Pojem
TheConceceptofDualism bylputForwardverylate;.
AfilosophicaldoctrinethatadvocatesthetwoIndependentionOriginSofComnessSandMatterIrtheworld, zdůrazňující, že thatMatterSpiritexistenceAllyandAirly.ItisbelidedtheoriginofTheworlldisthetwoentitiesOfCofCessiessandMatter.DualismeseMentiallyiniasistsistsists, které je vědomím, že jsou v závislosti na tom, že jsou.Itisopposedtomonismus.TheTypicalDualistinThehistoryoffilosophyishe17thCenturyFrenchphilosopherr.Descartes.HebelievesthatCatcatcesnessSandMatterRetwoabsolutelydifferentEntIties.TheesesenceofcciennessliessinThoed a theessenceofMatterliesinexpansive;.Infact, thereeredifferencebetweenthetwo.
ThereEreTillsomePhilosophersistorehistoryoffilosophythatContaindualistionideologicalSystems.Forexample, Spinozaintheneherlandsinthe17thCenturyhasamonistictheorythatisoppositeTodualism: „Bože“.Ititeonlyentityintheworld.Za druhé, MatterDoesNotexistandSpiritdoesNotexist.HisdocTrineIscalled the "Godofspinoza", který je uveden v tom, že jenterableInfluenceonthefrenchmaterialialialists angermanenLightenmentighteenthCentry, andatthesametimetimetedtherometedTheratedThereTtRransiceFromidealismtoMaterialialism afromreligiontoscienceencienceenceenceenceencescience..
DualismgardsTerivativeSpiritofMatterAsSompletelyseparovatedFommatteRandIndent, soitcannotscientificallyssolvetholemOfTheofTheworld.Atthesametime, protože jetvioLatesthebasicFactsProvedByscience, itcannottrulymplemenTeprincipleofabsoluteIndenceofMatterandSpirit.INORDERTOEXPLiNeSourceofMaterialandSpiritualentIties, DescarteshadtoadMitthatthatGodisan „Absoluteentity“, abothmateriallandpiritualentItieshavetorelyon „Bože.„Napřistání, hismualismfinallyfelltothemonosmofObjectiveidealismus.
Vysvětlení:
„Vědomí“ indualismisNotjustthe „vědomí“ po beemerencefhumanbeings, butreferstoallnon-materialCollections.MatterandComnessSberetheremergenceofHumanbeingsReferTomatteRandnon-Material (ExcepThumanbeings).
SouvisejícíDisagreements
MonismHoldsthattheoriginoftheworldisMatterCoringCesness, OneoftHetwo; dualisholdsthatBothMindandMatterretheoriginofTheworldlld.AslongasitisclearwhoisRightsandwhoiswrong, theissueoftherelationshipbetweenmaterialandSpiritWillBeclarified.
MatterandSpiritareoneofTheBasicissuestHatphilosophymuststudy.ToclarifytheaningofThesetWoconceptSandtheIrInterRelationshipSofGreatSignanceInBoththeoreticalResearchandSocialPractice.S vývojem sHumankNowledge, somefalsewordsintADitionPhilosophyMustBetelyCorretionroreliminované.Jinak, filosophycannotbededeed.TheFollingtwoconceceptSandTheRelationshipAreprovidedForreference.
Intheeyesofcontemporarypeople, theso-calledMatterisheCollectiveNameofTheelementsTonCtanTutetheNoutoumenoNofThings.Různé, které jedelné formování.Theso-calledspiritreferstothesumofTheuniquethinkingMovementOfHumanBeingsAndtheirProducts (že, kognice).
WhendiscussingtherelationshipBetweenMatterrandSpirit, onemustlimiththethethetMatterInquestioNthematterOfnatureThothematterthehumanworld.INorderTomaketEdiscussionMorerigOrour, thetwoconceceptsof "Nature" a "Humanworld" mustbededFirst.Z toho, že je třeba, theso-calledNaturereferstothematerialWorldwhoseMovementAnDevolutionArenotRestrictestRestRestridByHumanpractice.Theso-calledhumanworldreferstothematerialworldwhoseMovemeMevevolutionIsRestridByHumanpractice.ItcanbeseenthatthenaturalworldandthehumanworldaretwodifferentMaterialworlds.
Dualneutralizace
Whatisintheworld?.MatterAndtharetWodifferentelements.THEWORLDISCOMPOSEDOSOFMATTERANDTHOUS, SOItiscalled „Sumofduality“.
ThaterialistssandtheidealistshavearguedForsoMonyyears, butintheendthereisnoresult.ThisBeCausespeculationCannotBeverified.Matterinthisworldisasportantastinking.Itisjustamatterof sesquence.Pokud je to.Thistosay, který má rád „vodík“ a „kyslík“ ve „vodě“, ifyouleave „kyslík“ you bude „vodík“, ifyouleave „vodík“ you willbe „kyslík“, a athetwowillbecome “voda"."
