Definition
Socialinstitution
Socialinstitutionisdividedinto3levels:
①、OverallSocialsystem,oroldsocialform,suchascapitalistsystem,socialistsystem;
②.Systemsindifferentareasofasociety,suchaseconomicsystems,educationsystems,etc.;
③,specificbehaviorpatternsandprocedures,suchasattendancesystems,Approvalsystem,etc.
TheAmericansociologistsCHCooleyandK.Davisbelievethatthesystemisacomplexofalargenumberofnorms.Itisestablishedinalegalformbysocietytomeetitsneeds,emphasizingtheimportanceofsocialnormsandtheimportanceofthesystem.Positioninthesocialstructure.Thisviewhasbeeninheritedandacceptedbymanysociologists
Historicalevolution
CaoChong·Wenwei'svoiceproposedthatsocialsystemisaformofbehavioralnormsandaformofsocialdevelopment,Isthefoundationofthesocialstructure.Itisestablishedbyconsciousnessandspecificbehavioralnorms,andhaslegitimacyandanimportantpositioninsociety.
Type
Accordingtotheprocessofformation,itcanbedividedinto:
Accordingtothewayoffunctioning,itcanbedividedintob>:Controllingsystemandoperationalsystem;
Accordingtotheinfluenceontheformationofpersonality,itcanbedividedinto:Theoriginalsystemandthederivedsystem;
Accordingtothesocialfunctionsystem,itcanbedividedinto:relationalsystem,adjustmentsystem,culturalsystemandadjustmentrelationalsystem,etc.
Function
Differentlevelsofsocialsystemsproducedifferentfunctions,andthescopeoftheirinfluenceandrestrictionisalsodifferent.Theoverallsocialsystemdeterminesthenatureofthesocialformandisthebasisforformulatingvarioussystems.Systemsindifferentfieldsdeterminevariousspecificmodelsandrules.Generallyspeaking,socialsystemshavethefollowingfunctions:
①,behavior-orientedfunctions.Determinethestatusandroleofindividualsthroughthesystemofrightsandobligations,andprovidepeoplewiththoughtandbehaviorpatterns,sothattheycanquicklyadapttosociallife,soastoavoidcontradictionsandconflictsbetweenindividualsandsociety.
②,Socialintegrationfunction.Asanormativesystem,thesocialsystemcancoordinatesocialbehaviors,adjustinterpersonalrelationships,givefullplaytothenormalfunctionsofsocialorganizations,removeobstaclestosocialoperations,andestablishnormalsocialorder.
③,thefunctionofconveyingandcreatingculture.Thesystempreservesandtransmitshumaninventions,creations,ideas,beliefs,customs,habitsandothercultures,sothattheycanbeinheritedfromgenerationtogenerationandspreadinspace.Atthesametime,thesystempromotestheaccumulationandinheritanceofculture,andpromotespeopletocreatenewcultures.Thenegativefunctionofthesystemisthattheestablishedsystemoftenrepresentsthetraditionalbehaviorpatterninsociety,tendstoberigidandrigid,andisnoteasytochangeintimewiththedevelopmentofthetimes,sothatthesocialsystemhindersindividualbehaviorandsocialdevelopmenttoacertainextent..Thefunctionsofthesystemcanalsobedividedintoexplicitfunctionsandimplicitfunctions.Theexplicitfunctionisdirectlyrelatedtothepurposeofthesystem,andtheimplicitfunctionistheunintendedresultbroughtaboutintheprocessofrealizingtheexplicitfunction.Forexample,theexplicitfunctionoftheeducationsystemistoimpartknowledgeandcultivatetalents;theimplicitfunctionistocultivatetheknowledgeandabilityofstudentstoparticipateingrouplife.
Composition
Mainlyinclude:
①,concept,whichisthetheoreticalbasisofthesystem,whichisproducedandimplementedbyacertainsystemReasonablebasis;
②,norms,includingwrittenandunwrittennorms,arethebasiccontentofthesystem;
③,organizationistheentitythatguaranteestheimplementationofthesocialsystem;
④,equipment,includingmaterialequipmentandsymbolicequipment.
Features
Themainfeaturesare:
①,universality.Themainsystemsofhumansocietysuchasfamily,economy,politics,education,religion,etc.,existinallnations,countriesandsocieties.Itrestrictspeoplewithinitsjurisdictionwithoutexception.Theuniversalityofthesocialsystemisdeterminedbythesamenessofbasichumanneeds.
②、Relativestability.Althoughthesystemchangeswithsocialdevelopmentandtimeandspaceconditions,itisarelativelystablenormativesystem.Onceestablished,itwillrestrictpeople’sbehaviorforalongperiodoftime.Evenifthefoundationofexistenceislost,itwillstillPlayaroleinacertainperiodoftime.
