Теоретични последици
Nanotechnology,alsoknownasnanotechnology,isatechnologyforstudyingthepropertiesandapplicationsofmaterialswithstructuralsizesrangingfrom1nanometerto100nanometers.Aftertheinventionofthescanningtunnelingmicroscopein1981,amolecularworldwithalengthof1to100nanometerswasborn.Itsultimategoalistodirectlyuseatomsormoleculestoconstructproductswithspecificfunctions.Therefore,nanotechnologyisactuallyatechnologythatusessingleatomsandmoleculestomakematter.
Fromtheresearchsofar,therearethreeconceptsaboutnanotechnology:
ThefirstoneisthecreationoftheAmericanscientistDr.Drexlerin1986.Molecularnanotechnologyproposedinthebook"Machine".Accordingtothisconcept,themachinethatcombinesmoleculescanbeputintopracticaluse,sothatallkindsofmoleculescanbecombinedarbitrarily,andanykindofmolecularstructurecanbeproduced.Thisconceptofnanotechnologyhasnotmadesignificantprogress.
Thesecondconceptpositionsnanotechnologyasthelimitofmicromachiningtechnology.Thatis,thetechnologyofartificiallyformingnano-sizedstructuresthroughnano-precision"processing".Thisnano-levelprocessingtechnologyalsomakessemiconductorminiaturizationabouttoreachitslimit.Eveniftheexistingtechnologycontinuestodevelop,theoretically,itwilleventuallyreachitslimit.Thisisbecauseifthelinewidthofthecircuitisgraduallyreduced,theinsulatingfilmconstitutingthecircuitwillbecomeextremelythin,whichwilldestroytheinsulatingeffect.Inaddition,thereareproblemssuchasheatgenerationandshaking.Inordertosolvetheseproblems,researchersarestudyingnewtypesofnanotechnology.
Thethirdconceptisproposedfromtheperspectiveofbiology.Originally,organismshavenano-scalestructuresincellsandbiofilms.ThedevelopmentofDNAmolecularcomputersandcellbiologicalcomputershasbecomeanimportantpartofnano-biotechnology.
Главно съдържание
Nanotechnologyisahighlyintersectingcomprehensivediscipline,andtheresearchcontentinvolvesawiderangeofmodernscienceandtechnology.Nanoscienceandtechnologymainlyinclude:
Nanosystemphysics,nanochemistry,nanomaterials,nanobiology,nanoelectronics,nanofabrication,nanomechanics,etc.Thesesevenrelativelyindependentandinterpenetratingdisciplinesandthethreeresearchfieldsofnanomaterials,nanodevices,andnanoscaledetectionandcharacterization.Thepreparationandresearchofnanomaterialsisthefoundationoftheentirenanotechnology.Amongthem,nanophysicsandnanochemistryarethetheoreticalbasisofnanotechnology,andnanoelectronicsisthemostimportantcontentofnanotechnology.
In1993,thefirstInternationalNanotechnologyConference(INTC)washeldintheСъединени щати,andnanotechnologywasdividedintosixmajorbranches:nanophysics,nanobiology,nanochemistry,nanoelectronics,andnanoprocessingTechnologyandnanometricshavepromotedthedevelopmentofnanotechnology.Duetotheparticularity,miracleandversatilityofthistechnology,ithasattractedmanyoutstandingscientistsfromallovertheworldtoworkhardforit.Nanotechnologygenerallyreferstonano-level(0.1-100nm)materials,design,manufacturing,measurement,control,andproducttechnology.Nanotechnologymainlyincludes:nanometer-levelmeasurementtechnology:nanometer-levelsurfacephysicalandmechanicalpropertiesdetectiontechnology:nano-levelprocessingtechnology;nano-particlepreparationtechnology;nano-materials;nano-biologytechnology;nano-assemblytechnology,etc.
Нанотехнологиите включват следните четири основни аспекта:
1,Nanomaterials:Whenthematterreachesthenanoscale,approximatelyInthespaceof0.1-100nanometers,thepropertiesofthesubstancewillundergomutationsandspecialpropertieswillappear.Thiskindofmaterialthatiscomposedofatomsandmoleculesthataredifferentfromtheoriginalcomposition,andisalsodifferentfromthespecialpropertiesofmacroscopicsubstances,iscallednanomaterials.
Ifonlythescalereachesthenanometer,andthereisnospecialperformanceofthematerial,itcannotbecalledananomaterial.
Inthepast,peopleonlypaidattentiontoatoms,moleculesorcosmicspace,andoftenignoredthisintermediatedomain,whichactuallyexistsinnatureinlargequantities,buttheperformanceofthisscalerangewasnotrecognizedbefore.ThefirsttotrulyrealizeitsperformanceandquotetheconceptofnanometerwasЯпонияesescientists.Theyusedtheevaporationmethodtoprepareultrafineionsinthe1970sanddiscoveredbystudyingitsperformance:aconductiveandthermallyconductivecopperandsilverconductor.Afteritreachesthenanometerscale,itlosesitsoriginalpropertiesandappearstobeneitherconductivenorconductive.Thesameistrueformagneticmaterials,likeiron-cobaltalloys,iftheyaremadeintoasizeofabout20-30nanometers,themagneticdomainbecomesasinglemagneticdomain,anditsmagnetismis1000timeshigherthantheoriginal.Inthemid-1980s,peopleofficiallynamedthistypeofmaterialasnanomaterials.
Whydoesthemagneticdomainbecomeasinglemagneticdomain,andthemagnetismis1000timeshigherthantheoriginalone?Thisisbecausethearrangementofindividualatomsinamagneticdomainisnotveryregular,andthemiddleofasingleatomisanatomicnucleus,andtheoutsideisanelectronrotatingaroundit.Thisisthereasonfortheformationofmagnetism.However,afterbecomingasinglemagneticdomain,theindividualatomsarearrangedveryregularly,showingstrongmagnetismtotheoutside.
Thisfeatureismainlyusedinthemanufactureofmicromotors.Ifthetechnologyisdevelopedtoacertainpointandusedtomanufacturemagneticlevitation,high-speedtrainsthatarefaster,morestable,andmoreenergy-efficientcanbemanufactured.
2.Nanodynamics:Mainlymicro-machinesandmicro-motors,orgenerallyreferredtoasmicro-electromechanicalsystems(MEMS),usedformicro-sensorsandactuatorswithtransmissionmachinery,Opticalfibercommunicationsystems,specialelectronicequipment,medicalanddiagnosticequipment,etc..Itusesanewprocesssimilartothedesignandmanufactureofintegratedelectricalappliances.Thefeatureisthatthepartsaresmall,theetchingdepthoftenrequirestenstohundredsofmicrons,andthewidtherrorissmall.Thisprocesscanalsobeusedtomakethree-phasemotorsforultra-fastcentrifugesorgyroscopes.Intermsofresearch,themicro-deformationandmicro-frictionofthequasi-atomicscaleshouldbedetectedaccordingly.Althoughtheyhavenotyettrulyenteredthenanometerscale,theyhavegreatpotentialscientificandeconomicvalue.
Theoreticallyspeaking:Micromotoranddetectiontechnologycanreachtheorderofnanometers.
3.NanobiologyandNanopharmaceutics:Forexample,nano-particlecolloidalgoldisusedtoimmobilizednaparticlesonthesurfaceofmica,andinterdigitatedelectrodesonthesurfaceofsilicaDoexperimentsontheinteractionofbiomolecules,phospholipidandfattyacidbilayerflatbiofilm,finestructureofDNA,etc.Withnanotechnology,self-assemblymethodscanalsobeusedtoputpartsorcomponentsintocellstoformnewmaterials.Abouthalfofthenewdrugs,eventhefinepowdersofmicronparticles,areinsolubleinwater;butiftheparticlesareofthenanometerscale(thatis,ultrafineparticles),theyaresolubleinwater.
