История
Ранна цивилизация
Mainentry:Eland、Medi
ElandandMedesperiod(2700BC-553BC)ElamandMedesarenotyetcalledPersiabytheGreeks,buttheyarethehistoryofthePersianregionAnindispensablepartofit.
ElamisoneoftheoldestculturesinPersia.Itislocatedinthesouthwesternpartoftoday’sIran.ItwasfoundedontheeastbankoftheTigrisRiverbefore3000BC.TheyhaveaverycloserelationshipwiththeDravidians.Theyareknownfortheirwarypeople.Theywererepeatedlydestroyedandrestoredfrom2700BCto600BC,andwerefinallydestroyedbytheNewAssyrianEmpirein639BC.
Medi(678BCto553BC)wasakingdomcenteredontheancientPersianregion.Itslargestterritoryincludedtheentireterritoryofpresent-dayIranandwesternTurkey.TheMedesbelongedtotheAryansoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily,andtheywerealsothefirstethnicgroupsettledintheIranianhighlands.TheAssyrianEmpireonceinvadedtheIranianplateauandtriedtoconquerit.However,theinvasionofAssyriapromptedthevarioustribesoftheMedestounite,thusformingtheKingdomofMedes.CyrustheGreatrebelledin553BC,andin550BCheoverthrewtheMedes’ruleoverthePersianregion.
Династия на Ахеменидите
Mainentry:Династия на Ахеменидите
TheAchaemeniddynasty(558BC-330BC),knownasthePersianFirstEmpire.In559BC,CyrustheGreatunifiedtheancientPersiantribesandestablishedtheAchaemeniddynasty.CyrustheGreatdefeatedtheKingdomofMedesthatruledPersiafrom553BCto550BC,makingPersiaapowerfulmonarchy.In547BC,CyrustheGreatinvadedandconqueredLuinwesternAsiaMinor.TheKingdomofDialedtotheriseoftheAchaemeniddynasty.From546to540yearsago,CyrustheGreatinvadedandconqueredParthia,Aria,Bactria,Drangiana,andGedebyforce.Rosia,Alahosia,Marchiana,CentralAsiabetweentheSyrDaryaandAmuDarya(Sogdiana),QianTuoLa,Krasmiaandotherregions.
In539BC,CyrustheGreatinvadedandconqueredBabylon,thecapitaloftheChaldeanEmpireinMesopotamia,andendedtheBabyloniancivilization,makingPersiatheonlycenterofcivilizationinancientWestAsiaatthattime.Unfortunately,in529BC,theywerekilledinabattlebetweentheSyrDaryaintheSyrDaryaValleyinCentralAsiabetweentheSyrDaryaandAmuDarya.WhenCyrusdied,theeasternandnortheasternbordersofthePersianEmpirealreadyincludedBactriaonbothbanksoftheAmuDaryaRiver(Bactria,knownas"Daxia"and"Tocharo"inChinesehistorybooks)andKhwarazim.RuledbyBaldia,thebrotherofCyrus.AfterCyrus'sonCambysescametothethrone,heinheritedhisfather'swillandcontinuedtoexpand.LaterPersianemperorsrepeatedlylaunchedconquestsagainsttheEasternSerbs,pushingtheborderacrosstheAmuDaryaRivertothebanksoftheSyrDarya.ThePersianEmpiredivideditsterritoryinto20counties,andeachcountypaidacertainamountoftributetothecentralgovernmenteveryyear.SevenofthemwereinCentralAsia:forexample,theGandhararegionsouthoftheHinduKushMountainsunderthejurisdictionoftheseventhprovince,The12provincesgovernDaxia,andthe16thprovincegovernsParthia,KhwarazimandSogdian(Sogdiana).ThemosteasternstrongholdofthePersianEmpireisintheFerganaBasininCentralAsia,whichisadjacenttoXinjiang,China.TheперсиestablishedthecityofCyrusatthewesternendofthebasin.
IntheeraofCambysesII(529BC-522BC),itfinallyconqueredtheancientEgyptiandynastyin525BC.DuringtheperiodofDariusI,theterritoryoftheempirewasunprecedentedlydeveloped.DariussenttroopstotheIndusPlainin521BCandwasbroughtundertheruleoftheAchaemeniddynasty.Tothewest,hesenttroopstotheDanubeDelta,Thrace,theKingdomofMacedonia,andAncientGreece.490years)failedandfailed(theHippocraticWar499BC-449BC).HissonXerxesIlater(480BC)againusedsoldiersagainstGreece,butunfortunatelyhedidnotachievehisfullsuccessintheend.TheAchaemeniddynastyofancientPersiawasthelargestempireintheworldatthattimeandthefirstworldwideempirespanningAsia,EuropeandAfrica.
елинистически период
Mainentry:MacedonianEmpire、SeleucidEmpire
TheHellenisticPeriod(330BC-141BC1/129BC),asearlyasPhilipII’sMacedonianEmpire,foundedin356BC,beforetheancientGreekcity-stateswerecontinuouslybroughtundertherule,therewasafuturemilitaryinvasionandconquestoftheAchaemeniddynastyofancientPersia.After338BC,theancientGreekcity-statewascompletelyunderitsrule(exceptforSparta).In336BC,50,000troopsunderthecommandofИзкуствоasiuswereassembledtocrosstheStraitofHellespoon.TheforcethatinvadedAsiaMinorwaspartoftheterritoryoftheAchaemeniddynastyofancientPersia,butunfortunately,PhilipIIwasquicklyassassinatedathisdaughter’sweddingbanquet.Afterthat,AlexandertheGreatsucceededinassaultingthethroneandsuppressingtherebellion,asalwaysThelandfollowedhisfatherPhilipII’smilitaryinvasionandconquestpolicyoftheancientPersianAchaemeniddynasty.Between334BCand330BC,the50,000armyofAlexandertheGreatintheMacedonianEmpirepassedtheBattleofGranicusandtheSiegeofMiletus.Theninebattles,theSiegeofHalicarnassos,theBattleofIssus,theSiegeofTyre,theSiegeofGaza,theBattleofGaugamela,theBattleofPersiaPass(BattleofPersepolis),TheBattleofSotterRockAfterabattlewithsimilarnumbersofwarringparties,DariusIIIwasassassinatedbyBesusonhiswaytoescape.TheAchaemeniddynastyofAncientPersiawasdestroyed.MostofitsterritorybeforeitbecamepartoftheMacedonianEmpire,extendingasfarastheMiddleKingdom.TheBactriaandIndusriverbasinsinthecentralregionoftheAyaRiver.
TheMacedonianEmpiresoonfellapartafteratotalofeightsuccessorwarsfrom322to301yearsago.OneofthesubordinategeneralsofAlexandertheGreatoftheMacedonianEmpire-SeleucidIfinallyestablishedhimselfin312BCaftertheSuccessorWarandestablishedtheSeleuciddynasty,withSeleuciaandAntiochusasthecenter,andruledtheeasternpartoftheoriginalPersianEmpirearea.Duringthisperiod,IranbecameahubofexchangebetweentheEastandtheWest:TheSilkRoadthusconnectedtheCentralAsia(Sogdiana)betweentheSyrDaryaandtheAmuDaryawithIndia.BuddhismspreadfromtheIndianMauryaDynastyintheSouthAsiansubcontinent.Then,ZoroastrianismwentwesttoinfluenceJudaism.
In238BC,theSeleuciddynastywasinitslatestage.Партската империяintheeastwasfoundedin238BCbythePanichiefArshasha,amemberoftheallianceofnomadictribesontheeastcoastoftheCaspianSea.AfterKeIcapturedParthiaandacceptedtheParthianlanguage,heestablishedanomadicmilitaryempire,andthencontinuedtoexpanditsterritories.DuringtheperiodofMithridatesIfrom177to138BC,theempirewasTheterritoryhasexpandedtothelargestextent.TheEuphratesRiverfromthewesttoSyriaincludestheentireMesopotamianplain,theAmuDaryaValleytothewestofthePamirsintheeast,Gedrosiainthesoutheast,andthePersianGulfandtheArabianSeainthesouth..AftertheindependenceofDaxia(Bactria)in250BC,theeasternpartoftheSeleuciddynastywasdisturbedbyDaxiaandwassubjecttotheterritorialexpansionoftheParthianMithridatesI.After190BC,thewestFacedwitharmedconquestsbytheRomanRepublic,whichledtoconstantdecline,andfinallylostalltheterritoriesoftheIranianplateauandMesopotamiaduringtheMithridatesIoftheArshakdynasty.Intheend,theSeleuciddynastywascompletelydestroyedbytheRomanRepublicin63BC.
