Cai Lun

Život postav

CaiLunwasborninafamilyofblacksmithswhoengagedinsmeltingandforgingatthefootofDacooMountainintheearlyEasternHanDynasty.Hisancestorwasablacksmith.AfterWeiSatookofficeastheprefectofGuiyangCounty,hesetupanironofficialinGuiyang,andtheCaifamilythereforehadclosetieswiththecourtofficials.

Whenhewasachild,hestudiedEnlightenmentatatownshipcalledShilininthefoothillsofDacouMountain.Hestudied"ZhouLi"andread"TheAnalects".Hewasespeciallyinterestedinthesurroundingproductionandlivingenvironment,suchasSmelting,casting,plantinghemp,raisingsilkworms.TheyoungCaiLunisalreadyfullofeconomicsandverytalented.

AttheendofYongping,EmperorYongpingoftheHanMingDynastyenteredthepalaceasaneunuch.Accordingtohistoricaldataanalysis,CaiLunwasthefirstpersontoentertheimperialcourtandserveasanofficialinsouthernChinaandevenJiangnan.

Afterhewasselectedintothepalace,hestartedasanerrandinthecourtwherehisconcubinelivedbythepalace.Afewyearslater,hewaspromotedtotheeunuchoftheeunuchoftheYellowGatewhoenteredandexitedthepalaceandpassededicts.CaiLun'stalentsareincreasinglyrevealed.ItwasamatterofsupervisingSongnoblesbytheorderofEmpressDou.Intheseventhyearofthefoundingofthefirstyearofthefounding,thedesignofQueenDouframedSongnobles,andCaiLun"verifiedthetruth."BythetimeofEmperorHanheascendedtothethrone(89AD),hewaspromotedtothemiddleservantwhoenteredandlefttheimperialcourtandservedtheemperor.InYusanwei,hebecameahigheunuchwhoconveyededicts,handleddocuments,andparticipatedinpre-romanticaffairs.

WhentheHanandEmperorsfirstascendedthethroneoftheemperor,theywereyoung,andtheEmpressDou,whomCaiLunhadserved,becametheempressdowager,whocontrolledthegovernmentandfelltothefamilyoftheDoufamilybesidetheimperialpower.FourbrothersincludingDouXian,acompatriotoftheEmpressDowager,arealldignitaries.CaiLun,withanuprightmind,couldn’tgetusedtothese,sohehookedupwiththeeunuchtomakeZhengZhongthefirstplantohelptheemperor,takeadvantageofDouXian’sopportunitytogobacktothecourt,collectthesealofGeneralDouXian,andeliminatethedrawbacksoftheDouclan’sdictatorship.,ConsolidatedtheimperialruleofHedi.

V 9. roce Yongyuanu (97 AD) „dohlížel na výrobu tajných mečů a různého vybavení“; předtím Zhongchang číšník „zvyšoval pořadí pozice“.

V prvním roce Yuanxingu (105 AD) byl Hanandovi a císařům předložen papír. Tento druh papíru se nazýval „Caihoupaper“.

InthefirstyearofYongchu(107AD),QueenMotherDengservedasaguardforalongtimebecauseofCai,andnamedhimLongtinghou.Therewere300householdsinthefief.LaterservedasChangleTaipu(officialname).InthefourthyearoftheYuanDynasty(110AD),theemperorhadnotbeenverifiedbecausemostofthetextssuchasthehistoryandbiographywerenotverified,sothefamousscholarLiuZhen(thenameoftheacademicofficial)andthedoctor(thenameoftheacademic)Liangshi(thenameoftheofficialhistorian)gatheredInDongguan(thenameofthepalace),hecorrectedvariousclassicsandsentCaiLuntosupervisethismatter.

