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Accordingtoarchaeologicalexcavations,alargenumberofpotterypotswereunearthedinBanpoasburialsitesinthelateNeolithicperiod.AlargenumberofpigheadsandmandiblesweresacrificedinDawenkouculture,indicatingthatpigsandpotteryhadplayedtheroleofcurrencywealthinthelaterperiodofprimitivesociety.Butasweallknow,theancientphysicalcurrencywithawidercirculationis"shell".Becauseasphysicalcurrency,cattle,sheep,pigsandotherlivestockcannotbedivided,grainsareperishable,therearetoofewpearlsandjade,andthebladeisheavy,sopeoplefinallychosethephysicalcurrencyofseashellsinpractice.Seashellscanbeusedasneckornaments,haveusevalue,areeasytocarryandcount,sotheyareselectedasthemaincurrencyinlong-termcommodityexchanges.Inarchaeologicalexcavations,alargenumberofnaturalshellfishhavebeenunearthedattheXiaDynastyandShangDynastysites,andshellfishhavebeenusedasphysicalcurrencyuntiltheSpringandAutumnPeriod.Therefore,mostoftheChinesecharactersrelatedtowealthandvaluearerelatedtothecharacter"贝".Suchas:expensive,capital,greedy,poor,wealth,purchase,etc.

Chinaisthefirstcountryintheworldtousecoinage.Many"inscriptionsoncoppershells"wereunearthedfromthetombsofthelateYinandShangdynastiesthreethousandyearsago,whicharethemostprimitivemetalcurrency.InthelateWesternZhouDynasty,inadditiontoshellcoins,somemetalweighingcurrenciessuchascopperingotsandcopperingotsofnocertainshapewerealsocirculated,whichwerealsounearthedinarchaeologicalexcavations.

Tosumup,themainformofcurrencyinthelateprimitivesocietytotheXia,Shang,andZhouepochswasphysicalcurrency,andnaturalshellfishwaswidelycirculated.Inthelaterperiod,asmallamountofmetalweighingcurrencyandcoinageappeared,whichisthebudofcurrency.Andtheformationperiod.

Предварително проучване на валутата преди Qin

DuringtheSpringandAutumnandWarringStatesPeriod,withthedevelopmentofthecommodityeconomy,themetalweighingcurrencythatneededtobedividedandidentifiedincirculationgraduallybecameunavailable.Adaptation,andwasreplacedbymetalcoinage.

FromtheSpringandAutumnPeriodintothemetalcoinagestagetotheWarringStatesperiod,fourmajorcurrencysystemshavebeenestablished:clothcoins,knifegoods,ringmoney,andantnosemoney:

1.TheCentralPlainsisZhao,ClothcoinsaremainlypopularinplacessuchasHan,WeiSanGuoandZhouroyalfamily.Clothcoinwasbornoutofthephonyloanofthebronzeshovel-shapedfarmtool"镈"and"cloth".TheclothcoinsoftheSpringandAutumnPeriodweremainlyempty-headcloths,thatis,hollowlumpswithhandles.IntheWarringStatesperiod,theclothcoinsweremainlyflat-headedcloth,thatis,comparedwiththe"empty-headedcloth",thereisnolongerahollowliquwithahandle,andtheshapeislikeashovel-shapedcoppersheet.Theclothcoin-shapedsystemisroughlydividedintoflatshoulders,shrugs,roundshouldersandsquarefeet,pointedfeet,roundfeetandothercategories.Generally,ithasevolvedfromflatshouldersandsquarefeettoshruggedpointedfeetandroundshouldersandroundfeet.ExpandedtoplacessuchasChuandYan.

2.QiintheeastandYaninthenorthmainlyuseswordcoins.Knifecoinsaredividedintotwotypes:"YanmingKnife"and"QiKnife".TheshapeoftheknifecoinissimilartotheknivesusedforfishingandhuntingbythenorthernnomadssuchasShanRongandBeiDi.BecauseQiDaoNianhastheword"Hua",itiscalled"KnifeHua".Thebackoftheknifeisdividedintocurvedback,foldedback,andstraightback.Theheadoftheknifecanbedividedintoflatheadandpointedhead.Itisalsoakindofbronzecoininmycountry'searlydays.

3.TheuniqueringcoinusedbytheQinStateinthenorthwest,whoseshapeisderivedfromspinningwheelsorjadewalls.Ringcoinsaredividedintotwotypes:roundholesandsquareholes.IntheWarringStatesperiod,theroundholeswerecastearlier.LaterQinHuiwenandQinShihuangcastround"halftwo"coinswithsquareholes,androundringcoinsweresquare.TheoriginalstateofKongQian.

4.ThesouthernChucountrycoinedcoppershellscalledantnosecoins,whichevolvedfromshellcoins.The"qianwen"onthecoppershelllookslikeagrimace,whichisacombinationofthetwocharacters"beihua".Antnoseissmall,meaningsmallmoney.ChuState'sliterarycoppershellcoiniscommonlyknownas"ghostmoney"and"antnosemoney".Inadditiontoantnosemoney,ChuStatealsohadgoldweighingcurrency.ItwastheonlycountrythatusedgoldasacurrencyintheWarringStatesPeriod.

Inshort,thefourmajorcurrencysystemsthatemergedduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriodandWarringStatesPeriodevolvedfromthetoolsoflabor,suchasknives,shovel,andspinningwheels.Itcanbeseenthatatthattime,therewerewars,fishingandhunting,pottery,textilesandtrade.Thecharacteristicsandsocialfeaturesoftheeconomiclifearea.Atthesametime,theformationoffourmajorcurrencyareasisalsoaproductoftheseparatistruleoftheprinces.Withthedevelopmentofeconomyandcommoditytransactions,currenciesofvariouscountriescirculateeachother,requiringandcorrespondinglypromotingthetrendofuniformityandstandardizationofcurrencysystems.

История на GangMoney в миналите династии

Gangmoneyreferstoatypeofmoneyissuedbythestateorlocalgovernmentstatutory.The“memoney”isderivedfromdifferentversionsofakindofmoney.Gangjumezhang,constitutethesystemofcoins.TakeGangqianasacluetounderstandthehistoryofcurrency;useMuqianasacluetogetinvolvedinancientcoinappreciationandarchaeology.Thefollowingmainlyexplainsthepolitical,economicandhistoricalchangesrelatedtoancienttimesfromthehistoricalevolutionofthemoney.

TheGangqiansystemcanbedividedintotwomajorstagesfromtheQinandHanDynastiestotheMingandQingDynasties.Thefirststage:QinandHan,SuiandTangdynastiesaredominatedbycoppercoinage,andthetwosystemsarethetwomainsystemsofQin"halftwocoins"andHan"fivebahtcoins".Inthesecondstage,fromtheTang,SongandMingDynasties,thecoinagewaseliminated.TheBaowensystemwasdifferentfromtheformertwosystems,andthepapercurrencyandsilverstandardsystemalsoappeared,whichwasdividedintotwocategories.

