonlyatechnologyinthe1950sand1960sorearlier,soitbecameabioengineeringindustryandlettheseachievementsservethesociety.IntheUnitedStates,thebioengineeringindustryisknownasaverypromisingemergingindustry.Similarly,theITindustry,duetothedevelopmentofdigitaltechnology,isalsoconsideredanewsunriseindustry.
Usinghigh-techtotransformtraditionalindustriestoformnewindustries.Forexample,hundredsofyearsago,steamenginetechnologywasusedtotransformhand-madespinningmachinestoformthetextileindustry,whichledtotherapiddevelopmentoftheentiretextileindustry.Relativelyspeaking,thetextileindustryisanemergingindustrythattransformstraditionalindustrieswithnewtechnologies.Forexample,transformingthesteelindustrybecomesanewmaterialindustry,producingcompositematerialsandemergingmaterialswithgoodacid,alkali,wearresistanceandflexibility.Similarly,usingnewtechnologytotransformtraditionalcommerceintoalogisticsindustry.Thecoreoftheseindustrialtransformationshasgreatlyimprovedeconomicefficiencyovertraditionalindustries.
Theindustryofsocialwelfareundertakingsisindustrialized.Inthisregard,wehavealotofworktodo.Inforeigncountries,themediaindustryisanimportantindustryandtheindustrythathasproducedthemostmillionairesinthepasttwodecades.Andwetreatthemediaasacareer,itistopostmoney.
Průmyslové charakteristiky
First,thereisnoexplicitdemand.Nothingcanbeaccuratelydescribedwhentheindustryisindimness,orinthefiveyearsahead.
Za druhé, neexistuje žádné dokončené zařízení, technologie, produkty a služby. Vezměte si jako příklad průmysl solární energie. Na počátku 90. let byla výroba základních komponentů, stejně jako služby, technologie, produkty, trhy a modely zcela prázdné a pak se postupně zdokonalovaly.
Third,thereisnoreference.Industriessuchasautomobiles,refrigerators,colorTVs,andcomputershaveallbeenimportedonalargescalefromabroad.Thesolarenergyindustryisnotavailableinforeigncountries,andthereisnoreferenceinChina.Therefore,inthiscase,itisentirelydependentonsysteminnovation.
Fourth,thereisnopolicy.Aslongasthecountryhasanindustry,ithasanindustrialpolicy,includingloans,technologyinvestment,supportandotheraspects.Thereareindustrialpolicies,whileemergingindustrieshavetoendurealongperiodofloneliness.
Fifth,thereisnomatureupstreamindustrychain.Theupstreamindustrychainisevenstrongerthanthedownstreamindustrychainintermsoftechnology,level,guarantee,andsystem.Forexample,aircraftenginesareatleastonthesamelevel,butsolarenergydoesnot.
Role
Developingemergingindustriescanincreaseeffectivesupply.Thedevelopmentofthenationaleconomyisthebalanceofsupplyanddemand.Intheprocessofinitiatingdomesticdemand,inthecontextofeconomiccontraction,especiallywhentheworldeconomicrecessiontrendisrelativelyobvious,increasingeffectivesupplyisanimportantdrivingforceforfurtherinitiatingdomesticdemandandensuringthesustaineddevelopmentofthenationaleconomy.Howtoincreaseeffectivesupply?Itistostartemergingindustries.Ifnewindustriescannotbeeffectivelydevelopedandeffectivesupplycannotbeincreased,domesticdemandcannotbeinitiated.Marketsaturationinourcountryislow-levelmarketsaturation,andpeople’sdemandforhigh-levelmarketsisstillverystrongandgrowing.Education,medicalcare,health,sports,entertainment,andotheraspectshavegreaterneeds.Theholidayeconomyinrecentyearsshowsthatpeoplehaveastrongdemandforthisaspect.