InthefirstyearofJianguang(121AD),EmpressDowagerDengdied,andEmperorAnwasinchargeofgovernment.CaiLunwasinterrogatedandprosecutedbecausehewasinstigatedbytheQueenofDoutoparticipateinthepersecutionofAnEmperor'sgrandmotherSongGuirentodeathanddeprivedofLiuQing'ssuccessiontothethrone.OrderCaiLuntoconfessguilttoTingwei(nameofjudge).CaiLunwasashamedofbeinghumiliated,soheworeneatclothesandahatanddrankpoisonanddiedafterbathing.Hisfiefwasabolished(takenback).

Moje úspěchy

Zodpovědný za PalaceManufacturing

WhenCaiLunisalsoinchargeofShangfangLing,heisinchargeofShangfang.Thisisaninstitutioninchargeofthepalace’smanufacturingindustry.The"ShangfangSword"isTheswordmadebyShangFanglaterbecameasymbolofsupremepower.Duetothelackofhistoricalrecords,itisnowimpossibletoverifyhowthisappointmenthappened,butitisundoubtedlyoneofthemostcorrectappointmentsinChinesehistory.Atthattime,thepalaceworkshopsconcentratedalltheskilledcraftsmenintheworld,representingthehighestlevelofmanufacturinginthatera,andprovidedanexcellentplatformforCaiLun.Hispersonality,hobbies,andhisextraordinarytalentsinengineeringtechnologywereusedinthisjob.Getablowoutdisplay.

SwordsandotherartifactsmadebyShangfanginthe9thyearofYongyuan(97AD)are"exquisiteanddense,forlatergenerations."Inotherwords,hehasgreatlyimprovedtheproductionprocess,reachedaveryhighlevel,andhasbeenatthepinnacleoftechnologyforalongtime.CuiMiao,whowasthirtyorfortyyearslatebyCaiLun,wrotein"Politics":"TherearethecrossbowofCaiTaipuandtheswordofLongtingnineyears,andtheyarewell-knownintheworld.""CaiTaipu"and"Longting"refertoboth.CaiLun,hehasbecomethe"brand "zbraní.

CaihouPaper

CaiLun,whowasinchargeofimprovingpapermaking,supervisedthemanufactureofvariousutensilsusedinthepalace.Hepickedoutbark,rags,oldfishingnets,etc.,andletthecraftsmenchopthemupandputtheminalargepoolforsoaking.Afteraperiodoftime,thedebrisinitrottedaway,andthefiberwasnotperishable,soitremained.Hethenaskedthecraftsmentopickupthesoakedingredients,puttheminastonemortar,andkeepstirringthemuntiltheybecameaslurry,andthenusebamboostickstopickupthestickything,andwaituntilitdries.Becomepaper.CaiLunledthecraftsmentotrialanderror,andtrial-producedpaperthatwasthin,flexible,easytouse,widelyavailable,andinexpensive.

InthefirstyearofYuanxing(105AD),CaiLunpresentedpapertotheEmperorofHanhe.CaiLunwrotethepapermakingmethodasamemorialandpresentedtheemperortogetherwiththepaper.Thepromotionwasregardedasamiraclebyallgovernmentofficesoftheimperialcourtandalloverthecountry.Nineyearslater,CaiLunwasnamed"LongtingHou"with300households.SinceCaiLuninventedthenewpapermakingmethodsthatarebeinggraduallyimplementedthroughoutthecountry,peoplecallthistypeofpaper"Caihoupaper".

CaiLun’simprovedpapermakingtechnologyspreadtotheentireworldthroughCentralAsiaandWesternEuropealongtheSilkRoad,makinganindeliblecontributiontotheinheritanceanddevelopmentofworldcivilization.

TextualResearchonLaterGenerations

Rok narození

CaiLunwasborninthemid-EasternHanDynastymorethan1900yearsago,butthespecificyearwasmissed,andthehistoricalmaterialsthatrecordCaiLunareallmarkedout.Thenumber"?"becameamystery.Thismaybeduetothefactthathewasremovedfromthe"country"afterhisdeathandthefilerecordsweremissing.Perhapshehimselfdeliberatelyconcealedhisageasanofficialintheimperialpalace.

