Basicexplanation
Socialstructurereferstothecompositionandrelationshippatternofsocialmembersofacountry,tribe,tribeorregionthathavecertainresourcesandopportunities,includingpopulationsNumericalstructure,familystructure,socialorganizationstructure,urbanandruralstructure,regionalstructure,employmentordivisionoflaborstructure,incomedistributionstructure,consumptionstructure,socialclassstructureandotherimportantsubstructures,ofwhichthesocialclassstructureisthecore.
Socialstructurehasimportantcharacteristicssuchascomplexity,integrity,hierarchy,andrelativestability.Anidealmodernsocialstructureshouldhavetheimportantcharacteristicsoffairness,rationality,andopenness.
Компоненти
Най-важните компоненти на социалната структура са статус, роли, групи и институции.
Thecontentofthesocialstructureisactuallythemainbodyofsociety—animalsandtheirsurvivalactivities—thewayinwhichsocialactivitiesandsocialrelationsexist,generallyexpressedas:
1.Структура на населението;
2,структура на груповата комбинация;
3,индивидуална активност структура на местоположението (група, клас, към която принадлежи към обществото);
4.Пространствена структура на зоната на живот на този вид;
5.Структура на начина на живот;
6, и състава на различни области като социална икономика, политика, право, култура и т.н. И взаимни отношения и т.н.
Академично определение
Обикновено се отнася до естествена комбинация от основните елементи на обществото, като: социалнакласова структура, икономическа структура, културна структура и т.н.
Itisgenerallybelievedthatsocialstructurereferstothestablerelationshipandformationofvariouselementsofsociety,thatis,arelativelystablenetworkformedbymutualrelationsinacertainorder.Themaincontentofsocialstructureincludesgroupstructure,organizationalstructure,Communitystructure,institutionalstructure,ideologicalstructure.
Socialstructureisformednaturallyorartificiallyaccordingtosocialneeds.Theprocessofsocialstructureoperationisalsotheprocessofsocialstructureexertingitssocialfunctions.Whentheoperationofthesocialstructureencounterscertainobstaclesorproducescertaindiseases,thepredeterminedsocialfunctionofthesocialstructureissubsequentlydestroyed,orthefunctionshrinksanddegenerates;orthefunctionisdistortedanddeformedanddeviatesfromthepredeterminedtrack;orthefunctionistransformedandtransformed.Thesearedysfunctions,andtheresultingsocialproblemsarecalleddysfunctionsocialproblems.Socialproblemssuchasbureaucracy,abuseofpowerforpersonalgain,corruptionandacceptanceofbribesbelongtothiscategoryofsocialproblems,andthesesocialproblemsarecausedbydiseasesorobstaclesinthesocialorganizationstructure.
Основни показатели
Структура на населението
Структурата на населението е основната структура на социалната структура. От 1978 г. до 2007 г. коефициентът на раждаемост и естественият прираст на населението в моята страна се увеличиха от 18,25% съответно. .Това по-ниско ниво върви нагоре и надолу. На тази основа възрастовата структура, качествената структура и структурата на пространственото разпределение на китайското население са претърпели големи промени. Големината на населението оказва голямо влияние върху обществото.
Familystructure
Familyisthecellofsociety.mycountry'sfamilystructure,structuralmodelanditssocialintegrationfunctionhaveundergonemajorchanges:oneistheminiaturizationofthefamily;thesecondisthediversificationoffamilytypes;thethirdisthechangeinthemodeloffamilystructure.Forotheranimals,afamilyisoftenasociety,andchangesinfamilystructurehaveagreatimpactontheoperationofsociety.
Organizationstructure
Organizationstructurereferstothedistributionstructureofsocialorganizationsinsociety.Areasonableorganizationalstructureisconducivetosocialdevelopment.Anirrationalorganizationalstructuremayevenendangertheexistenceoftheentiresociety.Dronesormaleants,pupae,larvae,eggsandsoldierants)aredifficultorimpossibletosurvive.