Партската империя
Mainentry:Партската империя
TheAssathisDynasty(247BC-226AD),alsoknownastheParthianEmpire,originatedfromToday’snortheasternIraniannomadscalledtheParthiansatthattime,duringtheheydayoftheruleofMitridatiI(177-138BC)includedtoday’seasternAsiaMinor,Armenia,Azerbaijan,Mesopotamia,Syria,theIranianPlateau,Afghanistan,theGreatKhorasansouthoftheAmuDaryaandPakistanwestofthepresent-dayIndusRiverareseparatedfromtheancientRomanEmpirebytheEuphratesRiver.ThecapitalTessifonislocatednearSeleuciainMesopotamia..Warsoftenbrokeoutbetweenthetwoempires,andatthesametime,therewerefrequentwarsbetweentheParthianEmpireandtheKushanEmpireestablishedacenturylater.TheimperialMesopotamiaandthecapitalcityofTaixifengwerecapturedbytheRomanlegionsin116,164-165,and197-198,respectively,andtheirnationalpowerwasexhausted,resultingintheseparatismoftheprincesintheearlythirdcentury.
Сасанидска Персия
LordEntry:Сасанидска Персия
In224AD,AldahirI,thesonofalocalgovernoroftheParthianEmpire,brokewiththeempireandfoughttheflagduetotheexpansionoflocalpowerrebel.Aftertwoyearsofwar,theParthianEmpirewasoverthrownandthekingwaskilled.In226,theSassaniddynastywasformallyestablished,andthecapitalTaixiwassealed.SasanPersiaisимеdafterAldahirI’sgrandfather.ThePersianregionhasbeenre-establishedandunifiedsincetheancientPersianAchaemeniddynasty,aworld-wideempire,andisconsideredtobetheSecondPersianEmpire.YilanShahr,aPersianrevivalist,alsofoughtwiththeRomanEmpiremanytimes.In260,hecapturedaRomanemperor,Valerian.However,Mesopotamia,towhichYilanShahrbelonged,anditscapitalontherightbankoftheTigrisRiver,Tessifon,werealsocapturedbyRomantroopsthreetimesin283,297,and361.
YilanShahrisahighlycentralizedmonarchy.Zoroastrianismisthestatereligion.Thepeoplearedividedintofourlevels:priests,soldiers,administrativeofficials,scholars,andcivilians.TheCatholicismofChristianitywasoncepersecuted,whileNestorianismdeveloped.Inaddition,Zoroastrianism(Zoroastrianism)andManichaeism,whichwereborninPersia,alsoflourishedduringthisperiod,andoncerosetonationalideology.
AsaresultofyearsofconquestsagainsttheEasternRomanEmpire,YilanShahrincreasedtaxesonhissubjectsandatthesametimestrengthenedthecontrolofreligion,causingriots.In629and642,twoemperorsAfterbeingassassinatedandbeingattackedbytherisingarmyoftheArabBedouinnomadicempire,theempirefinallycollapsed.
DuringtheWei,JinandSouthernandNorthernDynasties,friendlyexchangesbetweenChinaandPersiawerefrequent.TheBookofWeirecordsthatPersianenvoyscametoChinadozensoftimestomakeappointmentsandbroughtvariousthingstotheemperoroftheNorthernWeiDynasty.Giftsincludetreasures,elephants,acrobaticmagicperformancetroupes,etc.In1970,sixPersianSassanidsilvercoinswereunearthedattheGreatBuddhaTempleinZhangye,Gansu,China.TheempirewasinitiallyattackedbyArabtroopsin632.Afteritsdemisein651,Balus,thesonofthelastemperoroftheSassanids,fledtotheTangdynastyofChinaandaskedTangGaozongtosendtroopstofighttheinvasionoftheArabsandhelptheперсиrecover.TheDPRKescortedhimbacktopresent-daySistan,Afghanistan,andestablishedthePersianCapitolin661,butitwasdestroyedbytheArabEmpireattheendof663.
период на ислямизация
Mainentry:ArabEmpire、TheBigFourCaliphate、UmayyadDynasty、AbbasidDynasty
TheSassaniddynasty,whichfellintonationalchaosattheend,wasquicklydefeatedbytheArabempireguidedbytheemergingIslam(Islam'sconquestofPersia),andPersiabecameapartoftheArabempire.Arabicbecametheprevailinglanguage,IslamquicklyreplacedZoroastrianism,ManichaeismandNestorianism,andalargenumberofmosqueswerebuilteverywhere.
750yearslater,theAbbasiddynastyruledtheArabempire,whiletheперсиgainedadominantpositioninthelocalcapital.Duringthisperiod,thePersianculturedevelopedtremendously.AfterHarunRashidandMamun,theAbbasiddynastydeclinedduetothedeclineofmilitarypower,andaseparatistregimewasformed.Duringthisperiod,theTahirdynasty,Safardynasty,Samandynasty,andZiaappearedsuccessivelyonPersianland.TheErdynasty,theAlafidedynasty,theBaiyidynasty,theGhaznaviddynasty,theGuldynasty,theSeljukempire,andtheKhwarazmo.ThearchitectoftheSeljukEmpirebuiltanincredibleFridaymosqueinthecityofIsfahanin1042.ThefamousPersianmathematicianandpoetOmarKhayyám(OmarKhayyám)wasintheSeljukEmpire.Hewrotehiscollectionofpoems"Rubaiyat"(Rubaiyat).
TheSeljukslostcontrolofPersiaattheendofthetwelfthcentury,andwerereplacedbyanotherIranian-speakingempirebuiltbyanotherIranian-speakingnationfromthelowerAmuDaryadeltaoftheAralSea.In1194,ArauddinMahmo,thesultanofKhwarizmo,conqueredtheSeljukEmpire,andthencapturedtheIranianplateau.In1205,ArauddinMahamofinallycompletelyruledPersia,andin1212,healsoconqueredtheGreatKhan.Thedynasty,andthenruledalltheCentralAsiariverarea,in1215,AlaUddinMahamoattackedtheGuldynasty.
Период на монголското ханство
Mainentry:HuaLaziMo、GreaterMongolia、IliKhanate
TheterritoryoftheKhwarazmoinitsheydaystartsfromtheHezhongregionofCentralAsiatotheeastTotheFerganaBasinandGedrosia,Alahosia,Gandhara,thePersianGulfandtheArabianSeainthesouth,andAzerbaijaninthewest,theterritoryatthebeginningof1219wasabout3.6millionsquarekilometersandthetotalpopulationwasabout12million..TheKhwarazmdynastywasgrantedthe"Emir"bytheIslamicCaliphateofBaghdadinMesopotamiaandlegallybelongedtotheIslamicworld.
Fromtheendof1219to1221,Temujin,agreatsweatoftheMongolEmpire,ledanarmyof100,000troopstoinvadeandconquerKhwarizmo,andslaughtered30citiesinKhwarazmo,andlaterIran.TheregionswereruledbytheGreaterMongolia(1206-1259)andthesubsequentYiliKhanate(1256-1335).Later,heservedasthesupremeruleroftheMongolEmpire:Tuolei,Wokuodai,NaimajinTerrygona,Guiyuhan,UgulihaiLost,andthelocalgovernoroftheMongkhanera,ChoerMahan,Baizhu,YelizhiForgoodorbad,undertheruleandguardofthedwarfKorigisandtheOiratAkhunAgha,continuethemilitaryconquestofArmenia,Georgia,AzerbaijanandtheSultanateofRoma,especiallythegrandsonofTemujinHulaguFrom1256to1259,theMulaiyi,Abbasiddynasty,andSyrianAyubdynastyweredestroyedsuccessively,andtheGreatHulaguKhanatewasformallyestablished.In1295,HezanKhan,themonarchoftheGreatHulaguKhanate,finallyconvertedtoIslam.UntiltheGreatHulaguKhanatecollapsedin1355becauseithadnoheirs,PersiawasstillruledbyfivesmallnationsthatsplitfromtheGreatHulaguKhanate.
Империята на Тимуридите
Mainentry:Империята на Тимуридите
to1381In1467,PersiabecamepartoftheTimurianEmpirethatemergedinthemiddleoftheriversofCentralAsia.SoonafterTimur'sdeath,PersiawassuccessivelyruledbytheTurkicdynastyofBlackSheep,whichexistedfrom1375to1468,andtheAriesdynasty,whichexistedfrom1378to1508.From1405to1433,EmperorYongleoftheMingDynastysentZhengHesevenvoyagestotheWesternOceanandarrivedinthecoastalcitiesoftheTimurEmpiremanytimes.ThestonesteleerectedbyZhengHeinSriLankawaswritteninChinese,Tamil,andPersian.ArabicandPersianwerewidelyusedinthesutraeducationofMuslimsintheMingDynasty.
