Korespondenční vzdělávání

Origins

CorrespondenceeducationoriginatedintheuniversitypromotionmovementinEnglandinthe1860s.Afterthe1980s,variouscapitalistcountriesstartedtoestablishcorrespondenceschools.InChina,theCommercialPressestablishedacorrespondenceschoolin1914.AfterthefoundingofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,correspondenceeducationhasdevelopedgreatly.

CorrespondenceeducationinthePeople’sRepublicofChinastartedwithcorrespondenceeducationinsecondarynormalschools.In1951,theNortheastExperimentalSchoolestablishedaCorrespondenceDepartment,andBeijingestablishedaCorrespondenceNormalSchool.CorrespondenceeducationininstitutionsofhigherlearningstartedfromRenminUniversityofChina(thesecondhalfof1952)andNortheastNormalUniversity(May1953).Itwasgraduallyexpandedtovariousinstitutionsofhigherlearningsuchasscience,engineering,agriculture,medicine,literature,financeandeconomics,politicsandlaw,normaleducation,andphysicaleducation.Amongthem,normalcorrespondenceeducationhasdevelopedthelargestandfastest.By1965,123institutionsofhigherlearninginChinahadorganizedcorrespondenceeducation,andtherewere138majorsincorrespondenceeducation,with189,000correspondencestudentsenrolled,whichwasequivalentto28%ofthestudentsenrolledinordinaryinstitutionsofhigherlearninginthesameyear.Highereducationinstitutionsthatholdcorrespondenceeducationgenerallyhaveacorrespondencedepartmentordivisionorsection,withacertainnumberofcadres,andateamoffull-timeandpart-timeteachers.Oneoftheschool’sleadingcadresisinchargeofthiswork.Duringthe"CulturalRevolution",correspondenceeducationwasforcedtostop,anditwasgraduallyrestoredaftertheJiangQingcounter-revolutionarygroupwascrushedin1976.InSeptember1980,

TheMinistryofVzdělání’s“OpinionsonVigorouslyDevelopingCorrespondenceVzděláníandEveningUniversitiesinHigherVzděláníInstitutions”approvedbytheStateCouncilemphasizedthathighercorrespondenceeducationshouldadoptapolicyofactiverestorationandvigorousdevelopmentinordertoexpandhighereducation.ThescaleofeducationwillchangetheincompatibilitybetweenChina'seducationaldevelopmentandeconomicdevelopment,andacceleratethecultivationofvarioustalentsneededforthefourmodernizations.AccordingtostatisticsinSeptember1983,209collegesanduniversitiesacrossthecountryhaveorganizedcorrespondenceeducation,with204,700studentsincorrespondenceeducation,andthecauseofcorrespondenceeducationhasbeengreatlyrestoredanddeveloped.Correspondenceeducationininstitutionsofhigherlearningismoreflexibleanddiverseintermsoflearningcontent,curriculumarrangement,andlengthofstudy.Youcansetupundergraduates,juniorcolleges,andtrainhigh-levelspecializedtalents;youcanalsosetupanumberofsinglecoursesforstudentstochoosefrom;youcanalsosetupsomenewtechnicalsubjectstoprovidenewopportunitiesforscienceandtechnologyeducationforin-servicepersonnel.Thelengthofstudyforundergraduatesandjuniorcollegescanbelongorshort,andtheacademicyearsystemcanbeimplemented,orthecreditsystemcanbeimplemented.

Animportantissueforcorrespondenceeducationininstitutionsofhigherlearningistocorrectlyhandletherelationshipbetweendayschoolandcorrespondenceeducation,sothatbothformsofeducationcanbedevelopedandimproved.Fortheunitwherecorrespondencestudentsarelocated,itisbesttocombinetheorganizationofstafftoparticipateincorrespondencelearningwiththeplanoftrainingthecadresoftheunit,toensurethestudytimeandnecessarylearningconditionsforcorrespondencestudents,andtohelpthemsolvesomepracticaldifficulties.

ManagementGuidance

Thecorrespondenceeducationorganizedbycollegesanduniversitiesistaughtinaccordancewiththeteachingplanandsyllabusofcorrespondingmajorsinfull-timecollegesanduniversities,andastrictexaminationsystemisadoptedtoensurethatgraduatesreachItisequivalenttothelevelofsimilarmajorsinfull-timecollegesanduniversities;itisnecessarytodoagoodjobintheconstructionofteachingmaterials,andgraduallycompileteachingmaterialswiththecharacteristicsofcorrespondenceeducation.Inaddition,inaccordancewiththeneedsofteachingwork,relyonrelevantunitstoestablishcorrespondencestations,ortakerovingcounselingandothermethodstostrengthentheorganizationandmanagementofcorrespondencestudentsandstudyguidance.