③,Complexity.Anysystemcannotexistalone,andmustcooperatewithothersystemsatdifferentlevelstoformaneffectivesystem.Forexample,thefamilysystemincludesspecificsystemssuchasmarriage,childbirth,parenthood,andinheritance.
Lifecycle
Theestablishmentofeverysystemhasitsobjectivebasis,butthesystemhasaformationperiod,thatis,theprocessofinstitutionalization.Inthisperiod,thesystemisnotperfectandneedstobefurtherimprovedandexpanded.Duringthedevelopmentandevolutionofthesystemintheeffectiveperiod,obstaclesandproblemswillalsoappear.In-depthinvestigationandresearchareneededtoadjusttheunsuitablepartsandlinksintimetocontinuetoexertitseffectiveness.Somesystems,duetochangesinthesocialenvironment,nolongerexistonwhichtosurvive,andnewsystemsmustbeestablishedintimetoreplacetheoutdatedsystems.
Essence
Thesystemistherule.Toputitsimply,thesocialsystemistheregulationofsociety.Itstipulatesthenatureofsocietyandisapowerfulcodeofconductthatthepeoplemustimplement.Itisastablesocialrelationshipforaperiodoftime.Atthesametimeasthetransformationfromapestohumansandfromgroupstosociety,institutionsgraduallyemerged.Theestablishmentofacountryisasignoftheformationofasystem.Fromtheperspectiveofthehistoryofhumandevelopment,thedevelopmentofsocialsystemshasgonethroughdifferentinstitutionalforms,andtoday’sinstitutionalformsareaprocessofdevelopment.Thisisourgeneralunderstandingofthesystem.Thisunderstandingiscorrect.However,forthenatureofthesystem,itisnecessaryforustodoadeeperdiscussion.Wehavetounderstandthatthesystemwearetalkingaboutistheawarenessoftheactivebehaviorofthesociety,whichisdifferentfromthespontaneousinstinctivebehaviorofthegroup.Although,instinctandinitiativearegeneratedbytheneedsofthegroupinactivities.However,anactivesocialsystemreflectstheoverallwillofsocialpeople,andistheunderstandingandgraspofsocialgroups.Activeknowledgeofsocietyisthebeginningofpeople'sknowledgeofsociety.
Fromtheperspectiveoftheemergenceofthesystem,thesystemisdeterminedbytheneedsoftheexistenceanddevelopmentofsociety.Itreflectspeople’sinterests,fairnessandjusticeinsocialunderstandingforaperiodoftime.Itsconcretemanifestationliesinlaws,regulations,andmorals.Thisshowsthattheessenceofthesocialsystemistheunderstandingofpeople,anditisareflectionofthespecificrelationshipbetweenpeopleinsociety.
Speakingofsystemascognitionandreflectionisfromtheperspectiveofsocialproductionpractice.Inpractice,peoplenotonlyrecognizethings,butalsorecognizebehavioritself.Inthepracticeofsociety,thatis,inthetwokindsofproduction,whatkindofmethodisusedtoproduceisalsoapractice(akindofproductionmethodwillhavedifferentmethods).Thepurposeofthispracticeistounderstandthemostvaluablescientificmethodandbehavior.Thisisabehavioronspecificconditions,andtheunderstandingofthesystemreflectstherealityofvarioussocialrelationsinproductiononthiscondition.Thatis,theknowledgeofhowtoproduce.
Therelationshipbetweenvarioussocietiesiscomplicated,butitisnotirregular.Societyisaphenomenoninwhichpeopleareconnectedtogether,andistheunityofoppositesbetweenpeople.However,thesocialsystemofaperiodoftimewasproducedonthebasisofspecificproductionconditionsduetotheexistenceanddevelopmentofsociety.Therefore,thissystemreflectstheunderstandingofsociety.Itistherecognitionoffairnessofinterestsandsocialjusticebypeopleinsociety.
Practicalconnotation
Theessenceofsocialsystemiscognition,whichistheregulationoftherelationshipofproductioninthetwoproductionsofsociety.Thiscognitionissubjective,butitreflectsObjectiveandsubjectiveisareflectionofthedevelopmentneedsofthesocietyundercertainsocialproductionconditions.(Whatweneedtounderstandhereisthattheenvironmentofasocialgroupisdifferent,andtherelationshipofproductionwillbedifferentonthesameproductionconditions.)Theconditionsofproductionaremainlytechnicallevelandhumanquality.,Theadvancedtools,thematerialsneededforproduction,andmanyotherconditions.Thisistheneedfordevelopment,theneedforsocialstabilityandprogress,andthefairnessandjusticeofcertainproductionconditions.However,wemustalsorecognizethatthisexistencereferstotheproductionconditionsofthesociety.Andsocialconsciousnessreferstotheunderstandingofsociety.Therearemanysocialideologiesinsocialconsciousness,suchashistory,philosophy,law,consciousness,etc.,whicharemostlyexpressionsofdifferentsocialcognitions.
