Теоретични източници
ThetheoryofsocializationofproductionisanimportantpartofallMarx’seconomictheories.ThistheoryisMarx’stheoreticalsummaryofproductivityinthecapitalistera.MarxbasedTheactualhistoricalsituationandmaintrendsofeconomicdevelopment,thesocializationofproductionismainlyunderstoodasthecentralizationandlarge-scaleproduction,andthatthesocializationofproductionisincontradictionwiththeprivateownershipofcapitalistmeansofproduction,andthenputforwardthatthedeathknellofcapitalistprivateownershipisabouttobestruck.Ringing”conclusion.Incontemporarydevelopedcapitalistcountries’economies,therehasbeenadualphenomenonandtrendofproductionconcentrationanddecentralization,capitalandenterprisescalelarge-scaleandsmall-scalecoexistence,whichbringsustotheimportantpointthatwemustre-understandanddevelopMarx’stheoryofsocializationofproduction.Subject.
Основните функции
InMarx's(includingEngels)theory,"productionsocialization"isacategoryusedtoexpressthemainfeaturesofcapitalistproductivity."Социализацияofproduction"isopposedto"personalizationofproduction"and"decentralizationofproduction.""Miniaturizationofproduction"istheopposite.Infact,Marxmainlyusedthecategoryofproductionsocializationinthemeaningofproductionconcentrationandlarge-scaleproduction.ThiscanbeconfirmedfromMarx’stheoryonthescaledevelopmentofcapitalistenterprises(Note:QiuHaiping.Marx’sResearchonEnterpriseScaleTheory[J].ContemporaryEconomicResearch,2000,(8).).Marxconfirmedthatthemaincharacteristicofthedevelopmentofcapitalistproductivity,whichisdifferentfromallprevioussocialproduction,liesinthesocializationofproductionanditsdevelopment,fromsimplecollaborationtothedevelopmentofworkshopsandhandicraftstothedevelopmentofmachineryandlarge-scaleindustry.Thisisaproductionsociety.Theprocessofcontinuousdevelopment.Comparedwiththedecentralizationandminiaturizationofproduction,thesocializationofproductionhasmanyadvantages.Itisnotonlytheresultofthedevelopmentofproductivity,butalsothemainwayforthedevelopmentofproductivity.Thebourgeoisieisrelyingonthesocializationofproductiontodefeatsmallproduction.Intheprocessofproductionsocialization,thescaleofindividualcapitalisexpandedthroughcapitalaccumulationandcapitalconcentration.Thedevelopmentofcapitalismisaprocessinwhichthelevelofproductionsocializationcontinuestoincrease.BasedonMarx’s"DasKapital",Engelsmadeacomprehensiveexpositiononthesocializationofproductionintermsofmeansofproduction,laborprocess,andlaborproductsin"Anti-Duhring",clearlyexpressingthatthesocializationofproductionisTheviewpointofcentralizationandlarge-scaleproduction.(Note:SelectedWorksofMarxandEngels[M].Volume3,People'sPublishingHouse,1995SecondEdition,619-634.)
DevelopmentTrend
However,weseethat,WhenMarxsummarizedthedevelopmenttrendofproductionsocializationbasedontheestablishmentofmachineryandlarge-scaleindustry,heseemedtooveremphasizetheintegrateddevelopmenttrendofproduction,whileignoringthecorrecttheoryheonceputforwardwhendiscussingthedivisionoflabor,thusignoringtherighttheory.Adetailedanalysisoftheprerequisitesandconstraintsofproductionintegration,itseemsthatanyintegrateddevelopmentofproductioncanbeunrestrictedandunconditional,sothatthedegreeofcapitalconcentrationcanreachbeyondregionsanddepartments,andthusreachtheoverallnationallevel.level.BothMarxandEngelsraisedthispointtoatheoreticallevel,andconcludedthatthedevelopmentofsocializationofproductionhasreachedthepointwhereitisincompatiblewiththecapitalistmodeofproduction.Marxpointedout:"Theconcentrationofthemeansofproductionandthesocializationoflaborhavereachedapointwheretheyareincompatiblewiththeircapitalistshell.Thisshellisabouttoblowup."(Note:Marx.Capital[M].No.Vol.1,831.)Engelspointedout:"Thenewmodeofproductionismoredominantinalldecisiveproductionsectorsandalleconomicallydecisivecountries,andthuscrowdsoutindividualproductiontoaninsignificantresidualposition.Theincompatibilitybetweensocializedproductionandcapitalistappropriationmustalsobemorevividlymanifested."(Note:Engels.Anti-DuhringTheory,SelectedWorksofMarxandEngels[M].Vol.3,People'sPublishingHouse,1972.311./p>
Corecategory
В новото издание на Избраните произведения на Маркс и Енгелс от 1995 г. оригиналният „социализиран“ е преведен на „социален“.