Vývojový význam
1.Thedevelopmentofnewindustriesisconducivetomeetingtheneedsofsociety.Ourcountryenteredthebuyer'smarketfromtheseller'smarket,anditonlyenteredatalowerlevelofdemand.Thereisstillashortageofhigh-leveldemand.Forexample,thereisashortageofcheapandgood-qualitycars.Ordinarycarsaresoldatsuchahighprice,sotherewillbeasurplus,whichisabuyer'smarket.People’sdemandforhousingisalsoinshortsupply.Therearestillquiteafewpeopleincities(includingthoseinruralareas)whostillhaven’treachedthepercapitahousingstandardsetbythestate.People'sneedsforhigh-levelculturallifehavenotbeenmet—therighttoeducationhasnotbeenfullymet,andthedemandforhigh-levelmedicalsecurityhasnotbeenmetintime.Sowhattodo,onlythroughthedevelopmentofemergingindustriestosolve.
Za druhé, může zvýšit efektivní nabídku.
3.Theneedtoimprovetheefficiencyofthewholesocietyandenhancetheoverallnationalstrength.Inthepastundertheplannedeconomicsystem,thebehaviorofmanyeconomicorganizationsbecamegovernmentbehaviorsorsemi-governmentbehaviors.Manyindustriesthatcancreateeconomicbenefitswereregardedasonlysocialbenefits,andmanyindustriesweretreatedassocialwelfareundertakings.ThisisakindofGreatmisunderstanding.Ifindustryisregardedasakindofsocialwelfareundertakings,abenignreproductionsystemcannotbeformed,andeffectivesupplycannotbeincreasedwithoutbenignreproduction.Thisisthemostbasiclawintheeconomy.Therefore,wemustchangeourconcept,andwemustcarryoutindustrializedoperationsfortheso-calledsocialwelfareundertakingsthatcanbeindustrialized.Whatthemarketcansolvemustberesolvedbythemarket.Thereshouldnotbetoomanymarketaccessbarriersandtoomanypolicyconstraints.Whileopeningtotheoutsideworld,itisalsoopentotheinsideandopentoprivatecapital.Bypushingtheindustrytothemarket,itcaneffectivelyimprovetheefficiencyoftheentiresociety,increasethenewsourceofnationalwealth,addnewimpetustothedevelopmentofthenationaleconomy,andimprovetheoverallnationalstrength.
Vyhlídky rozvoje
Inthefirstquarterof2013,thestatecontinuedtoincreasesupportforstrategicemergingindustriesintermsofpoliciesandfunds,andthecentralbudgetaryexpenditurealsoincreasedsupportforstrategicemergingindustries.Investmentinstrategicemergingindustriessuchasenergyconservationandenvironmentalprotection.Thenewgenerationofinformationtechnology,newenergy,newmaterials,high-endmanufacturingandotherfieldscontinuetomakebreakthroughs,andpromotetheexpandingmarketspaceandapplicationscopeofstrategicemergingindustries.
Althoughtheoveralldevelopmentofstrategicemergingindustriesisimproving,someproblemsinthedevelopmentcannotbeavoided.Fromtheperspectiveoftheexternaldevelopmentenvironment,tradeprotectionismhasatendencytostrengthen,andthedevelopmentofmycountry'semergingindustriesiscurbed;fromtheperspectiveofindustrialdevelopmentmodels,someemergingindustrieshaveovercapacityunderthegovernment-leddevelopmentmodelforthepurposeofstimulatinginvestmentandcreatingGDP;Fromtheperspectiveofmarketdevelopment,affectedbyfactorssuchascostandsupportinginfrastructure,thedomesticmarketcultivationofemergingindustriesisrelativelylagging,whichhasbecomeoneoftheimportantbottlenecksthathinderthedevelopmentoftheindustry.
Formulace strategie
Strategická analýza
Theformulationofstrategiesforemergingindustriesmustadapttotheuncertaintiesandrisksinthisperiodofindustrydevelopment.Mostoftherulesofcompetitionhavenotbeenclear,thestructureoftheindustryisturbulentandmaychange,andcompetitorsarealsodifficulttodistinguish.However,allthesefactorshaveanothernature-theemergingstageofanindustry'sdevelopmentmaybetheperiodwiththegreateststrategicfreedom,anditisalsotheperiodwhentheleveragegeneratedbygoodstrategicchoicesindeterminingindustryperformanceisthehighest..