(1) „Половина и две пари“ в династиите Кина и Хан

AfterQinunifiedthesixcountries,politicalunificationrequiredeconomicunificationasthebasis,andQinShihuangconformedtothetrendofhistoricaldevelopment,Whileunifyingwordsandweightsandmeasures,italsounifiescurrency.Itisstipulatedthat"gold"isusedasthecurrencyforlisting,ytte(20taels)isusedastheunit,roundsquareholecoppercoinsareusedforthecurrency,andtheunitishalftaels.The"halftwo"ofthemoneyisconsistentwiththeactualweight.ThissquareholeroundmoneyhassincebecomethemainformofChinesecurrencyandhasbeenusedformorethantwothousandyears.Whytakethisshape?Itismainlyring-shapedandeasytocarry,whilethecoppercoinwithasquareholethroughtheropeisnoteasytorotate,whichcanpreventabrasion.Somepeoplethinkthatthisformexpressestheancientviewoftheuniverse.TheQinDynastyFangkongYuanMoneyistheworld'searliestgovernment-statutorycurrency.

The"halfandtwocoins"todistinguishtheWarringStatesandtheQinDynastycanstartwithcalligraphy.TheWarringStatescointext"HalfLiang"isthebigseal:whiletheQinDynastycointext"HalfLiang"isthesmallseal.Accordingtolegend,QincoinswerewrittenbyPrimeMinisterLiSi.Probablyaffectedbythis,mostofthemoneyandliteratureaftertheQinDynastycamefromthehandsofdignitariesorcalligraphers.TheSongDynastyalsoappearedtheEmperor'sRoyalBookMoney.OneofthedifferencesbetweenancientChinesecoinsandWesterncurrenciesisthatthepagesofancientChinesecoinsaredominatedbymoneyandwritings,andcoinsincirculationrarelyhavepatterns,whileWesterncurrenciesaredominatedbypatternssuchasanimals,plants,andhumanfigures.Theartofcalligraphyonancientcoinsisanothertopic.

ItissaidthatEmperorQinShihuangcasttwelvegoldmeninordertopreventthepeoplefromrebellingandreapingtheweaponsoftheworld.Thisisboundtoaffectthecastingvolumeofcoppercoins.Duetotheextremelyhighcopperpriceandinsufficientcurrencycirculation,theQinandBantwocoinsareofhighvalue.IntheearlyHanDynasty,theproblemof"Qinmoneyisheavy(highprice)anddifficulttouse"occurred.TheHanDynastyinheritedtheQinsystemandusedhalfandtwocoins,butwhenLiuBangwastheemperor,thecountrywasverypoor,andherecastmanysmallcoins.Thereweresuccessiveoccurrencesof"elmpodhalf28bahtandhalftwo,fourbahtandhalftwo.Oneortwowas24baht,"DuetothesubstantialweightreductionofQinBanliang,thename"HalfLiang"isnottrue.Especiallyasmallhalftwo,whichresemblesthefruitofanelmtree,iscalled"ElmPodHalfTwo"whichweighslessthan1gramandhasadiameteroflessthan1cm.TheHanalsoallowedprivateprivates.Thecoiningofthecountyandthecountrycausedthedisorderandinflationofthecurrencysystem,untiltheEmperorWuoftheHanDynastychangedthecurrencysystem.

(2) Хан "Five BahtMoney" и неговата еволюция

1. Императорът на Ханпионерът използва "парите от пет бата".

AfterEmperorWuoftheHancametothethrone,"foreignaffairsforthefourbarbarians,internalrejuvenationandutilitarianism"urgentlyneededtoopenupfinancialresources.Atthesametime,thecountyandthecountrywerefreetocastmoney,causingconfusioninthecurrencysystemandprices.Therisethreatenedthecentralgovernment’sfinances.SoEmperorWuoftheHanDynastyorderedtheabolitionofthestate-ownedcurrencyrightsintheearlyHanDynastyin118BCandthecentralgovernment’sunifiedcoinage.),bothlose(controlthesystem),andformacentralmintingagencyresponsibleformintingfivebahtcoins,alsoknownasShanglinmoneyandthreeofficialcoins.Thehighqualityofthefivebahtcoinshaschangedthephenomenonofcurrencychaosandisconducivetocentralizationandeconomicdevelopment.FromEmperorWuoftheHanDynastytotheWesternHan,Xinmang,EasternHan,Wei,Jin,SouthernandNorthernDynastiestotheSuiandTangDynasties,atotalofmorethan700years.Fivebahthaslongbeenthelegaltenderofthedynasties.Becausetheweightofthefiveironcoinsissuitable,Chinausesthe"fivebaht"asthemainform.SquareholeroundmoneyalsoaffectsJapan,Annan,NorthKoreaandothercountries.ThecurrencyunitinThailandisstillcalledthe"baht",whichhasnothingtodowiththis.

2.Thenewcurrencysystemischaoticandthefinemoney-makingproductscomeout.

InthelateWesternHanDynasty,WangMangestablishedanewdynasty,reorganizedtheancients,andissuedmoneyindiscriminately.Forexample,"DaquanFifty"wasabigmoneymadebyWangMangtosolvetheeconomiccrisisafterhecametopower."Spring"is"money."Borrowingofcharacters.WangMangbelievesinWeidoctrine.AfterhecapturedtheworldofLiu'ssurname,heavoidedtheword"Liu".Theword"Liu"iscomposedofthreecharacters:Mao,JinandDao.Therefore,theword"jin"isnotusedinthetextofmoneybut"quan"..A"DaquanFifty"weighsonlytwoandahalfoftheweightoffivebahtcoinsintheWesternHanDynasty,butithastobeusedasfiftyfivebahtcoins.Thismeansthatforty-sevencoinsaretakenfromthehandsofthepeopleeverytimeabigcoinisissued.Thehalf-five-bahtwealthisboundtoarousedissatisfactionamongthepeople,sothepeoplestillusethefive-bahtmoneytotrade.Forthisreason,WangMangimposedheavytortureandtorturelaw:anyonewhodaredtohidefive-bahtmoneyprivatelywillbeusedasaprisonertodefendtheside.WangMang’scurrencychaosshowsWangMang.Rulingisunpopularandwillundoubtedlycollapse.Inaddition,thereisabigmoneycalled"DaopingFiveThousand",thatis,abigcoinbecomesfivethousandfivebaht.Suchalargecoinmustbefakedattheriskofdeath.Topreventtheftfrommakingprivatemoney,unlessissuedInadditiontotheenforcementofthecriminallaw,anewcoinshapewascreated,thatis,theancientknifecoinandtheroundcoinwerecombinedtocreatetheworld'sfirsttwo-colormetalcoin.Officialcoinssuchas"PingFiveThousand"are"exquisiteworkmanship".Thistwistedstylehasalsosighedforthousandsofyears.

TheEasternHanDynastyrestoredthefive-bahtmoneysystemsincetheWesternHanDynasty.BytheendoftheEasternHanDynasty,DongZhuowenttoBeijingtodestroyit.Fivebahtmoney,evensmallermoney,causedinflation,andthecurrencysystemfellintochaos.