Sincethereformandopeningup,theorganizationalstructureanditsintegrationfunctionhavechanged,especiallysocialorganizationshavebeguntodevelopandplayasocialintegrationfunctionoutsideofthestateandthemarket.In2008,thenumberofregisteredsocialorganizationsnationwidereachedapproximately414,000,absorbingmorethan4.758millionpeoplefromalltypesofsociety,andithasbecomeanimportantintegrationforceforbuildingaharmonioussociety.
Thestructureofdivisionoflabor
Employmentordivisionoflaboristhefoundationofsocietyandpeople’slivelihood.Generallyspeaking,divisionoflaborisusedtorefertootheranimals,andemploymentisusedtorefertohumans.Divisionoflaboristoassigndifferentresponsibilitiestodifferentmembersofthesociety,andareasonablestructureisconducivetosocialdevelopment.Forexample,thesocietyofsocialmoles.Ifthereisnointelligencerat,themolegroupwillnotbeabletoknownaturalenemiesornaturaldisasters(storms,mudslides,Thepresenceofcoldwaves,tornadoes,tropicalcyclones,etc.),iftherearetoomanyintelligencerats,itwillcausethemolepopulationtobeparticularlyconspicuousandeasytobehuntedbynaturalenemies,andtherecanonlybeoneorafewfemalebreedingrats,otherwiseitwillleadtopopulationnumbersToobig,theenvironmentisdifficulttobear.
Significantchangeshavetakenplaceintheemploymentstructure,manifestedbychangesintheallocationoflaborinindustries,industries,andpositions.By2008,thenon-agriculturalemploymentpopulationaccountedfor60.4%,thenon-agriculturalindustryemploymentpopulationexceededtheagriculturalemploymentpopulation,andthetertiaryindustryemploymentpopulationexceededthesecondaryindustryemploymentpopulation.From1978to2008,thenumberofemployeesinthesecondaryandtertiaryindustriesincreasedby11.664millionannuallyonaverage.
Incomestructure
Forhumans,itreferstotheindividual'sincomefrommoney,andforotheranimals,itreferstotheindividual'sincomefromthemeansofproductionforsurvival.Iftheincomedistributionisreasonable,societywillfunctionnormally.Ifitisunreasonable,forexample,ifthequeenbeereceiveslessfoodinthebeecolony,thequantityandqualityofeggslaidbythequeenbeewilldecrease,directlythreateningthereproductionofthepopulation.Ifthereislittlefood,thentheworkerbeeswillhavenostrengthtowork,andevenescapefromthecolonyduetoexcessivepressure,whichdirectlythreatenstheexistenceoftheentirecolony.
Theproblemofincomedistributionstructureisnotonlyrelatedtopeople'slivelihood,butalsorelatedtosocialfairnessandjustice,andmorerelatedtothelong-termstabilityofthecountry.Sincethereformandopeningup,thereformoftheincomedistributionsystemhascontinuedtodeepen,andtheincomedistributionsystemandredistributionframeworkhaveundergonefundamentalchanges.Adistributionsysteminwhichdistributionaccordingtoworkisthemainbodyandmultipledistributionmethodscoexisthasbeenformed,whichhaseffectivelypromotedeconomicandsocialdevelopment.
Consumptionstructure
Thisstructureisuniquetohumans.Consumptionisanimportantsocialintegrationmechanism.Overthepast30yearsofreformandopeningup,theconsumptionstructureofChineseresidentshaschangedfromasubsistenceandsubsistencetypetoawell-offandaffluenttype.Theconsumptionstructureisincreasinglyshowingtheimportantcharacteristicsofmodernsociety'sconsumptionstructurebecomingmoreadvanced.
Urban-ruralstructure
Thisstructureisuniquetohumans.Thechangesintheurban-ruralstructureinmycountryarefirstmanifestedinurbanization.In2008,theurbanizationratereached45.7%,whichisapproachingthegenerallyrecognizedlevelofurbanizationwheretheurbanpopulationaccountsfor50%ofthetotalpopulation.Second,theurban-ruraldualstructurehasbeenloosened.From1978to2008,thenationalurbanpermanentpopulationincreasedbyanaverageof14.53millionperyear.