Theindustrialstructureistakingshape.Theoverridingstrategicissueinemergingindustriesistheabilityofmanufacturerstoshapethestructureoftheindustry.Throughitsstrategicchoices,manufacturerscantrytheirbesttodeterminecompetitionrulesinareassuchasproductpolicies,salesmethods,andpricingstrategies.Inthelongrun,undertheconstraintsoftheindustry'sfundamentaleconomicandfinancialstrength,manufacturersshouldseektodelineatecompetitionrulesintheindustrybyformingtheirstrongestposition.
Theexternalityofindustrialdevelopment.Inanemergingindustry,amajorstrategicissueisthatmanufacturersstrikeabalancebetweenindustrypropagandaandthepursuitoftheirownnarrowself-interest.Duetopotentialproblemssuchastheimageoftheindustryintheemergingstage,credibility,andthechaoticstateofbuyers,thesuccessofmanufacturersthemselvespartlydependsonothermanufacturersintheindustry.Theoverridingproblemintheindustryistointroducealternativesandattractfirst-phasebuyers.Inthisstage,itisoftenintheinterestsofmanufacturerstohelppromotestandardization,rectifysubstandardproductquality,anduntrustworthymanufacturers.Itcanalsobetargetedatsuppliersandcustomers.Theunitedfrontofthegovernment,thegovernment,andthefinancialcommunity.
Výběr časování
Thechoiceofappropriateentrytimingisacrucialstrategicchoiceforcompetitioninemergingindustries.Earlyentry(pioneer)involvesahighdegreeofrisk,butontheotherhand,itmayinvolvelowerbarrierstoentryandcanprovidealargebenefit.Earlyentryisappropriatewhenthefollowinggeneralconditionsexist:
a.Theimageandreputationofthemanufacturerisimportanttothebuyer.ThemanufacturercanimproveTodevelopthereputation.
b.Earlyentrycaninitiatealearningprocessinabusinessunit.Thelearningcurveinthebusinessunitisimportant.Experienceisdifficulttoimitate.SuccessivegenerationsoftechnologywillnevermakethisThelearningprocessisinvalid.
c.Customerloyaltyisgreat,somanufacturerswhoselltocustomersfirstcannaturallygetbenefits.
d.Absolutecostadvantagescanbeobtainedthroughearlycommitmentstorawmaterialsupplyandsalesdistributionchannels.
Inthefollowingcircumstances,earlyentryisparticularlyrisky:
a.Earlycompetitionandmarketsegmentationarebasedondifferent,butimportanttothelaterstageofthedevelopmentoftheindustry.ongoing.Therefore,manufacturerswillbuildthewrongskillsandmayfacehighchangecosts.
b.Thecostofopeningupthemarketisveryhigh,includingcostssuchascustomertraining,approvalofrulesandregulations,andtechnologydevelopment,butthebenefitsofopeningupthemarketcannotbemonopolizedbymanufacturers.
c.Earlycompetitionwiththosesmall,newlyestablishedmanufacturerswillbecostly,butthecompetitionthatreplacesthesemanufacturersinthelaterperiodwillbemoredifficulttodealwith.
d.Technologicalchangeswillmakeearlyinvestmentsobsolete,andgivethoselate-stagemanufacturerswiththelatestproductsandprocessesacertainadvantage.
Tacticalaction.Theproblemofrestrictingthedevelopmentofanemergingindustryprovidescertaintacticalactionsthatmayimprovethestrategicpositionofthemanufacturer:earlycommitmentstothesupplyofrawmaterialswillgiverisetofavorableprioritiesduringperiodsofshortage.
