Преглед
Supercomputersrefertocomputerswithinformationprocessingcapabilitiesthatareonetotwoordersofmagnitudefasterthanpersonalcomputers.Theyplayapivotalroleinareassuchasintensivecomputingandmassivedataprocessing.Asaproductofhigh-performancecomputingtechnology,supercomputers,alsoknownassupercomputers,areconceptscorrespondingtohigh-performancecomputersorhigh-endcomputers.
Supercomputershaveastrongabilitytocalculateandprocessdata.Themainfeaturesarehighspeedandlargecapacity,equippedwithavarietyofexternalandperipheralequipment,andarich,high-functionsoftwaresystem.Thesupercomputeradoptsaturbo-typedesign,andeachbladeisaserver,whichcanrealizecollaborativework,andcanbeincreasedordecreasedatanytimeaccordingtoapplicationneeds.Takemycountry'sfirst"Shenwei·TaihuLight"builtentirelywithdomesticprocessorsasanexample.Itscontinuousperformanceis930billiontimespersecond,anditspeakperformancecanreach1.25billiontimespersecond.Throughadvancedarchitectureanddesign,theseparationofstorageandcomputingisrealized,ensuringthatuserdataandmaterialsarenotaffectedinanywayduringsoftwaresystemupdatesorCPUupgrades,ensuringthesafetyofstoredinformation,andtrulyachievinglong-term,efficientandreliablemaintenance.Theadvantagesofcomputingandeasytoupgradeandmaintain.
Accordingtodifferentprocessors,supercomputerscanbedividedintotwocategories,usingdedicatedprocessorsorusingstandardcompatibleprocessors.Theformercandealwiththesametypeofproblemsefficiently,whilethelattercanbeusedinonemachine,andthescopeofuseismoreflexibleandwide.Specialpurposecomputersaremostlyfoundinfieldssuchasastrophysicsandcodecracking.International"chessmasters","DeepBlue",andJapan's"EarthSimulator"allbelongtosuchsupercomputers.Manysupercomputersarenon-dedicatedsystemsandservemanyfieldssuchasmilitary,medicine,meteorology,finance,energy,environment,andmanufacturing.
Предистория на развитието
SupercomputeristhefirsttermreportedintheNewYorkWorldin1929.Itisacombinationofalargenumberofprocessorstoprocesshugeamountsofdata.Atthesametime,thecalculationspeedismanytimesfasterthanconventionalcomputers.Butfromastructuralpointofview,supercomputersandordinarycomputersaresimilar,andthisparallelprocessingallowspeopletoprocesshugeamountsofdata,whichinturnaffectstheoperationofvariousindustries,anditssignificanceisverysignificant.In1976,CrayCorporationoftheUnitedStateslaunchedItistheworld’sfirstsupercomputerwithacomputingspeedof250millionoperationspersecond.Itisasupercomputerthathighlightsthestrengthofacountry’sscienceandtechnology.,Nuclear,military,aerospaceandotherhigh-techfieldstoshowtheirtalents,sothatthescientificandtechnologicalelitesofallcountriesarecompeting,andallcountriesarebeginningtodevelopexascalesupercomputers.
Generallyspeaking,thecomputingspeedofsupercomputersaveragesmorethan10milliontimespersecond,andthestoragecapacityismorethan10millionbits.Forexample,ILLIAC-IVintheUnitedStates,NECinJapan,EugeneinEurope,and"Galaxy"computersinChinaareallsupercomputers.Thedevelopmentofsupercomputersisanimportantdevelopmentdirectionofelectroniccomputers.Itslevelofresearchanddevelopmentmarksthedegreeofacountry'sscientificandtechnologicalandindustrialdevelopment,andreflectsthestrengthofthecountry'seconomicdevelopment.Somedevelopedcountriesareinvestingalotofcapital,manpower,andmaterialresourcestodevelopsupercomputerswithacomputingspeedofseveraltrillionoperations.
SincetheNationalUniversityofDefenseTechnologyreleasedthe"Tianhe-1"supercomputerwithapeakperformanceof1.206petaflopspersecondin2009,mycountrybecamethesecondsupercomputercapableofindependentlydevelopingpetaflopsaftertheUnitedStates.scountry.Inparticular,theemergenceoftheSunwayTaihuLightin2016markedmycountry'sentryintotheworld'sleadingpositioninsupercomputing.Supercomputerscanrepresentacountry'scomprehensivestrengthinthefieldofinformationanddata,anditcanevenbesaidtoaffectthecountry'sstatusinworldscienceandtechnology.Notonlythat,theactualapplicationofsupercomputersisalsoconsiderablewhentheeraofbigdataisapproaching.