Whennanobiologydevelopstoacertaintechnology,nano-materialscanbeusedtomakenano-biologicalcellswithrecognitionability,andbiomedicinethatcanabsorbcancercells,injectintothehumanbody,andcanbeusedtokillcancercellsinatargetedmanner.(Theaboveistheoldmoneytoadd)
4.Nanoelectronics:Includingnanoelectronicdevicesbasedonquantumeffects,theoptical/electricpropertiesofnanostructures,andthecharacterizationofnanoelectronicmaterials,Andatomicmanipulationandatomicassembly.Thecurrenttrendofelectronictechnologyrequiresdevicesandsystemstobesmaller,faster,colder,andsmaller,whichmeansfasterresponse.Coolermeansthatthepowerconsumptionofasingledeviceissmaller.Butbeingsmallerisnotunlimited.Nanotechnologyisthelastfrontierforbuilders,anditsimpactwillbehuge.
История
TheinspirationfornanotechnologycomesfromthelatephysicistRichardFeynman's1959titled"Thereisstillalotofroomatthebottom"Speech.TheprofessorwhowasteachingatCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyproposedanewideatohiscolleagues.SincetheStoneAge,allhumantechnologiesfromsharpeningarrowstolithographychipshavebeenrelatedtotheremovalorfusionofhundredsofmillionsofatomsatonetimeinordertomakematterintousefulforms.Feynmanasked,whycan'twestartfromadifferentperspective,startingfromindividualmoleculesorevenatomstoassembletomeetourrequirements?Hesaid:"Atleastinmyopinion,thelawsofphysicsdonotruleoutthepossibilityofmakingobjectsatombyatom."
Inthe1970s,scientistsbegantoproposeideasaboutnanotechnologyfromdifferentangles.In1974,scientistNorioTaniguchifirstusedthetermnanotechnologytodescribeprecisionmachining;
In1981,scientistsinventedanimportanttoolforresearchingnanometers-scanningtunnelingmicroscope,whichrevealedavisibleTheworldofatomsandmoleculeshasplayedanactiveroleinpromotingthedevelopmentofnanotechnology;
In1990,scientistsatIBM’sAlmadenResearchCentersuccessfullyrearrangedindividualatoms,andnanotechnologyachievedafirstAkeybreakthrough.Theyusedadevicecalledascanningprobetoslowlymove35atomstotheirrespectivepositions,formingthethreelettersofIBM.ThisprovesthatFeynmaniscorrect.Thetwoletterscombinedarenot3nanometerslong.Soon,scientistswillnotonlybeabletomanipulateindividualatoms,buttheywillalsobeableto"sprayatoms."Usingmolecularbeamextensiongrowthtechnology,scientistshavelearnedhowtomakeextremelythinspecialcrystalfilms,onlyonelayerofmoleculesismadeatatime.Thistechnologyisusedinmoderncomputerharddiskread-writeheads.Thewell-knownphysicistandNobelPrizewinnerRichardFeynmanpredictedthathumanscanusesmallmachinestomakesmallermachines.Intheend,theywillbearrangedaccordingtohumanwill,onebyone,tomakeproducts.Thisisaboutnanometers.Theearliestdreamoftechnology.
InJuly1990,thefirstInternationalNanoscienceandTechnologyConferencewasheldinBaltimore,USA,markingtheofficialbirthofnanoscienceandtechnology;
In1991,carbonnanotubeswerediscoveredbyhumansItsqualityisone-sixthofthesamevolumeofsteel,butitsstrengthis10timesthatofsteel.Ithasbecomeahotspotinnanotechnologyresearch.NobelPrizewinnerProfessorSmalleybelievesthatcarbonnanotubeswillbethebestfiberinthefuture.Thepreferredmaterialwillalsobewidelyusedinultra-microwires,ultra-microswitches,andnano-levelelectroniccircuits;
In1993,followingtheremovaloftheatomicgroupfromStanfordUniversityin1989,"write"StanfordUniversityEnglish,AftertheInternationalBusinessMachinesCorporationintheСъединени щатиused35xenonatomstodischarge"IBM"onthenickelsurfacein1990,theBeijingVacuumPhysicsLaboratoryoftheChineseAcademyofSciencesfreelymanipulatedtheatomsandsuccessfullywrotetheword"Китай",markingКитай'sstartintheinternationalnanotechnologyfield.Haveaplace;
In1997,Americanscientistssuccessfullyusedasingleelectrontomoveasingleelectronforthefirsttime.Usingthistechnology,itisexpectedthatthespeedandstoragecapacitywillbeincreasedthousandsoftimesafter2017.Quantumcomputer;
In1999,BrazilianandAmericanscientistsinventedtheworld’ssmallest“scale”whenconductingcarbonnanotubeexperiments.Theweightofavirus;soonafter,Germanscientistsdevelopedascalecapableofweighingasingleatom,breakingtherecordjointlycreatedbyAmericanandBrazilianscientists;
By1999,nanotechnologygraduallyenteredthemarket.Theannualturnoverofnano-basedproductsreachedUS$50billion;
In2001,somecountriesformulatedrelevantstrategiesorplansandinvestedhugesumsofmoneytoseizethestrategicheightsofnanotechnology.ЯпонияsetupananomaterialsresearchcenterandincludednanotechnologyastheR&Dfocusofthenewfive-yearscienceandtechnologybasicplan;Germanyestablishedananotechnologyresearchnetwork;theСъединени щатиregardedthenanotechnologyprojectasthecoreofthenextindustrialrevolution,andtheUSgovernmenttookthenanotechnologyfoundationInvestmentinresearchincreasedfromUS$116millionin1997toUS$497millionin2001.КитайalsolistsnanotechnologyasКитай's"973Program"forvigorousdevelopmentandstrongsupportforrelatedindustries.
Полета за приложение
Thecurrentresearchandapplicationofnanotechnologyaremainlyinmaterialsandpreparation,microelectronicsandcomputertechnology,medicineandhealth,aerospaceandaviation,environmentandenergy,biotechnologyandAgriculturalproductsandotheraspects.Theequipmentmadeofnanomaterialsislighterinweight,strongerinhardness,longerinlife,lowerinmaintenancecosts,andmoreconvenientindesign.Theuseofnanomaterialscanalsoproducematerialswithspecificpropertiesormaterialsthatdonotexistinnature,andproducebiologicalmaterialsandbionicmaterials.
1.Nanoisaunitofmeasurementofgeometricdimensions,1nanometer=onemillionthofamillimeter.
2.Nanotechnologyhasdriventhetechnologicalrevolution.
3. Лекарствата, произведени с нанотехнология, могат да блокират капилярите и да "гладуват" раковите клетки.
4.Ifnano-integrateddevicesareusedonthesatellite,thesatellitewillbesmallerandeasiertolaunch.
5.Nanotechnologyisamulti-scientificsynthesis,andsomegoalswilltakealongtimetoachieve.
6.Nanotechnology,informationscienceandtechnology,andlifescienceandtechnologyarethecurrentmainstreamofscientificdevelopment.Theirdevelopmentwillmakehumansociety,livingenvironmentandscienceandtechnologythemselvesbetter.
7.Nanotechnologycanobservethepathologicalchangesandconditionsofcancercellsinthepatient'sbody,allowingdoctorstoprescribetherightmedicine.