Metoda výuky

Correspondence:Usuallyself-studyisthemainmethod,andthereareabout3timesineachschoolyearfor10daysorhalfamonthofintensiveface-to-faceteaching.Thetimeforface-to-faceinstructionisgenerallywinterandsummervacationsorholidays.Somestudentsareusuallybusyandmaynotbeabletosparetimetostudy.Theycanstudyindependentlyathomeandadjusttheirsparevacationssothattheycanarrangetimetogotoschoolduringtheintensiveface-to-faceinstruction.Themainlinksofcorrespondenceteachingare:counselingandanswering,homework,experiment,practice,examination,coursedesign,graduationdesignanddefense.Theschoolwillsendaunifiedcurriculumscheduletothestudentsforreference.Soastoachieveawin-wineffect.

Amateur:Arrangeeveningorweekendclasses.Becausealargenumberofcandidatesaresocialworkersandhavetheirownlives.Atthesametime,everyonehopesthatbothclassesandworkarenotwrong.Přijímací zkouška pro dospělésaretaughtfromtheperspectiveofthecandidatespersonally.SowhenyouleaveworkYoucangotostudywhenyouareinschool,orusethetimeonSaturdaysandSundaystohaveclasses.Thisrelievesmanyofficeworkersfromthetroubles.Intheirsparetime,theycanhandletheirworkwellwithoutdelayingtheirstudies.

Funkce

①Studentslearnbythemselvesunderthewrittenguidanceoftheteacher,makefulluseoftheirsparetime,andstudyaccordingtothecorrespondenceteachingplanandsyllabus;

②Thelearningstyleisflexibleandflexible,Notonlysuitableforthestudyofemployeesinmanyhighlymobiledepartmentssuchasrailways,highways,geology,andwaterconservancy,butalsoforemployeeswithspecialworkingconditionsandhousework;

③Theprofessionalsettingishighlytargetedandpractical.Thestudentsdonotstudyfull-time,andtheresultsarequick;

④Itcostsless,doesnotneedtobuildanewschoolbuilding,andcanmakefulluseofexistingteachersandvariousteachingfacilities.

Přijímací zkouška pro dospělé

Předměty zkoušky

Předměty přijímací zkoušky na vysoké škole pro dospělé

Záležitosti vyžadující pozornost

①Posíleníideologickéapolitickévzdělávání.

②Focusontheteachingofbasictheories,andimplementtheprincipleof“lessbutprecise”sothatcorrespondencestudentscanlearnthebasictheorieswellinthelimitedsparetime.

③Thecombinationofunityandflexibility.Itisnecessarytopayattentiontoteachingstudentsinaccordancewiththeiraptitudeonthepremiseofensuringthatthetrainingobjectivesaremet.Correspondencestudentswithexcellentacademicperformancecantakecoursesintheteachingplanofthismajorinadvance.Correspondencestudentscanapplyforthecoursesthattheyhavemastered,andthosewithexcellenttestscorescanbeexempted.Ifyouhavecompletedthecoursesspecifiedintheteachingplaninadvance,allteachinglinksmeettherequirements,andyouhavepassedtheexaminationresults,youcangraduateearly.

④Schedulehoursshouldbearrangedreasonably,leavingroomforit.

VývojSituace

Thedevelopmentofthingsalwaysgoesthroughthefourstagesofinfancy,growth,peak,anddecline.Thesameistrueforcorrespondenceeducation.Correspondenceeducationhasahistoryofhundredsofyears,butjustaswearemoreandmoreaccustomedtousingsmartphonesinsteadofordinarymobilephones,correspondenceeducationhasalsobeenconstantlyimpactedbyonlineeducation.IntheInternetageofthe21stcentury,wealwaysfeellessandlesstimeandenergy,andlessandlesstimeforlearning.Wearegraduallybecomingutilitarianandentertaining.Nowlet’stalkabouttheproblemsfacedbycorrespondenceeducation:

Pokles

Znalost zastaralé formy korespondujícího vzdělávání

CorrespondenceeducationFromtheinitialmaildeliverymainly,itevolvedtomainlysetupcorrespondencestationsforface-to-faceinstruction.Thisformcontinuestothisday,andthereisalmostnochange.Andourexternalworld,afterdecadesofdevelopment,itsinterpersonalcommunicationandcommunicationmethodshaveundergoneearth-shakingchanges.Inadditiontotraditionalletters,telephones,mobilephones,computers,etc.,havedevelopedrapidlyinvaryingdegrees.Inadditiontotraditionalmethods,ourcorrespondenceeducationmodelusesmoderncommunicationmethods.Wemainlyusetheformofface-to-faceinstructioninwhichcorrespondenceeducationsitesaresetupeverywhere.Oneteacher,onebook,frombeginningtoend.,Theformofcorrespondenceeducationhasnotkeptupwiththedevelopmentofthetimes,andthereisnotimelychoiceoffastandconvenientmodernscientificandtechnologicalachievementstoservecorrespondenceeducation,whichmakespeoplefeelthatcorrespondenceeducationisoutofdate,whichaffectscorrespondenceeducationtoacertainextent.Applicationrate.Becausethecontradictionbetweentheworkandstudyofthecorrespondencestudentsisveryprominent,thestudentshopethattheycanusethemostconvenientwaytocarryoutthecorrespondencelearning,sothattheirownlearningandworkarenotdelayed.However,ourcorrespondenceeducationisquitebackwardintermsofusingnetworkmediatoservecorrespondenceeducation.

Theweaknessandconfusionoftheinternalmanagementofcorrespondenceeducation

Thenormaloperationofcorrespondenceeducationdependsonvariousrulesandregulations.Itcanbesaidthattherulesandregulationsofthecorrespondenceeducationsiteplayaveryimportantroleinregulatingcorrespondenceeducation,ensuringthehealthydevelopmentofcorrespondenceeducation,andimprovingthequalityofcorrespondenceeducation.Butwhatwecan'tdenyisthattherearealreadymanycorrespondenceeducationsitesthataresoweakintheimplementationofrulesandregulations,andsomehavealmostbecomewalldecorations.Especiallyinthepasttenyears,duetothesharpdeclineinapplicantsforcorrespondenceeducation,inordertocompeteforthesourceofstudents,stabilizethecorrespondencestudentswhohavealreadystudied,maintainthesurvivalofthecorrespondencestations,andcontinuetheirowndebilitatinglives.Manycorrespondenceeducationstationsaremostlyonlineforthestudents.Ontheonehand,aslongasthecorrespondencestudentspaythefees,everythingelsecanbediscussed.

Thequalityofcorrespondenceteachinghasdeclinedsignificantly

Theprocessofcorrespondenceteachingismainlycomposedofself-study,face-to-faceteachingandexaminations.Needlesstosay,anyonewhohasexperiencedorhassomeunderstandingofcorrespondenceeducationknowsthatasasupplementtohighereducationthatfocusesonself-studyandsupplementedbyface-to-faceeducation,thecurrentself-studylinkofcorrespondenceeducationisactuallyinAnunsupervisedandlaissez-fairestate,relyingsolelyonthelevelofself-consciousnessofthetrainees,andlackofrestrictionsandinspectionsbythesystemorregulations;whileintheface-to-facesession,notmanypeoplewillreallycareabouttheclassorabsence.Thenormalrollcallsystem,Hasbecomeadispensableessay;butevenso,itwillhardlyaffectthenormalgraduationofcorrespondencestudents.Correspondenceeducationhasalooseexaminationsystem,andevenseriouscorrespondencestudentswillgraduallybecomelazy.Students:Becausethosestudentswhoalmostneverparticipateinface-to-faceinstructionwillstillgetthesamegradesasthosewhostudyhardinthenormalexam.Itisconceivabletowhatextentthelooseexaminationsystemofcorrespondenceeducationhasbeen"relaxed".Thecontinuationofthisstateofteachinghascausedadeclineinthequalityofcorrespondenceeducation.Thisalsodirectlyledtothedeclineinthegoldcontentofcorrespondenceeducation.

