Видима светлина

Въведение

In1666,BritishscientistNewtonfirstrevealedthechromaticnatureoflightandthesecretofcolor.Heusedexperimentstoshowthatsunlightisamixedlightofvariouscolors,andfoundthatthecoloroflightdependsonthefrequencyoflight.

Цифрата на цветния пръстен показва честотата на съответната цветна светлина. Честотата е единица стерахерц (THz), а дължината на вълната е нанометър (nm). Цветовете във всеки два противоположни сектора на цветния пръстен са симетрични един на друг. Допълнителен цвят. Например допълнителният цвят на синьото (480-435 nm) е оранжево (595-580 nm).

Themainnaturallightsourceofvisiblelightisthesun,andthemainartificiallightsourceisincandescentobjects(especiallyincandescentlamps).Thevisiblespectrumtheyemitiscontinuous.Thegasdischargetubealsoemitsvisiblelight,anditsspectrumisdiscrete.Variousgasdischargetubesandfiltersareoftenusedasmonochromaticlightsources.

Обхват

Electromagneticwaveswithdifferentfrequenciescausedifferentcolorperceptionsinhumaneyes.

Цвят

Честота

Дължина на вълната

Легенда

Thefrequencyofvisiblelightis3.8×10¹⁴～7.5×10¹⁴Hz(380~750THz).

Характеристики

Throughresearch,itisfoundthatthecolorlightalsohasthefollowingcharacteristics:

1.Thecomplementarycolorsaremixedinacertainproportiontoobtainwhitelight.Forexample,bluelightandyellowlightaremixedtogetwhitelight.Inthesameway,themixtureofcyanlightandredlightisalsowhitelight.

2.Anycoloronthecolorringcanusethetwokindsofmonochromaticlightsonitsadjacentsides,andcanevenbecopiedfromthetwokindsofmonochromaticlightsofthenextneighbors.Ifyellowlightandredlightaremixedtogetorangelight.Itismoretypicalthatredlightandзеленоlightmixtobecomeyellowlight.

3.Ifyouchoosethreeindependentmonochromaticlightsonthecolorring.Itcanbemixedintovarioustonesthatmayappearindailylifeindifferentproportions.Thesethreemonochromaticlightsarecalledthreeprimarycolors.Thethreeprimarycolorsinopticsarered,зелено,andblue.Itshouldbenotedherethatthethreeprimarycolorsofthepigmentarecyan,magenta,andyellow.However,thechoiceofthethreeprimarycolorsiscompletelyarbitrary.

4.Whenthesunlightilluminatesanobject,thelightofacertainfrequencyisabsorbedbytheobject,andthecolor(reflectedlight)displayedbytheobjectisthecomplementarycolorofthelight.Ifthesunshinesontheobject,iftheobjectabsorbsthevioletlightof435~400nm,theobjectwillappearyellow-зелено.

Радиация на видима светлина

Радиация на видима светлинаgenerallyreferstotheradiationinthe0.78～0.4micronbandinthesolarradiationspectrum,consistingofred,orange,yellow,зелено,andblueItiscomposedofsevencolorsoflightsuchas,indigoandpurple.Itisthenecessaryandeffectivesolarradiationenergyforзеленоplantstocarryoutphotosynthesis.Thevisiblelightradiationreachingthegroundsurfacevarieswithatmosphericturbidity,sunheight,cloudcoverandweatherconditions.Радиация на видима светлинаaccountsforabout45-50%ofthetotalradiation.

Приложение

Технология за дистанционно наблюдение

Видима светлинаremotesensing(visiblespectralremotesensing)meansthattheworkingbandofthesensorislimitedtotherangeofvisiblelight(0.78～0.4microns)RemoteSensingTechnology.

Thevisiblelightrangeoftheelectromagneticspectrumisbetween0.78and0.4microns,whichisthemostcommonlyusedworkingbandintraditionalaerialphotographyreconnaissanceandaerialphotographysurveyingandmapping.Becausethecolorsensitivityrangeofphotosensitivefilmisjustinthisfrequencyrange,black-and-whitefull-colororcolorimageswithhighgroundresolution,interpretationandmapdrawingperformancecanbeobtained.However,duetotheextremelimitationsofthesun'silluminationconditions,coupledwiththesuccessiveemergenceofinfraredphotographyandmulti-bandremotesensing,visiblelightremotesensinghasextendedtheworkingbandtothenear-infraredregion(approximately0.9microns).Theimagingmethodhasalsodevelopedfromasinglephotographicimagingtoincludeblack-and-whitephotography,infraredphotography,colorphotography,colorinfraredphotography,multi-bandphotographyandmulti-bandscanning,anditsdetectioncapabilitieshavebeengreatlyimproved.Видима светлинаremotesensing,markedbytheapplicationofframe-typeaerospacecameras,hasgreatdevelopmentpotentialforspacephotogrammetry.