3."FivebahtintheSixDynasties"badmoney

WeiJinnanTheNorthernDynastieswasaperiodofChina'sdivision,withfrequentwars,politicalturbulence,andsocialandeconomicdestruction.Historysaidthatatthistime"thelawofmoneywasbad."Inordertosavecopper,thefivebahtmoneyisgettingsmallerandsmaller.Itiscalled"gooseeye"and"chickeneye".Whenathousanduse.Numismaticcirclescollectivelyrefertothefivebahtmoneyofthisperiodasthe"sixdynastiesfivebaht".TheSixDynastieswerethesixdynastiesofWu,EasternJin,SouthernSong,Qi,Liang,andChenoftheThreeKingdoms,whichwerethecapitalofNanjing.Duringthisperiod,thefivebahtmoneywaspoorlycastandthemoneywasincompleteduringtheCulturalRevolutionandthestrokeswereincomplete.Somepeoplewrote"fivebaht"as"hardware",andsomewrotetheanti-text"bahtfive".However,thereweresomeexceptionstothefivebahtmoneyduringtheperiod,suchastheNorthernWeiDynasty"TaiheFiveBaht"and"Yong'anFiveBaht",historicallyknownas"heavyasitswriting",anditshighqualitynotonlyremindspeopleofaseriesofsuccessfulreformsbyEmperorXiaowenoftheNorthernWeiDynasty.

4.SuiDynasty"FiveBahtMoney"и слухове.

The"KaihuangFiveBaht"castbyEmperorWenoftheSuiDynastyendedthecomplicatedsituationofthemoneysystemformorethan300yearssincetheendoftheHanDynasty.Thiswasalsothelastdynastytousefivebahtmoney.Somepeoplehaverecognizedthatthe"Five"ofthe"FiveBahtMoney"intheSuiDynastyisthe"X"withavertical|ontheleftside,whichis"|X",whichseemstobetheword"fierce"whenitislaiddown.SosomepeoplesaiditwasabadomenfromSui,indicatingthatitsdemisewouldnotbefaraway.Therefore,the"fivebahtmoney"intheSuiDynastyisbettertoidentify.Infact,thiswayofwritingwasalsousedintheNorthernWeiDynasty.ThisisjustacursebythecommonpeopleforthechaosoftheendoftheSuiDynasty.

FangKonground пари от династията Tang

1.TangGaozu за първи път създаде "Baowen" и "ReignMoney"

Astrongandprosperousdynastywithdevelopedeconomyandculture.Accordingtotheinvestigationofthe"KaiyuanTongbao"coinin621intheWudereignofEmperorGaozuoftheTangDynasty,itendedthecoinsystemnamedaftertheQinandHandynastieswiththeweightoftwobaht.coin."Kaiyuan"hasthemeaningoffoundingandpioneering,and"Tongbao"meanstreasureincirculation.Ithasmadeabigbreakthroughintheunitofweight.Theancientweighingmethodof24bahtisoneortwo."KaiyuanTongbao"createdadecimalsystem.Eachcoinweighstwobahtandfourisonepenny,andtheaccumulatedtenpennyweighsoneortwo.KaiyuanTongbaowasintheTangDynastyformorethantwohundredyears,whichmadethecurrencysystemstableforalongtime.TheTangDynastycountedby"wen"andtheBaowenmoneysystem,whichtooktwoyuanastheunitofweight,wasinheritedtotheQingDynastyandlastedforthousandsofyears.Accordingtolegend,the"KaiyuanTongbao"createdbyEmperorGaozuoftheTangDynastywaswrittenbyOuyangXun,amasterofcalligraphyintheearlyTangDynasty,andwaspraisedasacalligraphycoin.

AftertheAnshiRebellion,TangSuzongcalled"thegreattreasureofQianyuan"inordertodealwithfinancialdifficultiesandcastbigmoney.Thisisthefirstmoneytobecalled"Chongbao".Apennyofapennyisusedasanewcurrency,causingdevaluationofthecurrency,soaringprices,serioustheft,anduneasypeople.InthelateTangDynasty,WuzongabolishedtheBuddhaandtookalargeamountofbronzefromtheBuddhatocast"HuichangKaiyuan"money,whicheasedthedeflationthathadlastedforhalfacentury."Qianyuan"and"Huichang"areallyearbooks.

TheFiveDynastiesandTenKingdomswasaperiodofwarlords'meleeanddivision.Duetotheplethoraofpoliticalpowersandvariouscurrencies,itwasaperiodofcurrencychaos.Inadditiontocopper,therearetin,ironandsoon.Alargeamountofmoneyisworthtenandahundred,andevenathousandandamillionarepopular.Thechaosandcomplexityofthemoneysystemreflectstheeconomicdeteriorationbroughtaboutbythewarandchaosoftheseparatistregime.

Tosumup,thecoppercoinwithsquareholeroundmoneychangedfromthebahtsystemtotheyearnumber,andtheBaowensystemwasamajorturningpointforthedevelopmentofcurrency.

От династията Сонг до династиите Мин и Цин

1.ThetwoSongDynasty"yearmoney","yushucurrency"and"papercurrency"b>

BronzecoinsoftheSongDynastyaredistinguishedbytheuseofreigns.Accordingtotextualresearch,theyearnamewasfirstcreatedbyEmperorWuoftheHanDynasty,andthe“yearnamemoney”beganwiththe“Hanxingmoney”ofLishou,Chengdu,SichuanduringtheSixteenKingdomsperiod.Thelastcoinwasthe"firstyearofHongxianwhenYuanShikairestoredtheimperialfoundry."ThiscoincollapsedwithYuanShikaiandexistedforlessthanfourmonths.The"yearcoin"iscastwiththeyearnumber,indicatingthetimeofcasting,sothatpeoplecanseetheageoftheancientcoinataglance.Thisisanimprovementinthedevelopmentofcoinform.ThecoinsofSong,Ming,andQingDynastyaretheeasiesttocollect.

Inaddition,inthecalligraphyofthepastdynasties,itisnecessarytoseetheSongDynasty.LegendhasitthattheYuanfengcoinscastduringtheYuanfengreignofEmperorShenzongoftheSongDynastyhadfourscripts:seal,officialscript,regularscriptandcursivescript.Amongthem,theofficialscriptbySuDongpowascalmandheroic,andwascalled"DongpoYuanfeng".DuringSongZhezong'sreign,SimaGuangandSuDongpousedsealandlinecalligraphytowrite"YuanyuTongbao"onthemoney.MaketheSongDynastypopularbookcurrencycointoWenQian.Theemperorwhowasgoodatcalligraphycouldn'tbearloneliness,andoftenshowedhisskillsinmoneywriting.Accordingtothetextualresearch,thefirstpersontowritethe"RoyalBookMoney"writtenbytheemperorwasEmperorTaizongZhaoJiong,andthehighestcalligraphyachievementamongtheemperorsinthepastwasEmperorHuizongZhaoJioftheSongDynasty.Hewasincompetentingoverningthecountry,andthe"ShameofJingkang"wastakencaptivetogetherwithhissonQinzongasaprisoneroftheJinbing.Buthehasaspeciallikingforpiano,chess,calligraphyandpainting,especiallythecalligraphy"thingoldbody"ironpaintingandsilverhook,whichisunique.Songdynastycalligraphycoinsarenotunrelatedtotheemperor’spersonaladmiration,especiallythereign-nameyushucoinsarepopular.ThestyleofthismoneychangedintheMingDynasty.SincethemiddleoftheMingDynasty,themoneyandwritingswereallmadebycraftsmen,thefontsweredull,andthelayoutandstructurewerenotmentioned,andtheartofcalligraphycouldnotbetalkedabout.