Сафавидска империя
Mainentry:Сафавидска империя
SafavidTheempireisathree-timerevivalempireestablishedbytheперси.ItsfoundingBritishlordIsmailIunifiedPersiaandexpandeditsterritorytopartoftoday’sAzerbaijan,Iraq,andAfghanistan.Thedoctrineof"Immam"isthestatereligionandiscalledtheThirdReichofPersia.TheСафавидска империяandtheOttomanEmpirecontinuedtowar.In1588,EmperorAbbastookthethrone,movedhiscapitaltoIsfahan,madepeacewiththeTurks,expelledtheUzbeks,andcapturedBahrain,asmallislandinthePersianGulf,fromPortugal,makingPersiathemostimportantculturalcenteroftheIslamicworld.
Европейска инвазия
Mainentry:AfsharDynasty、PraiseGermanDynasty、KaigaDynasty
In1722,PetertheGreatofRussiaandtheOttomanEmpireinvadedSaTheFavviEmpire,andafterwards,brokeoutinPersiaaftertheSunniriotswereforcedtobelieveinShiites,andtheСафавидска империяfell.LaterPersiawasruledbytheAfsharDynasty,ZandDynasty,andKaijaDynasty(QajarDynasty)establishedbyTurks.
From1779to1925,PersiawasencroachedbytheRussianEmpireinthenorthandtheBritishEmpirebasedinBritishIndiaintheeastundertheruleoftheQajardynasty,andBritainwasseparatedfromitsterritory.BahrainandpartofAfghanistaninthesphereofinfluenceoftheempire,andAzerbaijan,Turkmenistan,andUzbekistaninthepoweroftheRussianempire.ThestrategiccompetitionbetweenBritainandRussiahereiscalledthe"GreatGame".
Модерен и модерен
Thismainentry:Pahlavidynasty,Iran
FirstDuringtheSecondWorldWar,theparticipatingAlliedPowers,theRussianEmpire,theBritishEmpire,andtheAlliedPowers,theGermanEmpireandtheOttomanEmpire,foughtintheeasttosnatchPersianoilfields.Afterthewar,northernPersiawascontrolledbythegarrisonoftheBritishEmpire.InDecember1925,RezaKhanlaunchedacourtcouptooverthrowtheQajardynastyandestablishthePahlavidynasty.UntiltheColdWar,BritainandtheSovietUnionmaintainedtheirinfluenceinPersia.In1935,RezaKhanchangedtheимеofPersiatoIranintheinternationalarena,andsincethenbannedtheuseoftheимеofPersia.
Етническа принадлежност
перси
TheперсиarethemainethnicgroupofIraninWestAsia,alsoknownasIranians.Thepopulationis20.41million(1985),accountingforabout51%ofthetotalpopulationofthecountry.MainlyliveinthecentralandeasternprovincesofIran.Inaddition,morethan600,000peoplelivescatteredincountriessuchasAfghanistanandIraq.ItbelongstothesouthernMediterraneantypeoftheEuroparace,usesPersian,andbelongstotheIranianlanguagefamilyoftheIndo-Europeanfamily.BelieveinIslam,mostlyShia,averysmallnumberofpeoplebelieveinZoroastrianism(Zoroastrianism,Zoroastrianism),ManichaeismandNestorianism.
Iran’smainethnicgroup,alsoknownasIranians,hasapopulationof20.41million(1985),accountingforabout51%ofthecountry’stotalpopulation,mainlylivinginthecentralandeasternprovincesofIran.Inaddition,morethan600,000peoplelivescatteredincountriessuchasAfghanistanandIraq.ItbelongstothesouthernMediterraneantypeoftheEuroparace.ThelanguagebelongstotheIranianlanguagefamilyoftheIndo-Europeanfamily.StandardPersianoriginatedinthePahlaviregion.PeoplewhousethislanguageoftencallitFalsi,andsometimesitisalsocalledMedievalPersian.Therecordedhistoryandcultureoftheперсиbeganin2700BC.In2000BC,theAryansoftheancientPersiannomadictribeenteredtheareaofpresent-dayIranfromCentralAsia,andsettleddownbycrowdingoutthelocalindigenouspeople.AncientIraniansincludemanyethnicgroups,includingMedes,перси,Parthians,Sassis,andScythians.Inthe6thto5thcenturiesBC,theMedesestablishedthecity-stateofOkbatan.Inthe8thcenturyBC,theперсиacquiredtheимеoftheirtribefromthisplaceимеafteroccupyingthepresentFarsregionandestablishedapowerfulPersiaempire.Modernперсиarepermanentresidents,halfofthemarefarmers.Theyaremostlyengagedinirrigatedagriculture.Themainfoodcropsarewheat,barleyandbeans;thecashcropsaretobacco,sugarbeet,sesame,etc.Somefarmershaveturnedtooilandconstructionindustries.Thehandicraftindustryhasalonghistory,andcarpets,ceramics,architecture,woolprocessing,etc.arewell-knownallovertheworld.BeforetheперсиconvertedtoIslam,theybelievedinZoroastrianismandManichaeism.AftertheArabEmpiredestroyedthePersianSassaniddynastyin642,theперсиgraduallyconvertedtoIslamunderfusionandcoercion.Inthe11thcentury,Islamoccupiedadominantpositionamongtheперси.Beforetheearly16thcentury,theSunnishadadominantposition.In1502,theперсиestablishedtheСафавидска империяandestablishedtheShiite12Imamasthestatereligion.TakealladministrativemeasurestopromoteShiaandexcludeSunnis.98%ofmodernперсиbelieveinShia.TheIranianConstitutionstipulatesthatthe12ShiiteImamsarethestatereligion,andstipulatesthatalllawspromulgatedbytheLegislativeAssemblymustconformtoIslamicteachings.IslamiclawalsostipulatesthatallmattersrelatedtoMuslims’marriageandfuneralcustoms,inheritanceofproperty,childsupport,religiouscourses,sectdisputes,etc.shallberuledbyShariahlaw.ThegovernmentdoesnotrecognizetheexistenceofMuslimminoritiesinthecountry,butitrecognizesthattherearenon-Muslimpeoples.Shiitereligiousstaffaredividedintotwocategories:publicandnon-public.Generally,famousmullahshavesemi-officialstatus.TheprimaryeducationofIranianMuslimsisgenerallyconductedintheGreatMosque,mainlylearningthe"Quran"andперсиcriptures.Theschoolisasecondaryreligiousschool,andtherearealsohigh-levelreligiousschools.ThefamousmullahteachesandsystematicallyteachesIslamicteachings.Philosophyandjurisprudence.BoththeGreatMullahandAyatollahcamefromQomTheologicalSeminary.Theперсиarereligiousandpious,andattachgreatimportancetotheannualpilgrimage,fasts,andreligiousceremoniesofthedayofmourning(AshuraDay).Womenmustwearaveilwhentheygoout,andtheirdailylifeisalsostrictlyrestrictedbytheteachings.
финикийци
AftertheфиникийциontheMediterraneancoastwasincorporatedintothePersianEmpire,Phoenicianmerchantsgainedahugeinlandtradingarea.IntheMediterranean,theyalsowonthesupportofPersiainthestruggleagainsttheircommercialrivals,theGreeks.Liketheфиникийци,theAsianGreeksbecamethepeopleofPersia,buttheywereuntamedpeople;whiletheфиникийциofSyriahelpedtheперсиalotandgainedtheirfavor.ThethreeSyrianPhoeniciancity-states,Aradus,TyreandSidon,weregrantedthestatusofsmalllocalautonomouskingdoms.Theфиникийциdidnotintendtobetraytheперси.Therefore,theперсиdidnothavetoworrythatthePhoeniciancity-statesinthecolonywouldinterveneinSyrianaffairs.TheперсиdidnotwanttoincorporatetheфиникийциofLibyaandtheфиникийциofSyriaintotheirempire.Onthecontrary,attheendofthe6thcenturyBC,theysignedananti-GreekagreementwiththeCarthaginians.TheфиникийциinthecolonyatthattimeTheCitizencity-statesformedaunitedfrontundertheleadershipofCarthage.
евреи
TheJewishcommunityinBabyloniaisanaturalallyoftheперси,becausethesejewswhohavelefttheirhomeshaveneverforgiventheBabylonianswhobanishedthem.Theyformedapro-Persianminority.InBabylonia,wheremostoftheresidentsareuncooperative,thisminorityisparticularlyvaluabletotheперси.AlthoughCyrusIIexpressedhiswillingnesstorespectthenationalself-esteemoftheBabyloniansby"joininghandswithBarr"outofstrategicconsiderations,itwasstilltonoavail.CyrusIIalsoallowedallевреиwhowishtoleavetoreturntotheirhomelandintheJewishstateandrebuildtheirtempleinJerusalem.TheedictofCyrusIIcanbefoundinthearchivesofEkbatana(nowcalledHamadan),whichwasfurtherconfirmedbyDariusI.EitherИзкуствоaxerxesIin445BC,orИзкуствоaxerxesIIin384BC,allowedhisBabylonianJewishstewardNehemiahtotemporarilyleavethecapitalSusa,andhewasliabletogototheJewishstateThemissiontore-fortifythecityofJerusalem.BothDariusIandИзкуствоaxerxeshadapprovedbudgetsandbuildingmaterialsfortheевреиundertheirauthorizationtorebuildpublicprojectsinJerusalem.