Theactualhistoryofcapitalistproductionandenterprisedevelopmentshowsthattheintegrationofproductionandthelarge-scaleenterpriseareneitherunconditional,unlimited,norlineardevelopment,norisitaninevitabletrendofallproductiondevelopment.
Thecruxoftheproblemisthatwecannotequateproductionsocializationwithproductionintegration,productionconcentration,andlarge-scaleenterprises,letaloneequateproductionconcentrationandlarge-scaleproductionwiththedevelopmentofproductivity,andequateproductiondecentralizationandminiaturizationwithproductivity.Thebackwardnessofproductionisrelatedtothis,andproductionintegration,centralizationandlarge-scaleproductioncannotberegardedastheinevitabledevelopmenttrendofallproduction.Inordertoexplaintheserelations,itisnecessaryforustoconductanewdiscussiononthecorecategoryofproductionsocialization.
Социализация
Тенденции на развитие
Какъв е пълният смисъл на "социализация на производството"?"Социализацията на производството" се отнася до цялото развитие на производството. Този вид динамика е процесът на промяна от "несоциално" към "социално". И така, какво означава "социално" и "несоциално"?
Връзка с хората
InMarx’stheory,"society"isaconceptopposedtonatureandaconceptopposedtoindividuals.Regardlessofitsmeaning,itreferstotherelationshipbetweenpeople.Therefore,"socialization"Itreferstothechangefromnaturaltouniquetohumansociety,fromindividualtoimpersonal,thatis,collectiveandcommontomankind.
Става дума за многостранност
ItisrelatedtonatureIncontrast,humanbeingsasanaturalentitybelongtonature.Therefore,whatisopposedtonaturecannotbethepersonhimselfasanindividual,butsomethingotherthanthisindividual,thatis,therelationshipbetweenhumansandhumans.Thiskindofrelationshipismultifaceted,someofwhicharestillnatural,thesameorsimilartoanimals,suchasbloodrelationship(infact,whenwetalkaboutthenaturalnatureofhumanrelationships,weshouldn’tforgetthatsomeTheseanimalsalsohavespecificsocialcharacteristics,suchasants).Mostoftherelationshipsbetweenhumansareuniquetohumans,suchasproductionrelationsoreconomicrelations,politicalrelations,ethnicrelations,nationalrelations,etc.FromandnatureMutuallyIntheoppositesense,theso-called"socialization"referstothetransformationfromnaturetosomethinguniquetohumans.Itisthroughproductionthathumanskeepthemselvesfartherandfartherawayfromtheanimalkingdomandanimality.Thedevelopmentofhumanproductionfromprimitivegatheringindustry,huntingindustry,fisheryindustrytoagricultureandbreedingindustry,cottageindustryisitselfaprocessofdevelopmentfromnaturetorealhumansociety.ItisthroughthisdevelopmentofproductionthathumanbeingsarebecomingmoreandmoreSeparatingfromtheanimalkingdom,humancivilizationhasincreasinglyacquireditsownuniquenature.Asfarastheproductionofhumansocietyisconcerned,thereisalsoaproblemofthelevelofdevelopment.Generallyspeaking,themorebackwardtheproductionis,themoretheproductionisrestrictedbynature,andthestrongerthe"naturalness"ofproduction.Itispreciselybecausetheunderdevelopmentofproductionoftenresultsintheunderdevelopmentofproductexchange.Therefore,Marxcalledtheeconomicformlackingdivisionoflaborandproductexchange"naturaleconomy."Thenatureof(thatis,notusingmanufacturedtools),butreferstothatinthisstateofproduction,therelationshipbetweenpeopleisless,thatis,thesocialnatureofproductionisless.Generallyspeaking,thehigherthedegreeofproductexchange,thestrongerthesocialityofproduction,andthehigherthedegreeofsocializationofproduction,themoredevelopedtheexchangeofgoods.