Технология на измерване
Nano-levelmeasurementtechnologyincludes:nanometer-levelprecisionmeasurementofsizeanddisplacement,andnanometer-levelsurfacetopographymeasurement.Therearetwomaindevelopmentdirectionsfornanometermeasurementtechnology.
Thefirstistheopticalinterferometrytechnology,whichusestheinterferencefringesoflighttoimprovetheresolutionofthemeasurement.Themeasurementmethodsare:dual-frequencylaserinterferometry,opticalheterodyneinterferometry,X-rayinterferenceThemeasurementmethod,F-Pstandardtoolmeasurementmethod,etc.,canbeusedforprecisemeasurementoflengthanddisplacement,andcanalsobeusedforthemeasurementofsurfacemicro-topography.
Thesecondisscanningprobemicroscopymeasurementtechnology(STM).Itsbasicprincipleisbasedonthetunnelingeffectofquantummechanics.Itsprincipleistouseextremelysharpprobes(orsimilarmethods)tomeasureThesurfaceisscanned(theprobeandthemeasuredsurfacearenotactuallyincontact),andthethree-dimensionalmicroscopicappearanceofthesurfaceismeasuredwiththehelpofanano-levelthree-dimensionaldisplacementpositioningcontrolsystem.Itismainlyusedtomeasurethemicroscopicmorphologyandsizeofthesurface.
Методите за измерване, използващи този принцип, включват: сканиращ тунелен микроскоп (STM), атомно-силов микроскоп (AFM) и др.
Технология на обработка
Themeaningofnano-levelprocessingisprocessingtechnologythatachievesnano-levelprecision.
Becausethedistancebetweenatomsis0.1-0.3nm,theessenceofnanofabricationistocutoffthebondbetweenatomstoachievetheremovalofatomsormolecules.TheenergyrequiredtocutoffthebondbetweenatomsmustexceedthisTheinteratomicbindingenergyofmatter,thatis,theenergydensityspreadisverylarge.Itisquitedifficulttoperformnano-scaleprocessingwithtraditionalcuttingandgrindingprocessingmethods.
Asof2008,therehavebeengreatbreakthroughsinnanofabrication.Forexample,electronbeamlithography(UGAtechnology)canachieveprocessingwithalinewidthof0.1μmwhenprocessingverylargescaleintegratedcircuits:ionetchingcanachievemicronRemovalofsurfacematerialsontheorderofnanoscaleandnanoscale:Scanningtunnelingmicroscopytechnologycanrealizetheremoval,transformation,additionandrecombinationofindividualatoms.
Подготовка на частици
Therearemanymethodsforpreparingnanoparticles,whichcanbedividedintophysicalmethodsandchemicalmethods.
Дрехи, направени с нанотехнологии
Vacuumcoldteachingmethod:Usevacuumevaporation,heating,high-frequencyinductionandothermethodstovaporizeorformrawmaterialsWaitfortheparticlebody,thenquenchit.Itischaracterizedbyhighpurity,goodcrystalstructure,andcontrollableposition,buthightechnicalequipmentrequirements.
Physicalcrushingmethod:Nanoparticlesareobtainedthroughmechanicalcrushing,electricsparkexplosionandothermethods.Itischaracterizedbysimpleoperationandlowcost,butlowcrystalpurityandunevendistributionalongthegrain.
Mechanicalballmillingmethod:Useballmillingmethodtocontrolproperconditionstoobtainnanoparticlesofpureelements,alloysorcompositematerials.Itischaracterizedbysimpleoperationandlowcost,buttheproductpurityislowandtheparticledistributionisuneven.
Vapordepositionmethod:Thechemicalreactionofmetalcompoundvaporisusedtosynthesizenanomaterials.Itischaracterizedbyhighproductpurityandnarrowparticlesizedistribution.
Precipitationmethod:Afteraddingtheprecipitanttothesaltsolutiontoreact,heattheprecipitationtoobtainnanomaterials.Itscharacteristicsaresimpleandeasy,butthepurityislow,andtheparticleradiusislarge.Suitableforthepreparationofsupportedmaterials.Hydrothermalsynthesismethod:Itissynthesizedinafluidsuchasaqueoussolutionorsteamunderhightemperatureandhighpressure,andthenseparatedandheat-treatedtoobtainnanoparticles.Itischaracterizedbyhighpurity,gooddispersibility,andeasycontrolofparticlesize.
Sol-gelmethod:Themetalcompoundissolidifiedbysolution,sol,andgel,andthensubjectedtolow-temperatureheattreatmenttogeneratenanoparticles.Itischaracterizedbymanyreactionspecies,uniformproductparticles,easycontroloftheprocess,andsuitableforthepreparationofoxidesand11-VIgroupcompounds.
Microemulsionmethod:Two:theimmisciblesolventsformanemulsionundertheactionofsurfactants,andundergonucleation,coalescence,agglomeration,andheattreatmentinthemicrobubblesThengetthenanoparticles.Itscharacteristicparticlesaremonodisperseandhavegoodinterfaceproperties,and11-VIgroupsemiconductornanoparticlesaremostlypreparedbythismethod.
Hydrothermalsynthesismethod——Synthesizeinaqueoussolutionorsteamandotherfluidsunderhightemperatureandhighpressure,andthenseparateandheattreatmenttoobtainnanoparticles.Itischaracterizedbyhighpurity,gooddispersibility,andeasycontrolofparticlesize.
Материалосинтез
SinceGleiteretal.tooktheleadinpreparingnanomaterialsin1991,nanomaterialshavemadegreatprogressafter10yearsofdevelopment.Nowadays,therearemanytypesofnanomaterials,whicharedividedintometalmaterials,nanoceramicmaterials,nanosemiconductormaterials,nanocompositematerials,nanopolymermaterialsandsoonaccordingtotheirmaterials.Nanomaterialsaresuper-microparticlematerials,called"newmaterialsinthe21stcentury",andhavemanyspecificproperties.
Forexample,thestrengthandhardnessofthematerialsinteredwithnano-scalemetalpowderismuchhigherthantheoriginalmetal,andthenano-metalturnsfromaconductorintoaninsulator.Generalceramicshavelowstrengthandareverybrittle.However,ceramicssinteredfromnano-sizedpowdersnotonlyhavehighstrengthbutalsogoodtoughness.Themeltingpointofnanomaterialswilldecreaseasthediameteroftheultrafinepowderdecreases.Forexample,themeltingpointofgoldis1064°C,butthemeltingpointof10nmgoldpowderisreducedto940°C,andthemeltingpointofsnmgoldpowderisreducedto830°C,sothesinteringtemperaturecanbegreatlyreduced.Thesinteringtemperatureofnano-ceramicsismuchlowerthanthatoftheoriginalceramics.Nano-scalecatalystsareaddedtogasoline.Itcanimprovetheefficiencyoftheinternalcombustionengine.
Addingsolidfuelcanspeeduptherocket.Themedicineismadeintonanometerpowder.Itcanbeinjectedintothebloodvesselandenterthecapillariessmoothly.
Диагностика на заболяването
Currentconventionalimagingtechniquescanonlydetectvisiblechangescausedbycancerintissues,andbythistimethousandsofcancercellshavebeenformedandmaymetastasize.Moreover,evenifthetumorisalreadyvisible,duetothetype(malignantorbenign)andcharacteristicsofthetumoritself,itisnecessarytopassabiopsytodetermineaneffectivetreatment.Ifthecancerouscellsorpre-cancerouscellsaremarkedinacertainwayandcanbedetectedwithtraditionalequipment,itismoreconducivetothediagnosisofcancer.