Арамис
Персия (5 снимки)
Liketheевреиandфиникийци,theAramisalsobenefitedfromthePersianEmpireNotshallow.ThedisseminationoftheAramaiclanguage,whichhadbegunduringtheperiodofAssyrianrule,hasmadeconsiderableprogressunderPersianrule.InSyria,Canaanite(Hebrew)wasgraduallyreplacedbyAramaic.Canaanitewasonlyusedasalanguageforritualsandcontinuedtoexistinasmallarea.Asadailylanguage,itwasonlyusedbytheфиникийциintheWestBankoftheMediterranean.Usedinthecolonialworld.TheAramaiclanguagecontinuestospreadeastwardatthesametimeastheAramaicalphabet,whichismoreconvenientandpracticalthancuneiformwriting.LiketheUgaritpeoplesevenoreightcenturiesago,theперсиchosesomewordsfromtheSumerian-Akkadianlibrarytoformasetofletters.WhenDariusIrecordedhismartialartsinthreescriptsonthestonecliffsofBechstown,heinscribedtheперсиcriptinPersiancuneiformwriting.Atthesametime,heinscribedtheEgyptiancuneiformscriptinSumeriancuneiformwriting,whichisbothtraditionalandcomplex.TranslationsofLanvinandAkkadian.However,thePersiancuneiformscriptsufferedthesamefateastheUgaritscript.ItfailedtoresisttheimpactofthewaveofletterscomposedofthemoreconciseandclearAramaicalphabet,whichdatesbacktothebeginningofthelastmillenniumBCHasbecomepopularinPhoenicia.By330BC,mostoftheofficialdocumentsofthePersianEmpirehadalreadyusedtheAramaiclanguage.However,perhapstheseletterswerestillpronouncedinPersian,thatis,acombinationoflettersofAramaic,whichreadslikethisAramaic.Persiantransliterationoftheword.TheMedes
Asaresult,themainethnicgroupsinSyriaarecontenttobesubjectsoftheперси,whiletheMedes,whoarerelatedbybloodtotheперси,feellesshappy.Astheyshowedintheuprisingof522BC,theyrememberthattheywereonceaninvinciblepeople,andtheперсиweretheirsubjects.However,despitetherebelliousnessoftheMedes,theперсиonceagainallowedthemtobepartnersoftheMedes-PersianEmpire,whichwasmuchlargerandstrongerthanthepreviousMedes.TheElamitesmaybealittleflattered,becausetheircapital,Susa,hasbeenupgradedtothecapitaloftheempire.TheIranian-speakingpeoplesinthenortheasternpartofthecountrypersistedinaresistancemovementforthreeyearsaftertheempirewassubjugatedtoopposetherulerofMacedonia,thusshowingtheirdeepaffectionforthePersianEmpire.TheScythians,anomadicpeopleintheeast,usedtobeenemiesofCyrusII,butafterbeingconqueredbyDariusI,theyseemedtobeveryloyaltotheempire.WhenXerxesfoughtintheGreekcity-statesinEuropein480BC,theysecuredstrategiclocations.From330BCto328BC,theyalsosupportedtheneighbourswholivedinruralareasagainstAlexandertheGreat.
западноазиатци
However,amongtheconqueredpeoples,therearethreepeoplesthatshowincompatibilitywithPersianrule,имеlyBabylonians,EgyptiansandAsianGreeks.Duringthiscriticalperiodof522BC,theBabylonianshadnotonlyoneuprising,buttwo.In484BC,theyrevoltedagain.However,thistime,theперсиdidnothesitatetosuppresstheuprising.Fromthenon,untiltheywerefinallyliberatedbyAlexander,theBabyloniansfellintodisrepair.TheперсиcouldnotlettheBabyloniansgetoutoftheircontrol.BabylonwasthegranaryandfactoryofthePersianEmpireandthehuboftheempire’sinlandtransportationnetwork.Ontheotherhand,theoccupationofEgyptisnolessaburdentothePersianEmpire,justasitwasaburdentotheAssyrians.EgyptisfartherfromFarsthanfromAssyria.WhenrebellingagainstitsAsianmastersonitscontinent,itcanacceptreinforcementsfromtheGreeksfromthesea.AlthoughEgyptwasdefeatedin522BC,itroseagainattheendofthereignofDariusI.Theygainedindependencetwicein464-455BC,404BCor395-343BC.Whenitwasconqueredbytheперсиagain,itwasonlyadozenyearssincetheoverthrowofthePersianEmpireitself.
ThePersianEmpireisashort-livedworldempire,butitsreligioustolerancepolicyhasproducedenduringeffects.Thispolicyconformstothetrendofinter-religiousreconciliationofdifferentbeliefs,andtheexilepolicyoftheAssyriansandBabylonianspromotedtheformationofthistrend.Aconquerorcanexilemembersoftherulinggroupoftheconqueredcountry,butcannotexileitsgods.Thefarmerswhostayedtherewillcontinuetoworshipthem,andimmigrantscannotignorethem.TheworshipofJehovahinBethel,themainreligioussacredplaceoftheformerKingdomofIsrael,wasbroughteastwardintoBabyloniaandsouthwardtoElifantini,aborderfortressbelowthefirstwaterfalloftheNile.Inthe5thcenturyBC,inthisplace,aJewishgarrisonservingtheперсиenshrinedEhimon,Annat,andJehovahatthesametime.ThesoldiersofthisarmywereallexiledtoBabylonbyNebuchadnezzar.DescendantsofевреиhidinginEgyptduetobadluck.
IntheJewishcommunityofEliphantini,hemaintainsfriendlycorrespondencewithSambart,thechiefofSamaria.DuringthePersianrule,beforeNehemiah'smission,JerusalembelongedtotheSamaritanarea.JudgingfromthesurимеofShanbarat(Sinubalit),heisadescendantoftheBabylonianexiles.Ifyoulookattheимеsofhissons(Dara'aandShelemaya),theyareallbelieversofJehovah.,Notaworshiperofthemoongod.Atthistime,theinhabitantsofSamariahadstrictlyandexclusivelybelievedinJehovah.ExceptforthePentateuch,theydidnotrecognizeanyhandwrittendocumentsasscriptures,nordidtheyrecognizetheexistenceofnon-handwrittenscriptures.However,whenNehemiah,therepresentativeoftheBabylonianJewishcommunity,arrivedinJerusalembydecree,Shanbaratclashedwithhim.InordertoenableNehemiahandEzratocarryouttheirdecisivework,thePersianimperialgovernmentunwiselychangeditsgeneralpolicyoftolerancetowardsreligion.ThisunusualingratiatingattitudeunderminedthemostimportantcodeofconductofthePersiangovernmentitself.Thisisapassivestatebehavior.However,thispassivebehaviorhascausedmoreseriousconsequencesthananyactivebehaviorofthePersiangovernment.Thiscannotbutbesaidtobeamockeryofhistory.
Преглед
ThereligiousliberalizationandpoliticalliberalizationpoliciesofthePersianemperorshavebroughtharmonybetweenthePersianregimeandthevariousethnicgroupsinSyria.ThevariousethnicgroupsinSyriahavestubbornlyopposedtheconquerorsofAssyriaandBabylonsuccessively.Intheeyesoftheфиникийци,Samaritansandевреи,theперсиaresimplygreatsaviors.
Хронология на събитията
9-ти век преди
TheперсиareabranchoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily,whichoriginatedinthemountainsnorthoftheCaucasus
След 7-ми век преди
Заселват се в южната част на Персийското плато, някога управлявано от собственика на платото, Медия (Медия)
550 години преди това
Cyrus(Cyrus))ConquertheMedesandestablishthe"Achaemeniddynasty",expandtheMedesonthebasisoftheMedes,relyondiplomaticmeans,andgraduallyestablishanempirethroughtheconquestofmilitaryforces.
Първите 539 години
CyrusattackedtheChaldianEmpire,releasedthe"PrisonersofBabylon",occupiedSyriaandPalestine,andimplementedenlightenedrule.
Първите 529 години
Cyruswasseriouslyinjuredanddiedduringthebattle,andhissonCambysessucceeded.