Композиционна структура
Хардуер
Thehardwarecompositionofasupercomputerisbasicallythesameasthatofapersonalcomputer,whichismainlycomposedofarithmeticunit,controller,memory,inputdeviceandOutputdevicecomposition.However,thesupercomputer'ssuperdataanalysisandprocessingcapabilities,superlargestoragecapacity,andhugeenergyconsumptionareunmatchedbypersonalcomputers.
Софтуер
High-performancecomputersareverypowerfulintermsofhardware,butatthesametime,inordertomaximizetheirperformance,softwareisalsoveryimportant.Morethan60%ofcurrentsupercomputersusetheLinuxoperatingsystem,andmostsupercomputersystemsaretailoredtosuitdifferentapplicationsbasedonLinux.
Поддръжка
Withthedevelopmentoftechnology,theconnectionbetweencomputersandushasbecomecloser.Inthecontextofbigdata,supercomputersarealsoheavilyinvestedintheapplicationofbigdata.Amongthem,becausethesupercomputersystemisaffectedbythecharacteristicsofvirtuality,itispronetomalfunctions,whichbringsinconveniencetotheunitandusers.Inordertoreducetheoccurrenceofthissituationandprolongtheservicelifeofthesupercomputer,itisnecessarytomaintainthesupercomputerregularly.
Intheprocessofmaintainingsupercomputers,scientificandreasonablemethodsmustbeadoptedtoimprovetheperformanceandefficiencyofthesupercomputer,andtherebyextendtheservicelifeofthesupercomputer.Supercomputermaintenanceworkisdividedintohardwaremaintenanceandsoftwaremaintenance.Amongthem,hardwaremaintenancereferstotheregularinspectionandpropercleaningofthehardwareequipmentofthesupercomputer.Itisimportanttoavoidmovingtheequipmentasmuchaspossibletoavoiddamagetotheequipment.Софтуерmaintenancereferstobackingupthesupercomputersoftware,regularlycleaningupuselessfiles,andpayingattentiontoavoidvirusesinfectingthesupercomputerasmuchaspossible,soasnottocausedamagetothesupercomputersystemandthreatentheinformationsecurityofcompanies,researchinstitutions,andindividuals.
Supercomputersarepronetothefollowingfailuresduringthemaintenanceprocess:bootproblems,hardwareproblems,andsoftwareproblems.Inviewoftheproblemofsupercomputerfailure,relevantpersonnelneedtotakemaintenancemeasuresintimetomaintainthesupercomputer.Firstofall,whenasupercomputerfails,areasonablejudgmentshouldbemadetodeterminewhatcausesthesupercomputertofailtoworknormally.Thesupercomputercannotberepairedblindly,andtheinspectionofthemachineitselfandthesurroundingenvironmentshouldbestrengthened.Secondly,afterdeterminingthefailureofthesupercomputer,imaginethepossiblecauseofthefailureandhowtodealwiththefailure,clarifytheoverallideaofthefailuremaintenance,sothatthesubsequentmaintenanceworkcanproceedsmoothlyandimprovetheefficiencyofthemaintenancework.
Inaddition,itisnecessarytoprotectthenetworksecurityofsupercomputers.Intheprocessofprotectingthesupercomputernetwork,itisnecessarytoavoidtheinvasionofhackersandTrojanviruses.Thedatabaseneedstobebackedupandrestored,andthemoreimportantdatashouldbebackedupandupdated,sothatevenifthereisanaccident,thedatacanberestoredthroughthebackuptoavoidunnecessarylosses.Themoreimportantpointistopreventviruses.Byinstallingavirusfirewall,thesystemcanbescannedandmonitored,andvirusescanbedetectedandremovedintime.Sincesupercomputersaremostlyusedinscientificresearchunits,itisnecessarytoinstalloffensivesoftwaretoimprovethecontextofthesupercomputersystem.Onceanexternalintrusionoccurs,thesystemcanpromptlywarnandeffectivelyinterceptit.
Въведение в приложението
Supercomputersarecomputerswiththestrongestfunctions,fastestcalculationspeed,andlargeststoragecapacity.Theyaremostlyusedinnationalhigh-techfieldsandcutting-edgetechnologyresearch.Animportantindicatorofthelevelofnationalscientificandtechnologicaldevelopmentandcomprehensivenationalstrength.Acountry'shigh-performancesupercomputerisdirectlyrelatedtotheinternationalpeople'slivelihoodandnationalsecurity.Inalmostallareasofnationaleconomyandpeople'slivelihood,supercomputershaveplayedapivotalrole.