Regionalstructure
Thisstructureisuniquetohumans.Sincethereformandopeningup,mycountry'sregionaldevelopmenthasclearlydifferentiated.Generallyspeaking,intermsofdevelopmentlevel,theeasternpartisthehighest,thecentralpartisthesecond,andthewesternpartisthelowest.Thedevelopmentgapbetweenthethreemajorregionsisobvious.Unbalancedregionaldevelopmentisthebasicnationalconditionofourcountry.Coordinatingregionaldevelopmentisanimportantaspectofadjustingsocialstructure.
Classstructure
Classstructurereferstothesocialhierarchicalstructure.Formanyanimals,primitivehumans,andancienthumans,thehierarchyisstrict,whilemodernhumanshavegraduallyloosenedthehierarchyduetodemocraticthinkingasthemainstream.Overthepast30yearsofreformandopeningup,the"twoclassesandoneclass"structurehasgraduallydisintegrated,andthesocialclassstructurehaschangedfromsimplificationtodiversification,fromclosedtoopen,andthemodernsocialclassstructurehasbasicallytakenshape.However,itmustbenotedthatthemodernizationofthesocialclassstructureinourcountryisfarfromcomplete.Theproportionofthemiddleandlowerclassesinthesocietyisstilllarge,andtheproportionofthemiddleclassisrelativelysmall.Theoverallstructureisintheshapeofan"onionhead",whichisinlinewiththe"oliveshape"thatmodernsocietyshouldhave."Thereisstillacertaindistance.
Свързана интерпретация
Марксическата социология има широки и тесни перспективи за социалната структура:
BroadsocialstructureReferstothebasicactivitiesofsociety,includingpolitical,economic,cultural,andthegeneralstateofinterconnectionbetweenfields.Itisastaticsummaryofthebasiccharacteristicsandessentialattributesoftheoverallsocialsystem.ItisrelativetosocialIntermsofprocess.Amongthevariousbasicactivitiesofsociety,thesocio-economicstructurehasadecisiveinfluenceandrestrictiononthesocio-politicalstructureandculturalstructure.Itistheeconomicfoundationofsocietyandhasthefunctionofintegratingothersocialfieldsintoanorganicwhole.Therestisasuperstructurebuiltonaneconomicbasis,includingpoliticalandlegalsystemsandvariousideologies.Thevariouspartsofthesuperstructurefieldarerelativelyindependentandstable,andhaveanactivereactiontothesocialeconomy,directlyorindirectlyaffectingthesocialeconomicstructure.Ofcourse,forhumans,economyaffectssociety,whileforotheranimals,divisionoflaboranddistributionofproductionandlivingmaterialsaffectsociety.
Socialstructureinanarrowsensereferstothebasicstateofinterconnectionbetweenthemajorsocialstatusgroupsproducedbysocialdifferentiation.Groupsofthistypeofstatusmainlyinclude:class,class,race,professionalgroup,religiousgroup,etc.Inaclasssociety,classstructureisthebasisforunderstandingthestatusandfunctionsofothergroups,andclassrelationsdeterminethedevelopmentdirectionoftheoverallsocietyandvarioussocialgroups.
Buildingthecore
Adjustthesocialstructure:Severalimportantindicatorsintheactualdevelopmenthaveshownthatthecurrenteconomicstructureofourcountryhasenteredthemid-stageofindustrialization.SomeindicatorsIthasevenenteredthelatestageofindustrialization.However,thesocialstructurehasnotrealizedtheoveralltransformationalongwiththetransformationoftheeconomicstructure,andmostofthesocialstructureindicatorsarestillintheinitialstageofindustrialization.Forexample,theurbanizationratethatreflectschangesintheurban-ruralstructureshouldreachmorethan60%inthemid-stageofindustrialization.By2008,theurbanizationrateinmycountrywas45.7%,whichwasanincreaseofnearly28%comparedwith1978,butitwasstillstuckintheearlystagesofindustrialization.stage.Otherimportantindicators,suchasemploymentstructure,consumptionstructure,andthesizeofthemiddleclass,alsoindicatethatchangesinsocialstructureareintheearlystagesofindustrialization.