Accordingtothe"HanlongPavilionHouCaiGongTombStele"writtenbyYangCongyiinthesecondyearofShaoxing,thefounderoftheSouthernSongDynastyandYangzhouLashi,CaiLunwasborninXinyoueleven.DuringtheGuangxuperiodoftheQingDynasty,LiuXinbowrote"RecordsofRecordsofYangxianCounty",alsosaidthatCaiLunwasborninXinyouJiqiu.XinYounianwasthefourthyearofYongping,EmperorHanMing,in61AD.

"CaiLunChronicle Comppendium" zaznamenává CaiLunův rok narození v 63 nl.

Místo narození

ThegeneralsayingisthatCaiLunwasborninGuiyangCountytoday.AtthefootofBaoshan,thisplaceiscommonlyknownasCaiZiping.TheofficialhistorybookoftheEasternHanDynasty"DongguanHanJi"andtheSouthernSongDynastyFanYe's"TheBookoftheLaterHanDynasty"bothrecordedthisway:"CaiLuncharacterJingzhong,Guiyangpeoplealso".The"CaiFamilyGenealogy",whichwasreproducedinthethirty-fourthyearofEmperorQianlongoftheQingDynasty,existingintheCaifamilyinHongxiVillage,YantangTownship.LivesinthesouthofGuiyangcity."QingTongzhi’s"GuiyangZhiliPrefectureHistory"contained:"ThereisCaiLunjingatthesoutherngateofthisprefecture,andtheformerresidenceofYunlunisalsopassedon."

Buttherearestillsomeproblemsforalongtime,especiallythetwoterritoriesoftheoriginalGuiyangCountycan'tdisputethespecificlocationofCaiLun'shometown.GuiyangCountyZhichenCountyandLeiyangCountymayalsobethebirthplaceofCaiLun.

Kontroverze o výrobě papíru

TherecordofCaiLun’spapermakinginthehistorybooksisverybrief.Paper".Asagreatinvention,theselectionofmaterialsandtheimprovementofcraftsmanshiprequirealotoftimeandenergy.Theprocessisboundtobedifficultandtortuous,andthetechnicalissuesinvolvedarealsoverycomplicated.Inmoderntimes,ittakesdozensofpapersandseveralbookstowrite.Noproblem,butthehistorianwasverystingy,andonlyusedlessthan20wordstoexplainitall.However,althoughthisrecordisbrief,itisveryaccurate.IthaslongbeenaconclusiveconclusionthattheinventorofthepaperisCaiLun.Butinrecentyears,quiteafewpeoplehaveraisedobjections.

PeoplethinkthatpaperwasinventedbyCaiLunmainlybasedontherecordsintheBookoftheLaterHanDynasty.Mostoftheoriginalhistoricalmaterialsof"TheBookoftheLaterHanDynasty"comefromtheofficialhistorybook"DongguanHanji"oftheEasternHanDynasty."DongguanHanji"isahistoryofthecountrywrittenbyscholarssuchasLiuZhenandBanGuduringthereignofMingEmperorLiuZhuangintheEasternHanDynasty(58AD-75AD).Amongthem,thebiographyofCaiLunwaslatersupplementedbyCuiYu,CaoShou,andYanDuattheorderofEmperorHuanoftheEasternHanDynastyin151AD.Itwasonly30yearssinceCaiLun'sdeath.TheauthorandCaiLunarecontemporaries,sosomescholarsbelievethatthecontentdescribedin"DongguanHanji"shouldbetrueandcredible.