Societyisaphenomenoninwhichpeopleareconnectedtogether,anditisaformofexistenceofunityofoppositesamongpeople.Thepracticalconnectionofproductionisasocialinitiative.Theexistenceofsocietyincertainproductionconditions,whatkindofproduction(establishingproductionrelations),andthewayinwhichproductionisformed,isnotjustamatterofpurematerialconditions,butisdeterminedbytheactiveunderstandingofconditionsandsociety.Thesubjectivethingisthecategoryofsocialconsciousness.If,weunderstandsocialexistenceasawayofproduction.
Theestablishmentofthecountrysignifiesthatthesocietyhastheabilitytotaketheinitiativetorecognize.Socialexistencedeterminessocialconsciousness.Tounderstanditthoroughly,itisnecessarytounderstandithistorically,andtounderstanditthroughtheprocessofpractice.Thisistheunityofthelogicofknowledgeandhistory.Itisincomprehensibletousestaticmetaphysicalmethods.Existencedeterminesconsciousness,whichisthetotalreflectionofthishistoricalviewpoint.Thatistosay,theproductionconditionsdeterminesocialconsciousness,whichistheresultofpracticalsocialproduction(thematerialdecisionconsciousnessofthetargetunderstandingisdifferentfromthepracticalprocessaspect).
Theoreticalbasis
Howsocialexistencedeterminessocialconsciousness.Itisnecessarytotalkabouttheeconomicfoundationandsuperstructurefirst.Whatistheeconomy?Economyisthesocialactivityfromproductiontoconsumption.Theproductionofmaterialmaterialsisthesociety'sownproductionforconsumption,andthesociety'sownproductionisthesociety'smaterialmaterialsproductionforconsumption.Thisistheentirecontentofeconomicproductionandconsumption.
Theeconomicbasedeterminesthesuperstructure.Theeconomicfoundationandthesuperstructurearetherelationshipbetweenpracticeandknowledge.Thispracticereferstothepracticalbehavioritself,thatis,thesocialmodeofproduction.Fromapracticalpointofview,theeconomicfoundationisthecomprehensivesocialproductionconditionsofacertainproductionrelationship.Productionrelationsandproductionconditionsarethetwodecisiveaspectsoftheeconomy.Thesuperstructurereferstotheorganizationofproductionandtheformationofleadershipandmanagementorganizationsthatareestablishedtoservethesocietyintermsoftheneedsandunderstandingofproductionpractice.
Thesuperstructureis"knowledge",whichisformedandestablishedontheknowledgeoftheneedsofproductionpractice.Therefore,thesuperstructureinstitutionsaretheactorswholeadtherealizationofsocialproductionpractices.Withoutaneffectivenationalmechanism,itcannotreflectthedemandsofsociety.Itcannotguaranteethescientificnatureofproduction.Whatisaneffectivenationalmechanism?Itisaperfectsocialsystem,thatis,apolitical,economic,andculturalsystem.Withoutthesesocialfairnessandjusticecannotbeachieved.Theknowledgeofthepracticeofknowledge,thecorrectknowledgecomesfromtheobjectiverequirementsofthesociety,andexistencedeterminesknowledge.Onlywithobjectiveunderstandingcantherebeascientificsocialsystem.
DevelopmentPath
Existenceistheexistenceofdevelopment,developmentisthedevelopmentofexistence,andeverythingistheunityofexistenceanddevelopment.Societyistheneedforhumandevelopmentinthenaturalenvironment,anditisaphenomenonofunityofoppositionbetweenhumans.Thistellsusthattheexistenceanddevelopmentneedsofsocietydictatetherelationshipbetweenpeopleinsociety.Theproductionofmaterialmaterialsandtheproductionofsocietyitselfaretheneedsofthedevelopmentofsocialexistence,andnothingwillwork.Therefore,theneedsoftwokindsofproductionarealsotheneedsofthedevelopmentofsocialexistence.