Integratingtheseimportantindicatorsofsocialstructure,andtakingintoaccountmycountry’seconomicdevelopmenttrendandotherfactors,thecurrentsocialstructureofourcountrylagsbehindtheeconomicstructureforabout15years.Inaddition,therearealsodeviationsamongvarioussubstructureswithinthesocialstructure.Ifthecorrespondingsocialsystemreformisnotcarriedoutinatimelymannerandtheintensityofsocialconstructionisnotincreased,then,accordingtothedevelopmentofthepattern,theevolutionofmycountry'ssocialstructurewillnotenterthemid-stageofindustrializationuntilaround2025.
Theeconomicstructureinthemid-stageofindustrializationisincompatiblewiththesocialstructureintheearlystageofindustrialization,andtherearevariousdeviationsandincoordinationswithinthesocialstructure,whichhavecausedstructuraltensionsinthesocietyandsocialconflicts.Andthemainsourceoftheproblem.
Openingup
Pathselection:WiththeestablishmentofChina'ssocialistmarketeconomysystemandthecontinuousdeepeningofreformandopeningup,profoundchangeshavetakenplaceinthesocialstructure,Themobilityofpersonnelhasincreased,andtheinterdependencebetweenindividualsandsocialorganizationshasbeengreatlyweakened;atthesametime,thereisaproblemofincoordinationbetweentheconstructionofsocialundertakingsandeconomicdevelopment,andtheexistingsocialmanagementsystemisobviouslylaggingbehindthestatusquoofeconomicandsocialdevelopment.Socialinterestsubjectsarebecomingmoreandmorediversified,anddifferentinterestneedswillinevitablyleadtodifferencesinrightsawareness,leadingtoalargenumberofcontradictionsbetweendifferentsocialinterestgroups.Therefore,ithasbecomeamajorstrategictaskforChinatoimprovetheoptimalallocationofsocialstructureandpromotethemutualadaptationofsocialstructureandeconomicstructure.
Социалната структура е зад икономическата структура за около 15 години
The"ContemporaryChineseSocialStructure"reportreleasedbytheChineseAcademyofSocialSciencesinJanuary2010showsthatmycountry’seconomicstructureIthasreachedthemid-termlevelofindustrialization,butduetoinsufficientinvestmentinsocialconstruction,theadjustmentofsocialstructureislaggingbehind,anditisstillintheearlystageofindustrialization.ThisisthebiggeststructuralcontradictioninChinaatpresent,anditisalsoanimportantcauseofmanysocialcontradictions.Thereportclearlystated:China'ssocialstructurelagsbehinditseconomicstructureforabout15years.Ifthecorrespondingsocialsystemreformisnotcarriedout,thesocialconstructionisnotincreased,andthedevelopmentofthepatternisfollowed,theevolutionofthesocialstructurewillnotenterthemid-stageofindustrializationuntilaround2025.
"Themainreasonwhythesocialstructureisseriouslylaggingbehindtheeconomicstructureisthatwedidnotdoagoodjobinsocialsystemreformandsocialconstructioninatimelymanner."LuXueyi,awell-knownsociologist,believesthatmycountryissolvingtheshortageoftheeconomy.Aftertheproblem,weenteredanewstageofreformanddevelopment.However,duetoourlackofexperienceandlackoftheoreticalpreparation,wedidnotimplementnecessaryreformsintimeforthehouseholdregistration,employment,personnel,andsocialsecuritysystemsformedduringtheplannedeconomyperiodtoimprovepeople’slivelihood.Thekeysocialconstructioninvestmentisseriouslyinsufficient.Althoughtheinvestmenthasincreased,socialundertakingsarestillweakduetotoomanydebts,andproblemssuchasdifficultyingoingtoschool,medicaltreatment,housing,andelderlycarearestilloutstanding.
Fromtheperspectiveofthevastcentralandwesternregions,especiallythewesternregions,theproblemofsocialconstructionandlaggingsocialstructureismoreprominent.Inthe10yearssincetheimplementationoftheWesternDevelopmentStrategy,theeconomyofthewesternregionhasrisenrapidly.Between1998and2008,itsGDPgrewatanaverageannualrateof11.42%,nearlytwopercentagepointshigherthanthenationallevel.However,comparedwiththerapideconomicgrowth,thelaginthesocialstructureisquiteobvious.