Somepeoplethinkthatinordertochecktheoriginaltextof"EasternViewofHanJi·CaiLunBiography",itisnecessarytolookforcluesdirectlyfromtheancientbooksoftheSuiandTangDynasties,leavingasidethecompendiumcopiedintheMingandQingdynasties.Becauseatthattime"EasternViewofHanJi"wasrelativelyclosetotheoriginalHanDynasty.Ifyoutakethewordsinthe"EasternViewHanJi·CaiLunBiography"quotedintheSuiDynasty"BeitangBookNotes",theTangDynasty"ArtandLiteratureCollection"and"Beginners"andotherbooks,itisthesameasthe"HouHanShu·CaiLunBiography"Incontrast,theyareindeeddifferentincontentandformulation.Theoriginaltextof"TheStoryofDongGuanHan·CaiLunBiography"quotedbyscholarsintheSuiandTangDynastiesisconcise,whilethetextwrittenbyFanYeisdetailed;theformerdoesnothavetheword"creatingintention",whilethelatterhastheword"creatingintention".Basedonthis,somescholarsbelievethatFanYe's"BookoftheLaterHan·BiographyofCaiLun"maybedistorted,andsomeareevensuspectedoffictionandfabrication.

AftertheTangDynasty,manypeopleraisedobjectionstoCaiLun’sinventionofpapermaking.TangDynastyZhangHuaiwanwrotein"BookBreak":"HanXing,therewerepaperslips,andCaiLungongdiditatthetimeofEmperorHe."ThismeansthatasearlyastheearlyHanDynasty,papergraduallyreplacedbambooslips.Writingmaterials.IntheHedireignoftheEasternHanDynasty(105AD),CaiLunledthecraftsmenintheroyalworkshoptoimproveandimprovethepapermakingtechnology.IntheNorthernSongDynasty,ChenGansaid,“coveringpaper,theoldisalsothere.TsaiLunisgoodatmakingpeople,notcreating.”IntheSouthernSongDynasty,ShiShengzubelievesthat“PaperandpendonotstartwithCaiLunandMengTian,...butMengandCaihadthefinecraftsmanshipintheirpreviouslives.Theysaidthatthepenandpaperstartedfromhere,buttheycan’tbedone.”

However,therearemanypeoplewhoinsistonthe"BookoftheLaterHan".Therecordofisaccurate,andtheuntrustworthystatementofCaiLun'sbiographyinthe"BookoftheLaterHan"lacksin-depthtextualresearch.ThosewhoholdthisviewbelievethattherecordsofCaiLun'sbiographyintheBookoftheLaterHanDynastyandthe"DongguanHanji"arecomparedwiththeoriginaltextcompiledfromthe"YongleDadian"inthe"SikuQuanshu",andthetextisroughlythesame..Theword"intention"intherecordmeansinvention.Moreover,CaiLunwasonceregardedasasinner.Heonlyregainedhisreputationafter30yearsofunjustdeath.Whowoulddaretorashlytellhimthetruth?Letalonepraisehimexaggeratedly.Therefore,itisnottoomuchtosaythatCaiLunistheinventorofpapermakinginmycountrybasedontheearliesthistorybooksthatrecordCaiLun'spapermaking.

In1986,apieceofpaperwasunearthedfromaHantombinFangmatan,Tianshui,Gansu.Thispieceofpaperisthinandsoft,withasmoothsurface,withmountains,rivers,androadspaintedininkonit.Accordingtoresearch,thisisthepapermadeofhempintheearlyWesternHanDynasty,anditisalsotheearliestknownpaperintheworld."ChineseArchaeology·QinHanVolume"publishedinJuly2010,accordingtoarchaeologicaldiscoveriessincethe20thcentury,"AsearlyastheWesternHanDynastybeforeCaiLun,Chinahadcreatedhempfiberpaper.FollowingtheNorthwestSilkRoadWiththecontinuousprogressofarchaeologicalworkalongtheroute,ancientpapersmadeindifferentperiodsoftheWesternHanDynastywerefoundinmanysitesandtombsoftheWesternHanDynastyinShaanxi,Gansu,Xinjiangandotherplaces,whichcausedagreatdiscussionontheoriginofpapermaking."