Toachievethisgoal,therearetwonecessaryconditions:atechnologycanspecificallyidentifycancerouscellsandmaketheidentifiedcancerouscellsvisible.Nanotechnologycanmeetthesetwopoints.Forexample,themetaloxidesurfaceiscoatedwithanantibodythatspecificallyrecognizesthereceptoroverexpressedonthesurfaceofcancerouscells.
Becausemetaloxidesemithigh-contrastsignalsundermagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)orcomputedtomography(CT),oncetheyenterthebody,theantibodiesonthesurfaceofthesemetaloxidenanoparticlesselectivelyinteractwithThecombinationofcancerouscellsenablesthedetectioninstrumenttoeffectivelyidentifycancerouscells.Similarly,goldnanoparticlescanalsobeusedtoenhancelightscatteringinendoscopictechnology.Nanotechnologycanvisualizemolecularmarkersthatidentifycancertypesanddifferentstagesofdevelopment,allowingdoctorstoseecellsandmoleculesthatwouldotherwisebeundetectablethroughtraditionalimagingtechniques.
Inthebattlebetweenhumansandcancer,halfofthevictoryisduetoearlydetection.Nanotechnologymakesthediagnosisofcancerearlierandmoreaccurate,andcanbeusedfortreatmentmonitoring.Nanotechnologycanalsoenhanceorevencompletelyrevolutionizethescreeningofbiomarkersintissuesandbodyfluids.Cancerandcancer,aswellascancercellsandnormalcells,aredifferentduetodifferencesintheexpressionanddistributionofvariousmolecules.Withtheadvancementoftreatmenttechnology,simultaneousdetectionofmultiplebiomarkersofcancerisnecessarytodeterminethetreatmentplan.
Nanoparticles—forexample,quantumdotsthatcanemitlightofdifferentcolorsaccordingtotheirsize—canachievethepurposeofdetectingmultiplemarkersatthesametime.Theexcitationlightsignalemittedbytheantibody-coatedquantumdotscanbeusedtoscreencertaintypesofcancer.Quantumdotsofdifferentcolorscanbecombinedwithvariouscancerbiomarkerantibodies,allowingoncologiststodistinguishcancercellsfromhealthycellsthroughthespectrumtheysee.
Технология на сглобяване
Sincetheetchingtechnologyhasreacheditslimitatthenanometerscale,assemblytechnologywillbecomeanimportantmeansofnanotechnologyandwillreceivegreatattention.
Nanoassemblytechnologyistoassembleatoms,moleculesormolecularaggregatesthroughmechanical,physical,chemicalorbiologicalmethodstoformfunctionalstructuralunits.Технология на сглобяванеincludesmolecularorderlyassemblytechnology,scanningprobeatoms,molecularrelocationtechnologyandbiologicalassemblytechnology.Orderedmolecularassemblyistheformationofanorderedtwo-dimensionalorthree-dimensionalmolecularsystemthroughphysicalorchemicalinteractionsbetweenmolecules.Atpresent,thelatestprogressinmolecularorderedassemblytechnologyanditsapplicationresearchismainlythediscoveryofLBfilmresearchandrelatedproperties.Biologicalmacromoleculesmovetowardsrecognitionassembly.Theassemblyofbiologicallyactivemacromoleculessuchasproteinsandnucleicacidsrequiresanegotiateddensityandorientation,whichisveryimportantforthepreparationofhigh-performancebiologicalmicro-sensingmembranes,thedevelopmentofbiomoleculardevices,andthestudyofinteractionsbetweenbiologicalmacromolecules.IntheprocessofassemblinglgGintobiologicalmacromolecules,therecognitionfunctionofantibodyactivefragmentswasusedforthefirsttimetoassembleactivebiologicalmacromolecules.Thisimportantprogresshasledtoanewbreakthroughinthedirectedassemblyofbiomolecules.
Inadditiontotheabovetypesofassembly,therehavealsobeenadvancesintheorderedassemblyoflong-chainpolymermolecules,bridgingself-assemblytechnology,andtheapplicationoforderedmolecularfilms.Theuseofnano-processingtechnologycanalsoperformatomic-scaleprocessingofmaterials,allowingprocessingtechnologytoenteramoredetaileddepth.Thedevelopmentofnanostructureself-assemblytechnologywillmakeabreakthroughleapinnanomachinery,nanoelectromechanicalsystemsandnanobiology.
Китайhascertainadvantagesinscientificdiscoveryandindustrializationresearchinthefieldofnanotechnology.HyundaiisintheforefrontofthefirstinternationalechelonwiththeСъединени щати,Япония,Germanyandothercountries.AlthoughmodernКитайhasestablishedacertainnumberofnanomaterialproductionbases,thedevelopmentandapplicationofnanotechnologyhasalsorisen,andtheindustrializationhasbeeninitiallyrealized.Toachievelarge-scale,low-costindustrialproduction,Nanohasalotofworktodo.Onlybyrelyingonalargeamountofcapitalandhigh-techinvestmentcanitexchangehighprofitreturns.
Биотехнология
Nanobiologyisthestudyofthestructureandfunctionofvariousorganellesinsidecellsatthenanometerscale.Studytheexchangeofsubstances,energyandinformationwithinthecell,betweentheinsideandoutsideofthecell,andtheentireorganism.Theresearchofnanobiologyfocusesonthefollowingaspects.
DNAresearchhasmadealotofprogressinthreeaspects:morphologyobservation,characteristicresearchandgeneticmodification.
Изследване на мозъчната функция
Thegoaloftheworkistoclarifyhumanmemory,thinking,languageandlearningtheseadvancedneuralfunctionsandtheinformationprocessingfunctionofthehumanbrain.
ResearchonBionics
Thisisapopularresearchcontentofnanobiology.Alotofresultshavenowbeenachieved.Itisthepartofnanotechnologythatpromisestoobtainbreakthroughandgreatresults.
Thesmallestmotorintheworldisabiologicalmotor-flagellarmotor.Itcandrivetheflagellatorotatelikeapropeller.Themotorisusuallycomposedofmorethan10proteingroups,anditsstructureislikeanartificialmotor.Itconsistsofequivalentstators,rotors,bearings,universaljoints,etc.Itsdiameterisonly3onm,thespeedcanbeashighas15r/min,anditcanswitchbetweenrightandleftrotationswithin1μs.Theexternalelectricfieldcanbeusedtoaccelerateordecelerate.Thepowersourceforrotationisthedifferenceintheconcentrationofnitrogenoxideionsinsideandoutsidethemembranethatsupportsthemotorinthebacteria.Theexperimentproved.Thepotentialdifferencebetweentheinsideandoutsideofthebacteriacanalsodrivetheflagellarmotor.Modernpeopleareexploringthedesignofanartificialflagellamotordriverthatcanbedrivenbyapotentialdifference.
MitsubishiCorporationofЯпонияhasdevelopedaretinalchipthatcansimulatethevisualimageprocessingfunctionofthehumaneye.Thechipusesgalliumarsenidesemiconductorasthebase.Eachchipcontains4096sensingelements.Itisexpectedtobefurtherusedinrobots.
Someoneproposedtomakemolecularmachinerylikeringsandrods.Assemblethemtoformthecircuitunitofthecomputer.TheunitsizeisonlyInm,andcanbeassembledintoanultra-smallcomputerwithasizeofonlyafewmicrons,whichcanachievethesameperformanceofmoderncommonlyusedcomputers.