Soutěžící
Itmaybeadifficultproblemtodealwithcompetitorsinanemergingindustry,especiallyforthosewhoarepioneersandthosewhohaveenjoyedmajormarketshareEspeciallyso.Theproliferationofnewlyformedentrantsandmanufacturersleavingtheparentcompanywillcausedissatisfactionamongpioneers,andmanufacturersmustfacetheaforementionedexternalfactorsthatmakemanufacturerspartlydependentoncompetitorsforthedevelopmentoftheindustry.
Acommonprobleminemergingindustriesisthatpioneersspendtoomuchmoneytodefendtheirhighmarketshare,andwillfacecompetitorswhohavelittlechanceofformingmarketpowerinthelongrun.react.Thismaybepartlyanemotionalresponse.Althoughsometimesitisappropriatetorespondharshlytocompetitorsintheemergingstage,itismorelikelythatthemanufacturer’seffortsarebestplacedonbuildingitsownstrengthanddevelopingtheindustry.Perhapsitmaybeappropriatetoencouragetheentryofcertaincompetitorsbyissuinglicensesorothermeans.Givensomecharacteristicsoftheemergingstage,manufacturerscanoftenbenefitfromothermanufacturersdesperatelysellingindustryproductsandassistingtechnologicaldevelopment.Manufacturerscanalsodealwithcompetitorswhoareknownfortheiroutput.Astheindustrymatures,theycanabandonthepracticeofmaintainingalargemarketshareandinvitecompetitorstoentertheindustrythroughmajorestablishedmanufacturers.Appropriatestrategiesaredifficulttogeneralize,butonlyinextremelyrarecircumstances,itwillbefeasibleandprofitabletodefendamarketshareclosetoamonopolyastheindustrygrowsrapidly.
Howtochallenge
Inordertorescueasolarcellcompany,thelocalgovernmentdecidedtoincludetherepaymentofatrustloanofseveralhundredmillionyuanintothefinancialbudget.Oncethematterwasdisclosed,itimmediatelyarousedpublicopinion.Whydidthelocalgovernmentusethebudgettorescueaprivatecompany?Howdidthecompanyfallintobankruptcy?
Actually,countingfromahighpoint,Thecompany'sstockpricehasfallenbymorethan90%.Inaddition,thecontinueddeclineinthecompany'sbondshasalsotriggeredconcernsintheChinesebondmarketforthecreditmarket,whichisexpectedtobreaktherecordofneverdefaultingintheChinesebondmarketovertheyears.
ThecompanyisarepresentativecompanyinthetransformationofChina'seconomyfromatraditionalindustrytoanemergingindustry.Today'splightofthecompanyisatypicalcasethatmustbereflectedinthedevelopmentofemergingindustriesinChina.Asinvestors,whatlessonscanwelearnfromit,andhowshouldweinvestinChina’semergingindustriesinthefuture?
Firstofall,wemustattachgreatimportancetothedevelopmentoftheindustry.Thetechnicaldifficultyofsiliconwafercutting,cellproduction,anddownstreammoduleproductionisgettinglowerandlower.Themostdifficultistheproductionofupstreampolysiliconrawmaterials.Earlypolysiliconproductiontechnologywasmonopolizedbythesevenmajorcompaniesintheworld,andChinaneededtospendhighpricestoimportfromabroad.Alargeamountofpolysiliconrawmaterials.Fromonehundredtons,onethousandtonstotenthousandtons,ChinesecompanieshavegraduallymasteredtheimprovedSiemensmethodforproducingpolysilicon.Withouttheobstaclesoftechnicalbarriers,theentireindustryquicklyblossomedandproductioncapacityexpandedrapidly.Asoundpatentandintellectualpropertyprotectionsystemisaprerequisiteforthedevelopmentofemergingindustries.Onlyinthiswaycaninnovatorsbeencouragedandprotected,sothatsuperiorcompanieswithtechnologypatentscanbecomebiggerandstronger.ItisapitythatChinahasnotpaidenoughattentiontotheprotectionofpatentedtechnologyandintellectualpropertyrights.Thetechnologypatentsofsomeadvantageouscompaniesarequicklyimitatedbycompetitors,andtheoriginalhigh-techemergingindustrieshavebecomesimplemanufacturingindustries.