DuringtheSongDynasty,copperandironcoinswerecoinedinparallel.Becausecopperwarewasmorevaluablethancoppercoins,therewasaphenomenonofdestroyingmoneycastings.Coppercoinswererareandironcoinsappeared.Inaddition,astheeconomiccenterofgravityshiftedsouthwardandcurrencycirculationexpanded,thebanknotesproducedinthetwoSongdynastiesweretheearliestbanknotesintheworld.Thispapercurrencyisasymboliccurrency.Itistheproductofthedevelopmentofsocialcommodityeconomytoacertainstage.Atthesametime,itisalsorelatedtotheprogressofpapermakingandprintingtechnology.ThepapermoneyoftheNorthernSongDynastymainlyhadJiaozi,andtheSouthernSongDynastyhadHuiziandGuanzi.JiaoziandHuiziwerethecommonnamesforbills,securities,andexchangeofsecuritiesatthattime.Thestabilityofthecurrencyhasbecomeabarometeroftheeconomicandfinancialsituation.

NorthernminorityregimessuchastheLiao,Song,Xixia,etc.wereinfluencedbytheeconomicandculturalinfluenceoftheCentralPlainsintheirinteractionswiththeHan.InadditiontousingcoppercoinsmintedintheTangandSongdynasties,theyalsoissuedethniccharactersandChinesecoppercoins.

2. Системата на Yuantoken е предимно хартиени пари

IntheYuanDynasty,asmallamountofcoppermoneywasminted,butthecurrencymainlycirculatedpapermoney.ThisismoreprominentinancientChina.PapermoneyintheYuanDynastyiscalledabanknote.Theoriginalbanknotesarenotallowedtobemisappropriated,andthecirculationofbanknotesisstrictlylimited.However,attheendoftheYuanDynasty,politicalcorruption,theroyalfamily'sextravagance,thehugemilitaryexpenditures,andthefinancialdeficit,thegovernmenthadtorelyontheissuanceofbanknotestomakeupforit,causingpricestoskyrocket.InadditiontothefloodingoftheYellowRiver,naturaldisastersandman-madedisasters,itiscalled"openingtherivertochangetherootcauseofbanknotes".ItcanbeseenthattheexcessiveissuanceofbanknotesiscloselyrelatedtothedemiseoftheYuanDynasty.

3.TheMingDynastyshiftedfromapapercurrencypolicytoasystemthatreliedmainlyonsilverandsupplementedbymoney.

Althoughtheissuanceofbanknotesisaprogressinthehistoryofcurrency,therulersofthepastdynastieshaveusedittoexploitandplunderthepeopleandcollapsethebanknotesandpaperpolicies.Forexample,atthebeginningoftheMingDynasty,ZhuYuanzhangimplementedapapercurrencypolicy,issuing"DamingTreasureBanknotes"forusewithcoppercoins.However,theissuelimitofDamingTreasureBanknoteswasnotfixedandtherewasnoreserve,whichsoonledtoinflation.Therefore,aftertheJiajingreigninthemid-MingDynasty,TreasureBanknoteswerenolongerpassable,andthefolksmainlyusedsilverandcoppercoins.Forexample,intheMingdynasty,"bansmiths"usedsilverforlaborandwages,andthewealthofJaeger-LeCoultremainlyusedsilver.Theamountofsilverwascastintosilveringotsofacertainstandard.FromtheYuanDynastytotheYuanDynasty,silveringotsnamedthemselves"Yuanbao",whichisthebeginningofChina'scallofsilveringotsas"Yuanbao".Atthesametime,coppercoinswerepopularamongthefolks,andthequalitymaterialwaschangedfrombronzetobrass,andTongbaocoinswiththenameoftheyearwerecast.

4. Медни монети, банкноти и машинно изработени монети по време на династията Цин

ThecoppercoinsoftheQingDynastyfollowedtheMingDynastysystem,mainlymintingXiaopingcoins.AmongthecoppercoinsoftheQingDynasty,Xianfengcoinswerethemostcomplicated.ThecoinsweredividedintoTongbao,ZhongbaoandYuanbao.Thefacevaluewasdifferentandthemoneybureauwasdifferent.IntheQingdynasty,non-governmentalcommerceusedsilverformostofthemoney,andmoneyforsmallmoney,andmoneyandsilverwereinparallel.

InthefirsthundredyearsoftheQingDynasty,silveringotswereusedasthemaincurrency.Fortaxationofoneortwoormore,thecashwasrequired.ThestatesandcountiesoftheQingDynastyleviedlandtaxeseverysummerandautumn,andthefinishedgrainmustbefullsilver.Becausethecentralgovernmentdoesnotcastaunifiedcirculationofsilver,thesilverusedbythepeoplemaynotbepuresilver.Thesilveringotsaredifferentinform,fineness,andflatsize.Therefore,silversmithsandsilvershopswillbefooledbymeltingfolkloosesilverintopuresilverbeforepayingtaxes.Somesilversmithscolludedwithofficialsandtookadvantageoftheopportunitytotakeadvantageofthefinenessofthesilver,squeezingthecommonpeopleintermsofweight,andcausingmanycomplicatedsocialproblems.

InthelateQingDynasty,silveringotsbegantotransformintosilverdollars.FromthemiddleoftheMingDynasty,foreignmerchantsusedtheirsilverdollarstobuyChinesesilk,tea,porcelain,etc.inforeigntrade,makingvariousforeignsilverdollarspopularinChina.IntheDaoguangperiodoftheQingDynasty,sincethesigningoftheunequal"NanjingTreaty",thesilverdollarsusedforcompensationwere"foreignmoney".Atthattime,Chinahadnosilverdollarsinitsowncountry.Insufficientforeignmoneyinstockstooffsetthedramaticincreaseinexternalindemnities,forcedthegovernmentinthelateQingDynastytostartcoiningsilverdollarsonitsown.Theearliestmachine-madewesternsilverdollarinChinawasthe"GuangxuYuanbao"duringtheGuangxuperiod,commonlyknownas"Longyang",namedafterthesilverdollargenerallywithadragonpatternontheback.Atthesametime,mechanismcopperyuan,alsoknownas"copperplate",appeared.Theappearanceofmachine-madesilvercoinsandcopperyuanhasahugeimpactonChina'straditionalsilvertwocurrenciesandthecoppercoinsystemdominatedbysquareholes.

ThetypesofbanknotesissuedintheQingDynastyarecomplex.Theyaredividedintoofficialbanknotesandprivatebanknotes.Therearefourtypesofexchangeforsquareholecoppercoins),copperyuantickets(canbeexchangedforcopperdollars),silvertwotickets(canbeexchangedforsilver),andsilverdollarstickets(canbeexchangedforsilverdollars).Sincetheissuanceofbanknotes,therewereoriginalvouchersfortreasuryandsilverreservesandbanknotes.