Inthemanufacturingofcomplexmicro-electromechanicalsystemswithself-assemblednanostructures,abigproblemistheassemblyofthecomponentsinthesystem.Themoreadvancedandcomplexthesystem,themoredifficultitistosolvetheassemblyproblem.Variousorganismsinnature,proteins,DNA,andcellsinorganismsareallextremelycomplexstructures.Theirgenerationandassemblyarecarriedoutautomatically.Ifwecanunderstandandcontroltheprincipleofself-assemblyofbiologicalmacromolecules,mankind'sunderstandingandtransformationofnaturewillinevitablyrisetoanewandhigherlevel.
Деривати
роботи
Nano-robotsareprototypesdesignedbasedonbiologicalprinciplesatthemolecularleveltodesignandmanufacture"functionalmoleculesthatcanoperateinnano-space"Devices",alsoknownasmolecularrobots;andtheresearchanddevelopmentofnanorobotshasbecomeafrontierhotspotoftoday'sscienceandtechnology.
In2005,manycountrieshaveformulatedrelevantstrategiesorplansandinvestedhugesumsofmoneytoseizethestrategicheightsofthenewtechnologyofnanorobots.The"RobotAge"monthlymagazinerecentlypointedout:Thepotentialusesofnano-robotsareverywide,ofwhichthemostimportantistheapplicationinthemedicalandmilitaryfields.
Theemergenceofeverynewtechnologyseemstocontaininfinitepossibilities.Itwon’tbelongbeforemagicalnano-robotswithonlythesizeofmoleculeswillcontinuetoenterthedailylivesofhumanbeings.ThefamousChinesescholarProfessorZhouHaizhongpredictedinhisarticle"Onроботи"publishedin1990thatbythemiddleofthe21stcentury,nanorobotswillcompletelychangehumanlaborandlifestyle.
ДъждобранЧадър
Nanoraincoatumbrellaisacombinationofumbrellaandraincoat.Nanoumbrellashavethreefoldingumbrellasandstraightumbrellas.Twochoicesoflength).Nanoraincoatscanbetransformedfromnanoumbrellas.Nanoraincoatsaredifferentfromordinaryraincoatsbecausenanoraincoatscanguaranteeabsolutelynowetnessfromheadtotoe.Becauseofthenanomaterials,thisumbrellacanbeshakenanddried.Aftertheumbrellaisturnedintoaraincoat,theraincoatcanbecompletelydriedwithjustalightjumpwhilewearingit.
Водоустойчив материал
OnAugust4,2014,AustraliausedanewlyinventedfabrictomakeagroundbreakingT-shirt.Nomatterhowpeopletrytosoakit,ThisT-shirtcanmaintaingoodwaterproofperformance.
ThiswhiteT-shirtcalled"TheCavalier"is100%cotton.Althoughthesurfacelooksbland,thefabriciswovenusing"hydrophobic"nanotechnologyapplications,makingthisT-shirteffectivetopreventmostliquidsandstainsfromimmersing.ThisT-shirtcanbemachine-washed,anditswaterprooffunctioncanwithstandupto80washes.Itsfabrichasanaturalself-cleaningfunction,andanystainsattachedtoitcanbescrubbedorrinsedoffwithwater.
Differentfromotherwaterproofapplicationsthatcontainchemicalsubstances,T-shirtsimitatethenaturalhydrophobiccharacteristicsoflotusleaves.Theinventionofthisclothmayhavearevolutionaryimpactonrestaurantsandcafes.Inaddition,thisfabriccanalsobeusedinthemedicalindustryorhospitalsandotherplaces.
Потенциални опасности
Likebiotechnology,nanotechnologyalsohasmanyenvironmentalandsafetyissues(suchaswhetheritssmallsizewillavoidthenaturaldefensesystemoforganisms,andwhetheritcanbebiodegradable,Howaretoxicsideeffects,etc.).
Социални опасности
Опасностите от наночастиците
Theexistenceofnanomaterials(materialscontainingnanoparticles)itselfisnotthesameKindofharm.Onlysomeofitsaspectsareharmful,especiallytheirmobilityandenhancedreactivity.Onlywhencertainaspectsofcertainnanoparticlesareharmfultobiologyortheenvironment,wefacearealhazard.
Todiscusstheimpactofnanomaterialsonhealthandtheenvironment,wemustdistinguishtwotypesofnanostructures:
Nano-synthesiswherenano-sizedparticlesareassembledonasubstrate,materialordeviceObjects,nano-surfacestructuresornano-components(electronics,opticalsensors,etc.),alsoknownasfixednanoparticles.
"Free"nanoparticles,regardlessofwhethertheyarestoredincertainstepsoftheproductionoraredirectlyusedasindividualnanoparticles.
Тези свободни наночастици могат да бъдат единични елементи с размер на нано, съединения или сложни смеси, като "покрити" наночастици или "ядрени обвивки", в които един елемент е покрит с друго вещество."Наночастици.
Modern,theacceptedviewisthatalthoughweneedtopayattentiontomaterialswithfixednanoparticles,freenanoparticlesarethemosturgentconcern.
Becausenanoparticlesaresodifferentfromtheirdailycounterpartsthattheirharmfuleffectscannotbederivedfromknowntoxicity.Itisofgreatsignificancetodiscussthehealthandenvironmentalimpactoffreenanoparticlesinthisway.
What’smorecomplicatedisthatwhenwediscussnanoparticles,wemustknowthatthepowderorliquidcontainingnanoparticlesisalmostnevermonodispersed,buthasmanydifferentsizeswithinacertainrange.Thiswillmaketheexperimentalanalysismorecomplicated,becausethelargenanoparticlesmayhavedifferentpropertiesfromthesmallones.Moreover,nanoparticleshaveatendencytopolymerize,andpolymerizednanoparticleshavedifferentbehaviorsfromindividualnanoparticles.
Здравословни проблеми
Nanoparticlescanenterthehumanbodyinfourways:inhalation,swallowing,absorptionfromtheskin,orintentionalinjection(orreleasefromimplants)duringmedicalprocedures.Onceinthehumanbody,theyhaveahighdegreeofmobility.Insomecases,theycanevencrosstheblood-brainbarrier.
Thebehaviorofnanoparticlesinorgansisstillabigsubjectthatneedstobestudied.Basically,thebehaviorofnanoparticlesdependsontheirsize,shapeandinteractionactivitywithsurroundingtissues.Theymaycausean"overload"ofphages(cellsthatswallowanddestroyforeignsubstances),whichcantriggerdefensivefeverandreducethebody'simmunity.Theymayaccumulateintheorgansbecausetheycannotdegradeordegradeslowly.Anotherconcernisthepotentialdangeroftheirreactionwithsomebiologicalprocessesinthehumanbody.Duetothelargesurfacearea,nanoparticlesexposedtotissuesandliquidsimmediatelyadsorbthemacromoleculestheyencounter.Thiswillaffect,forexample,theadjustmentmechanismofenzymesandotherproteins.
Проблемите на околната среда
Themainconcernisthatnanoparticlesmaycauseunknownhazards.
Социални рискове
Therearealsosociologicalrisksintheuseofnanotechnology.Atthelevelofinstruments,italsoincludesthepossibilityofusingnanotechnologyinthemilitaryfield.(Forexample,attheMITSoldierNanotechnologyInstitute[1],theimplantsorothermeanstoequipsoldiersarestudied,andtherearealsosurveillancemeansenhancedbynanodetectors.