TakeChongqing,theonlymunicipalitydirectlyunderthecentralgovernmentinthewest,asanexample.Inthepast12years,ithasachievedgreatconstructionachievements.However,fromtheperspectiveofsocialstructure,Chongqingintegrateslargecities,largeruralareas,largereservoirareas,largemountainousareasandethnicregions.,Thecontradictionbetweentheurbanandruraldualstructureisstillveryprominent,anditisnoteasytorealizethestrategicrequirementof"takingtheleadinrealizinganall-roundwell-offsocietyinthewest".Fromtheperspectiveoftheurban-ruralgap,theratioofthedisposableincomeofurbanresidentstothepercapitanetincomeoffarmersis3.8:1,whichishigherthanthenationallevelof3.3:1.Calculatedbytheregisteredpopulation,ofChongqing’s32millionpopulation,theruralpopulationisstillashighas23million.TheEngelcoefficientofruralresidentsisashighas54.5%,whiletheEngelcoefficientofsocialstructurereachingthemid-stageofindustrializationisgenerallybelow30%.
LuXueyibelievesthattheeightmajorcontradictionsinthenewcenturyandthenewstagepointedoutinthereportofthe17thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChinaarethespecificmanifestationsoftheincoordinationbetweentheeconomicstructureandthesocialstructure.problem".Ifitisnotproperlyresolvedforalongperiodoftime,therewillbeasituationinwhichsomesociologistshavesaidthatthepatternof"socialinterestisstereotyped"and"thesocialstructureisfractured"willbeunabletoenterthemodernizationhurdle.
Социалната структура "пирамида" или "обърната Т-образна" ли е
Опитът от развитието на различни държави показва, чехората със средни доходипо-голямата част от обществото, т.е. етия, с преходна форма в средата и голяма социална структура в по-ниските слоеве. Много учени смятат, че страната ми е в преходен период от "пирамидална форма" до "маслинена форма".
Но Ликианг, професор в университета Цинхуа, използва "Международен стандартен индекс на професионалното социално-икономическо състояние", за да вземе проби и да анализира данните от петото преброяване на населението в Китай през 2000 г. Резултатите са изненадващи, но социалната структура отразява това "обърната Т-образна форма", което е около 64,7% от хората, които имат много ниска позиция прилича на колона, с много ясни граници между групите, подобна на обърнатите китайски йероглифи""Динг".
В централните и западните региони социалните характеристики на "дисбаланса между висшите и долните класи и дисбаланса между богатите и бедните" са по-изявени. В края на 2009 г.Академията за социални науки в Чунцинпубликува проучване на социалната структура на Чунцин, което разделя организацията на социалните класове социални културни ресурси и ги раздели на 11 социални класи. Редът от най-високите до най-ниските е: 1. Ръководители на държавни агенции, партийни организации, обществени институции, 2. Ръководители на предприятия с посочения по-горе размер, 3. Частни предприемачи, 4. Общи държавни служители, 5. Професионален и технически персонал, 6. Работен персонал, свързан със земята, 7. Индивидуални индустриални и търговски домакинства, 8. Търговски обслужващ персонал, 9. Индустриални работници, 10. Земеделски работници, 11. Безработен персонал. В същото време той е разделен на 5 нива. 6 и 7 са средният слой, 8 принадлежат към средния и долния слой и9,10 и 11 съставляват долния слой. Резултатите от проучванията показаха ясна "обърната Т-образна форма", едната от които съставлява огромна селска социална класа, докато една вертикална представлява предимно малка градска социална класа.
Comparedwiththe"pyramidshape",the"invertedT-shaped"socialstructureisduetothelargernumberoflower-levelgroups,andthereisakindofbipolar(orright-angled)relationshipbetweenthelowerlevelandothergroups.)Connectionmethod,whichleadstoastateof"structuraltension"betweensocialgroupsandeventheentiresociety,socialconflictsaremorelikelytointensify,andsocialproblemsandsocialcrisesaremorelikelytooccur.