Tosumup,fromtheSongDynastytotheMingandQingDynasties,banknoteswereproducedandcirculated,thestatusofsilvercurrencyincreaseddaybyday,andtheMingandQingDynastiesbegantoestablishasilver-basedbanknotesystem.Thelatterpartofthesecondstageofthedevelopmentofcurrencyhistory.

Историята на развитието на китайската валута

Chinaisoneofthefirstcountriesintheworldtousecurrency,andthehistoryofusingcurrencyisaslongas5,000years.IntheprocessofformationanddevelopmentofancientChinesecurrency,ithasexperiencedsixmajorevolutions:

1. Еволюция от естествена валута към изкуствена валута

Снимки в реална валута (12 снимки)

Withtherapiddevelopmentofcommodityexchangeandtheincreasingdemandformoney,seashellshavebeenunabletomeetpeople'sneeds,andpeoplehavebeguntoimitateseashellswithcopper.TheappearanceofcoppershellsisamajorevolutionfromnaturalcurrencytoartificialcurrencyinthehistoryofancientChinesecurrency.

С масовото използване на изкуствени монети Хайбей, естествената валута, бавно се оттегли от арената на китайската валута.

Second,theevolutionfromchaoticshapestostandardizedshapes

FromtheappearanceofcoppershellsintheShangDynastytotheWarringStatesperiod,mycountry’scurrencygraduallyformedThefourmajorsystemscharacterizedbytheruleoftheroostare:shovelcoin,knifecoin,ringcoin,andChucoin(Yuanjin,AntNoseCoin).

AfterQinunifiedChina,EmperorQinShihuangpromulgatedChina'searliestcurrencylaw"ThecurrencyofQincurrencyisthesameasthecurrencyoftheworld"in210BC.

ThecirculationofQinandahalfcoinswitharoundsquareholeinthewholecountryendedthemessystateofancientChinesecurrencywithdifferentshapesandgreatweightdisparity.Evolution.TheroundsquareholeshapedeterminedbyQinBanliangmoneycontinueduntilthebeginningoftheRepublicofChina.

3. Еволюцията от местни монети към централни монети

Accordingtothe"Hanshu·Shihuozhi"record,afterLiuBangestablishedtheHanDynasty,heallowedthepeopletoprivatelyTomakecoins,gentry,wealthybusinessmenandlocalforcestakeadvantageoftheopportunitytomakebadmoneyforprofit.InEmperorWen'stime,"Dr.DengTongalsomademoneytopasstheking."

InthefourthyearofYuanding(115yearsago),EmperorWuoftheHanDynastytookbacktherighttomintcoinsinthecounty,andthecentralgovernmentmadefivebahtcoinsinaunifiedmanner.Sincethen,theunifiedmanagementofcoinmintingandissuancebythecentralgovernmenthasbeenestablished.ThisisamajorevolutionfromlocalcoinagetocentralcoinageinthehistoryofancientChinesecurrency.

Sincethen,themintingofthepastdynastieshasbeendirectlymanagedbythecentralgovernment.Thetransferofcoinagerightstothecentralgovernmentplayedanimportantroleinstabilizingthepoliticalsituationandeconomicdevelopmentofalldynasties.

Four.TheevolutionfromtheweightofdocumentstoTongbaoandYuanbao

Монетите, сечени след епохата на Qin и Handy, обикновено ясно посочват теглото на парите в текста. Като "половин и две", "пет бата", "четири бата" и скоро (двадесет и четири бататисонетаел).

InthefourthyearofWudeofTangGaozu(621),LiYuanwasdeterminedtoreformthecurrencysystem,abolishingtheancientcoinsofdifferentimportanceandimportance,takingthemeaningof"openingupanewera",andcasting"kaiyuantongbao"moneyinaunifiedway.KaiyuanTongbaoiscontrarytotheoldsystemofQinandHanDynasties,andtheweightofmoneyandtextisnotwritten.ItistheevolutionofancientChinesecurrencyfromtheweightofdocumentstoTongbaoandYuanbao.

KaiyuanTongbaoMoneyistheearliestTongbaoMoneyinmycountry.Sincethen,mycountry'scoppercoinsnolongerusetheweightofmoneyandtext,butarecommensuratewithTongbaoandYuanbao.Ithasbeenuseduntilthe"RepublicofChinaTongbao"aftertheRevolutionof1911.

Fifth,frommetalcurrencyTheevolutiontopapermoney.

DuringtheNorthernSongDynasty,duetoInordertomakeupfortheshortageofcoppercoins,thegovernmenthascastironcoinsinlargequantitiesinsomeareas.Accordingto"SongHistory"records,theironcoinscastinSichuanatthattimeconsistentlyweighed25kilogramsandeighttaels.Tobuyapilos(silk)inSichuan,youhavetopayonehundredandthirtycattiesofiron.IronmoneyissocumbersomeandinconvenientthatpapermoneyJiaozicameintobeinginSichuan.TheappearanceofJiaoziisanimportantevolutionfrommetalcurrencytopapercurrencyinthehistoryofancientChinesecurrency.

Jiaoziisnotonlytheearliestpapercurrencyinmycountry,butalsotheearliestpapercurrencyintheworld.

6.Theevolutionfrommanualcoinagetomachine-madebanknotes

InthelateQingDynasty,withthegradualintroductionofforeignadvancedscienceandtechnology,theGuangxuperiodCoinagemachinespurchasedabroadareusedtomakesilverandcopperdollars.Later,Guangdongbegantousemachinestomakenon-holesfortencopperdollars.Becausethemanufacturershavemadehugeprofits,allprovinceshavefollowedsuit.

TheemergenceofmechanicalcurrencyinthelateQingDynastywasasignificantevolutionfrommanualcoinagetomechanicalcurrencyinthehistoryofancientChinesecurrency.

Sincethen,notonlyhastheprocessofcoiningmoneychangedsignificantly,butalsotheroundsquareholemoneythathasbeenincirculationformorethantwothousandyearshascometoanend.

Сортиране, поправка и класификация на банкноти

Preliminaryprocessingofbanknotesistheprimarytaskofcurrencycollection,becauseoncebanknotesenterthemarket,theywillbemoreorlesscirculated.Ifitiscontaminated,thesurfacewillbeverydirtyandtherewillbemanybacteriaattachedtoit.Ifitisnotprocessedinitially,thebacteriawillmoldandproducemildewspotsindampareas,whichwillcontaminatethebanknotecollection,affectthecollectioneffect,andreducethecollectionofitems.Phaseandvalue,reducingitsshelflife.Itcanbeseenthatasetofeffectivesortingandsortingmethodsisveryimportantforpapermoneycollectors.Generally,therearethefollowingbasicsortingmethodsforbanknotesofvariousappearances:

(1)Forall-phasebanknotesthathavenotpassedthrough,youcandirectlyenterthebanknotecollection.Somemediumandhigh-endproductsshouldalsobepackagedinplasticbagstoavoidsweatandoilstainswhentouchedbyhands.Ifnecessary,plasticvacuumpackagingcanevenbeusedtoisolatetheair.