Atthestructurallevel,nanotechnologyCriticsofNanotechnologyhavepointedoutthatnanotechnologyhasopenedupanewworldcontrolledbypropertyrightsandcompanies.Theypointedoutthat,justastheabilityofbiotechnologytomanipulategenesisaccompaniedbythepatentingoflife,thetechnologyofnanotechnologytomanipulatemoleculesbringsaboutmaterialPatenting.Inthepastfewyears,obtainingnanoscalepatentshasbeenlikeagoldrush.In2003,morethan800nanometer-relatedpatentrightswereapproved,andthisnumberisgrowingeveryyear.LargecompanieshavemonopolizednanoscaleinventionsandDiscoveredawiderangeofpatents.Forexample,twolargecompanies,NECandIBM,holdbasicpatentsoncarbonnanotubes,oneofthecornerstonesofnanotechnology.CarbonnanotubeshaveawiderangeofapplicationsandareconsideredpromisingforeverythingfromelectronicsandcomputerstoManyindustrialfieldsfromstrengtheningmaterialstodrugreleaseanddiagnosticshaveakeyrole.Carbonnanotubesarelikelytobecomethemainindustrialtradingmaterialsthatreplacetraditionalrawmaterials.However,whentheiruseexpands,anyonewhowantstomanufactureorsellcarbonnanotubesRegardlessoftheapplication,thepersoninchargemustfirstpurchasealicensefromNECorIBM.
Тенденция на развитие
Advancednanotechnology,sometimescalledmolecularmanufacturing,isusedtodescribeNanoengineeringsystems(nanomachines)onthemolecularscale.Countlessexampleshaveprovedthathundredsofmillionsofyearsofevolutioncanproducecomplex,stochasticallyoptimizedbiologicalmachines.Inthefieldofnanometers,wehopetousebionicsmethodstofindshortcutstomakenanomachinesHowever,KEricDrexlerandotherresearchersproposedthatalthoughadvancednanotechnologywillinitiallyusebionicsaids,itmayeventuallybebasedontheprinciplesofmechanicalengineering.
Съединени щати
TheNationalScienceBoard(NationalScienceBoard)approvedtheNationalScienceBoardApprovesAwardforaNationalNanotechnologyInfrastructureNetwork(NNIN)attheendof2003.Itwillbejointlyconstructedby13universitiesintheСъединени щатиtosupportthenation’snanotechnology.Anetworksystemforscience,technologyandeducation.Theplanwilllastfor5yearsandwillbeimplementedinJanuary2004.Itwillprovideaholisticnationwideuseofskillstosupportresearchandeducationinnanoscalescience,engineeringandtechnology.Itisestimatedthatatleast5yearswilltakeplace.Invest70billionUSdollarsinresearchfunding.ThepurposeoftheplanisnotonlytoprovideAmericanresearcherswithtop-notchexperimentalequipmentandequipment,butalsototrainagroupofresearcherswhospecializeinthemostadvancednanotechnology.
1.TheСъединени щатиdevelopsthelatestnano-cellmanufacturingtechnology
Nano-technologycanproduceobjectswithparticlessmallerthanthesizeofhumanbloodvessels.TheСъединени щатиTheNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST)pointedoutthatithasdevelopedamethodtoproduceconsistentandself-assemblednanocells(Nanocells)forapplicationinthetreatmentofencapsulatedandcompresseddrugs.Thistechnologycancurrentlybeusedinthepackagingtechnologyofdrugs,whichcanmoreaccuratelyensurethedosageofdrugs,andwillbeusedinthefutureforfurtherresearchoncancerchemotherapyrelatedtechnologies.
TheNanoProgramisthemainaxisoftheFederalInterministerialConference’sR&Dbudgetin2005,reachingUS$980million.
2.DNAProgressofdetectionchip
January2004,HP,USAOfficiallyannounceditsnano-scalechipforrapidDNAdetection.In2004,thecomplicateddetectionstepsofDNAmicroarraysbasedonopticalprincipleswereadoptedinDNAdetection.TheHPteamchangedthecomplicatedstepstothecircuitchipforprocessing;inproduction,theDNAdetectionchipwaspassedon.Thesensingelementisananowirewithathicknessofabout50nanometersmadebyelectron-beamlithographyandreactive-ionetching.However,forcommercialconsiderations,theresultsaretoohigh,sotheresearchteamisdevelopingatechnologythatusescheaperopticallithographytomakeDNAdetectionchipcomponents.
3. Изследвания за подобряване на замърсяването на подземните води
Groundwaterpollutionisamajortopicwidelydiscussedinmoderntimes.Inmoderntimes,theСъединени щатиpublishedananoparticle(Nanoparticles)technology,wherethecenteroftheparticlesisanironcore(iron)andtheoutsideiscoveredbyamulti-layerpolymer,whereintheinnerlayerismadeofacompoundmethylmethacrylatewithexcellentwaterresistance(polymethlmethacrylate;PMMA)coated,andtheouterlayeriscoatedwithhydrophilicsulphonatedpolystyrene.Sincethehydrophilicouterlayermakesthenanoparticlesdissolveinwater,theinnerwaterprooflayercanattractthepollutionsourcetrichloroethylene(trichloroethylene).Theironcoreinthenanoparticlecausesthetrichloroethylenetosplit,whichinturncausesthepollutionsourcetograduallysplitintonon-toxicsubstances.
4.Стартиране на проекта за нанотехнологии за рака
Inordertowidelyintegratenanotechnology,cancerresearchandmolecularbiomedicine,theNationalCancerCenter(NCI)oftheСъединени щатиTheCancerNanotechnologyPlanwasproposed,andcross-fieldworkwillbecarriedoutthroughthreeaspects:theout-of-hospitalplan,thein-hospitalplan,andthenanotechnologystandardlaboratory.Theplansetssixchallenges:
Preventandcontrolcancer:developnanoscaleequipmentthatcandeliveranti-cancerdrugsandmultipleanti-cancervaccines.
Earlydetectionandproteology:developimplantableequipmentforearlydetectionofcancerbiomarkers,anddevelopaplatformdevicethatcancollectalargenumberofbiomarkersforlarge-scaleanalysis.
Imagingdiagnosis:developimagingdevicesthatcanincreasetheresolutiontoidentifyindividualcancercells,andnanodevicesthatcandistinguishcellsfromdifferenttissueswithinatumor.
Multifunctionaltherapeuticequipment:developmentofnanodeviceswithbothdiagnosisandtreatment.
Cancercareandqualityoflifeimprovement:developandimprovethesymptomsofpain,depression,nauseaandothersymptomscausedbychroniccancer,andprovideidealdosingdevices.
Cross-fieldtraining:Trainanewgenerationofresearchersfamiliarwithcancerbiologyandnanotechnology.
Европейски съюз
1.Европейски съюз’sinternationalnanoscienceresearchpolicy
Europeisthefirstregionintheworldtostartnanoscienceresearch.However,becausetherewasnocentralcoordinationandplanningbytheЕвропейски съюзatthattime,thelackoffinancialassistanceandrelatedmanagementsupportattheearlystageoftheresearch,andtheproblemofpatentacquisitioncausedmanyobstaclestoresearchers.InMay2004,theEuropeanParliament(EuropeanCommission;EC)publishedaseriesofprojectplansonnanotechnologytotheEuropeanregionandtheinternationalcommunitytodeclareEurope'sdeterminationtoimprovethecompetitivenessofnanotechnology.
TheЕвропейски съюзdividesitsplanintofivemainareas:researchanddevelopment(R&D),infrastructure(infrastructure),educationandtraining(educationandtraining),innovation(innovation)andsociallevel(societaldimension).