Secondly,weshouldpayattentiontothechangesinindustrydemand.Sincethecostofsolarphotovoltaicpowergenerationishigherthanthatoftraditionalelectricity,thepromotionoftheuseofdownstreamphotovoltaiccellsdependsongovernmentsubsidies.In2005,theGerman"RenewableEnergyLaw"Itwasclarifiedthatthegovernmentpurchasedtheelectricitygeneratedbythephotovoltaiccellsinstalledbyresidentsatasubsidypricehigherthanthemarketelectricityprice.Sincethen,Europeangovernmentshavefollowedsuit.Thishasledtoasharpincreaseinglobalphotovoltaicmarketdemand.GermanyonceaccountedfortheglobalsolarphotovoltaicHalfofthemarket.Germanygraduallyloweredthesubsidyprice,whileotherEuropeancountrieswereaffectedbythedebtcrisisandbegantocontrolthetotalamountofphotovoltaiccellinstallationssubsidizedbythestate,resultinginaslowdowninthegrowthoftheglobalphotovoltaicmarket.Manyemergingindustriesareinseparablefromgovernmentsubsidiesintheearlystagesofdevelopment.Therefore,wemustalwaysbevigilantifthegovernmentsubsidiesarereduced,whetherthemarketdemandwilldecline.
Thirdly,wemustpayattentiontothecorecompetitivenessofenterprises.Althoughthesolarenergyindustryishighlycompetitive,somecompaniesthathavemasteredcoretechnologiesrelyontheirlow-costadvantagesandstillmaintainagoodcashflow.Oncetheindustryrecovers,thesecompaniesareexpectedtotakethelead.Especiallyinthepolysiliconmanufacturinglinkintheupperreachesofthesolarenergyindustry,technologicalgapscausethefateofdifferentcompaniestobedifferentfromlifetodeath,anditisdifficultforhigh-costcompaniestosurvivethelongdownturnintheindustry.
Fourth,wemuststayawayfromover-expandedsimplemanufacturingindustriesandcompanies.Themainreasonforthecompany’sbankruptcyisthecompany’sover-expansion.Afteronlythreeyearsofestablishment,thecompanybecametheworld’sfirstcompanywithacapacityofover1GW.Ofsolarsiliconwafermanufacturers,sincethen,theproductioncapacityhasincreasedatarateof1GWperyear.ThecompanyisonlyamicrocosmofChina’srapidlydevelopingsolarphotovoltaicindustry.Inordertoachieveindustrialtransformation,localgovernmentshavestronglysupportedthesolarphotovoltaicindustryasanemergingsunriseindustry,providingvariouspreferentialelectricityprices,landplantsandfinancialdiscounts.Loanandotherpolicies.Therearemorethan100solarphotovoltaicindustrialparksnationwide,andmorethan300citiesareplanningtodevelopthephotovoltaicindustry.Since2006,domesticphotovoltaiccellproductioncapacityhasgrownfromlessthan1GWto30GWin2011,polysiliconproductionhasgrownfromlessthan1,000tonsto80,000tons,andtheproductioncapacityhasreached150,000tons.Withtheassistanceofgovernmentsatalllevels,asunriseindustryhasturnedintoanindustrywithseriousovercapacityandlarge-scalelossesinthepastsixyears.