Комуникационни технологии

Видима светлинаcommunicationtechnologyisanewзеленоinformationtechnologythatusestherapidresponsecharacteristicsofLEDstoachievewirelesshigh-speeddatatransmission.Thedigitalsignalismodulatedtothepowerline,andthevisiblelightflashesquicklythroughthecommunicationmoduleinstalledintheLEDlamptorealizethetransmissionofinformation.Thiskindoffastflickerreaches300Mbit/s,andthehumaneyecannotperceivethiskindofflicker.Second,theflashinglightisreceivedbythephotosensitivedeviceatthereceivingend,andthedemodulationistheinformationthatthetransmittingendwantstotransmit.AsoneoftheInternetofThingstechnology,visiblelightcommunicationtechnologyistoprovidelightingequipmentwith"wirelessrouters","communicationbasestations","networkaccesspoints"andeven"wirelessrouters","communicationbasestations","networkaccesspoints"andeven"underthepremiseofnotaffectingnormallighting."ThefunctionofGPSsatellites.

Cloudmap

Thesatelliteobservationinstrumentsensesthereflectionofthegroundandcloudsonthesuninthevisiblelightband,anddisplaysitasaplaneimage,whichisvisiblelightcloudmapb>.Thedegreeofblackandwhiteoftheimagerepresentsthealbedoofthegroundandclouds,whitemeanshighalbedo,andblackmeanslowalbedo.Generallyspeaking,thethickerthecloud,thebrighteritsbrightness.Ifthelightingconditionsofthesunarethesame,thewaterdropletcloudisbrighterthantheicecrystalcloudforthesamethickcloud.Forexample,largeandthickclouds,especiallycumulonimbusclouds,aredensewhite;medium-thickclouds(cirrostratus,altostratus,fog,stratus,cumulus,etc.)arewhite;thinandsmallcloudareasonthecontinent(Suchascumuluscloudsonasunnyday)areoff-white,etc.

Видима светлина

Често срещаните лампи за видимо осветление включват лампи с нажежаема жичка, халогенни лампи, флуоресцентни лампи, енергоспестяващи лампи, LED лампи, натриеви лампи с високо налягане, металхалогенни лампи, безелектродни лампи, неонови лампи и др.

Thefollowingintroducestheworkingprinciplesofseveralcommonvisiblelightlampstoillustratethevariousfrequenciesofvisiblelightradiationthatthistypeoflampsmayproduceduringdailyuse:

1.Incandescentlamps:Itsstructureistoputthefilament(singlespiralfilamentordoublespiralfilament)intotheglassshell,andaddalampcap.Thefilamentisspiralinordertoreducetheevaporationoftungsteninthefilamentandprolongitsservicelife.Generally,itisfilledintheglassshell.Theargon-nitrogenmixtureisalsousedtoreducetheevaporationoftungsteninthefilament.Whenthelampisconnectedtothecircuit,thecurrentflowsthroughthefilament,andthecurrentproducesathermaleffect,causingtheincandescentbulbtoemitcontinuousvisiblelightandinfrared.Thisphenomenoncanbenoticedwhenthefilamenttemperaturerisesto700K.ThefrequencyofthethermalradiationisfromclosetoInfrared(380THz,780nm)graduallyrisestoaboutultraviolet(750THz,400nm).Theincandescentlampisalowcolortemperaturelightsource,thecolortemperatureisgenerally2400~2900K,thecolorrenderingisbetter,thecolorrenderingindexis99~100.However,duetothehightemperatureofthefilamentduringoperation,mostoftheenergyisconsumedintheformofinfraredradiation,sotheservicelifeisshort,generallynotexceeding1000h.Amongallelectriclightingproducts,incandescentlampshavethelowestefficiency.Onlyabout2%oftheenergycanbeconvertedintolightenergy.Althoughthelightefficiencyoftheincandescentlampislow,thelightcolorandlightcollectionperformanceareverygood,anditistheelectriclightsourcewiththelargestoutputandthemostwidelyused.