Accordingtoestimates,iftheEUplancanbesmoothedhttp://baike.baidu.com/edit/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF/144920promotesprofitablyandisexpectedtogeneratetensofbillionsofeurosineconomicrevenueforEuropebefore2010.TheEuropeanParliamentalsoemphasizedthatraisingthepublic'sawarenessofnanotechnologyisalsopartoftheoverallnanotechnologydevelopmentplan.Inaddition,publichealth,safety,environmentalissuesandconsumerprotectionarealsoincludedinthistopic.Now,nanoscienceandnanotechnologyarestillintheemergingfieldofR&D,andtheobjectsthatmustbesolvedandresearchedallexistinthehierarchyofatomsandmolecules.Theapplicationofnanoscienceinthenextfewyearsishighlyanticipated,anditisboundtohaveasignificantimpactonalltechnologies.Inthefuture,theresearchanddevelopmentofnanotechnologywillalsobringaboutmajorchangesinthefieldsofhumanhealth,food,environmentalresearch,informationscience,security,emergingmaterialscience,andenergystorage.Inthesixthphaseoftheframeworkplan(FP6)carriedoutbytheЕвропейски съюзfrom2004to2006,thefundingfornanotechnologyandemergingmaterialsresearchanddevelopmentwasabout1.3billioneuros.TheEuropeanParliamentalsointendstoincreasefundingandextendtheresearchschedule(from2007toAD).year2013).Atthesametime,inordertoconsolidateandstrengthentheresearchofallEUmemberstatesinnanoscience,theEuropeanParliamentalsointendstoconveneexpertsfromtheprivatesectorandotherunitstobuildconsensusintheplanning,inordertostrengthentheEUasawholeinthisfieldofresearch.
2.InnovationRelayCenter
In1995,theEuropeanCommissionestablishedthe"InnovationRelayCenters"(InnovationRelayCenters,IRCs).ThisorganizationhasthesamefunctionastheNationalScienceandTechnologyTransferCenteroftheСъединени щати.Therearenearly70regionalinnovationrelaycenters,supportingrelevanttechnologytransfercentersinatleast30countries.ThepurposeoftheInnovationSuccessionCenteristounitecompaniesthathaveproblemswithcompaniesthatcanproposesolutions.MostnanotechnologycompaniesinEuropecanbeassistedbyinnovationsupportcentersorregionalinnovationandtechnologytransferstrategies.
Europe’snanotechnologyprojectsreceivefinancialaidinroughlythesamewayastheСъединени щати,andsomeofthemarenationalprojects.TherearemanymultinationalR&DinstitutionsinEurope.Takethepan-EuropeanindustrialR&Dnetworkasanexample,whichprovidesunconditionalR&DsubsidiesforthepurposeofdevelopingR&Dresultsintoproducts.CountriesthatreceivefinancialassistancethroughthePan-EuropeanIndustrialR&DNetworkincludeAustria,Norway,andtheUnitedKingdom.OthersincludeloansandexemptsubsidiesinBelgium,Germany,Slovenia,IcelandandIsrael.Inmostcases,thesubsidyamountdoesnotexceed70%ofthetotalamountrequiredforthecompletionoftheplan,andtheremainingpartdependsonthesponsorshipofthelocalgovernmentandotherwillingparties.
Япония
1. Състоянието на нанонаучните изследвания в японския Рикен
DepartmentofRIKEN(RIKEN)Aninter-academicresearchorganization,thevariousdepartmentsoftheinstitutearedistributedin7regionsofЯпония.RIKEN'smainbase,HeguangPark,hasthreeresearchcenters:DiscoveryResearchCenter(DRI),NewFieldResearchSystem(FRS),andBrainScienceCenter(BSI).TheresearchcarriedoutbyRIKENcanbedividedintothreecategories:DRImainlyconductssmall-scalebutlong-termperspectivecultivationresearchprograms;FRSalsoimplementssmall-scaleprograms,butusesatop-downapproachtocarryoutmoredynamicmid-rangeandmedium -мащабни програми; Що се отнася до изследователския център, той провежда широкомащабен, средносрочен до дългосрочен план, ориентиран към целите. Бюджетът за изследвания на RIKEN за втората половина на фискалната 2003 г. (от октомври 2003 г. до март 2004 г.) възлиза общо на 474,8 милиона щатски долара, а годишният бюджет надхвърля 900 милиона щатски долара.
RIKENbegantoengageinnanoscienceresearchin1986,buttheofficialnanoscienceplanstartedin2002.Initially,18nanoscienceplanswereselectedandsuccessivelystudiedineachCentered.
2.ЯпонияBoostsNANOTECHNOLOGYBUDGETANDINDUSTRIALCOOPERATION(JAPANBOOSTSNANOTECHNOLOGYBUDGETANDINDUSTRIALCOOPERATION)
TheЯпонияeseScienceandTechnologyPolicyAdvisoryCommittee(CouncilforScienceandTechnologyPolicy)pointedoutInЯпония'sfiscalyear2004(startingfromApril1),thebudgetfornanotechnologygrewby3.1%toreachUS$880million.Atthesametime,thebudgetsofthetwogovernmentministriesthataremainlyresponsibleforЯпония'snanotechnologyresearchanddevelopmentprogramhavealsogrown.Япония’sMinistryofEconomyTradeandIndustry(METI),whichisresponsibleforpromotingtheupcomingresearchanddevelopmentwork,hasincreaseditsbudgetfromUS$97millionin2003toUS$110millionin2004.Nanotechnologyandrelatedrawmaterialsresearchhasbeendesignatedasoneofthefourhighestpriorityprojects.Otherfieldsincludeinformationandcommunications,lifesciencesandenvironmentalresearch.
Япония’sbudgetisapprovedbytheFinanceMinistryofЯпония,andthenformulatedintolawbytheЯпонияeseDiet.Япония'sMinistryofEducation,Culture,Sports,ScienceandTechnology(MEXT)nanotechnologyresearchanddevelopmentfundinghasgrownfrom230millionU.S.dollarsto240millionU.S.dollars,andwillfocusonbasicrawmaterialresearchandnewdrugresearchprograms.
Южна Кореа
1. Стратегията на Южна Корея за снанотехнологии
TheKoreangovernmenthasdeeplyrecognizedthatnanotechnologyisthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyinthecenturyThestrategiccommandingheightsofthecompanyintegratenanotechnologyandhigh-techtechnologiesinthefieldsofinformation,biology,materials,energy,environment,military,andaerospace,andwillcreateanewrealmofcross-disciplinaryresearchanddevelopment.TheKoreangovernmentalsounderstandsthatthisemergingtechnologywillalsobethedrivingforceforthecreationofnewindustriesandhigh-techproducts.Thebreakthroughprogressofnanoscienceandtechnologywillbringabouthumancapabilities,socialoutput,nationalproductivity,economicgrowthandqualityoflife.Ahugeimprovement.
Южна Кореаhasannouncedthatitwillinvest2,391trillionwon(approximatelyUS$2billion)innanotechnologyresearchanddevelopmentduringthetenyearsfrom2001to2010.Thegovernmenthasinvestedinnanotechnologyexpenditures.Comparisonbetween2002and2000,Agrowthofabout400%.OneofthemaingoalsoftheNanoStateProgramistoachievetheworld'snumberonepositionincertaincompetitivefieldsanddevelopanichemarketforindustrialgrowth.Koreaalsoclearlyfocusesitsdevelopmentoncorekeytechnologiessuchastrillion-levelintegratedelectroniccomponents.