Fifth,wemustpayattentiontothecompany'sbalancesheet.Oncetheindustryfallsintoatrough,companieswithafragilebalancesheetwillfaceacrisis.Solarphotovoltaicisacapital-intensiveindustry,especiallyintheupstreampolysiliconfield.Inordertoadvanceupstream,thecompanyinvested12billionyuantobuilda15,000-tonpolysiliconproject.Withtherapidexpansionofproductioncapacity,thecompany'sliabilitieshaverapidlyexpanded.Asoftheendof2011,thetotalliabilitieshaveexceeded30billionyuan,andthedebtratiohasreached87.7%.Duetothedeteriorationofthesupplyanddemandsituationintheentiresolarenergymarket,thoseassetsformedbyhighinvestmentquicklybecameassetswithunder-utilizedcapacity,andhighdebtbecamethesourceofthecompany'sbankruptcy.Themostfrighteningthingisthatthesolarenergyindustryisstillundergoingtechnologicalinnovation.Theproductioncapacityformedafewyearsagoisdifficulttoformaneffectiveproductioncapacityafterthenextroundofindustrycyclereversal.Forcompaniesinemergingindustriesthatexpandthroughhighinvestmentandhighdebt,theyareessentiallysimplemanufacturingindustries,andinvestorsmustremainvigilant.
Inshort,weshouldnotbeconfusedbytheauraofthefourwords"emergingindustries".Comparedwithtraditionalindustries,emergingindustriesalsohavehugerisks.Inemergingindustries,wemustlookforcompaniesthattrulyhavetechnicalbarriersandinnovationcapabilities,lookforcompaniesthathavelightassetinvestment,cancreategoodcashflow,andhaveexcellentbusinessmodels,andcareabouttheexpansionspeedoftheentireindustryandchangesindownstreamdemand.OnlyinthiswaycanweavoidRisk,reallygetagoodreturnoninvestmentfromthegrowthofenterprisesinemergingindustries.
CurrentAffairsViews
OnNovember28,2011,the"TwelfthFive-YearDevelopmentPlanfortheInternetofThings"wasreleasedasanimportantcomponentofstrategicemergingindustriesPart,itplaysanimportantroleinacceleratingthetransformationofeconomicdevelopmentmode.TheCentralPeople’sGovernmentissueddocumentstoseizetheopportunity,clarifythedirection,highlightthekeypoints,andacceleratethecultivationandgrowthoftheInternetofThings.TheFive-YearPlanOutlineandtheDecisionoftheStateCouncilonAcceleratingtheCultivationandDevelopmentofStrategicEmergingIndustries,aspecialplan,theplanningperiodis2011-2015.
TheInternetofThingshasbecomeoneofthestrategiccommandingheightsofthenewroundofeconomicandtechnologicaldevelopmentintheworld.ThedevelopmentoftheInternetofThingshasimportantpracticalsignificanceforpromotingeconomicdevelopmentandsocialprogress.Theintegrationofindustrializationandindustrializationisalsoadevelopmentdirection.Soonafterthe"Plan"wasannounced,theMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologyapprovedGuangdongShundetocreatea"deepintegrationofindustrializationandindustrializationandintelligentmanufacturingpilot",andShundeproposedtobuildabatchof"unmannedfactories"intermsofintelligentproducts.
TheunmannedmanufacturingindustrymayprovideapathfortheupgradingofChina'smanufacturingindustry.LiGuangqianbelievesthatintelligenceisaninevitablewayto"integratethetwoindustrializations"ofinformatizationandindustrialization.ThecoreofitstechnologyisundoubtedlytheInternetofThings,butitisnecessarytoweightheinputandoutputanddowhatwecan.WuHequanpointedoutthat,basedonthepremise,"integrationofindustrializationandindustrialization"isquitegeneral,andtheInternetofThingsistheentrypointof"integrationofindustrializationandindustrialization",whichcangreatlypromotetheapplicationofinformatization.AlargenumberofapplicationsoftheInternetofThingsareintheindustry,includingsmartgrids,smarttransportation,smartlogistics,smartmedical,smarthomes,andsoon.Thepurposeofthecountry'sdevelopmentoftheInternetofThingsisnotonlytogenerateapplicationbenefits,butalsotopromoteindustrialdevelopment.WiththeInternetofThings,everyindustrycanimproveitscorecompetitivenessthroughinformatization.Theseintelligentapplicationsarethetransformationoftheeconomicdevelopmentmode.