2.Halogenlamp:Basedontheincandescentlamp,asmallamountofhalogenelementisaddedtothefillinggastoformanefficientsmalllightsource.Ordinaryglassshellsarealsochangedtoquartzglass,hardhighsilicaglassoraluminateglasstoovercomehightemperatures.Halogenlampshavethecharacteristicsofhighluminousefficiencyandlonglife,andthereisa"tungstenhalogencycle"inthehalogenlamp,thatis,acyclicchemicalreaction.Halogenlampsandincandescentlampsarebothheatradiationlightsourcesandradiatealotofheat.However,theintensityoflightemittedbyhalogenlampsismuchhigherthanthatofincandescentlamps,andtheenergyconsumptionisreducedbyabout1/3.Thelightemittedbythehalogenlampcontainsultravioletcomponents,whicharedividedintothreewavelengthbands:UVA,UVB,andUVC,andUVBandUVChaveableachingeffectonthesubject.WhetherthehalogenlampwillproduceUVBharmfultothehumanbody,UVCdependsontheglassshellofthehalogenlamp.

3.Fluorescentlamp:adischargelampwithlow-pressuremercuryvaporatthecathode.Theultravioletlightreleasedbythedischargeisconvertedintovisiblelightbythereflectionofthephosphor.Thedouble-spiralortriple-spiraltungstenfilamentisusedonthesurfaceofthefilament.Coatedwithelectronemissionmaterialstoformtheemitter.Theglasstubeisfilledwithamixtureofargon,krypton,andneon,andamalgam,andtheinnerwalloftheglasstubeiscoatedwiththreeprimarycolorphosphors.Itsworkingprinciple:theballastgeneratesapulsevoltagetopreheatthefilament,andtheelectronemissionmaterialonthecathodeisactivatedtogenerateelectrons.Theelectronscollidewiththemercuryatomsinthetubetogenerate253.7nmand185nmultravioletrays.Themainpeakis253.7nm,accountingforabout70%to80%ofthetotalradiantenergy;thesub-peakvalueis185nm,accountingforabout10%ofthetotalradiantenergy.Ultravioletrayspassthroughtheinnerwalloftheglasstubecoatedwithphosphortorefractvisiblelight.Becauseoftheuseofthreeprimarycolorphosphorsandultravioletlightcomponents,thefluorescentlampspectrumhasmultiplesmallspikes,andthereismercuryvaporwithapressureofabout0.8Pa,whichisdischargedundertheactionofanelectricfield,andthevalenceelectronsofmercuryatomsareremovedfromtheoriginalstate.Excitedbecomesanexcitedstate.Atthesametime,itspontaneouslyreturnstothegroundstateinanexcitedstate,convertingvalenceelectronsintoelectromagneticradiationenergy,andradiating353.7nmultravioletrays,andthereareabout10%85nmhigh-frequencyultravioletrays.Thephosphorontheinnerwalloftheglasstubeabsorbs353.7nmultravioletlightandconvertsitintovisiblelight.Sincemostoftheelectricenergyconsumedbyfluorescentlampsisusedtogenerateultravioletrays,theluminousefficiencyoffluorescentlampsismuchhigherthanthatofincandescentlampsandtungstenhalogenlamps,andisamoreenergy-savinglightingsource.Whenthefluorescentlampisworking,thetemperatureofthefilamentisabout1160K,whichismuchlowerthantheworkingtemperatureoftheincandescentlamp,whichis2400～2900K,soitsservicelifeisgreatlyextended,reachingmorethan5000h.Anotherfeatureoffluorescentlampsisthattheyhavegoodcolorrendering,haveideallightingeffectsforcolorfulobjectsandenvironments,andhavelowlightdecay.Therefore,theyarewidelyused.

4.LEDlamp:isasolid-statesemiconductorcomponentthatcanconvertelectricalenergyintovisiblelight,thatis,light-emittingdiodes,whichdirectlyconvertelectricalenergyintolightenergy.ThecorecomponentoftheLEDisasemiconductorchip.Oneendofthechipisattachedtothebracket,oneendisthenegativepole,andtheotherendisthepositivepoleconnectedtothepowersupply.Theentirechipisencapsulatedbyepoxyresin.AsingleLEDlampbeadonlyworksatalowvoltageofabout3Vandalowcurrentofaboutafewmilliamps.Drivecircuit),maketheintegratedmultipleLEDlampbeadsworkunderthemainspower,andtheninstallthelampholder.Theself-ballastedLEDlampreferstoanLEDlampwithalampcapthatcanintegratestableignitioncomponentsintoone,andcaneasilyreplacetraditionalincandescentlamps.CommonlyusedwhiteLEDlightingisafluorescentlightsourceexcitedbyblueLEDs.Exceptforapartoftheheatdissipatedtoelectroniccomponents,mostofthewhitelightenergyofLEDlightingcanbeconvertedintovisiblelight,anditsluminousefficiencycanreach50~200lm/W.Itscharacteristicsaresimplestructure,lowcost,longservicelife,highluminousefficiency,andresistancetobreakage.