"Obligations"EducationTextbook:ChineseHistory"stated:"EunuchCaiLunintheEasternHanDynastysummeduppreviousexperiencesandimprovedthepapermakingprocess,usingbark,hemp,rags,oldfishingnetsandotherplantfibersasrawmaterialstomakepaper."

Hodnocení charakteru

FanYe: "Lunistalented a naučil se, oddal se být opatrný, několik zločinů kruté tváře a Kuang velké zisky a ztráty."

LiuGuangyu:"CaiLunintheEasternHanDynastyofChinaismadeofpaperInventor.Becauseofhisinventionofpaper,hecausedthefirstrevolutionarymajorchangeinthemediatechnologyofcommunicationinChinaandtheworld.CaiLun,withhisinvention,haschangedthefaceoftheworld,especiallythefaceofworldculture.China’sfirstgreatinventor."

MikeHart:"Today,paperhasbecomeacommonplacethingforus.Itishardforustoimaginewhattheworldwouldbelikewithoutpaper."

PeopleMemorial

Hrobky

ThetombofCaiLunislocated200meterssouthofLongtingpu,YangCounty,ShaanxiProvince.Theareaof​​thetombis5acresandthetombis7metershigh;thetombiscurrentlyinexistence.Thethreelinksofthestonesteleareinthemiddleofthetruebook"TheTombofHouCailunintheDragonPavilionoftheHanDynasty".CaiLun’stombandshrineisanationalkeyculturalrelicsprotectionunit.

Thetombsandshrinescoveranareaof​​morethan30acres.Theshrineareaincludesworshiphalls,xianhalls,CaihouTemple,DongxiPeiTemple,LeLouandotherQingdynastybuildings,aswellasmanyancientcypressesandHanGui;ThereareShiren,Shiyang,ShimaandotherWengzhonginthedistrict,andtherearesquaresacrificialpavilionsonthetopofthemountainwithsingleeavesandsingleeavesintheMingandQingsteles.Thetalltombisfunnel-shaped.BehindthescenesisMingyuePool.CaiLun'sTombisatouristattractionthatintegratestombs,ancientgardens,culturalrelicsandstonecarvings.

ThetombofCaiLunissomajesticandmajestic.Amidsttheancientwoods,thestonesteles,stonesheep,andWengZhonglinedupinfrontofthetomb.The"SteleofCaiLunGenealogy"recordsthehistoricalevolutionoftheCaiLunfamily.Infrontofthetomb,therearealsothesacrificialpavilionof"CaiLunTomb"handwrittenbyZhaoPuchuandtheplaquehangingflowergateinthehandwritten"CaiLunTomb"ofKuomintangveterancalligrapherYuYouren.BehindthetombofCaiLunisthe"MingyuePond".Thereusedtobeapaviliononthepond,whichwasCaiLun'sbedroom.

TheentireCaiLuncemeteryisdividedintotwoparts:thenorthandthesouth.Thecemeteryislocatedinthenorth,andtheCaihouTempletothesouth.ThecentralaxisofCaihouTempleisfollowedbythemountaingate,worshiphall,xianhall,andmainhallfromsouthtonorth.Onthegateisaplaqueinscribedwiththeroyalbook"CaihouTemple"ofEmperorDezongoftheTangDynasty.ThereisastatueofCaiLuninthehall.Ontherightwallispaintedthe"CaiLunpaper"productionprocessflowchart,andontheleftwallispaintedthemuralpaintingofthethanksgivingpicturethatCaiLunwasnamedLongtingHouin114AD.OnbothsidesofthecentralaxisofCaiLunTemple,thereareancientbuildingssuchasbelltower,drumtower,wingroomandtheaterbuilding.

OnMay25,2006,CaiLun’stombandtemplewereusedasancienttombsintheQingDynastyandwereapprovedbytheStateCounciltobeincludedinthesixthbatchofnationalkeyculturalrelicsprotectionunits.