(2)Thesoiledbanknotesshouldberepairedthroughcleaningprocessessuchassoaking,absorbingwater,anddrying.Thesoakingtimeshouldbedeterminedbythequalityofthebanknotes.Rememberthatyoucanonlysoakincleanwater.Anydetergentisnotallowedtosoakthebanknotesinwater,otherwiseitwilldiscolororchangethecolorofthebanknotes,andtheconsequenceswillbedisastrous.Aftersoakingincleanwater,youshouldreplacetheyellowedwateratanytime,andthenuseabsorbentpapertopadunderthecleanedbanknotes,andevenlylightlypresstheabsorbentpapertoabsorbtheexcesswaterattached,andthenletitdrynaturallyandcutDonotuseironsorotherheatingmachinesforheatinganddrying.Itisimportanttonotethatforbanknotesprintedonoldcottonpaperlikeoldprivatestickers,theycannotbeimmersedinwatertopreventthepaperfromcrackingandbreaking.Youcanonlywetthefoursidesandsidesofthebanknotewithwetcotton.Angle,flattenthecurledpartandcleanit.

(3)Howtodealwithbanknotespastedwithtransparenttape?Thecellophanetapeusedforpastingbanknotesturnsyellow,hardenedandcurledafteralongperiodoftime,soitisnecessarytotreatthemandremovethem.Atthistime,thebestwaytodealwithitistowetthetapewiththepaintthinnerusedintheconstructionindustry,andslowlytearofftheadhesivestripwithpliers.Fortheresidualglueonthebanknote,usethethinnertogentlywipeoff.

(4)Forbanknotesthathavebeendamagedorbroken,oldtissuepaperofthesamecolor(suchastheoldone,etc.)canbeusedtorepairthebrokenpartsanddisconnections.Forsomedeficientbanknotes,oldbanknoteswithsimilarpatternsandthesamecolorshouldbeselectedandpatchedonthefront.Forhigh-endbanknotes,itisrecommendedtoaskatechnicianwhospecializesinbanknoterepairindustrytoprocessandrepairthem.

CoinCollection

RMBCollection

EachversionofRMBhasacertaincollectionvalue.Ifwetalkaboutthespecifichigh-valuevarietiesineachsetofRMB,theyshouldbelongtothefollowingspecies:

Първият набор от RMB:

Версията от 1951 г. на купона за "коневъдство" за 10 000 юана (6 010 000 юана), купона за 500 юана "ZandeCity" (300 000 юана), купона за 5 000 юана "юрта" (200 000 юана);

Този втори набор от RMB:

Версията от 1953 г. на три юана купона (7 000 юана), пет юана купона (6 000 юана), тен юана купона (65 000 юана);

Третият набор от RMB:

Версията от 1960 г. на ваучера за един ъгъл (1100 юана), версията от 1962 г. на купона за един стотинка „зелен воден знак на гърба“ (9 000 юана), версията от 1962 г. на купона за един стотинка „зелени пари“ (600 юана);

Четвъртият набор от RMB:

Изданието от 1980 г. на купони от 50 юана (125 юана), купони от 100 юана (120 юана);

Петият набор от RMB:

е в обращение и няма редки сортове.

Колекция от банкноти на Червената армия

The12characters"NationalBankoftheChineseSovietRepublic"areprintedontheuppersideofthefront.Fivestarsareprintedontheleftandrightsides,andthemiddleandfourcornersarecomposedofsymmetricalfloralornaments,andhaveaperiodvalue.Theword"WuJiao"ismarkedwith"twoticketstoexchangeforonesilverdollar"atthebottom.Thebackisdominatedbyfloralornaments.Thesizeoftheticketis67mm×103mm,thefrontislightpurple,andthebackislightred.Chronology:1933.Fromtheanalysisoftheconnotationofthefacedesign,especiallythemapsoftheeasternhemisphereandthewesternhemisphereareembeddedinthecirclesofthewords"wu"and"corner"respectively,toshowthattheproletarianrevolutionwillbecarriedthroughtotheend.Accordingtotheauthor'sverification,theNationalBankoftheChineseSovietRepublicwasestablishedinYeping,Ruijin,JiangxiinMarch1932,withMaoZeminasitspresident.Atthattime,itwasplannedtoissuesevendenominationsof1jiao,2jiao,5jiao,1yuan,5yuan,and10yuan.However,duetothewar,the5yuanand10yuanbillswerenotissued.InOctober1934,theCentralRedArmywasforcedtocarryoutastrategicshift,andtheNationalBankfollowedthearmy'sLongMarchandoncestoppedissuingcurrency.WhentheRedArmyarrivedinZunyi,inordertoraisesupplies,theyissuedbanknotesasmilitarysalariestothesoldiers.WhentheyleftZunyi,theyusedsilverdollarsandinkindtorecoverthem.AftertheRedArmyarrivedinnorthernShaanxi,thecentralgovernmentestablishedtheNorthwestOfficeandtheNationalBankalsoestablishedtheNorthwestBranch.InJanuary1937,aftertheNorthwestBranchmovedtoYan'anwiththecentralgovernmentagencies,inordertofurtheradapttotheneedsoftheunitedfront,theunifieduseoflegalcurrency,thussuspendingthecurrencyissuanceworkoftheNationalBank,andfullyrecyclingtheSovietareabanknotes,duetothethoroughrecovery,ithasbeenpasseddowntothisdayThegenusisrare,anditisextremelydifficulttocollectacompleteset.

Колекция от банкноти на династията Цин

The"Hubuofficialnotes"and"Daqingtreasurenotes"printedintheQingDynastyweremostlyprintedonwoodblockorcopperplate.similar.Thefaceoftheticketisaverticalsquarewithalargesize.Althoughitistwo-colororthree-coloroverprint,thecolorismonotonousandtheprintingtechnologyisnotcomplicated.Folkscanimitate.Atthattime,thegovernmenthadtopreventprivateforgeryandhadnotechnicalmeasures,soithadtostamptheofficialsealonthetickettoensurecredibilityandenhancereliability.ThisisanearlyandsimplecounterfeitmeasureinthehistoryofChina'smoneyprinting.Atthesametime,thegovernmenthasalsoenactedalawtomaintainthecredibilityofbanknotes,throughlegalprovisionsthatpunishandrewardcounterfeitersandwhistleblowers,topreventandsanctioncounterfeiterstoensurethecirculationandcredibilityofbanknotes.

Безналични банкноти

Безналични банкнотиarebanknotesissuedbythegovernmentthatcannotbeexchangedforgoldorsilver.Itspurchasingpowerstemsfromthegovernment’sauthorityandcredibility.

