Уилям Вунд

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Животът на героя

Детство

На 16 август 1832 г. Вунд е роден в Германия, град Некарау в Манхайм, Баден е четвъртото дете в семейството. Баща му е лутеран-пастор. .Вундта е по-голям брат на име Лудвиг, който е на 8 години по-голям от Вунд. Когато Вунд е на 2 години, брат му е изпратен при леля си къща в Хайделберг и посещавал училище там.

Wundthadfewpartnersinchildhood,andtheonlyonewhohadagoodrelationshipwithhimwasachildwhowasolderthanhimwhohadsomeproblemswithintellectualdevelopment.Hewenttoschoolinthetownfor2years.Duringschool,FengTehadaseriousproblemwithdaydreaming,andwasreprimandedbyhisfatherforthis.

Sincehewas8yearsold,hisfather'sassistantPastorFrederickMullerbecamehisteacher.Hehasaverygoodrelationshipwithhisteacher,sothatafterthreeyearsofteachinghim,theteacherwillgotoanothernearbytowntobeapastor,andWundtalsolivedandstudiedwithhim.

Middleschoolperiod

In1845,underthearrangementofhisparents,WundtenteredBruchsalHighSchooltostudy.ShyandtimidWundtdidnotadapttotheenvironmenthere,didnotformagoodrelationshipwithhisclassmates,andhisacademicperformancewasparticularlypoor.Sometimeshewouldescapehome,buthismotherwouldsendhimbacktoschool.Duetohispooracademicperformance,someteacherseventhinkthatamoresuitablejobforWundtistoworkatthepostoffice.Wundt’sparentssenthimtohisaunt’shomeinHeidelberginthesameyear,whereheattendedpre-universitycoursesintheautumnof1845.Whilelivingandstudyinghere,Wundtbecamealotmorecheerful,metsomefriends,andparticipatedinextracurricularactivities.ButWundt'slearningsituationhereisstillmediocre.

Университетски период

През 1851 г. Вунд постъпва в университета в Тубингент, за да изучава медицина.

In1852,hetransferredtoHeidelbergUniversitytostudymedicine.DuringhisstudiesatHeidelbergUniversity,Wundtstudiedveryhard.Onceinordertostudytheeffectofsaltonthebody,hecontrolledtheintakeofsaltinfoodforseveraldaysuntilthebodyhadmetabolicdisorders.Basedonthisresearch,hepublishedhisfirstarticle"OnSodiumChlorideinUrine"in1853.

In1855,WundtparticipatedinthemedicalqualificationexaminationoftheGrandDuchyofBadenandrankedamongthebestinallexaminations.Thisyear,healsoworkedasaninterninahospitalinHeidelbergforseveralmonths.

In1856,WundtwenttotheUniversityofBerlintostudyphysiologywithJohannesPeterMüllerandEmileDubois-Remforasemester.Inthesameyear,WundtgraduatedfromtheFacultyofMedicineofHeidelbergUniversitywithaPh.D.andobtainedthequalificationoflecturerintheschool.

Учител в Хайделберг

През 1857 г. Вунд открива курс по експериментална физиология в Хайделбергския университет. През същата година Вунд се разболява от тежко заболяване.

In1858,HermannvonHelmholtzcametoHeidelbergUniversityasaprofessorattheInstituteofPhysiology,andWundtbecamehislaboratoryassistant.

In1862,Wundtopenedthe"PsychologyofNaturalScience"course(laterchangedto"PhysiologicalPsychology"),andtheterm"experimentalpsychology"wasfirstproposedthatyear.Inthiscourse,hebegantostudypsychologyusingexperimentalmethodsfromnaturalsciencesandneurophysiologicalresearchresults.

През 1864 г. той е повишен в доцент.

In1871,HelmholtzleftHeidelbergUniversity.Wundtfailedtosucceedhimandonlyreceivedthetitleofinterimprofessor.InthesameyearhemarriedhisfiancéSophieMao.Aftermarriage,Wundtdevotedhimselftowriting"PrinciplesofPhysiologicalPsychology",oneofthemostimportantworksinthehistoryofpsychology.

In1874,"PrinciplesofPhysiologicalPsychology"waspublished.Thisisthefirsttextbookdedicatedtopsychologyinthehistoryofpsychology.Inthisbook,heorganizestheresultsofpsychologicalexperimentsintoasystem,andstudiesthefollowingmentalactivitiesofpeople:feeling,emotion,will,perception(Wundtcallsitperception),andthinking.