1.Thefieldofsupercomputerapplicationsciencetopromotethedevelopmentofthetimes
Supercomputersusetheirpowerfuldataprocessingcapabilitiestohelppeoplechangethewaypeopleunderstandthenaturalworldandprovidehugebenefitstosociety.Itsimulatestheatmosphere,climate,andocean,andcanaccuratelypredictearthquakesandtsunamis.Tobetterunderstandtornadoesandhurricanes,ordeciphertheforcesthatcausegeomagneticstorms,theYellowstonesupercomputerandNWSCwillbringbetterpredictionsandbetterprotectthepublic’seconomy.Usedforcomplexweatheranalysisandprocessingglobalweathersatellitedata.Thefastdataprocessingcapabilitiesofsupercomputerscanpredictglobalweatherandconductcentralizeddataprocessing,quantitativeanalysis,andmodelinganalysisontheinformationofmeteorologicalsatellitereconnaissance.
2.Supercomputerapplicationandproductionfield,savinghumanresources
Usingthepowerfulcomputingdensityofsupercomputers,forsomeaccidents,theincidenceofaccidentsishigh,whichposesagreatthreattolifesafety.Intheindustry,supercomputersareusedtoreplacemanualoperations,suchasundergroundcoalmining,high-altitudeoperations,blastingwork,andoilexplorationandotherdataprocessingandanalysis.Thecalculationdensityherereferstothecalculationabilityofasupercomputerinacertainvolumeandarea,whichistheembodimentofcalculationaccuracyandcalculationability.Forexample,in2007,theSugon4000Lsupercomputerplayedakeyroleinthediscoveryofthe1billiontonsofreservesintheJidongnanpuoilfieldinBohaiBay,andtheapplicationoftheSugon5000Asupercomputerhasfurtherreachedtheundergroundthousands.Metersofexplorationdepth.
3. Приложни в развиващи се полета като медицинска фармация, усъвършенствано производство, изкуствен интелект и др.
Bioinformaticshasbecomeanewapplicationfieldofsupercomputing,suchasthemassivedatageneratedduringthesequencingofthehumangenomeSupercomputersareindispensableforprocessing.Inthemedicalfield,supercomputersarealsousedtosimulatetheworkingmechanismofvariousorgansofthehumanbodyandvariousbiochemicalreactionsinthehumanbody.Thedevelopmentofanewdrugusuallyrequiresmanystepsfromthedevelopmentandtesting,whichgenerallytakesabout15years,andtheuseofsupercomputerscanconductsimulationtestsondrugdevelopment,therapeuticeffectsandadversereactions,therebyintegratingtheresearchanddevelopmentofnewdrugs.Thecycleisshortenedby3to5yearsandtheresearchanddevelopmentcostscanbesignificantlyreduced.Inaddition,withthedevelopmentofcomputertechnology,withthesupportofsupercomputers,keyproblemsinmajorscienceandapplicationfieldshavebeensolved,andtherapiddevelopmentofrelatedfieldshasbeenpromoted.Otherssuchasartificialintelligence,in-depthlearning,andbiologyTherearealsoalargenumberofapplicationsinemergingfieldssuchasmedicine,geneticengineering,andfinancialanalysis.
Перспективи за развитие
Withtheadventoftheeraofbigdata,supercomputerswillshineinthefutureThedevelopmentofbigdatatechnologyprovidesguarantee.Inthefuture,supercomputersarelikelytodevelopintotheformofsharedservercloudcomputing,takingadvantageofitsextremelystrongcomputingspeedandlarge-scaledataprocessing.Ontheotherhand,thearchitectureandcomponentmethodsofthesupercomputeritselfmayalsobegreatlychanged,especiallyinthereductionofvolume,lighteroperation,andreducedcost.Inthefuture,itwillnotonlyexistasanationalstrategy,butwillalsobeinvolvedinthecommercialfield,whichwillstimulateitsdevelopmentevenmore.
Asanimportantmanifestationofacountry’sinformatization,supercomputerswillfirstplayanimportantroleindefensetechnology,industrialization,spacesatellitesandotherfields,andsecondly,theywillappearinfieldssuchasmeteorology,physics,anddetection.Outofitsadvantages.Relyingonpowerfuldataprocessingcapabilitiesandhigh-speedcomputingcapabilities,thefuturesupercomputerwillbeanimportanttoolintheeraofbigdata.Anditwillbefurtherpopularizedinourspecificlivesandmakeagreatcontributiontooursocialdevelopment.
Суперкомпютърно класиране
OnthemorningofJune17,2019,the53rdGlobalSupercomputingTOP500listwasreleasedattheInternationalSupercomputingConference(ISC)heldinFrankfurt,Germany.ComparedwiththelistannouncedinNovember2018,thetopfouronthelisthavenotchanged.Thetwosupercomputers"Summit"and"Summit"deployedintheOakRidgeNationalLaboratoryandLivermoreLaboratoryundertheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy"Sierra"stilloccupiesthetoptwoplaces,andChina'ssupercomputer"Shenwei·LightofTaihuLake"and"TianheNo.2"rankedthirdandfourthrespectively. Сред тях, пиковата производителност на най-бързия суперкомпютър в света "топ" в този списък достигна 148.6PFlops, поставяйки нов суперкомпютърен рекорд.