Фалшифициране на банкноти

1.ThecounterfeiterusedtheprincipleofelectroniccolorseparationtoimitateandprinttheliberatedareabanknotesandthefirstsetofRMB.MostofthefirstsetofRMBusesoffsetprinting,whichhaspooranti-counterfeitingeffect.Therefore,thedegreeofspuriousnessofcounterfeitcurrencyisquitehigh.Ifthecounterfeitcurrencyisputtogetherwiththegenuineproduct,itisalmostdifficulttodistinguish.Coincollectorsshouldunderstandthereleasebackgroundoftheliberatedareabanknotesandthefirstsetofrenminbibeforecollectingsuchbanknotes.Theoriginalproductswereprintedscatteredalloverthecountry,andthepaperqualityandspecificationsusedwereinconsistent,andtheArabicnumeralsontheoriginalcurrencywereprinted.Therearemultiplespecificationsforthenumber,andnooneisrepeated;thepaperusedforthecounterfeitcurrencyisbasicallyselectedfromthesameplaceoforigin,thepaperqualityissimilar,andthenumberofArabicnumeralsonthecounterfeitcurrencyisonlyoneortwospecifications.

2.ThesecondsetofRMBonecent,twocentsandfivecentscoinshastwoversions.Thefirstversionistheoriginal1953banknotes.ThereisarowofArabicnumeralsbehindtheRomanalphabet,commonlyknownas""Withnumbers",thesecondversionisintheearly1980s.Inordertoeasethedifficultyoffindingchangeinthecirculationmarket,thecountryusedthesteelmoldoftheoriginal1953versionofthepapercurrencytoconcealtheArabicnumeralsandreprintedonecent,twocents,Fivecents,commonlyknownas"nonumber".Thecounterfeiterspottedthedifferencebetweenthepriceoftheoriginal"numbered"banknotesinthecoinmarketatnearly100yuanpersetandthepriceofthereprinted"unnumbered"banknotesatonly1yuanperset,sotheyaddedtothereprintedbanknotesPrintarowofArabicnumeralsandpretendtobetheoriginal"withnumbers"todeceivesomecoincollectorswhodon'tknowthecoinswell.Therefore,whenbuying"numbered"banknotes,peopleshouldcarefullyobservewhethertheArabicnumeralsandthecharacters,patternsandcolorsonthebanknotesarenaturallyconsistent.

3.ThethirdsetofRMBhasanoveldesignandexquisiteproduction.Ithasalwaysbeenaforbiddenareaforfraud.Nocounterfeithasbeenfoundinthepast.Thecounterfeitersusedhigh-techtechniquestotransformtheordinaryfive-pointedstarwatermarkwithamarketpriceof4yuan,twoyuanandamarketpriceof45yuaninthethirdsetofrenminbiintoafive-pointedstarandancientcoinwatermark,withamarketpriceof50yuanforoneyuan.Thesecondyuanis140yuan.

Itisageneralequivalent.InEnglish,Moneyisanymarketablegoodortokenusedbyasocietyasastoreofvalue,amediumofexchange,oraunitofaccount.Moneyobjectscanmeetsomeoralloftheseneeds.Sincetheneedsarisenaturally,societiesorganicallycreateamoneyobjectwhennoneexists.Inothercases,acentralauthoritycreatesamoneyobject;thisismorefrequentlythecaseinmodernsocietieswithpapermoney

Относно културата

Свързани поговорки

Moneycanmakeyoufeelbetter,andmoneycanmakeghostsgoahead!

Хората умират за пари, а птиците умират за храна.

Moneyisnoteverything,nomoneyisabsolutelyimpossible!

Пари! Използвайте ги правилно, за да прогоните призраци; пари! Ако не ги използвате правилно, ще бъдете преследван от призраци!

Когато имате пари, вие не искате да имате повече пари.

Wealthcanbeanenemycountry,butyoucannotplayintheworld.

Caiisnotreaved.

Приятелите са истинското богатство на живота.

Seeingmoneyasdung,youwilllosethemotivationtogetmoney.

Thegreedandselfishnessofmoneyisbecauseweoverestimateourneedformoneyandthevalueandimportanceofmoneytoourselves.——Relentlesslovelogic

Гледайте парите и правете печалба.

Идиоми

Алчен, алчен, тънък, не алчен, добро вино, алчен чаша, алчен, измама, алчен, вулгарен, алчен, алчен, като вино, алчно цвете

Вълк Алчни вълци, алчни плъхове, крадци, алчни за цял живот, страх от смъртта, алчно раждане, рано, алчни, тъмни, алчни, глупави, алчни и похотливи

Пълен с богатство

Очаквайте богатство и богатство, TaoZhuzhi, богат и богат, добри пари, късмет, парите могат да бъдат мощни, милионери, златни милионери, двама богати, богати и могъщи

Няколко други имена за пари

1.Greenworms.Thelegendarynameoftheinsect."TaiPingYuLan"Volume9-50citedHanLiuAn's"HuainanWanBiShu":"Thegreenclamrepaysthemoney:thegreenclamisafisherman,orapu,withhissonandmothereachetc.,placedintheurnandburiedintheeastIfyougoundertheshadowsandopenthreedayslater,youwillbeobedient.Eighty-onecoinsareappliedwithmother'sblood,andeighty-onecoinswithbloodofchildren.Withtheirmoney,theyaremoremutuallymarketable.Self-return."Laterbecauseitisusedtorefertomoney .

2,Buquan."ZhouLi·TianGuan·Foreign House""Handinandoutofthecloth"HanZhengxuan'snote:"плат,пролет (пари)също.Той е скрит и наречен пролет,и ходенето му се нарича плат."Следователно,"buquan"се отнася за паритеобщ.,HuoCai.

3,KongFang.Thatis,BrotherKongFang,alsoknownasBrotherJia,anicknameformoney.Theoldcoppercoinhadanoutercirclewithasquareholeinit,hencethename.Moreover,thewordmoneyiscomposedof"golden,ge,ge",and"ge"and"ge"havethesamepronunciation,sotheyarecalled"brothers".ThewordscomeoutofJinLuBao's"QianShenLun""Moneyisthebody,thereistheimageoftheuniverse ,theinsideisthesquare,andtheoutsideisthecircle.Itsaccumulationislikeamountain,anditsflowislikeariver.Sometimestherearedynamicsandstatics.,Donotsufferfromloss.Itisdifficulttobreakthelongevityoftheelephant,anditisnotlackingintheelephantroad,soitcanlastforalongtime,anditistheworld'sgod.Walkwithyourfeet,relieveYanYi'sface,openthemouththatisdifficulttoexpress."

4.Huoquan. Когато Уанг Ман стана император в династията Хан, той беше много ревнив към Лиу. Тъй като думата пари има "дзин, нож", а думата "лиу" е съставена от "卯, злато, нож" (всички се отнасят до традиционни знаци), Уанг Ман промени името си на "извор на стоки".

5.Ablockage.ThebookiswrittenbyLiuYiqing,thekingofLinchuanintheSouthernDynasties,"Shishuoxinyu·GuzhenTenth":"WangYifuiselegantandprosperous,oftenjealousofhiswifeandgreedy,andneversaidtheword'money'.Ifthewomanwantstotryit,sheaskshermaidtousemoney.Thebedisnotallowed.YiFugotupinthemorningandsawQianHeng(obstructed),callingthemaidservantandsaying:'JujuAduwu.'""Adu"means"this"inthedialectofthetime "JucheaDuwu" означава "премахни това нещо".