Преподаването и пенсионирането на Лайпциг

През 1875 г. Вундтва е назначен за професор по философия в Лайпцигския университет и оттогава живее в Лайпциг.

InDecember1879,Wundtestablishedtheworld'sfirstpsychologylaboratoryintheuniversity.Atfirsttheschooldidnotsupporttheoperationofthislaboratory,butWundt’sclassesbecamemoreandmorepopular.In1882,thelaboratorymovedfromasingleroomtoanewaddresswith11rooms.In1897,thelaboratoryevenhadanindependentlaboratory.Ofthefloor.

През 1881 г. Вунд основава списанието "Философски изследвания". Това е първото професионално списание за експериментална психология.

1889-90, служи като президент на Лайпцигския университет.

През 1917 г. тук се пенсионира от преподаване и е наследен от своя ученик Феликс Крюгер.

SincecomingtoLeipzig,Wundthasalmostnevertraveled,excepttoenjoyconcerts,andisnotkeenonpublicactivities;however,heandhiswifeoftenentertainseniorstudentsandassistantsathome.LikeKant,Wundthasalwayslivedarigorousandregularlife.Thetimeinthemorningismainlyusedforwriting,andintheafternoonhevisitsthelaboratory,attendsclasses,andthentakesawalk.Wundtisfullofpassionandeloquenceintheclassroom,whichfullyreflectshisomnisciencetotheprofession.

На 31 август 1920 г. Вундт умира в Грейт Ботен близо до Лайпцигат на 88 години. През тази година е публикуван десеттетомният шедьовър „Национална психология“, който му отне 20 години да бъде завършен.

Academicsystem

TheWundtpsychologicalsystemfocusesonthecontent,structure,elementsandcombinationrulesofthestudyofconsciousnessandexperience.Thewholesystemconsistsoftwoparts:individualpsychology(ie,experimentalpsychology)andethnicpsychology.Individualpsychologyfocusesonthestudyofindividualconsciousness;socialpsychologystudiestheadvancedpsychologicalprocessesofhumanbeings.

Researchobject

InWundt’spsychologysystem,theresearchobjectofindividualpsychologyisthedirectexperienceoftheindividual;theresearchobjectofethnicpsychologyisthehigh-levelpsychologicalprocessofhumanbeings.

Wundtbelievesthatexperimentalpsychologyisthescienceofdirectexperience.Hebelievesthatbothpsychologyandnaturalsciencesarebasedonexperience,buttheyarestudiedfromdifferentangles.Fromtheperspectiveofthesubjectofexperience,psychologicalprocessessuchasfeelings,feelings,andwillaredirectlyexperiencedbythesubject,whichisanimmediateexperience,whichistheresearchobjectofpsychology.Fromtheperspectiveoftheobjectofexperience,people’sexperienceoftheexternalworldisknownthroughindirectinference,whichisanindirectexperience(mediateexperience),whichistheobjectofnaturalscience.Therefore,Wundtcallspsychologya"disciplineofdirectexperience."

Wundtbelievesthatexperimentalpsychologycanonlystudythedirectexperienceofindividuals,whilehumanadvancedpsychologicalprocesses,suchasconcepts,emotions,andwill,needtobestudiedinthesystemofnationalpsychology.

Researchmethods

Fromthetheoreticalsystemandresearchobjectsofpsychology,Wundtdeterminedtworesearchmethodsofpsychology,theexperimentalintrospectionmethodandthepsychologicalproductanalysismethod.

Експериментална интроспекция

BecauseWundtdefinestheobjectofindividualpsychologyasthedirectexperienceoftheresearcher,andthedirectexperienceexistsintheexperiencerHebelievesthatintrospectionisauniqueresearchmethodofpsychology.Wundtbelievesthatthetraditionalintrospectionmethodisunscientificandmustbecombinedwiththeexperimentalmethod.Onlybymeansofexperimentintrospectionorself-observationcanitbescientificandreliable.Becausepsychologicalphenomenaarefleetingandnoteasytoobserveaccurately,thecombinationofintrospectionandexperimentationcanachievethefollowingtwopoints:(1)Artificiallycreateexternalconditionssothatacertainpsychologicalprocessoccursatacertainmoment(2)Allowtheobservertocontrolthegeneralsituation,sothatthestateofconsciousnessaccompanyingthisprocessisalmostthesame.Therefore,Wundtattachesgreatimportancetoexperiments,andbelievesthat"experimentalmethodsarethebasictoolsforstudyingtheprocessofconsciousness."Wundtintroducedexperimentalmethodsintopsychology,transformedtraditionalexperienceintrospectionintomodernexperimentalintrospection,andstrengthenedthescientificnatureofpsychologyresearch.