Socialexistencedeterminessocialconsciousness.Underthepremiseoftheprivateownershipofmaterialproductionneedsaccordingtowork,andthepublicownershipoftheneedsofsociety’sownproductionneeds,peoplehavetheonlychoiceinthefaceofthedevelopmentofexistenceItistosatisfytwokindsofproduction.Youmustguaranteeyourself,butalsoguaranteesociety.Therefore,wesaythatpublicownershipandprivateownershipdefinethenatureofsociety.Thisunderstandingofpeopleinsocietyistheresultofsociety'spracticeintwoproductionpractices.Societyistheexistenceofdevelopment.Inthetwokindsofproduction,theconditionsofproductionwillcontinuetodevelop,andtheneedsofproductionwillraisepeople'sawareness.Inotherwords,theunderstandingofthesocietyisdeterminedbytheproductionconditionsofthesociety.Thisisexistencedeterminesawareness.Withtheimprovementofpeople'sawarenessinsociety,therelationshipbetweenpeoplecanchangeanddeveloponlywhenproductionchangestheenvironmentforsocialexistenceanddevelopment.
Thisistheneedforthedevelopmentofsocialexistence.Thisisasocietywhereenvironmentalconditionsdetermineitsexistence.Suchaconnectionisstipulatedbytheneedsofthedevelopmentofsocialexistence.Itistherealizationofsociety'speople'sawarenessofpeople,itissociety'sawareness,anditistheresultofproductionpractice.However,herewehavetopayattentiontoaproblem.Theessentialrelationshipbetweenpeopleisdifferentfromtherelationshipbetweenpeopleintherealsociety.Theconnectionisabstract,andtherelationshipisconcrete.
Theproductionrelationshipweusedtotalkaboutisactuallytheproductionrelationshipofmaterialmaterials.However,whetheritistheproductionrelationshipofmaterialmaterialsortheproductionrelationshipofthesocietyitself,neitherrelationshipcanexistindependently.Itisthatrelationshipthatcannotexceedthedevelopmentneedsoftheexistenceofsociety,theminimumproductionneedsofthesocietyinanotherproduction.Withoutoneparty,thereisnootherparty.Inotherwords,theessentialconnectionistheessenceofvarioussocialrelations.Accordingtothepreviousthinking,itisnoteasytounderstand.Wecanthinkofsocietyasagroupofpeople(actually)whoareinthenaturalworld,producingmaterialandproducingthemselvesatthesametime.Becauseofthat,theconnectionbetweenthesegroupsofpeopleisconstantlychangingunderthedevelopmentofproductionconditionsanddrivenbythedevelopmentofpeople,andsocietydevelops.
Institutionalpower
Economy,scholarsonlyregarditasamatterofpureproduction.Toputitbluntly,itisastruggleforfairnessofinterest.Astheproductionpracticeofmankind,itismaterialandsocial,whichiseconomicandpolitical.Economicallyspeaking,itisproductionandconsumption,andpoliticallyspeaking,itisafairstrugglebetweenhumanrightsandinterests.
CulturalsystemandPoliticalsystem,economicsystem,togetherconstitutethesystemofsocialsystem.Cultureiscreatedbytheworkingpeopleinthehistoricalproductionandlabor.Differentculturesareconducivetotheimprovementanddevelopmentofsociety'sunderstanding.Societyisalargecollective,andthesuperstructure,thatis,theexistenceofgovernmentagenciesandsocialgroups,wasnotestablishedbythatperson.
SocialForms
Socialformsarethecategoriesofspecificforms,developmentstagesanddifferentqualitativeformsofsocialmovements,andaretheeconomicfoundationandTheunityofthesuperstructure.Socialformsincludetheeconomicform,politicalformandideologyofthesociety,whicharethehistoricalandconcreteunityofthethree.Certainsocialformsmustalwaysbepresentedintheformofcertainsocialsystems,andsocialsystemsarealsoregardedassynonymouswithsocialforms.Humansocietyisconstantlydeveloping,andthefundamentalchangesandprogressofsocietyareachievedthroughthereplacementofsocialforms.
In1992,DengXiaopingclearlypointedoutinhissoutherntalks:“Alittlemoreplanningoralittlemoremarketisnottheessentialdifferencebetweensocialismandcapitalism.Plannedeconomyisnotequaltosocialism.Capitalismalsohasplans;marketeconomydoesnotmeancapitalism,socialismalsohasmarkets.Planningandmarketarebotheconomicmeans."Theoldnotionthatplannedeconomyandmarketeconomyareinstitutionalattributesisbrokenfromtheory,Fundamentallyliftedtheideologicalconstraintsthatregardedplannedeconomyandmarketeconomyasbelongingtothecategoryofbasicsocialsystem,layingasolidfoundationfortheformationofsocialistmarketeconomytheory.