Първите 525 години
CambysesconqueredEgyptandestablishedtheTheGreatEmpire
преди 512 години
Дарий ръководи армията си, за да пресече морето през Мала Азия, за да нахлуе в Европа, превръщайки се в първата империя в цяла Европа, Азия и Африка (териториите включват днешен Иран, Месопотамия, Мала Азия, ъгъл на Югоизточна Европа, Египет, Палестина)
преди 499 години
Гръцки градове-държави избухнаха бунтове от персийското владичество
преди 494 години
DariusputdownthetroublesintheGreekcity-states,andthendecidedtosendtroopstoattackAthens
Преди 476 години
Шефът воюва, въпреки че гръцките градове-държави печелят, но губят и двамата.
преди 330 години
Александър Велики, който почина в Македония
BossianWar
Background:Darius(Darius)expandedtoEuropeandoppressedtheGreeksinAsiaMinor.Threewarsbrokeoutbetweenthetwosides.
Theresult:Persiawasdefeatedanditsvitalitywasgreatlyinjured.Afterthat,theempirefellintoalongperiodofinternalandexternaltroubles,andwasfinallyconqueredbytheMacedonians
Meaning:ThevictoryoftheGreeksandthedefeatoftheперсиsymbolizethedeclineoftheclassicalcivilizationoftheNearEastandtheriseoftheancientcivilizationoftheMediterranean.
култура
език
The22symbolsusedbytheCanaanitesweretransformedintophoneticlettersthatareconvenientforwritingandlearning.Afterbeingpassedontothewest,theybecameGreekletters.ThecommonfoundationoftheLatinalphabetandotherEuropeanalphabetsisthemostprominentcontributiontoitsculture.
PersianliteratureinthehistoryofworldliteraturereferstoliteraturewritteninPersian(ieDari).Atthebeginningofthe9thcentury,PersianliteratureappearedfirstintheKhorasanregioninnortheasternPersia.Sincethen,indifferenthistoricalperiods,withPersianasthecenter,intheCaucasusandCentralAsia,Afghanistan,northernIndiaandtheeasterncoastoftheMediterraneanhavefamousPersianpoetsandwriters.
Asearlyasthe6thcenturyBC,Cyrus,thechiefofthePersiantribeintheFarsregionofIran,establishedaunifiedslaveryempire,theAchaemenidEmpire.Beforethe3rdcenturyAD,ancientPersian(cuneiformscript)wascommonlyusedinsouthwesternIran.ItwascarvedonthemountainnearKermanshahinwesternIranabouttheperformanceofEmperorDarius(reignedfrom521to485BC).ThescriptisancientPersian;innortheasternIran,Avistoisprevalent,andtherearealreadybuddingpoetryinthefireworshipscripture"Avisto".AftertheestablishmentofthePersianParthiandynasty(after250AD),theMiddleAncientPersianlanguage,имеlyPahlavi(NorthPahlavi),prevailedinIran.DuringtheSassaniddynasty(224～651),theSassanidPahlavi(SouthPahlavi)wasprevalent.SasanPahlavihasawealthofliteratureandinformation.Amongthemaremanyreligious,geographical,historicalandliteraryworks.TheprototypeofmanyworksintheheydayofPersianliteratureintheMiddleAgescanbetracedbacktotheearlyPahlaviliterature.Forexample,thelostPahlavilanguage"TheBookofKings"isthebasicmaterialoftheepic"BookofKings"writtenbyFerdósiinthe10thcentury."AThousandandOneNights"isalsoderivedfromthePahlavistorybook"AThousandStories".
Inthe7thcentury,theArabsdestroyedtheSassaniddynastyandplacedPersiaintheterritoryoftheArabempirewithaunityofreligionandpolitics.Arabicbecametheofficiallanguage.Butinthenext300years,PahlaviwasstillspokeninPersia,andnewwritingsappeared.Attheendofthe8thcentury,PahlavimergedwithadialectincentralandwesternPersia,andgraduallyproducedanewlanguage,DariPersian.Bythe10thcentury,DariPersianhadreplacedPahlaviandbecamethecommonlanguageofперси.
DuringtheruleoftheArabCaliphate,Persialostitspoliticalindependence.IslamreplacedZoroastrianismandManichaeisminPersiaandbecamethemainreligiousbeliefoftheперси.ThroughArabictranslation,theперсиhadmoreextensiveexposuretoancientGreekphilosophyandscientificworksthanbefore.PersianpoetryadoptstherhythmofArabicpoetry(Aruz),andПерсийска прозаabsorbstheexpressionmethodofrhyme(Sazhi)inArabicprose.Thisistheresultoftheclosecontactandintegrationofthetwoethnicgroups.
Underalienrule,Persiastronglydemandednationalindependence.Thisdesirewasreflectedinthepoliticalrealmandgaverisetothe"ShubiMovement".
Популяризиране и спонсориране
Thismovementadvocatesthatnon-ArabMuslimsandArabMuslimsenjoyequalpoliticalstatus,andpromotesthatPersiancivilizationissuperiortoArabcivilization.The"ShubiMovement"isapoliticalfactorintheriseanddevelopmentofPersianliterature.
Изкуство
Intermsofart,thePersianEmpireleftavaluablelegacy.Theempirerecruitedlaborersandconstructionmaterialsfromtheconquerednationstobuildpalacesanddecoratethecapital.PersianarchitecturecombinestheartisticachievementsofthevariousethnicgroupsinEgypt,Babylon,andancientGreecetoformitsownuniquemajesticandmagnificentstyle.ThepalaceofPersepolis,thenewcapitalofDariusI,isbuiltonahighplatformmadeofhugestones.Therearethepalaceoftheking’sadministrationandthehallofhundredpillars.Thepillarsare7.62metershighandhavesacredcows,hornedlionsandhumanfacesastheheads(SeethecolorpicturePersepolisPalace,theHallofVisitation).Onthewallonthesideofthehighsteps,therearereliefsoftheimmortalarmy,courtiers,andvariousconquerednationsofferingtribute.TheruinsofSusa’spalacehavecolorfulglazedbrickwallsdepictingtheking’sguardsandvariousbeasts.Allthisisdesignedtoshowthegreatnessoftheempireandthedignityoftheking.MetalworkisalsoahighlydevelopedcraftinPersia.Изкуствоistsusedhammerpressingtomakevariousexoticanimal-shapedgoldpiecestodecoratethegatesandutensilsofthepalace.TakethecityofPersepolisasanexample:thebaseplatformisimitatedfromWestAsia;themainhallwithlargestonepillarsisimitatedfromanEgyptiantemple;thegroovesandspiralsofthestonepillarsareinfluencedbyancientGreece;thestonelionsandtemplesonbothsidesofthetemplegateThewalls,reliefsandglazedtilesontheroofaresimilartotheAssyrianarchitecturalstyle.
Литература
Rudaki
DuetothePersianuprisingsandtheincreasingpoliticalpoweroftheupperrulinggroup,attheendofthe9thcentury,theперсиhadactuallygottenridofUndertheruleoftheArabs,manylocalgovernmentswereestablished.TherulersoftheSamanDynasty(875-999)intheKhorasanregioninthenortheastpaidmoreattentiontoprotectingliteratiandadvocatingliterarycreationthanthemonarchsofotherlocalregimes.Rudaki(850～941),thefirstfamouspoetinthehistoryofPersianliterature,wasacourtpoetoftheSamanDynasty.
RudakiwasborninSamarkand,andthereareaboutdozensofPersianpoetsofhistime.Atthattimethereweretwopoetrycenters:onewasSamarkandandBukharainCentralAsia;theotherwasBalkhandMulu.Rudakiisgoodatmusicandisfamiliarwithfolkcreation.Hispoemsexpressthepeople'sfeelingsandwishestoacertainextent.TheformsofPersianpoetry,suchasodes,lyrics,narrativepoemsandfour-linepoems,weregraduallyfinalizedthroughthecreationofRudakiandhiscontemporaries.Therefore,latergenerationscalledRudakithe"FatherofPersianPoetry".
Фирдоси
WhenRudakidied,themostfamouspoetinthehistoryofPersianliterature,Ferdosi(940～1020),wasborninHorasantus.PhilDorseyistheauthoroftheepic"BookofKings".Thelanguageof"BookofKings"isbeautifulandfluentPersian.Atthattime,ArabicwasverypopularinPersia,buttheauthorconsciouslyavoidedusingArabicwords.BeforeФирдосиwrote"TheBookofKings",theSamaniancourtpoetTajiki(died978)wasorderedtowritethe"BookofKings",buthediedaftercompletingonlyathousandlines.PhilDorseyrecordedhisthousandlinesofpoemsinhis"BookofKings"asamemorial.Фирдоси’s"BookofKings"reflectstheперси’nationalindependencethoughts,andhasplayedaroleininspiringtheперси’patriotism,encouragingthemtoresistforeignaggression,inheritingandcarryingforwardtheancientPersianliterarytraditionandcreatingthePersianliterarylanguage.Importantrole.
