Úvod
Becausethesocialandpoliticalsystems,nationalsystems,culturaltraditions,etc.ofdifferentcountriesintheworldaredifferentfromeachother,theresponsibilitiesandpowersoftheeducationadministrativedepartmentsofdifferentcountriesareverydifferent.Generallyspeaking,theeducationadministrativedepartmentsofeachcountrycanbedividedintotwotypes:thecentraleducationadministrativedepartmentandthelocaleducationadministrativedepartment.
Ústřední vzdělávací oddělení
2.1FunctionsoftheCentralEducationAdministrationDepartment
TheCentralEducationAdministrationDepartment,generallyreferredtoastheMinistryofEducation,istheworkdepartmentinchargeofeducationatthenationallevel.
Becausethesocialandpoliticalsystems,nationalsystems,andculturaltraditionsofcountriesintheworldaredifferentfromeachother,theresponsibilitiesandpowersofthecentraleducationadministrativedepartmentsofvariouscountriesareverydifferentfromeachother.Incountrieswheretheeducationadministrationiscentralized,suchasFrance,theMinistryofEducationhasawiderangeofpowers.Ithastheleadership,inspectionorsupervisionofpublicandprivateeducationalinstitutionsacrossthecountry,determinesthepoliciesandprinciplesofschooleducation,anduniformlystipulatesthesyllabus,teachingmethodsandevenexaminations.Content,timeandotherrights.Incountrieswherethedecentralizationofeducationadministrationisimplemented,suchastheUnitedStates,thescopeoftheDepartmentofEducation’sbusinessactivitiesisgreatlyrestricted.Localschooldistrictsandotheragenciesrequiredbythestate".ThecentraleducationadministrationdepartmentintheUnitedKingdomiscalledtheMinistryofEducationandScience.Itsrelationshipwiththelocal-countyeducationadministrationdepartmentisneitherstrictlycentralizednorabsolutedecentralization.Itisasystemofjointcooperationbetweenthecentralandlocalgovernments.type.
Fromthegeneralsituationoftheworkofthecentraleducationadministrativedepartmentsinvariouscountries,itisincreasinglyobviousthatitisnecessarytostrengthentheunifiedleadershipofthecentralgovernmentandgivefullplaytotheenthusiasmofthelocalgovernments.
2.2FunkceMinisterstvaŠkolstvíČíny
TheadministrativedepartmentofthePeople’sRepublicofChinainchargeofnationaleducationiscalledtheMinistryofEducation,whichwasestablishedonNovember1,1949.Itsmainresponsibilitiesare:
①ImplementandimplementtheguidelinesandpoliciesoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandthecountry,studyeducationaltheories,summarizepracticalexperience,formulatespecificeducationalpolicies,administrativeregulations,andeducationalsystemsandotherimportantsystems,Formulatelong-termplansandannualplansforeducation,andsupervise,inspectandorganizetheirimplementation.
②Formulatespecificguidelines,policiesandotherimportantrulesandregulationsforgeneraleducation(includingearlychildhoodeducation,elementaryeducation,middleschooleducation,secondarynormaleducation,specialeducation,etc.);formulatebasicdocumentssuchasteachingplansandsyllabus,Organizethecompilationandreviewofteachingmaterialsandteachingreferencebooks;formulateprinciples,methodsandteachertrainingplansforteachermanagementinordinaryschools,guide,supervise,andinspectordinaryeducationwork,andorganizeexperienceexchanges.
③Cooperatewithrelevantdepartmentstoformulatespecificpolicies,developmentplans,andimportantrulesandregulationsforvocationalandtechnicaleducation,andguide,supervise,andinspecttheworkofvocationalandtechnicaleducation.
④Toworkwithrelevantdepartmentstoformulatespecificpolicies,developmentplans,andimportantrulesandregulationsforhighereducation,stipulatethetraininggoals,qualityrequirementsandprofessionalgoalsofvariouscollegesanduniversities;formulatetheprinciplesofteachingplansandsyllabuses,andorganizeFormulatereferenceteachingplansandsyllabuses,planuniformly,organizethecompilation,reviewandpublicationofteachingmaterialsforcollegesanduniversities;formulatepolicies,principles,methods,trainingplansandimplementationplansforthemanagementofcadresandteachersincollegesanduniversities;guidethecollegesanduniversitiesTheschool’sideologicalandpoliticalwork,teachingwork,scientificresearchwork,etc.;unifiedguidanceandorganizationoftheenrollmentworkofcollegesanduniversitiesacrossthecountry;unifiedmanagementofthenation’spostgraduatetrainingwork,andleadershipofthedegree-grantingworkofcollegesanduniversities.