Fromtheperspectiveoflarge-scalemassincidentsthathaveoccurredacrossthecountry,thenumberandscaleofmassincidentsinthewesternregion,aswellastheintensityanddestructivepoweroftheconflict,aresignificantlyhigherthanthoseinthedevelopedeasternregions.Theeasternpartadoptsmoremodestwaysofexpressingappealssuchas"walking"and"petition",whiletheformofconflictinthewesternregionisobviouslymoreintense,showingthecharacteristicsofrapidescalationofconflict,fierceconfrontation,strongsocialdestructiveness,anddifficultyinhandling.,Anaccidentmaycauseawiderangeofirrationalemotionstovent.Fromtheperspectiveoftheparticipants,mostofthepeopleattheforefrontarethosefromthebottomofsociety.
Средна класа ли е "средна класа" или "изчезнал"
„Вие от средната класа ли сте?“ Ако зададете този въпрос на хората около вас, ще откриете, че повечето хора не са съгласни, че са „средна класа“, но повечето хора ще се съгласят, че броят на „средната класа“ в Китай се увеличава. През 2005 г. определено ведомство предложи стандарт за средна класа в моята страна до 60,0,00 юана от 50,0,00 юана годишен доход Въпреки това, този стандарт е широко поставен под въпрос и много хора със семейни доходи в този диапазон наричат себе си „средна класа“. Сред хората в този диапазон тези, които нямат къща или кола, се чувстват „средна класа“. "ако имат къща или кола? Хората, които имат къща и кола, чувстват, че" жизнено налягане, умствено безпокойство, каква средна класа "?
Fromtheexperienceofdevelopedcountries,themiddleclassisnotasimpleconceptofproperty,butmoreofamainstreamvalue,lifephilosophy,andpoliticalattitude.Regardlessofthedifferencesintheclassificationcriteria,themiddleclassisthemostimportantpartofthemodernsocialstructure.Itisthenatural"voltageregulator"ofthesociety,butitisthegeneralconsensusofthesociety.
Придружени от ускорения растеж на местната средна класа, нещо като "надолу" теглене става все по-силно и по-силно. "Трите нови планини" на жилища, образование и медицински грижи са претоварили развиващата се средна класа, не само липсата на място за растеж, но и възможността за "изчезване".
Fromamaterialpointofview,"ahouseeliminatesamiddleclass"isnotajoke.ThereasonwhytheTVseries"SnailHouse"hasarousedstrongsocialresonanceisnothingmorethantoshowthementaloppressionanddistortionofhumannatureofthehighhousingpricesonthecommonpeople,especiallythemiddleclassandthe"quasi-middleclass".
Mentallyspeaking,duetoinsufficientsocialsecurityandhighworkpressure,China’smiddleclassisgenerallyanxious,hasnotimetoenjoylife,andhasarelativelylowsenseofhappiness.Thisisalsothereasonwhymanypeoplemeetthe"middleclass"criteriaintermsofmaterial,butdonotidentifythemselvesas"middleclass"intheirideology.
Хармоничното общество трябва да отвори канала на „горния“ поток
Duringtheperiodofsocialtransformation,there-divisionofsocialstrataisaninevitabletrend,andeverysocietyexistsAlow-statussocialgroup,butthekeytotheproblemisnotwhetherthereisabottomgroupinourcountry,butthatthepeopleatthebottomofthesocietyarebecomingmoreandmorestereotyped,lackingchannelsandopportunitiestochangetheirowndestiny,andunabletoachieveafair,reasonable,andopenFlow"up".
Insomecitieswherethesubsistenceallowanceisconcentrated,itisfoundthatalthoughthenumberofpeopleenjoyingthesubsistenceallowanceisadynamic,thecompositionofthesubsistenceallowancehasbecomemorestableandhasbecomearelatively"solidified"group.Inadditiontothesubsistenceallowancerecipientswhohavelosttheirlaborforce,suchaswidowsandwidows,thedisabled,andchronicpatients,unemployedandunemployedpersonswithlaborandtheirfamilymembersconstitutethemainbodyofthesubsistenceallowancehouseholds,accountingforabout40%to50%ofthetotal.InsomeoldindustriesIncities,thisratioisevenhigher.