Кралят на поетите
След Фирдоси, от династията Газнавиди, известни поети включват Ансари (умрял през 1039 г.) и Фарози (умрял през 1038 г.) и Манучехри (умрял през 1041 г.). Те са истински придворни поети.
ThecommoncharacteristicsoftheworksofthepoetsinKhorasanareconcisenarrative,simplelanguage,descriptionoftheenvironmentandcharactersbutnotoverlyarranged,scientifictermsandArabicwordsarerarelyincludedinthepoem.Thisstyleiscalled"Khorasanstyle"inthehistoryofliterature.
Философски поет
Известният персийски философски поет Омар Хаям (1048-1122) е живял в Персийската селджукска империя (1055-1194). Той е бил известен учен по онова време. Неговите стихове са силно антифеодални и антирелигиозни и управляващата класа нарича стиховете му „като змия, която поглъща доктрината“.
иракски
Afterthe12thcentury,thecenterofPersianculturemovedwestward.Attheendofthe11thcentury,thecreationofpoetryandessaysintheKhorasangareabegantodecline,andthecreationofthewesternandsouthwesternregionsgraduallyflourished.ThereareobviousdifferencesbetweentheworksofSouthwesternpoetsandtheHorasanstyle.Theirnarrativesoftenusebixingtechniques,andtheirdescriptionsaremoreeuphemisticanddelicate.Arabicandscientificwordsareincludedinthepoems.Thecontentofthepoemsisricherthanbefore,andthetextiselegantandsubtle,whichiscalled"Iraqistyle"inthehistoryofliterature.ItsrepresentativesareAnwari(died1187),Haqqani(1126-1198)andNezhami(1141-1209).ThesouthernpoetSadie(1208~1292)wasareformeroftheIraqistyle.Hispoemshaveclearerthemesandeasierlanguage.
Разказващ поет
Незами е най-забележителният разказ поет от Фердоуси. Хейсан азербайджански и е роден в Ганджа (днешен Азербайджан). Основните произведения са "Петтомни поеми", а именно "Тайно съкровище" (1173-1180), "Хослу и Шилин" (1181), "Лейли и Маджинонг" (1188), "Седем и красавици"1196 "Седем известни" (също „Историята на Александър“ (1200). „Петтомни стихотворения“ се радва на висока репутация в Централна Азия, Индия и други региони и поети от всички етнически групи, които се стремят да научат да имитират произведенията на Незами.
Atthebeginningofthe13thcentury,theMongolsinvadedfromthenortheast,theKhorasanareawasthefirsttobearthebrunt,andliteratifledinwardoneafteranother,thusenliveningthesouthernliteraryscene.However,thetwogreatpoetsSadieandHafez(1320~1389)representingPersianliteratureduringthisperiodwerebothborninthefamoussoutherncityofShiraz.
Sadi’smainworksare"Orchard"and"RoseGarden".Hisworksarefullofprofoundhumanitarianthoughts,reflectingthedissatisfactionofthelowerclasswithfeudaloppression."TheRoseGarden"hasgainedawideworldreputation.IthasalwaysbeenatextbookforlearningPersianlanguage,anditisalsoaworkthatinheritsthepastandthenextinthedevelopmentofПерсийска проза.
Персийска проза
Sincethebeginningofthe9thcentury,ithasdevelopedsmoothlyundertheadvocacyoftherulersoftheSamandynasty.Theproseintheearlydayswassimpleandunpretentious,andtherewassomethingtosay.Fromtheendofthe11thcentury,Персийска прозаintroducedtheArabicverseform(Sazhi).ThisreflectsthegrowinginfluenceofIslam.
ThecontentofPersianliteraryprosecanbedividedintothreecategories:①Emperorandherostories,suchastheprose"BookofKings";②Lovelegends,representativeworksincludethe"BahtiarStory"(inbookIntheSamanperiod)and"SamaktheSpies"(writtenin1189);③Moraladmonitionstories,representativeworksaretranslatedfromArabic"KarilaiandDimuNai"and"TheCollectionofQaboos"(writtenin1082)year).Sadie's"TheRoseGarden"isthedevelopmentofthethirdcategoryofproseworks.
ForthesituationofthethreeancientPersianpoets,youcanrefertomylastlecture:[Large-scaleLectureSeriesonAncientPersiabyGeneralYiliIII]TheancientPersianfiguressaidonebyone.
Sadi’scontemporaries,Moravi(Rumi,1207～1273),isthemainrepresentativepoetofSufiliterature(Sufimeanspeoplewhowearcoarsewoolenfabrics).MoraviwasborninBalkh(nowinAfghanistan)andisthesuccessorofthefamousIranianSufipoetsSanayi(?~1141)andAtal(1145~1229).Hismainworksare6volumesofnarrativepoemsandalargenumberoflyricpoems.
суфизъм
isamysticismtrendthataroseinIraqandnorthernSyriainthe8thcentury,andthenspreadwidelyinCentralAsia,India,Indonesiaandotherplaces.TheydonotdenyIslamonthesurface,butarbitrarilyexplainandextenditsteachings.Theydenyhumanhappiness,advocateasceticism,andpursueabstracttruth(theso-calledperceptionoftheexistenceoftheLord,theunityoftheheartandtheLord).ThisideawasintroducedtoPersiaatthebeginningofthe9thcenturyandwaswidelyspreadamongurbanandruralhandicraftsmen,becomingtheirweaponagainstfeudaloppressionandreligiousshackles.суфизъмlatersplitintodifferentfactions.Onefactionisattachedtotherulingclassandemphasizesitsmystery;theotherfactionopposesIslam,condemnsreligiousrule,andadvocatesfreedomofthought.ThefamouslyricpoetHafezistherepresentativeofthelattergroupofpoets.HafizcarriedforwardthecharacteristicsofSadie'slyricpoems.Hispoeticfeelingsaresincere,hislanguageisbeautiful,andheisgoodatdistillingthelanguageoflifeintoarefinedandaccurateliterarylanguage.
Джами
ThelastpoetduringtheprosperityofPersianliteraturewasДжамиe(1414～1492).HeisaSufistscholarandhaswrittenbiographiesof616Sufists.HewascloselyrelatedtotheTimuriddynasty,whichwasthecapitalofHerat.Джамиe'smainworkis"SevenVolumesofPoems"(alsoknownas"SevenThrones"),4volumesontheologyand3volumesofnarrativepoems.Amongthem,"YusufandZoreha",whichistakenfromthe"Quran"story,isthemostfamous.HisnarrativepoemsimitateNezami,andtheprosebook"SpringGarden"imitatesSadie's" Градина от рози".
Sincethen,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinIraqipoetry,andlyricpoemswithconciselanguageandfullofemotionarerare.Poetsspecializeinimitationincontentandform,tryingtoconcealtheirlackofthoughtwithpeculiarmetaphorsandobscuresentences.Themediocreconcept,theslangwords,thesculpturaldecoration,andthepretendingtobeelegantarethecommoncharacteristicsofpoetrycreationinthisperiod.Inthehistoryofliterature,thisstyleiscalled"Indianstyle".
Inthe18thcentury,southernpoetscenteredonIsfahanandShirazsetoffa"retromovement"againstthe"Indianstyle",demandingthatpoetrycreationrestorethe"Iraqistyle"or"Hora".Mulberry",buttherewasnoresult.Becausetheurgenttaskfacingliteratureatthattimeisnotlimitedtoreformingthepoeticexpressionmethod,buttoreflectthenewsocialcontradictionsinatimelyandaccuratemanner.
Митология
Inthehistoryofarchaeologicalculture,ancientPersiabelongstotheMesopotamianculturalregion,whichistheculturalregionofWestAsiatoday.Archeologists’researchprovesthatinancienttimes,theancientперсиandAryansoriginallybelongedtoabranchoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.TheylivedinthesteppesofSouthRussiaandtheeasternpartoftheVolgaRiverbecauseofthespecialgeographicalandnaturalenvironmentofthesteppes.,Theyrelyonnomadstosustaintheirlives.Withthepassageoftime,theygraduallydividedintoPersian-AryansandIndian-Aryans.Thisdifferentiationdirectlyaffectedtheformationofnationalreligionsandmythologicaltraditions.
In2000BC,theancientперсиgraduallygotridofthenomadictribe'swayoflifeandgaverisetoearlyreligiousactivities.Inthereligiousactivitiesatthattime,whattheancientперсиadmiredmostwasanancientandmysterioussacrificialritual,whichwasessentiallyaprimitiveworshipofnature.Inthefaceofnaturaldisasters,theancientперсиfeltataloss,notonlyunabletocopewiththem,butalsodeeplyfeared.Thismadetheancientперсиveryurgentlyneedabelieftoeliminatetheirinnerfears,sotheoldestguardiangodinPersianmythologywasborn.Becausetheancientперсиbelievedthatalldisastersandgiftsintheworldarecontrolledbythegodsinthesky.Iftheyfindasuitableprotector,andcontinuetooffersacrificestohimandpraypiously,Biancanavoidalldisastersandlive.Acarefreelife.