ThePojemof „pouze“ je „jeden“.Ať užtishaterialismusridealism, ThealwaysSupporttheconceptof "One".Za předpokladu, že „jeden“ isabasicunit, itisinvisible, protože coonepointBecomestwo; itshowthatthatthisThis thatthatthis thatthatthattthatthisTthattThatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatthattthatthattthattthattthattthatthattthattTotThemostBasicessence.TheWorldisseable.Například WorldCanbedividedIdInderidInDomatterrand Thinking.MatterCanbedIdIDidedIndomolecules, molekulessAnbediviDidedIntotomy, atomscAnDidIdIDideDelectronronsNuclei atd..; ThesamethinkingCanbediDidedIndopositiveEaretWooppositesides, a autherPositiveThingingnorNegativethingingisMonolithic, butwillStillBeSubDividedIndoDifferent singtstststststststststststststststststferent..Iftheworldis "One", Thenthisworldisastaticworld, IftHeworldis "dva", pak zaujměte bez.
Diskriminace
ThePojemof "Nature" a "Humanworld" IsNotscientificlySethere.Obě WorldSarepartofthematerialworld; tzv. „Lidský„ svět “isonlythordinvolvedinhumanské aktivity.ITISAYVERSMALLPARTOFTHEMATERIALWORLD.Zodpověditelnosti by měly být „přírodní světy“.Proto je definitionof "Humanworld" a "Naturalworld" zlehnělý.Accordingtothis,itisobviouslyunscientifictosaythat"thenaturalworldandthehumanworldaretwodifferentmaterialworlds",becausehumanscaneasilytakecareofthemselvesinthesameworldwithoutgoingtoanotherworld.AcervePartof The „Naturalworld“ IstransformedInTothe „HumanWorld“.Proto „Nature“ a „Humanworld“ AretwopartSoftsOftsOfThesaterialWorld.TodistingiishTheMactordingtothisconcecececenlyApurelyPracticalDistinction, andcannotrefleflectesdentialTruths.
Je zřejmé, že titetomrofnatureandthehumanspiritarenotrelatedtoethother.OnlythematerialinthefieldOfHumanpracticethatHasbeCometheredirectiRiDiRectObjectOfHumanPractice, že, thematerialofTheHumanworld, isrelatedtothehumanspirit.Proto itisManingFoDiscussterelationshipshipbetweenMterandSpiritonlyinthefieldOfHumanpractice.So,whatistherelationshipbetweenthetwo?Sincehumanpracticehastwotypes:thepracticeofunderstandingtheworldandthepracticeoftransformingtheworld,italsodependsonwhetherthesubstanceinquestionisinthefieldofpracticeformankindtounderstandtheworldorinthefieldofpracticeformankindtotransformtheworld.
Dopad
Skrz se najevoanalýsis alimatizace, itcanbeclearlyseenthatinthepracticeofHumanunStanderScandingoftheworld, itisthesubstancethatdeterminesthehumanspiritthroughHumanpracticepractice.TOTOISTHATTRADICEAlphilosophysaysTonowledgeComesFRACTICE.InThePracticeofTransformingTheworld, itisthehumanspirittHatDeterminestMatherthroughHumanpractice - becausethingshinghinthemanwortlaretheproductSoftHepracticeofTransformingTheworld.AllkindsofProductSareTroductsOfHumanProductionPractice a The BeastIssteristernDansformationOfvariousSocialSystemSareTroductsOfhumansOcialrevolutionAndreformPRActice, bez výjimky.The PracticeofHumanbeingStotransfortlld, AhutisProducTivelabororsocialrevolution, iscarriedOutUndertheControlandrestrictionofTheHumanspirit.HumanBeingsalwaysgain -KnowledgeoftheObjectiveWorldinthepracticeoFunderSndingTheWorld, athenusetheshedeslledgetOGUideTHeirownPracticeofTransformingThoworldTotransformtheObjecTiveWorld.
Itcanbeclearlyseenfromtheabove-nentionedRelationshiphetweenMterandSpirit: Therelationshipshipbetween metterMatterSpiritcanonlyoccurinhumanpractice.ItiswrongtoemfasizeiDealisMinthepracticeoFunderSndingTheworld, andIsAlsowrongtoemfasizetheoldmaterialisminthepracticeofTransformingTheworld.IfwewantTotransformtheworldScientically, wemustunderstandtheworldScientificly.Poté, coewMaterialismisIntegrateSetSetWopointSandSynchronizeswithscience, který je řečeno.