Comparedwithlow-incomehouseholds,migrantworkershavealwaysbeenatthebottomofthecity.Theylacksecurityandarewillingtodoanydirty,tiring,hard,anddangerouswork.Duetotheexistenceofinstitutionalbarrierssuchashouseholdregistration,employment,andsocialsecurity,theyhavefewerchannelsandgreaterdifficultyinbecoming"urbanpeople".Forexample,therearemorethan2millionmigrantworkersactiveinthemainurbanareaofChongqing,butmostofthemhavebeenengagedinconstruction,transportation,cateringservicesandotherindustries.Amongthem,thereare200,000"Bangbang"(porters)whomakealivingentirelybysellinglabor.Above,somemigrantworkershavebeenlivinginurbanareasfor10years,andtheyarestillworkingas“sticks”,shiningshoes,andsettingupstreetstalls...
Withthecontinuousimprovementofthesocialsecuritysystem,thelower-levelurbanpopulationThe"problemoffoodandclothing"hasbasicallybeenresolved,andthe"problemofdevelopment"hasgraduallybecomeprominent.Formostofthem,theirsocialandeconomicstatushasbeenfixedandwillnotchangemuch.Therefore,theyhopethattheirchildrenwillhaveahighercareerdevelopmentplatformtochangethedestinyofthefamily.Buttherealityisfarfromtheirexpectations.Notonlyisitmoredifficultforthelowerurbangroupstochangetheirdestinybytheirownefforts,butalsofortheirchildrentoenterahigherlevelthroughnormalchannelssuchaseducationandemployment,suchascivilservants,managers,andprofessionalandtechnicalpersonnel.,Familyincome,familysocialrelationsandotherfactorshavesignificantlyincreasedtheimpactofpersonaldevelopment.
Бюрото по персонала в някои западни градове проведе проучване сред държавните служители и установи, че сред държавните служители делът на държавните служители, чиито родители са „работници мигранти“, е най-малък, възлизащ само на 2,8%, а техните родители са „обикновени служители“ и се отчитат 26%, а процентът на родителите, които са били „3-те най-високи държавни служители“, е бил 3%. ,колкото 28% са искали децата им да "станат държавни служители", а само 1,5% са искали децата им да бъдат "обикновени служители" ".Броят на децата, които "стават работници емигранти в града" е нула.
Thedeterioratingfairnessofcurrenteducationisanimportantfactorcausingtheenhancementofthe"intergenerationalinheritanceeffect".Inthepast,poorchildrencouldalsochangetheirownandfamily’seconomicstatusandtheiroriginalsocialstatusthroughstudying,goingtocollege,andgettingjobs.However,the“highconsumption”ofeducationhascreatedgreatobstaclestoreasonablesocialmobility.
Normalsocialmobilityisasourceofvitalityandvitalityinsociety,andaninevitablerequirementforbuildingaharmonioussociety.Especiallyinthecriticalperiodofbuildingaharmonioussociety,mycountryshouldfurtherimprovethesocialbenefitcoordinationmechanism,notonlytoprotecttherightsoftheunemployed,low-incomepeople,migrantworkersandotherlow-levelpeople,butalsotoprovidethemwithfairdevelopmentopportunities.Meettheirdevelopmentdemandsfor"upward"mobility,andestablishafair,reasonable,andopenmodernsocialmobilitymechanism.
От традиционно контролирано общество към модерно отворено общество
ThereisnodoubtthatincreasinglyopenandpluralisticisadevelopmenttrendofChinesesociety,butitshouldalsoItcanbeseenthatthesystemandmechanismobstaclesandbarriersthatrestrictthenormalflowofsocietyandaffecttheoptimizationofsocialstructurestillexist,andthephenomenonofsocialdifferentiationandclassfracturethatappearsfromthishasbecomeaproblemthatmustbepaidattentionto.Atpresent,toacceleratethemodernizationofsocialstructure,weshouldbreakthemonopolyofvestedinterestgroups,taketheconstitutionasthefoundation,restrainpublicpower,andprotecttherightsofcitizens,andmovefroma“controlling”societytoan“open”society.