Afterthecreationoftheguardiangod,somelegendsabouttheguardiangodbegantoappear.Theancientперсиgraduallyspreadvariouslegendsabouttheguardiangodtovariousplacesinoralform.Whenthelegendofthegodsspreadinvariousplacesinoralform,thisoriginalformofspreadwassoonbrokenbytheappearanceofwords.Theappearanceofwordsallowedtheancientперсиtofindanotherwaytorecordlegendsofgods.Atthesametime,withthedevelopmentofprimitivecivilization,theyengravedsomeimagesofgodsonvariousartifacts,orpaintedstoriesofgodsonrockwallsinprimitivepaintingform,andevenusedsimplemethodstomoldimagesofgodsandworshipthem.Inthepalace.Regardlessofwhethertheancientперсиencounterednaturaldisastersorharvestyears,itwasattributedtotheroleoftheprotector.Theybelievedthatinthegodrealmthatmortalscannotreach,theirowngodsdominatethehumanworld,andtheirowngodscreateeverythingintheworld.Drivenbythisconcept,moreworshippedgodsdescendedintothelivesoftheancientперси,andthesystemofPersianmythologygraduallybecamecomplete.
InthesixthcenturyBC,thePersianZoroastrianfoundedZoroastrianism,anditsteachingsputforwardmonotheismanddualism.TheonlygodthatZoroastrianismobeysisthegreatgoodgodAhuraMazda.Hisenemyisthesub-godAngelaManuel,andthereisaneternalstrugglebetweenthegoodgodandtheevilgod.InPersianhistory,withtheemergenceandmaturityofZoroastrianism,thebattlebetweengoodandevilhasbecomemoreandmorefierce,becauseZoroastrianismadvocatesdualism,anditsdoctrineistoconverttheworldAllthingsaredividedintotwoopposites,includinggoodandevil,lightanddarkness.Therefore,inPersianmythology,thereisawarbetweenthesupremegoodgodAhuraandthesupremeevilgodAngela,whichrepresentslightandjustice..Thewarbetweenthemlastedthreethousandyears.Inthiswar,theSupremeGoodGodAhuraMazdacreatedeverythingintheworldandultimatelydefeatedtheSupremeEvilGodAngelaManuel.
ThefirstpersonintheworldcreatedbytheSupremeGoodGodAhuraMazda,theprimitiveKayumorz,establishedtheworld-famouskingdomofPersiawithhisassistance,andBecomethefirstking.
Цивилизация
Theперсиareahighlydevelopednationamongmanyancientcivilizations,withalonghistory.IntheeraspannedbyAgeofEmpires2,thePersiancivilizationonlybegantoflourishinthethirdcenturyAD.ThisisnottomisinterpretthehistoryofPersia.Infact,PersiaintheAgeofEmpiresalsoincludesthePersianEmpire(beginninginthethirdcentury)Thepredecessor.Startinginthethirdcentury,thiscivilizationappearedonthestageofhistoryundertheимеofthePersianEmpireuntiltheseventeenthcenturyAD.Inthepreviouscenturies,thislandhadbeenruledbymanyforcesoriginatingintheMediterraneanregion,butiteventuallybecameanindependentkingdom,restoredthefreedomandglorybelongingtothenation,anddevelopedintoacross-MesoTheEmpireofPotamiaandIndia.Iran,Iraq,andAfghanStanoncebelongedtotheterritoryoftheancientPersianEmpire.
Later,whentheRomanEmpirewasdivided,theперсиputtheirformidablemilitarypowerintoaseriesofnewwars.TheirnewenemyisthesuccessoroftheRomanEmpire:Byzantine.TheперсиbegantolaunchcontinuousonslaughtfromtheborderareasofByzantium-Syria,Palestine,Egypt,andTurkey.ThemostgloriousmomentinPersianhistoryfinallycamein619AD.ThePersianEmpirecompletelyconqueredtheentireEgyptianregionandtheCaucasusMountains.In626AD,theперсиendedinadisastrousdefeatinthesiegeoftheByzantinecapital.TheByzantinestookadvantageoftheopportunityandbegantoinvadetheterritoryofthePersianEmpire.Yearsofendlessbattleshaveinfactsoundedthedeathknellforthesetwooriginallypowerfulcivilizations.In628AD,whenbothsideswereexhausted,therulersfinallyagreedtosignalong-overduepeacetreaty.Afterthat,thePersianEmpire,greatlyweakenedbythewar,wascapturedbytheArabMuslimlegionsfromtheArabianPeninsula.
In651AD,ArabMuslimforcesconqueredthePersianEmpireandcompletelyoccupiedtheterritoryofthePersianEmpireinjusttenyears.ThisnewIslamicKingdomiscalledIran.However,thishotlandseemedtoneverbeabletoachievepeace,andinthefollowinghundredsofyears,newaggressorscontinuedtoappear.ThefirstistheSeljukturkmens(Seljukturkmens)whoconqueredthewholeterritoryofPersia.WhatfollowedwastheterrifyingMongollegion,andthentheTurkmen(Turkmens).
Thenewdawndidnotappearuntilthe16thcentury.Like1300yearsago,theперсиfinallyregainedtheirterritoryandestablishedtheСафавидска империя.CyrusII(559-529BC),adescendantofaseriesofrulersofMesopotamia,wasalenientandreveredmonarch,andwascalledtheirfatherbytheancientперси(subsequentpaternitytestsshowedItisalmostimpossiblethatheisthefatherof"all"ofthem).AfterasuccessfulstruggleagainsttheLordAkamilisin550BCandinheritingtheKingdomofMedes,CyrusconsolidatedhisruleintheIranianhighlandsandextendedwestwardtoAsiaMinor.InOctober539BC,Babylon,agreatcityinancienttimes,wastakenbyhisPersianarmy.
AlthoughtheysuccessfullymadepeacewithEgyptandsuppressedtheBabylonianuprising,theGreekcity-statesfinallymaintainedaconcertedactionanddefeatedXerxes,markingthebeginningofthedeclineofthePersianEmpire.Becausehisself-esteemstimulatedhimafterthefailure,Xerxesdecidedtoretire.ThedeathofXerxeswasthefinalturningpointofPersianinfluence.Thevitalityandabilitiesthatsomeofhissuccessorsshowedaccidentallyweretooraretopreventthefinalcollapse.PersepoliswasfinallytakenbyAlexandertheGreatinApril330BC.conquer.InthestruggleforpowerafterAlexander'sdeath,SeleusIsuccessfullycapturedthePersianterritoryundertheAlexanderEmpire.
Архитектура
Fromthe6thtothe4thcenturyBC,thePersianEmpirewasstrong.PersianarchitectureinheritedthetraditionsoftheMesopotamia,drewonthearchitecturalachievementsofGreece,Egyptandotherregions,anddeveloped.ThenewcapitalPersepoliswasbuiltbetween518and460BC.Thepalacewasbuiltonaplatformbuiltagainstthemountain,withaheightofabout15meters,alengthof460meters,andawidthof275meters.Therearetwoceremonialhallsinthenorth,treasuryinthesoutheast,andtheroyalpalaceandhareminthesouthwest,surroundedbygardensandpavilions.Thelayoutisregular,butthereisnoaxisrelationshipasawhole.ThepalaceismainlybuiltwithhardcoloredlimestonefromtheIranianplateau.Thereisalargeplatformandlargestepsinfrontofthefrontentrance.Thewallsonbothsidesofthestepsarecarvedwithreliefgroupimages,whichsymbolizetheranksofalldirections,adapttotheshapeofthelargesteps,stepupstepbystep,andharmonizewiththearchitecturalform.(Seethecolorpictureofthestep-reliefbeltofthePersepolisPalaceinthePersianEmpire,6thto5thcenturiesBC)Thetwoceremonialhallsaresquareinplan,withstonepillarsandwoodenbeams.ThefrontoneisthereceptionhallofXerxesI,76.2meterssquare.Thereare36stonepillarsinthehall,thepillarheightis19.4meters,theratioofthepillardiametertothepillarheightis1:12,andtheverticalandhorizontalspacingofthepillarcentersis8.74meters.Therearetowersatthefourcornersofthemainhall.Betweenthetowersaretwoentrancecolonnades,abouthalftheheightofthemainhall.Themainhallhashighsidewindows.Thecolonnadeonthewestisthereviewingplatform,whichoverlooksthetentssetupbytheforeignenvoysofthetributary.TheotherhallistheDariusHundredPillarsHall,68.6meterssquare,100stonepillars,and11.3metershigh.Thelightstructureandspaciousspaceofthetwomainhallsarerareinancientbuildings.Theexteriorwallsofthepalacearepastedwithblackandwhitemarbleorglazedtiles,withcoloredreliefsonthetop.Thewoodenarchesandtheeavesarecoveredwithgoldleaf.Theinteriorwallsofthehallaredecoratedwithmurals.Thecarvingsonthestonepillarsareexquisite.Thebell-shapedcolumnbaseisengravedwithpetalpatterns,andtheupperpartofthebell-coveredbellissemi-circularmolding.Thecolumnhas40to48grooves.Thestigmaconsistsofacoveredbell,abowl,severalpairsoferectscrolls,andapairofbullskneelingagainsteachother.