⑤Cooperatewithrelevantdepartmentstoguidetheworkofnationalemployeeeducation,farmereducation,television,radiouniversitiesandvariousformsofhighereducation,aswellashighereducationself-studyexams;formulatespecificpoliciesforinstitutions,organizationsandprivateschoolsAndmanagementmethods.
⑥Formulatespecificguidelines,policies,andimportantrulesandregulationsforminorityeducation,organizethecompilationandpublicationoftextbooksinminoritylanguages,andguide,supervise,andinspectminorityeducation.
⑦Responsibleforeducationalcooperationandexchangeswiththegovernmentsofthecountriesthathaveestablisheddiplomaticrelations,andmanagetheinternationalacademicexchangesofeducationdepartments,andforeignaidandforeignaidrelatedplans,organizationsandpersonnelexchanges.TheMinistryofEducationhasdepartmentsandbureausinchargeofhighereducation,secondaryeducation,elementaryeducation,teachereducation,planning,scienceandtechnology,foreignaffairs,infrastructure,andotherwork,aswellasinstitutionssuchastheCentralInstituteofEducationalScience,TextbookPublishingHouse,andAudio-visualEducationCenter.InadditiontotheMinistryofEducation,otherdepartments,commissionsandotherbusinessdepartmentsofthecentralgovernmenthavealsoestablishedcorrespondingeducationaladministrativeagencies,whichareinchargeofvarioustypesofeducationintheirowndepartmentsorsystems.
LocalEducationDepartment
3.1FunctionsofLocalEducationAdministrationDepartment
Localeducationadministrationdepartmentreferstotheorganization,leadership,andleadershipofeducationbylocalgovernmentsatalllevelsinacountry.Managedorganizationordepartment.
Thepowerexercisedbylocaleducationadministrativedepartmentsvariesfromcountrytocountry,andtheirtasksandfunctionsarealsodifferent.Generallyspeaking,incountrieswhereeducationaladministrationimplementsacentralizedsystem,localeducationaladministrativeagenciesatalllevelsareactuallyactingagenciesoftheCentralMinistryofEducation.Incountrieswheretheeducationaladministrationimplementsthedecentralizationsystem,thestateorprovincialeducationaladministrativeinstitutionshaveindependenteducationaladministrativepowersinallaspectsofrunninglocaleducationalundertakings.Incountrieswhereeducationadministrationimplementsasystemofcooperationbetweenthecentralandlocalgovernments,suchastheUnitedKingdom,eachregionaleducationadministrationunithasparliaments,educationcommittees,andeducationbureaus.Theparliamenthasbothdecision-makingandenforcementpowers,buttheactualadministrativepowerisentrustedtotheEducationCommitteeandtheEducationBureau.TheFrencheducationaladministrativeorganizationisatypicalcentralizedsystem.Inordertopreventtheabuseofexcessivecentralizationandgivefullplaytotheroleofeducationexperts,ithasadoptedawiderangeofeducationalconsultingagenciesfromthecentraltolocalgovernments.Inadditiontothe“meetings”,theuniversitydistricthassetupareviewcommittee,andtheprovincehassetupaprimaryeducationreviewcommittee,instructingeducationexpertstoputforwardopinionsorsuggestionsonmajoreducationissuesforthegovernmenttoadopt.
3.2FunctionsoflocaleducationadministrativedepartmentsinChina
ThelocaleducationadministrativedepartmentsofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaaredividedintothreelevels:province,cityandcounty.Theleaderorprofessionalguidanceofthehighereducationadministrativedepartment.Accordingtothe"LawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaontheOrganizationofLocalPeople'sCongressesatVariousLevelsandLocalPeople'sGovernmentsatVariousLevels",theestablishmentoflocaleducationadministrativedepartmentsatalllevelsshallbeestablishedbythepeople'sgovernmentatthesamelevelandreporttothehigher-levelpeople'sgovernmentforapproval.
ThebasictasksandfunctionsofChina’slocaleducationadministrativedepartmentsare:toimplementthecentraleducationguidelines,policies,anddecreesaswellastheeducationworkinstructionsofthehighereducationadministrativedepartments;toberesponsibleforthedevelopmentplanandbasicconstructionofeducationintheregion,Educationfunding,managementofcadresandteachers;leadingtheeducationandteachingworkofvariousschoolsatalllevelsintheregion,andprovidingprofessionalguidancetoschoolsrunbyfactoriesandminingenterprises.