Self-studyexamsforhighereducationImpact

Self-studyexamsforhighereducationarebasedonindividualself-study,socialassistanceandnationalTheunifiedexaminationisaformofhighereducationthathasbeen25yearssince1981.Ithasattractedtheattentionofalargenumberofyoungstudentsandpromotedon-the-jobeducationandpost-universitycontinuingeducationbyadoptingaliberaladmissionpolicythatdoesnotrequireadultcollegeentranceexaminationsandenrollment.Theself-studyexamhasitsuniqueadvantages:itallowsanyonetoapplyfortheexam,andthestudyisnotaffectedbyanytimeoranyplace,thussolvingthecontradictionbetweenworkandstudythatisdifficulttosolvebycorrespondenceeducation.Themostdifficultself-studyexamisitstestlevel,butbecauseofitsseriousness,theself-studyexamhasthehighestgoldcontentintheadulteducationseries.Somepeoplewhowanttoreallylearnsomething,somepeoplewhodon'thavemuchtimetostudy,willchooseself-studyexams.Thiswillinevitablyhavealotofinfluenceoncorrespondenceeducation.

Dopad vyššího linkového vzdělávání

Fromitsessence,higheronlineeducationcanberegardedasanextensionofcorrespondenceeducation.However,assoonashigheronlineeducationwasseparatedfromcorrespondenceeducation,itrushedforwardwithitsrapidspeed,andthehighercorrespondenceeducationwasfarremovedandformedasanindependentformofadulteducation.Althoughhigheronlineeducationhascausedmanyproblemsduetoitsrapidspeed,themomentumofdevelopmentisobvioustoall:afterjustfiveyearsofdevelopment,thetotalnumberofregisteredstudentsfordistanceeducationinmycountryhasexceeded2million..Thishasnotonlyhadagreatimpactoncorrespondenceeducation,butalsoonself-studyexamsthathavealwaysbeenrelativelygood.Coupledwiththeexpansionofcollegeenrollmentinthemidandlate1990s,thenumberofcorrespondenceenrollmenthasdroppedsharply,andcorrespondenceeducationisfacingaseveretest.

Inaddition,radioandtelevisionuniversities,eveninguniversities,andemployeeuniversitieshavealsoinhibitedcorrespondenceeducation.Correspondenceeducationhasbeenundertheattackofdiversifiededucation.Correspondenceeducationinthecracksnaturallyhasagreatimpactonitssurvival.

Oživující protiopatření

Attachimportancetotheconstructionandimplementationofthesystem

Theremustbeasystemtoguarantee.Therefore,theconstructionofthesystemisverynecessary.Amongthesesystems,theauthorbelievesthattheguidanceofface-to-faceandself-studymanagement,andtheprocessmanagementofexaminationandassessmentareparticularlyimportant,suchasformulatingimplementationmeasuresforthemainlinksofcorrespondenceeducation,correspondencecourseassessmentandexaminationmeasures,andcorrespondenceteacherappointmentmethodstoimplementcorrespondenceface-to-faceinstruction.Andself-studysupervision,standardizingexaminationroomrules,andbuildingagoodfacultyteam:thesearealsooneoftheeffectivemeasurestoimprovethequalityofcorrespondenceeducation.Theproblemisthatthevariouscorrespondenceeducationsitesarenotlackofsuchrulesandregulations,butquitealotofcorrespondenceeducationsiteshavenotseriouslyimplementedsuchasystem.Inthisregard,somepartsoftheregulationsareindeeddifficulttoimplement,butsomeofourcorrespondencemanagementteachers,asanalyzedinthepreviousarticle,donotwanttoordarenotseriouslyimplementthesesystemsduetovariousreasons.Thismakesthesesystemsineffective.Theresultofthisisastrangephenomenon:aconsiderablenumberofcorrespondencestudents,ontheonehand,aredoingcorrespondencelearning,ontheotherhand,theyscoldordespisecorrespondenceeducationbehindtheirbacks.Inthiscontext,theformulation,especiallytheimplementationoftherulesandregulationsofcorrespondenceeducation,hasbecomeaverynecessarypartoftheworkofregulatingcorrespondenceeducation.Therefore,itistimeforustomakeupourmindsandbuildacomplete,especiallytotrulyimplementthecorrespondencerulesandregulationswehaveestablished.Otherwise,somepeoplehavealreadybeguntowonder:howlongcorrespondenceeducationcanlast,itwillbecomeareality.