Митници
Theancientперсиdidnotsupportgods,didnotbuildtemples,anddidnotsetupaltars.Theyusedtoworshipthegods,sun,moon,earth,fire,water,andwindonthehighestmountain..Thepersonwhoofferedthesacrificetookthelivestockhewasabouttoslaughtertoacleanplace,wherehecalledtheимеofthegodtowhomhewantedtosacrifice.ItiscustomaryforthispersontowearawreathofprobablyMyrtleontheheadscarf.Thepersonwhoofferssacrificesisnotallowedtoprayonlyforhimself.Hemustprayforthekingandforthehappinessofallперси,becausehemustbeamongallперси.Hethencuttheslaughteredlivestockmeatintopieces,andaftercookingthem,heputthemallonthefreshestandsoftgrasshecouldfind,especiallyclover.Afterallthiswasdone,apriestcametosingahymn.Accordingtotheперси,thishymndetailedtheoriginsofthegods.Unlessthereisapriestpresent,anyactofsacrificingsacrificesisillegal.Afterawhile,thedevoteecantakeawaythemeatasasacrifice,whateverhecandowithit.
Amongthedaysoftheyear,whattheycelebratemostiseveryone’sbirthday.Theybelievethatthemealeatenonthisdayshouldbemoreabundantthanonotherdays.Thericherперсиgrilledwholecows,horses,camelsordonkeysinthestoveforfood,whilethepoorerpeoplereplacedthemwithsmallerlivestock.Theydon’thavemanymaindishes,butafterthemaindishestherearemanydimsumsandthelike,andthiskindofdimsumisnotservedallatonce.Theylikewineverymuchandhavealotofalcohol.Inaddition,theyusuallytalkaboutthemostimportanteventswhentheyaredrinking.Andwhentheyweresoberthenextday,theownerofthehousewheretheyweremeetingputforwardthedecisionmadethepreviousnightinfrontofthem;ifthedecisionwasstillagreed,theywouldadoptit;iftheydisagreed,Justputthisdecisionaside.Butwhattheytalkedaboutwhentheyweresoberwasalwaysreconsideredwhentheyweredrunk.
Iftheymeetonthestreet,fromthesignbelow,onecanknowthattheidentitiesofthetwopeoplewhomeetareequal.Thatistosay,iftheyarepeopleofequalstanding,theydonottalkatfirst,butkisseachother'slips.Ifoneofthemisalittlelowerthantheother,itisakissonthecheek:ifthetwoareverydifferent,thenonewillbowdowninfrontoftheother.Theyrespectthenationclosesttothemthemost,thinkingthatthisnationissecondonlytothemselves,andthosewhoarefartherawayarelessrespected,andsoon;thefarthertheyare,theworsetherespect.Thereasonforthisviewisthattheythinkthattheyaremuchsuperiortoallotherpeopleinallrespects,andthatthecloserotherpeoplelivetothem,themoresuperiortheyare.Therefore,theonewholivesthefurthestawayfromthemmustbetheworstamonghumanbeings.
Therearemanyheirs,andintheireyesitisthegreatestvirtueofmensecondonlytobravery.Everyyearthekinggavegiftstothemanwiththemostheirs.Becausetheythinkthatmorepeoplearepower.Theirsonwaseducatedbetweentheagesoffiveandtwenty,andtheytaughttheirsononlythreethings:horseriding,archeryandtellingthetruth.Thechildcannotseehisfatherbeforetheageoffive,buthastolivewithhismother.Thereasonforthisisthatoncethechildcannotberaised,thefatherwillnotsufferthepainofthedeadson.
Intermsoftheruleoflaw,thekingcannotputsomeonetodeathbecausehemadeonlyonemistake,andnoPersiancanuseanincurablepenaltytopunishhisservant’sonlysin.Butifaftercalculatingitandseeingthattheoffender’sfaultsaremoreandgreaterthanthegoodthingshehasdone,theownercanpunishhimseverelytoventhisanger.
Anythingtheythinkcannotbedone,theyareabsolutelyforbiddentotalkaboutit.Theyalsobelievethatlyingisthemostdisgracefulthingintheworld,followedbydebt;theyholdthisviewofdebt,therearemanyotherreasons,especiallybecausepeopleindebthavetotelllies.Theyhavegreatrespectfortheriver.
Религия
ислям шиит
Забележка:
Ислямът е държавната религия на Иран и двете големи секти, 98,8% от жителите на Иран вярват в исляма, от които 91% са шиити и 7,8% са сунити.
Арабската транслитерация на „Shiye“ означава „Партия“ и „Фракция“. Превежда се също като „TenYeSchool“. Шиити, сунити, хавалиги и Мургиса са четирите основни политически секти на ранния ислям и те са най-многобройната секта в исляма след сунитите.
Shiites(English:Shi'ites)aremainlycharacterizedbysupportingMuhammad’scousin,son-in-lawAliandhisdescendantsasMuslimleadersimams,sotheyarealsocalledAlis.StandupwiththeSunniparty.ThefactiononlyrecognizesAliandhisdescendantsoftheHashemitefamilyasthelegalheirs,andrespectsAliandhisdescendantsas"imams".Mamuhasretiredandwillreappearasthesavior(Mahdi).Later,duetodifferencesininternalopinions,tribessuchastheKesani,theTwelveImams,theZaidists,andtheIsmailischoolsandmanybranchesweresuccessivelydivided.
Theearlyперси,likeotherIndo-Europeanpeoples,acceptedtheworshipofnatureandbelievedinvariousspiritsandspirits,suchasZoroaster(BC628～BC551)createdZoroastrianism
Система
(1) Централизация на властта
Страната е разделена на 20 провинции
Thegovernor,thegarrisoncommanderisdirectlyunderthecommandofthemonarch
Установете годишния данък на всяка провинция
Стандартизация на парите и мерките и теглилките
(2)AdoptHuairoupolicy
Accordingtolocalconditionsbelowtheprovince,theconqueredcanretaintheirowncustomsandlawsaslongastheyaccepttheirrule.
RetaintheoriginaladministrativeinstitutionsinEgyptandappearasatraditionalpharaoh
RebuildthetempleinPalestineandassignIsraelielderstotakechargeoforder
RebuildtheBabylonianTempleinMesopotamiatomaintainthepositionofhighpriest
(3) Високоефективна транспортна система
Поправете древния канал от река Нил до Червено море
Createa"royalroad"(chidao)andapostsystemtofacilitateruleandserveasaninterculturalAbridgeofcommunication
(4)CreationNavyandpostalsystem
(5)FengZoroismisthestatereligion
име
Since600BC,theGreekshaveregardedthisOneareaiscalled"Persia".ThefirstwrittenrecordoftheперсиisfromtheAssyriansintheninthcenturyBC,theycalled"Parsuash"and"Parsua"(Parsua).ThesesimilarwordsarederivedfromtheancientIranianword"Parsava",whichprobablymeans"border"and"frontier",andareusedtorefertotheперсиgeographically(theycallthemselvesAryansethnicallytoshowtheirdignity).ParsuaandParsuashuareactuallytwodifferentplaces.ThelatterislocatedinsouthwesternIranandiscalled"Pârsa"(Pârsa,today 'sFars) в древен персийски.
TheGreeksusedadjectivessuchas"Perses","Persica"and"Persis"forCyrusinthesixthcenturyBCTheempireofthegreatemperorisderivedfromthePersianinEnglish.InthelatterpartoftheBible,thePersianEmpire(Esther,Daniel,Ezra,andNehemiah)isoftenmentioned,called"Pylas"(English:Paras;Hebrew:פרס),Suchas"ParasveMadai"(פרסומדי)isthe"KingdomofPersiaandtheMedes".Until1935,EuropeansusedPersiatorefertothisregionandthecountrieslocatedinthisregion.FromtheSassaniddynasty,theперсиcalledtheircountryElanShahr,whichmeans"MedievalAryanEmpire".
През 1935 г. персийският крал Реза Хан обяви, че страната трябва да се нарича "Иран" в международен план. Но терминът "персийски" се използва и след това.