Метод за анализ на психологически продукти

Psychologicalproductanalysismethodisaspecialmethodofstudyingsocialpsychologythroughhumanhistoricalandculturaldata.Wundtbelievesthatinordertoestablishacompletepsychologicalsystem,inadditiontoindividualexperimentalpsychology,theremustalsobegroupethnicpsychology;experimentalpsychologyonlyinvolvesthe"periphery"ofthesoul,andethnicpsychologycanreachthedepthsofthesoul.Inhisbook"NationalPsychology",Wundttriedtoclassifyandinterpretculturalproducts,suchaslanguage,myths,customs,lawsandotherhistoricalmaterials,toexplaintheadvancedhumanpsychologicalprocessandrevealthedevelopmentlawofsocialpsychology..

Изследователски задачи

Мислите на Вунд са повлияни от психологическите мисли на Хербарт, мислите на асоциативната психология след Лок и психохимичните мисли на Джон Мюлер. Задачата на науката е да изучава съставните елементи на психологическия комплекс и методите и законите на неговото конструиране, което казва, за да отговори на следните въпроси: (1) 2) Каква е структурата на психологическия комплекс; (3)) Какъв е законът за формиране на психичния комплекс?

Анализ на психологическите елементи

Wundtbelievesthatallpsychologicalphenomenaarecomposedofpsychologicalelements.Theanalysisofpsychologicalelementsisthefirstquestionthatpsychologymustanswer.Inhisview,thepsychologicalcomplexistheunityofpsychologicalelements;thepsychologicalelementisanindivisibleunitofthepsychologicalstructure,whichincludestwoaspects:sensationandemotion.Wundtpointedoutthatsensationisthebasicunitofpsychologicalelements,presentingtheobjectivecontentofhumanexperience.Andfeeling(feeling)showsthesubjectivecontentofhumanexperience,whichisthesubjectivesupplementoffeelingelements.Wundtbelievesthatfeelingsandemotionsareinterrelated,andsimpleemotionsareproducedwithfeelings.

Wundt вярва, че чувствата не могат да се опишат само от гледна точка на удоволствие и неприятност, но трябва да се опишат в три измерения, за да бъдат по-точни, а именно: (1)приятно-неприятно; (2)напрежение-отпускане;(Три)възбуда-спокойствие.Поради това предложи триизмерната теория за усещането през 1896 г.

Структура на умствения комплекс

Wundtbelievesthatmentalelementscanbecombinedintovariousmentalcomplexes.Hecalledthementalcomplexcomposedofsensationsanidea.Therearetwokindsofconcepts:oneismemory(ormemoryimage),whichisnotdirectlycausedbyexternalimpressions;theotherisperception,whichisformedbyexternalsensoryimpressions.Concept.

Wundtbelievesthatthementalcomplexhasemotionsinadditiontoideas;itisacomplexcomposedofseveralemotions.Becauseemotionsmakeupemotions,andemotionsleadtowill,Wundtregardsbothemotionandwillasacomplexcomposedofemotions.InWundt'sview,althoughthevolitionalprocessisahigh-levelpsychologicalcomplex,itisalsothemostbasicandprimitivelifeprocessofhumansandanimals.Wundtbelievesthatsimplewillisanunconsciousimpulseandtheessenceoforganismlife.Itoriginatesfromprimitivefeelingsandcausesimpulsivebehavior.Ontheotherhand,complexwillcausesintentionalandselectivebehaviors,manifestedasfeelingofresolutionandfeelingofdecision.

Законът за формиране на психологическия комплекс

Wundtbelievesthatpsychologicalelementsarecombinedintoapsychologicalcomplexthroughassociationandperception.Therearefourbasicformsofassociation:(1)fusion,thatis,theintegrationofanumberofpsychologicalelements;(2)assimilation,thatis,twoobjectswithsmalldifferencesinafamiliarrelationshiptendtoproduceTheconceptofequivalence;(three)complex(complication),thatis,theassociationbetweendifferentfeelings;(four)successiveassociation(successiveassociation),thatis,theassociationofmemory.Wundtbelievesthatperceptionistheprocessofraisingtheimpressiontothefocusofattentionorthecenterofconsciousness,andhasthefunctionofcreativesynhesis.Wundtbelievesthattheabove-mentionedcombinationofassociationsispassive,mechanicalandlow-level,andonlythecombinationofperceptionisactive,internalandhigh-level.Wundtemphasizedtheinitiativeandintegrationofperception,andpointedoutthatvariouspsychologicalelementsformanewpsychologicalcomplexthroughthecreativesynthesisofintegration,andtheactivitiesofhumanrationalknowledgearemainlyrealizedthroughthecreativesynthesisofperception.