Поверителност
Marxunderstoodthecontradictionbetweentheprivatenessandsocialityoflaborcausedbysocialdivisionoflaborasthecauseofcommodityproduction.Itisthroughexchangethatprivatelaboristransformedintosociallabor.Therefore,alllaborfortheproductionofcommoditieshasapotentialandindirectsocialnature,becauseatthebeginning,theselaborsarenotlaborforproducingproductsfortheproducersthemselves,butlaborforproducingcommoditiesforothersandforthesociety,butonlythroughexchanges.,Thepotentialandindirectsocialityofthelaborofproducingcommoditiescanbetransformedintotheactualanddirectsociality.Theprocessofexchangeistheprocessthroughwhichthe"socialization"oftheprivatelaborofproducingcommoditiesisfinallycompleted,butthisdoesnotmeanthatthesocialnatureofthelaborofproducingcommoditiesisproducedanddeterminedbyexchangeitself.Theproductionofallcommoditiesissocialproductionfromthebeginning,buttheymustbetransformedintoactualsocialproductionthroughthe“purgatory”of“exchange”.Inthissense,thesocializationofproductionisnotuniquetocapitalism,butafeaturesharedbyallcommodityproduction.Themore"socialized"productionis,thehigherthedegreeofcommodityexchange.Therefore,intheproductionofallcommodities,thereisaproblemoftransformingpotentialsociallaborintoactualsociallabor.Whendiscussingtheusevalueofcommodities,Marxclearlypointedout:“Toproducecommodities,hemustnotonlyproduceusevalue,butalsoproduceusevalueforothers,thatis,theusevalueoftheproductionsociety.”(Note:Capital[M].Volume1,People'sPublishingHouse,1975.54.)Marxevendirectlyregardedthedivisionoflaborandthe"socialityofproduction"asthesamething.Hebelievedthatthedevelopmentofdivisionoflaborwasthedevelopmentofthesocialityofproduction.Hepointedout:"Theneedforexchangeandthetransformationofproductsintopureexchangevaluearethesamedivisionoflabor,thatis,thesamedegreeofdevelopmentasthesocialityofproduction."(Note:TheCompleteWorksofMarxandEngels[M].Vol.46(Part1),People’sPublishingHouse,1979.91.)
Категория
ItcanbeseenthatMarx’s"productionsocialization"categoryoriginallyhasadualmeaning,thatis,ontheonehand,itreferstothecentralizationandLarge-scale,ontheotherhand,referstotheinterdependenceofproduction.However,thecategoryof"socializationofproduction"usedbyMarxandEngelsinanalyzingthecontradictionsofcapitalismspecificallyreferstothecentralizationandlarge-scaleproductionofproduction.BothMarxandEngelsregarded“socializedproduction”asthemainfeatureofcapitalistproduction,andbelievedthatitwasincontradictionwiththeprivateownershipofcapitalistmeansofproduction.EngelsbasedonMarx’s“DasKapital”in“Anti-Duhring”Thisissuehasbeendiscussedinmoredetailandclearly.Engelsexplainedthecharacteristicsofthesocializationofcapitalistproductionfromthesocializationofthemeansofproduction,thesocializationoftheproductionprocess,andthesocializationoflaborproducts.The"socializedproduction"referredtobyEngelsclearlyreferstotheconcentrationofcapital.Интеграция,thecentralizationofproductionmaterialsandproductionprocesses,andproductsaretheresultofthecollaborationofmanypeople.MarxandEngelscametotheconclusionthatcapitalismwillinevitablydiebasedonthecontradictionbetweensocializedproductionandtheprivateownershipofcapitalistmeansofproduction.