"Theimplementationofnanotechnologydevelopmentplanin2002"and"nanometerstructurematerialtechnologydevelopment","nanometermicroelectromechanicalandmanufacturingtechnologydevelopment"andothertwonewresearchprojectsbegantobeimplementedsimultaneously,plusnanotechnologyThefieldresearchplanwillinvestUSD20millionannuallyintheDaejoenScienceCity,whichislinedwithmanygovernmentresearchinstitutionsinthenext6-9years.TheKoreaAdvancedInstituteofScienceandTechnology(KAIST)establishedananomanufacturingcenterin2001,andinvested165millionUSdollarsinthenext6-9years.Thegovernmentadjustedthe"2003NanotechnologyDevelopmentActionPlan",including:NanotechnologyDevelopmentPromotionAct,itssecondpurpose:First,tobuildasolidnanotechnologycoreresearchfoundation,andsecond,toencouragetheindustrializationofmaturenanotechnology.TheKoreangovernmentwillalsoallocateUS$380million(19%ofthenationalnanotechnologyexpenditure)inthenationalnanotechnologyindustrializationplan,whichincludesindustrialresearchanddevelopment.Fundsandventurecapitalfunds.
AccordingtoareportfromtheKoreanPatentOfficein2002,thenumberofnanotechnologypatentapplicationshasshownsubstantialgrowthbothathomeandabroad.Emergingnanotechnologyhasalsoshownconsiderablegrowthinthepastfewyears.Inaddition,accordingtotheKoreanMinistryofCommerce,IndustryandEnergyAccordingtostatisticsfrom(MOCIE),in2002,nanotechnologystartupsalsosprunguptotakethenanotechnologytrain.
2.Южна Кореаpredictsthattheinternationalmarket’sdemandfornano-textileswillincreaserapidly
TheMinistryofIndustryandEnergypredictsthattheinternationalmarket’sdemandfornano-textileswillincreaserapidlyinthenext9yearsTrend,thetransactionvolumeisexpectedtoreachnearly40billionU.S.dollars.TheMinistryofCommerce,IndustryandEnergyofKoreacommissionedtheKoreaTextileIndustryFederationtoconductresearchandanalysisontheinternationalmarket’sdemandfornano-textilesandtradetrendswithinthreemonthsstartinginAugust2004.
TheMinistryofCommerce,IndustryandEnergyofKoreabelievesthattheinternationalmarket’sdemandfornano-textilesisbasedon15billionU.S.dollarsandwillincreaseby10.7%everyyear.By2007and2012,theinternationalmarket’sdemandfornano-textilesThedemandamountwillreach24billionU.S.dollarsand39.7billionU.S.dollarsrespectively.By2012,theinternationalmarket’sdemandforultra-high-performancefiltrationnano-textilesusedinpharmaceuticals,electronicsandlifescienceswillreach9.6billionUSdollars,andthedemandfornano-textilesusedinthepreventionofbiologicalandchemicalweaponsandsportsentertainmentwillreach26BillionUSdollars,thedemandfornano-textilesusedtostoreenergywillreach20.5billionUSdollars.
Търсенето на нанотекстил в Южна Корея е 1,9 милиарда щатски долара, което представлява 12,1% от общото търсене на международния пазар. До 2012 г. търсенето на нанотекстил в Южна Корея ще достигне 7,2 милиарда щатски долара, което представлява 18,1% от общото търсене на международния пазар по това време.
3.Южна Кореа’sdevelopmentofnanotechnologyisalmostentirelyconcentratedinthemicroelectronicsindustry
Throughthedevelopmentofmega-levelnanodevicessponsoredbytheMinistryofScienceandTechnologyofKoreaUndertheTera-LevelNanodevicesInitiatives,Koreanuniversitiesandindustriesarefocusingonthedevelopmentofnext-generationmicroelectronicdevices,includingmemorydeviceswithterabitcapacityandcomponentswithterahertzdataprocessingspeed.
Samsung,oneofKorea’slargestcorporateconsortiums,hasanAdvancedInstituteofTechnology(AdvancedInstituteofTechnology)engagedintheresearchandcommercializationofmicroelectronicstechnology.
Тайван от Китай
Since1996,theNationalScienceCouncil,theMinistryofEconomicAffairs,andtheMinistryofEducationhavesupportedmanyindividualprojectstoengageinresearchanddevelopmentonnanotechnology.Inthedecade,suchastheMinistryofEducation'sExcellenceProgram,theNationalScienceCouncilNanomaterialsAdvancedResearchProgram,theMinistryofEconomicAffairsTechnologyDepartmentNanotechnologyEnvironmentConstructionandIndustrialApplicationEvaluationProgram,andsoon.Inordertoeffectivelyuseresourcesandintegratethewisdomandstrengthofindustry,government,academia,andresearchtoenhanceinternationalcompetitiveness;since2000,theNationalScienceCouncilhasbeguntoplanandpromotenanotechnologyprojects.
Theconclusionsofthe"ScienceandTechnologyConsultantsConference"oftheadministrativedepartmentofTaiwaninDecember2000andthesixth"NationalScienceandTechnologyConference"(NationalScienceandTechnologyConference)inJanuary2001bothpointedoutthatnanotechnologyisForthekeyareasofTaiwan’sfutureindustrialdevelopment,theNationalScienceCouncilestablishedaworkinggroupofficeonNovember21,2002toberesponsiblefortheplanningofthenationalplan.Themembersofthe“NanoNationalScienceandTechnologyPlanWorkingGroup”consistedofTaiwan’sadministrativedepartment’sscienceandtechnologyadvisorygroup,theAcademiaSinica,Taiwan’sMinistryofEducation,IndustrialTechnologyResearchInstitute,theMinistryofEconomicAffairs,Taiwan’sadministrativedepartment"AtomicEnergyCommission"andTaiwan’sadministrativedepartment’sEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyarecomposedof25representatives.
TheNationalScienceCouncilalsoheldthe155thcommitteemeetingonJanuary15,2002todiscusstheconceptofthe"Nano-NationalScienceandTechnologyPlan";the157thmeetinginJune2002Thecommitteepassedthedeliberationsofthenano-nationalscienceandtechnologyplan,andofficiallystartedtopromoteitinJanuary2003,anddecidedtoinvestNT$23.19billioninthedevelopmentofnanotechnologyfrom2003to2008;andonSeptember1ofthesameyearЯпонияformallyestablishedtheNanoNationalPlanningOfficetocarryouttheleadership,planningandmanagementoftheoverallplan.
Китай
1."КитайNationalLaboratoryAccreditationCommittee"istheaccreditationbodyresponsiblefortheaccreditationoflaboratoriesandinspectionagenciesForthestandardsofmaterialsandproducts,the"NationalNanoScienceCenter"andthe"NationalLaboratoryAccreditationCommitteeofКитай"havediscussedseveraltimesandjointlyestablishedthe"NanoTechnologySpecialCommittee",whichisaffiliatedtothe"NationalNanoScienceCenter".
2.TheChinesegovernmenthasledmanynanotechnologyresearchanddevelopmentprojectsthroughtheChineseAcademyofSciences,mostofwhichemphasizesemiconductormanufacturingtechnologyandthedevelopmentofelectroniccomponentsbasedonnanotechnology.Theotheristousenanomaterialstopreservearchaeologicalartifacts.
Productsthathavebeensuccessfullydevelopedincludenewairconditioners,whicharecharacterizedbytheuseofinnovativenano-materials.Itisalsoestimatedthatabout200companiesareactivelyengagedinthecommercializationofnanotechnologyproducts.
Канада
TheUniversityofWaterlooisthefirstuniversityintheworldtosetupnanotechnologyengineeringasitsmainsubject.In2005,itbegantoenrollstudentsandopenedamaster'sprograminnanotechnologyengineeringin2010.In2012,therewillbeaquantumnanocenter.
TheUniversityofTorontoalsohasascienceandengineeringuniversitywithnanotechnologyengineeringasasub-discipline.
Университетът на Гуелф създаде нанонаука.