Logictheory
Theso-calleddualismCanbediviDidedIntotWoaspectsinphilosophy: theFirstistHemaphysicalDualism; theSecondistheepistemological) dualism.Theformereananyexistingrealm, thereretwoidentependententies (látka).Dotherwords, theSostFundamentalRealityofTheuniverseistworatherthanone.Forexample, inplato'sdualism, hedividestheperceptualworldandtheintellectualWorld (ThesensebleworldandInteltelteltellibleWorld).HecannotreducetheformerTotheLatterOrtheLatterTotheformer.TheDualisMofModerndescartesAndhisschool (karteziánský) znamená, že tohearetWofundamentalRealities: OneISathinkingentity, TheoterisaMaterialentity (rozšířená), to, že, theso-calledSpiritandMatter.Twopoints.LeibnizandhisschoolofrationalisMafterdi'SalsohavetheirownSpecialdualism.Oni židtetheworldintoreAlandPossible, butheythickthatourworldistheBestofallPossibleWorlds..Asfori.Kant, The GreatEstrestgerManphilosopheropherInModernTimes, HisDualismisthatWhatweCanknowisfenomenal, to je, věci, které se mají.Za druhé, theso-calledDualisminePistemologyMeansthatourCognitionObjects (věci, které se daří, je (pocity, vzpomínky, orconceptspresententEnTheMindEnTheCognitionsUbject) arecompletelydifferent).
Thedualismisfreligion
TheldersOfDualisMofReligionbeliethethattheworldisGovernedbytwowowers: GoodAndevil.GoodestheSpirit, itisthesol, asesherytheredbythepoworeofgood; whileevilisMatter, ititesthebody, aneverythingtreatedbythepoworefevil.TheSetWOforceSopopeeachOtheranddominateTheworldtogether.
"ThePowerOfgood" a "Thepowerofevil", Intheeyesofstrictdualists (Susismanichaeism), Aretwogods, AgoodGodandanevilgod.Onihavethesamestatusandthesamestrength.
Andmoderalidualists (taciassmethists) věří, že „Bože“, že je to síla.Asforthepowerofevil, Itislucifer (Sonoflight) Alittlelowerthan "Bůh" a itspowialsoinferiorto "Bůh".
AndHumanbeingsArealSodominedBetSetWoforces-TheGoodSoul, Theevilbody, theSoulishIddeninThebody.IftheevilnatureofTheflesHhastheupperhahannthinthecontest, thenthispersonwillboninedbyfleshandbecomea „zlý“ člověk.IfTheSoulwithGooDattributessioMininant, Thenthispersonwill se stane „dobrým“ člověkem, tj. Achildofgod.
Od „zlého“ k „dobrému“, TheSoulmustbewashedoutOfThebodythroughpenanceandprayer.
Biologické vysvětlení
Diyhyletitheory
Itbeevesthatangiospermsmonefromtwodifferentancestralgroups a thereisnodirectrelationshipBetweenthetwo, butparalleleldevelopment.Lamanda.EnglerarebothFamousrepresentativesOfDualism.
StartingFromThemorphologicalDiversityOfangiosperms, LambbelievestHatangiospermSareofatLeastdualualigigin.Insisclassificationsystem, angiospermaredividedIdIndedIntostachyospraeandtherearetwomajorCategoriesofSpores (Phyllosporae).THECARPELOFTHEFORMISPSEUDOCARPEL, NETDERIVEDFOMLEAFSEXORGANS.Megasporangiaoriginatesdirectlyfromaxialorgans, včetně SinglePirianth (euphorbiaceae), partkom (lanxuefamily, primlelaceae) asomemonocotyledonousplants (Pandanaceae), thisCategoryoriginortedFomTorSorSoflidplants)).THECARPELOFTHELATISOFLEAFORIGINANDHANDHASTRESPOPHOPHOPHOPhytes.SporangiumsliveontheSporophytes.ThestamenSoftenturnNintopetals.ThisCategoryIncludespolycarpelsandtheirdescentants, aswellas nejmodernější..Rostlina, původně fromcycads.
EngelerbelievestHatthecatkinsOfcasuanaandurticaarelackofDirectReletionshipWithThePolycarpelmagnolias a Theyareparallel.Vývoj, tento viewisone-stran.F.Ehrendofer(1976)studiedthechromosomesofMagnoliaandHamamelis(includingcatkins),andfoundthatthetwoaresignificantlysimilar,whichsupportsthecloserelationshipbetweenthetwo,andalsoimpactsontheseTheancientangiospermsputforwardtheideaofmultipleoccurrence.
Kontroverze
TheGospelofluke: „Caesar'Sthingsbelongtocaesar a God'Sthingsbelongtogod“.
ATTHEENDOFTHE5THSENTURY, POPEGERASI (492 ~ 496) SMEMEDUPTHETHEVIEWSOFREDSONTHONTROverSyBetween MeeligiouspowerandMonarchie.Itisbelidedthattheworldisruledbytwowowers, ThePipeandthemonarch.Nejistilafáziary, thechurchshounlobeythelawsofthestate, butinmattersrelatedtothesacramentandfaith, themonarchshouldobeythedecisionsOfThosionsOnSonisionsOfTHecharch, zvláště kEpope.ScencereligiousAffaisarrelatedtothesalvationofTheSoul, athemonarchasanindividualuAlSeedStUidanceofTHestaSpiritually, thePopeISactualsmorenobleMemoNthemonarchinthisDualisticContexTextStextSonthIsTisticContextExtExtextExTexTextSthisdualistická.