Публикувани произведения

Основни произведения

„Принос към теорията на сетивното възприятие“ (1862)

В тази книга Вунд предложи концепцията за „експериментална психология“ за първи път. Смята се, че тази книга, заедно с „Очертанията на психофизиката“ на Фехнер, са довели до раждането на нова психология (т.е. експериментална психология).

"Лекция за ума на хората и животните" (1863)

ThisworkisthepreliminaryworkofWundt’snewpsychologicalsystemconception.Thisbookdiscussesmanyissuesthatexperimentalpsychologistshavepaidattentiontoformanyyears.ThebookwasreprintedafterWundt'sdeathandwastranslatedintoEnglishandpublished.

"Принципи на физиологичната психология" (1874)

Thisworkisricherandmorein-depththantheabovetwoworks.ItisWundt’searlytenyearsThesummaryoftheteachingandresearchworkofphysiologicalpsychologyattheUniversityofHeidelbergintheyearisalsoamanifestationofWundt’smaturethoughtsonexperimentalpsychology.Therefore,Paulinbelievesthatitisaveryimportantbookinthehistoryofmodernpsychology.Turningtothemarkofapsychologistisalsotheinitiationofpsychologyasanewindependentscience.Thisbookfirmlyestablishedpsychologyasanexperimentalsciencewithitsownexperimentalsubjectsandexperimentalmethods.Therefore,theworkisconsideredbythepsychologycommunitytobethegreatestworkinthehistoryofscientificpsychologyandthedeclarationofindependenceofscientificpsychology.

"The OutlineofPsychology" (1896)

Wundt изложи теорията за "трите степени на чувствата" в книгата, която предизвика много експериментални изследвания.

„История на езика и лингвистична психология“ (1901)

ThisbookisasummaryofWundt’searlylinguisticresearchresults,andhealsoproposedtohimselfAsummaryofthepsycholinguistictheory.TherearemanystrikingsimilaritiesbetweenWundt'stheoryoflanguageprocessorspeechmechanismandtheresearchofmodernpsycholinguistics.

"Национална психология" (1900-1920)

Thisbookiscomposedoftenvolumes.ItisasocietywhereWundtuseshistoricalmethodstostudyhumanadvancedpsychologicalprocesses.Psychologymonograph.ThissetofmonographswascompletedbyWundtinthelast20yearsofhislifetime.Althoughthetitleofthebookiscalledethnicpsychology,itisactuallyasocialpsychologyaboutlanguage,art,mythology,religion,customs,law,morality,etc.,withitsrichconnotations.Schultzbelievesthatthesignificanceofthebookitselfis"farmoreimportantthanwhatiswritteninthebook,becauseitdividesthenewpsychologyintoexperimentalandsocialparts."

Други важни произведения

Издаване на книги

Основни приноси

Психологическа независимост

Въпреки че психологията има дълга история ,тя нямаше независим статут за дълго време поради сложността и несигурността на обектите на изследване.С развитието на капиталистическата индустрия и напредъка на науката и технологиите, призивът за независимост на психологията стана все по-висок и по-висок.Хербарт обяви за първи път, че психологията е наука. измерване на психологически феномени и даде добър старт на експерименталната психология, но целта на неговото изследване беше да защити неговите философски възгледи, а не да създаде научна психология. През 1879 г. той ръководи създаването на първата в света лаборатория, посветена на изследване на топ психологията, и установява нова система за експериментална психология, използвайки експериментални методи, като по този начин официално провъзгласява установяването на психологията.

Thecreationofexperimentalpsychology

BeforeWundt,psychologydidnotconductsystematicscientificanalysisandexperimentalresearchonpsychologicalphenomena,mainlyrelyingonintuition,inference,andguesswork.AtthesametimeasWundt,evenearlierthanhim,WilliamJames(1875)oftheUnitedStatesalsobuiltapsychologicallaboratoryatHarvardUniversity.Inthesameyear,KarlStumfofGermanypreparedanauditorylaboratory,FechnerHeandHelmholtzhavedonemanyexperimentsonphysiologicalpsychologyandpsychophysics,buttheyallhavelittleinfluenceduetoequipmentandmethods.Butitshouldbesaidthattheyallcontributedtotheestablishmentofthenewpsychology.ButWundtfoundedaprofessionalpsychologylaboratory,usingexperimentalintrospection,reactiontimeandotherresearchmethodstoconductresearchonhumanperception,reactionspeed,attentiondistribution,emotions,andwordassociationanalysis,etc.,andobtainedAlotofimportantachievements.