Неизбежна смърт
Today,whenwecombinethehistoryofcapitalistdevelopmentformorethan100yearsandcontemporaryСоциализация,thatis,centralizationandlarge-scaleproduction,iscorrectasthemaincharacteristicofcapitalistproductionthatdistinguishesitfromsmall-scaleproductioninthepast;ithasalsobeenprovedthatcertainconcentrationofproductioncandeveloptothedegreeofmonopoly.However,thesocializationofproductionisonlyunderstoodasthecentralizationandlarge-scaleproduction,andthatthecentralizationandlarge-scaleproductionistheonlyformofproductivitydevelopment,andtheconclusionthatcapitalismwillinevitablydieismainlybasedonthecontradictionbetweenitandcapitalistprivateownership.Butitisworthyoffurtherstudy.
Форми на изразяване
Actually,thedevelopmentofcapitalistproductivity,thatis,thedevelopmentofsocializationofproduction,hastwodifferentmanifestations,oneisproductionconcentration,integration,andlarge-scaleproduction.Theotheristhedevelopmentofsocialdivisionoflabor.Theconcentrationofproductivitymeanstheexpansionofcollaborativelaborandtheexpansionofthescaleofenterprises;thedevelopmentofsocialdivisionoflabormeansthedifferentiationofproductionprocessesandlinks,thesimplificationofcollaborationcontent,andtheminiaturizationofenterprisescale.Thedevelopmentofproductionconcentrationandsocialdivisionoflaborisactuallythedualmanifestationandformofproductionsocialization.
Inthedevelopmentofsocialproduction,thecentralizationandlarge-scaleproductionarenotcontradictorytothedevelopmentofsocialdivisionoflabor,andtheyarebothformsofproductivitydevelopment.Throughcentralization,thesocialproductivity(collectivestrength)andscaleefficiencyoflaborareimproved;throughsocialdivisionoflabor,specializationisrealized,andtheindividualproductivityandprofessionalproductionleveloflaborareimproved(thesuperiorityofalldivisionoflabor).
Интеграция
Regardlessofthewaythroughwhichproductionconcentrationandcapitalconcentrationareachieved,italwaysshowsthreetypesofcontentandresults:thefirstisbasedonspecialization.Concentrationandmonopoly(mainlyhorizontalintegration)onthebasisoftheUnitedStates,MicrosoftandINTERcompaniesintheUnitedStatesaretypicalrepresentativesofthistype,andthisformofconcentrationandmonopolyisthemainformofconcentrationandmonopoly;thesecondtypeiscertainThesocialdivisionoflaboristransformedintoaconcentrationcharacterizedbythedivisionoflaborwithintheenterprise(mainlyverticalintegration).Thethirdtypeistheso-calledcross-industryandcross-sectoral"hybridalliance"thatemergedafterWorldWarII.Thisisakindofhybridintegration.
Itisthroughtheintegrationofthesedifferentformsthatthescaleoftheenterprisecanbeexpanded.Theexpansionofenterprisescaleisconducivetotechnologicaldevelopmentandinnovation,andisconducivetoincreasingmarketshare;theincreaseinthetotalamountofcorporateassetsisconducivetotherealizationofdiversificationofassetforms,andisconducivetoenhancingthemarketcompetitivenessofenterprisesandcopingwithchangesinthemarketenvironment.Ability.Especiallyinthecaseofincreasinglyfiercemarketcompetition,theexpansionofthescaleofenterprisesisconducivetoinvestingrelativelylargecapitalintechnologicaldevelopmentandadvertising.StatisticsshowthattheamountofcapitalinvestedbyenterprisesinR&Dhasapositivecorrelationwiththesizeoftheenterprise.Thelargertheenterprise,themorelikelyitistoconductindependentresearchanddevelopment.Smallandmedium-sizedenterprisesaregenerallyunabletoengageinR&Dactivities.Inaddition,theadvertisinginvestmentofacompanyisofgreatsignificanceforexpandingthecompany'ssocialimpact,increasingitsvisibilityand"intangibleassets",therebyenhancingthecompany'soverallcompetitiveness.Generallyspeaking,largecompanieshaveaclearadvantageinadvertising.Thedevelopmentofanenterprisedoesnotentirelydependontheadvertisementitself,butundertheconditionthatthetypesofsocialproductsandservicesarealreadyveryrich,howtoeffectivelyconveytheinformationoftheenterpriseanditsproductsorservicestoconsumersthroughsuccessfuladvertisingandpublicity,andAttractingconsumershasbecomeanimportantconditionforcompaniestowininfiercecompetition.Experiencehasshownthatthelargerthescaleofthecompany,themoreadvantageousitistoinvestinadvertisingandpublicity,becauseifadvertisingcostsaccountforacertainproportionoftotalturnoverortotalcosts,thegreaterthetotalcapitalandthusthetotalturnoverortotalcost,itcanbeusedforadvertising.Thetotalcostofpublicityisgreater.