CaiHouTemple

AfterCaiLun'sdeath,descendantsbuiltashrinetohishomesteadtocommemorateCaiLun.TheCaihouTemplewasbuiltinanominousage,andwasrebuiltbyChenZongyiinLeiyangZhizhouinthefourthyearofYuantoYuan(1338).Afterseveralupsanddowns,theexistingbuildingwasrebuiltintheQingDynasty,simpleandelegant.Itcoversanareaof​​408squaremeters,withasouth-facingnorth,brick-woodstructure.Itisdividedintothreeintotwocourtyards.Thefronthallhasthreesingle-slopesmallbluetileroofs,andtherearewalkwaysonbothsides.Thecentralaxisisacorridorandtheroofisconnectedtothecentralhall;themiddleandbackhallsaresuspendedonthetopofthemountain,andtherearealsowalkwaysandcorridorsconnected..Thestonefrontdooris"CaihouTemple",andthestonejoint:"ThemoonisreflectedintheFangchi,andthehouseisinstyle."CaiLunMemorialHallislocatedinCaihouTempleinLeiyangCity.

CaiLun Memorial Garden

InordertocherishthememoryofCaiLun’seternalmerits,thepeopleofLeiyanghavebuiltthe"CaiHouTemple"intheiroldhouse.TheancestralhallwasexpandedintoCaiLunMemorialPark.Thememorialparkcoversanareaof​​morethan80,000squaremeters.Theparkismainlycomposedofthemaingate,Caizichi,Huaishengtai,stelegallery,hand-madepaperworkshop,SihouPavilion,CaihouTemple,Cailun’sTombandotherscenicspots.Thethemeof"CaiLunCultureandRemembranceofCaiLun’sMerit",withthecharacteristicsofancientandelegantJiangnangardens,isanexcellentplaceto"visitCaiLun’shometownandappreciatethepaperhistoryculture".Itisanimportantplaceforpromotingscience,inheritingcivilizationanddevelopingpatrioticeducation.base.InDecember2006,CaiLunMemorialParkwasratedasanational3A-leveltouristattraction(spot).GuoMoruo,ZhouGucheng,HuSheng,ZhouGuangzhao,etc.successivelywroteinscriptionsonCaiLun’sTomb,CaiLunMemorialHall,andCaiLun Memorial Garden.

CaiLunInventorSquare

CaiLunInventorSquareislocatedinthemostprosperousareaof​​Leiyang,adjacenttotheFifthRingNewCity.ItwasnamedinmemoryofCaiLun..ItisthelargestleisuresquareinLeiyang.ThereisagiantCaiLunstatueinthecenterofthesquare.

Známky

OnDecember1,1962,theMinistryofPostsandTelecommunicationsofChinaissuedasetofJi92"AncientChineseScientists"(thefirstgroup)commemorativestamps,asetof8intotal,introducingancientscientists,IncludingCaiLun.Itisdifficulttoverifyhisbirthyear,sothestampiswrittenas"CaiLun(AD?~12)Han",butthestampdesignerwrote"CaiLun(B.C.?~12)Han"onthestampdesigndraft.",thiserrorwasnotdiscovereduntiltheprintingandproofing.Theprinterhadnochoicebuttochangetheword"before"onebyoneontheprintingplate.Duetoamomentarynegligence,aword"before"wasomittedtochange,whichcausedthetotalnumber16ofeachpostofficetoformamisshapen.Itwasonlydiscoveredbysomestampcollectorswhenitwassold.Thestampissuingdepartmenttookbackthewrongtickets,andaboutthousandsofthemwereout.

Cena CaiLun

ChinaPaperCena CaiLuniscomposedof"ChinaPaperCaiLunLifetimeAchievementAward","ChinaPaperCaiLunTechnologyAward",and"ChinaPaperCaiLunYoungTechnologyAward".Thehighestsocialawardinthefieldofpulpandpaperscienceandtechnology.