Fromtheperspectiveofsocialstructure,theChinesesocietybeforethereformandopeningupwasa"traditionalcontrol"society,andthestatehascontroloverallaspectsoftheeconomyandsociety.Theeconomicmodelisahighlycentralizedplanningmodel.Thestatehasahighlycentralizedeconomicmanagement,andtheprivateeconomyhasnoroomforsurvival;everymemberofthesocietyisincorporatedintovarioussocialunits,leavingunitsandorganizations.It'shardforanindividualtomove.
Thereformandopeninguphavechangedthissituation.ThereasonwhythereformandopeninguphasexertedahugeboosttoChina,fromaneconomicperspective,isbecauseitliberatedtheproductiveforcesandtransformedfromahighlycentralizedplannedeconomicsystemtoavibrantsocialistmarketeconomy;fromFromasocialperspective,itisbecauseitpromotestheliberationofpeople,fromthepast"classstruggle"thinkingtorespectforthevalueofpeople,recognitionofindividualrights,andfinallyto"people-oriented".
Toachievetheopeningandmodernizationofthesocialstructure,thecurrentfirststepshouldbetoacceleratetheprocessofurbanization,notonlytoreducefarmers,butalsotogivefarmersnationaltreatment.Formorethan30yearsofreformandopeningup,thebiggestchangeinruralareasisnotonlytheestablishmentofthehouseholdcontractresponsibilitysystem,butmoreimportantly,theliberationoffarmerswhohavebeenconstrainedbytheirancestorsontheland,formingahugeadvancement.Agroupofmigrantworkersworkingincities.Migrantworkersworkingincitiesarealreadythe“secondgeneration”and“thirdgeneration,”buttheystillfacemanyobstaclestobecomingurbanites.Tosomeextent,theyarestillatthebottomofthecity.TheCentralEconomicWorkConferenceproposedthat“thegradualemploymentandsettlementofeligibleagriculturaltransferpopulationsshouldbeanimportanttaskinpromotingurbanization,andtherestrictionsonhouseholdregistrationinsmallandmedium-sizedcitiesandurbanareasshouldberelaxed.”Thisisanimportantmeasure,butonlythereformofthehouseholdregistrationsystemItisstilldifficulttoturnmigrantworkersintorealurbanites.Thekeyistoallowmigrantworkerstoenjoynationaltreatmentandenjoythesamepublicservicesascitizens,suchaseducation,medicalcare,andsocialsecurity.
Secondly,wemustrestrainpublicpower,clarifythegovernment'sposition,andbreakthe"powertakesall"situation.Itisthegovernment'smainresponsibilitytomaintainthepublicwelfareofsocialundertakingsandprotectthepeople'sbasicpublicserviceneeds.Fromthegrassrootspointofview,theprominentproblemisthedislocationanddislocationofgovernmentfunctions.Duetotheone-sidedpursuitofGDPandpoliticalachievements,theproblemsof"corporatization"and"corporatization"ofsomelocalgovernmentbehaviorsaremoreprominent.Thoseself-interestedgroupswith"power+capital"usepublicpowertocompetewiththepeopleforprofit,suchasurbandemolitionandrelocation.Theperformanceisoutstanding."Right-take-all"notonlyeasilyformsprivilegedclassesandvestedinterestgroups,butalsosqueezesthelivingspaceofothersocialclasses,preventingthemiddleclassfromgrowing.
Inaddition,itisnecessarytochangethethinkingof"socialcontrol",increasethedegreeofopennessandfreedomofsociety,andtrulygivethesocietyandthemarkettheroleofsocietyandthemarket.Itisnecessarytofurtherrelaxtheaccess,mobilizetheenthusiasmofthewholesocietytoparticipateinthedevelopmentofsocialundertakings,encouragesocialcapitaltoinvestintheestablishmentofnon-profitpublicserviceorganizations,andeffectivelymobilizeandcomprehensivelyutilizesocialresourcestostrengthenandimprovebasicpublicservicesandimproveservicequalityAndefficiency.
Atpresent,weshouldliberalizethemonopolyonsocialorganizationresourcesandvigorouslycultivatecivilorganizations.