Развитие на разделението на труда
Thedevelopmentofdivisionoflaborinsocietyhastwodifferentformsandresults.Oneisthesocialdivisionoflaborarisingfromcentralizedproduction,thatis,thedivisionoflaborwithintheenterpriseistransformedintothedivisionoflaborbetweenthesocietyandthedivisionoflaborbetweenenterprises.Thereisadoubleresulthere.Ontheonehand,partoftheproductionisseparatedfromtheoriginalenterprise.Itisundertakenbyotherindependententerprises,sotheoriginalenterprisehasbecomesmallerintermsofproductioncontent.Ontheotherhand,itispreciselybecausetheoriginalenterprise’sproductionspecializationhasbeenstrengthened,whichcreatedtheexpansionofproductionscaleandconcentrateddevelopment.Conditions,theenterprisemaybecomelarger,andthesameistruefortheenterpriseoperatingaprojectseparatedfromtheoriginalenterprise.Anotherformofthedevelopmentofsocialdivisionoflaboristocreateanewdivisionoflaboronthebasisofexistingproduction,thatis,tocreateproductionthatdidnotexistbefore.Thisismostprominentinthedevelopmentofcontemporaryscientificandtechnologicalrevolution.Aseriesofsmallandmedium-sizedhigh-techenterprisesTheestablishmentofnewtechnologiestoinvent,produceandprovidenewproductsandservicesthatdidnotexistinthepast.(Note:RegardingtheimportanceofproductinnovationinMarxisteconomics,pleaserefertoMengJie:"ProductInnovationandMarxistCapitalAccumulationTheory","AdvancedPoliticalEconomy",pages257-271,EconomicSciencePress,2002.Monthlyversion.)
Масова продукция
Socializedmassproductioncanbeunderstoodfromtwoaspects:Ontheonehand,itisrelativetoscatteredsmall-scaleproduction(iesmall-scaleproduction),Centralizedmassproductionissocializedmassproduction.Inthissense,"socializedmassproduction"and"productionsocialization"aresynonymous,sotheexpressionsinthetwoplacesinthetextbookarenotcontradictory,butconsistent.
Ontheotherhand,underthepremiseofsocializationofproduction,"massproduction"obviouslyreferstoahighdegreeofsocializationandalargescale.Inthissense,"socializedmassproduction"alsoreferstothegreatdevelopmentofproductivitybroughtaboutbytheindustrialrevolution,whichistheinevitableresultofthecontinuousincreaseinthedegreeofsocializationofproduction,anditischaracterizedbytheemergenceoflargemachineindustries.Afterthecapitalistsocietyenteredthestageofsocializedmassproduction,"thenewproductiveforceshavesurpassedthebourgeoisuseofthisproductiveforce",and"thecapitalistmodeofproductionhasexposeditsinabilitytocontinuetocontrolthisproductiveforce."Thismeansthatasthedegreeofsocializationofproductioncontinuestoincrease,thebasiccontradictionsofcapitalistsocietyareconstantlydeepening.
Therefore,inordertoadapttotheobjectiverequirementsofthenewproductiveforcesofsocializedmassproduction,itisnecessarytoeliminatethecapitalistprivateownershipofthemeansofproductionandestablishasocialistpublicownershipofthemeansofproduction.Onlyinthiswaycanthebasiccontradictionsofcapitalistsocietyberesolved,thefurtherdevelopmentofsocialproductiveforcescanbepromoted,andthedegreeofsocializationofproductioncanbefurtherimproved.Therefore,whendiscussingthereplacementofcapitalismbysocialism,itmakessenseforthetextbooksnottouse"socializationofproduction"buttoadopttheconceptof"masssocializedproduction".