Exploreanewpathtocorrespondenceeducationandimprovethequalityofcorrespondenceeducation

Correspondenceeducationinthecracksofdiversifiedadulteducationisindangerofbeingforcedintoadeadend.Inordertocopewiththesqueezeofdiversifiedadulthighereducationoncorrespondenceeducation,inadditiontostrengtheningtheirowninternalconstruction,eachcorrespondenceeducationsiteshouldalsoexplorenewwaysofcorrespondenceeducation:

1.Integrace

Thecorrespondencesitessetupbyvariousuniversitiesinourcountryareallintheirownway.Iamthinking,undertheunifiedbannerofcorrespondenceeducation,canuniversitiesofthesamemajoruniteandunitetocopewiththeimpactofotherformsofhighereducationandvocationaleducationoncorrespondenceeducation?Forexample,forforestrymajorsinlandscapearchitecture,mycountry'sfourmajorforestryuniversitieshavesetupcorrespondenceeducationsitesindifferentprovincesinmycountry.Forsomeofthesesites,duetotheexpansionofcollegeenrollmentandtheriseofonlineeducationinthesecondhalfofthenineties,theenrollmentofcorrespondenceeducationhasbecomeverydifficult,andsomehavereachedtheedgeofunsustainable.

2.Theunificationofthesamecorrespondencemajorsinvariousuniversitiesinallaspects

Thewasteofhuman,materialandfinancialresourcescausedbycorrespondenceeducationsitesofvariousuniversitiesinourcountryisastonishingandgivesPeopleformasenseofmessycorrespondenceeducation.Inordertochangethisbadimpression,cantheteachingplans,syllabuses,textbooksofthesamemajorandmajorrulesandregulationsofthecorrespondencesitesofvariousuniversitiesbeunified?Andinthespecificteachingprocess,face-to-faceandself-studyguidance,canthereberoughlythesameopinion?Theresultofthiswillgivepeopleasenseofuniformityandcollectivestrength,andwillchangepeople'simpressionofmessycorrespondenceeducation.

3.Implementtheprincipleofseparationofteachingandexamination

Intheexaminationlinkofcorrespondenceteaching,webasicallyimplementthemethodofwhoteaches,whowritespapers,andwhomakescorrections.Theadvantageofthisapproachisthatthepassrateofcorrespondenceeducationwillbeveryhigh.Ontheotherhand,underthebackgroundofhighpassrate,thequalityofcorrespondenceeducationhasgraduallydeclined.Noonewillnotunderstandthetruthofthis.Therefore,theauthorhasalwaysbelievedthatcorrespondenceeducationmustimplementtheprincipleofseparationofteachingandexamination,andstrictexaminationroomdiscipline.Thiswillnotonlyincreasetheattendancerateofcorrespondencestudents,butalsoincreasetheteacher'ssenseofresponsibilityinteaching,whichcanalsoimprovethequalityofcorrespondenceeducationandreversethetrendofdeclineinthequalityofcorrespondenceeducation.

4.Changethewayofenrollmentatthecorrespondencecollegelevel

Intermsofthewayofenrollmentatthecorrespondencecollegelevel,changetheadultcollegeentranceexaminationtothewayofexemptionregistration.Atthispoint,youcanapplyforself-studyexams.Onpar.Atthesametime,weshoulddoagoodjobinthetransformationofpeople'sthinkingandconcepts,andchangethedegreeeducationofcorrespondenceeducationtothedemandfordiplomas,whichhasbecomeaconsciousbehaviorrequiredforlife-longeducationofself-improvement.

5.Měl by se oženit s high-tech

Whencorrespondenceeducationbegins,theassignmentguidanceandteachingissuesbetweenteachersandstudentsaremainlybasedoncorrespondence.Withthedevelopmentofsocietytoday,themeansofcommunicationbetweenpeoplehavebecomemoreandmoreabundant,especiallytheemergenceofonlinemedia,whichhasfurtherchangedpeople'slifestylesandwaysofthinking.Onlinemediahasextensivelyservedourlivesandwork.Similarly,onlinemediacanalsoserveourcorrespondenceeducation.Wecanpublishface-to-facelecturevideomaterials,assignhomework,conductself-studyguidance,exchangeopinionsbetweenteachersandstudents,etc.ontheInternet.Thisisalsoakindofteachingcompensationforthosecorrespondencestudentswhoareunabletoattendtheface-to-faceinstructionduetovariousreasons.Ifourcorrespondenceeducationcangraduallydevelopinthedirectionofnetwork,thenthemoreprominent"contradictionsbetweenworkandstudy"incorrespondenceeducationmaybeabletofindabettersolution.Inshort,themarriageofcorrespondenceeducationandtheInternetisnotonlyaneedfordevelopment,butalsoateachingmethodthatstudentslike.Thisisveryhelpfultocorrespondenceeducation.