Cultivatingscholars

BeforeWundt,therewerenoprofessionalpsychologistsandnospecialpsychologyschool.WithWundt'screationofthefirstpsychologylaboratory,heattractedalargenumberofyoungpeoplefromallovertheworldtostudyhere.Ithasbecometheinstitutionandcradleofcultivatingthefirstbatchofprofessionalpsychologistsintheworld.PsychologiststrainedherearealloverEurope,AmericaandAsia.AccordingtothestatisticsoftheAmericanphilosopherSahakien,amongWundt’sstudents,thereare136Germans(includingAustrians),14Americans,13EasternEuropeans,10British,6Polish,andRussian.Thereare3people,2Danesand2French.34ofthembecamewell-knownfiguresinthehistoryofpsychology,suchasHall,Cartel,Angel,Munsterberg,JuddintheUnitedStates,TichennerintheUnitedKingdom,andKlepelin,Kulpe,andMalbiinGermany.,Moyman,Denmark'sLangeandLeman,Russia'sBekhchelev,Japan'sMatsumotoYitaro.Afterreturningtotheirhomecountries,thesepeoplesetuppsychologylaboratoriesintheirhomecountriesandcarriedoutexperimentalpsychologyresearch,whichenabledcountriestoembarkonthepathofpsychologicalresearch.

Оценка на характера

През 1896 г., когато важен немски вестник спомена Вунд, той го нарече „папата на психологията в континентална Европа“.

TheAmericanpsychologistandhistorianofpsychologyPaulinstudiedWundt’swritingsandfoundthatWundtisthemostprolificpersoninthehistoryofpsychology:"Ifthereare24,836daysin68years,thenWundtwillstartfrom1853.From1920to1920,Iwroteorrevised2.2pagesofbookseveryday,about1wordevery2minutes,regardlessofdayandnight,forafull68years."

Germanpsychologist,GestaltPsychologyFounderWertheimersaid:"Exceptforwork,Wundtisalmostuninterestedinotherthings.Inhisentireautobiography,hementionedthatthecontentofhiswifeandfamilyonlyoccupiesasmallpart.Heissoinvestedinpsychology,soAsforwhenhewasseriouslyillorevenonthevergeofdeath,hewasstillanalyzinghispsychologicalexperience."

TheGermanbiologistandphilosopherHaeckelsaidinhisbook"TheMysteriesoftheUniverse"publishedin1899.:"OneofthemostimportantpsychologistsincontemporaryGermanyisWilhelmWundtofLeipzig.Hehastheunparalleledadvantagesofotherphilosophers:heisproficientinzoology,anatomyandphysiology.WundtisHelmholOurassistantsandstudentswereusedtoapplyingthebasiclawsofphysicsandchemistrytotheentirefieldofphysiologyintheearlydays,aswellastothepsychologydefinedbyJohannesMuller,whichispartofphysiology."

Wundt’sstudent,founderofstructuralistpsychology,andthefamousAmericanpsychologistTiechennersaidinanarticlecommemoratingWundt’sdeathinNovember1920:“Wundt’sdeathmadeouracademicworldlessAnimportantperson:agreatscientist,awell-knownphilosopher,aprolificauthor,andapersonwithoutstandinginfluence.PsychologyisafieldcloselytiedtohisnamebecauseofhisbirthandlongevityAndfortunately...IfyouwanttosumuptheimportanceofWundt'slife'sworkinonesentence,itisthatheisthefirstpersoninthehistoryofthoughttocriticizescientificandphilosophicalissuesfromapsychologicalperspective.Wundtisabornphilosopher.Eventhoughhispredecessorshadthesametemperament,hedidnothavetheopportunity.Heworkedhardtostepintothedoorofpsychology.AlthoughhehasnotescapedtheinfluenceofthepastphilosophicalsystemandthetoorigidbiologyoftheearlyDarwinera,heAlwaysimproving,thelasteditionof"PrinciplesofPhysiologicalPsychology"ismuchbetterthanthefirstedition.HehasbeenlikenedtoHerbertSpencer;buthehimselfpreferstoberegardedasLeibniz’sContemporaryfollowers.ButIthinkthetwocomparisonsarenotenough:Wundtistheonlyone,anditishardtoseeacomparableoneinthefuture."