6, безпомощен. Старият се отнася за изключително големи сребърни пръстени, които са трудни за използване. "YiJianZhiZhi" на The SongDynastyHongMai записва, че ZhangXun, човек на песните, е бил богат в семейството си и се е страхувал да не бъде откраднат.

7.Shangqingboy.Anothernameforancientmoney.Accordingtolegend,duringtheZhenguanperiodoftheTangDynasty,therewasa"ShangqingBoyYuanbao"inCenwen'sBishuMountainPavilion.Afterhefinishedspeaking,hesentitoutofthepavilion,butsuddenlydisappearedunderthewall.Digthegroundtogetanancientcoin,andrealizethat"ShangqingBoy"isthebronzename,and"Yuanbao"isthemoneytext.See"BoYizhi·CenText"byGuShenziofTangDynasty.Later,henamed" ShangqingBoy"един от псевдонимите на Qian.

8,DengTong.IntheWesternHanDynasty,somepeoplereferredtoDengtongasanothernameformoney.Inthethirtychaptersof"JinPingMei",thereisaversethat"Itisthewealththatmustbeobtainedbytrickery,andthefamedependsonDengTongcheng".DengTongisanothernameformoney.DengTongwasafavoriteofficialoftheWesternHanDynastyEmperorLiuHeng.EmperorWenoncegaveDengtongacoppermineandmadeanexceptiontoallowDengtongtoopenminesandmakemoney,soDengtongmoneyspreadallovertheworld.Therefore,latergenerations"DengTong"becameanothernameformoney.

9,theking.AlsoknownasLaoWang,WangLao,anothernameformoney.Inthevolumeof"DuYiZhi"byLiRongoftheTangDynasty:"TherichmanoftheTangDynasty,WangYuanbao,Xuanzongaskedhowmuchhisfamilywealth?"Hesaid:"YourmajestyNanshanhasatree,Nanshantreeisexhausted,andtheministerisnotpoor."Moneyisthe'king',soithastheword'Yuanbao'."

10,gooseeye,or"chickeneyemoney".SimaGuangoftheNorthernSongDynasty,Volume168oftheZizhiTongjian:"AttheendoftheLiangDynasty,ironmoneyisnotenough,andthefolksusegooseeyemoneyforprivateuse.Jiazi,recastfivebahtmoney,andbecometenofthegooseeye."SouthernDynastyThemoneymadebyShenQingtong'sfurnitureintheSongDynastyislessthanthreeincheslongandiscalledgooseeyemoney.Moneythatisworsethangooseeyemoneyiscalled綖(音延yán)ringmoney.

11.Waistband.Theancientsseldomputthecoinsdirectlyinthepockets.Thegold,silverandcoppercoinscarriedwhentheygooutareusuallyputinthewaistbelt,andthenthebeltiswrappedaroundthewaist,soitiscalled"wrapped"(sameastoday’s"waistbag").Inthisway,itwillneitherlosenorrevealwealth.Inancienttimes,therewasastoryof"wrappedaroundonehundredthousandbucksandrodeacranedowntoYangzhou"inancienttimes.

12.Coppersmell.Theoriginalmeaningisthesmellofcoppercoins,andlateroftenusedtoridiculepeoplewhoareonlyinterestedinprofit,andalsospecificallyreferstomoney.TheWesternJinDynastyDivisionMaBiao"JiuzhouSpringandAutumn":"CuiLie,TingWeiqing.WhentheLingEmperoropenedtheHongdumenlisttosellofficials,whenLie,hemadefivemilliondollars,andhewasSitu.Andthesun,theemperorLinxuan,thehundredofficialsYes.EmperorGusaidthattheluckyonessaid:"IhateJinforalot,butitcanreachtensofmillions."Ms.ChengYuBangyingsaid:"CuiGong,Jizhoucelebrity ,wouldhebewillingtobuyanofficial?LieaskedhissonJunandsaid:"IliveinSanGong,sowhatisitliketodiscuss?""Junsaid:"Adultsrarelyhaveaname,andthepastisaprestige,andthecriticsarenotconsideredtobeSanGong."Nowthathehastakenhisplace,theworldisdisappointed.Liesaid:"Whyisthatso?""JunZhe:"Thecriticsthinkit'scoppersmellyears."

13.FudoZun.Той казва, че не са необходими пари, точно както мирът и животът на Буда, и парите се наричат ​​"FudoZun".SongDynastyTaoYu"QingYiLu":"LangJunJiakuИма много бронз и е жалко, че е гнило".

14.Banknotes.OriginatedintheJinDynasty.Chinaisthefirstcountryintheworldtousepapermoney.SongTaizongIntheearlyyears,withtheprosperityofcommerceandtheexpansionoftransactions,theironmoneyusedatthattimecouldnolongermeettheneedsoftransactions,sosixteenwealthybusinessmenjointlyissuedapapercurrencyinChengdu,Sichuan,whichwascalled"Jiaozi"atthattime.TheJinDynasty,whichwasroughlythesameperiodastheSongDynasty,alsoissuedbanknotesforbanknotesin1154.BanknotesweretheprevailingbanknotesintheJinDynasty.Theywereissuedforabout80years.TheyusedtocirculateinthecountryofgoldandwereamongthecurrenciesoftheJinDynasty.Ithasalwaysbeeninthedominantposition.ItisalsocalledChaoyin,whichisdividedintobigandsmallnotes.Wecallpapermoneyasbanknotesorabbreviatedasbanknotes,whichhasbeenhandeddownsincethen.

15. Юан Датоу: Първите години на Китайската република, тъй като издадената сребърна монета има статуя на Юан Шикай, парите се наричат ​​„Юан Датоу“.

16.Велико единство: След основаването на Нов Китай теню и деноминацията RMB бяха отпечатани с "Национално народно единство" на лицето. Парите се наричат ​​"Велико единство".

17.Headcoin: gamecoin

Древна монета

Mintingcoin:referstoacertainsizeShape,withacertainweightanddenominationvalue,usedasalegalmeansofcirculationofmetalcurrency.Theancientcoinagematerialwasmainlycopper,andgoldandsilvercoinsappearedoneafteranother.InChina,althoughtheappearanceofgoldandsilvercoinswasrelativelyearly,theyweremainlyaddedtothefieldofcommoditycirculation.Itisstillinmoderntimes.

Clothcoins:thegeneraltermfortheshovel-shapedcurrenciessuchastheemptyheadclothandtheflatheadclothduringtheSpringandAutumnandWarringStatesPeriod.

Общият термин за различни валути с форма на нож като ножове с игла, заострени ножове, прозрачни ножове, qik-ножове и кръгли ножове.

Yuanqian:Thegeneraltermforroundcurrencies,includingroundholesandroundmoney.Therearetwotypesofsquareholesandroundcoins,generallyreferringtothelatter.

Emptyheadcloth:CoinsmintedduringtheSpringandAutumnandWarringStatesperiod,includingflat-shoulderarc-footemptyheadcloth,obliqueshoulderarc-footemptyheadcloth,andshruggedpointedfootemptyFirstcloth.

Плат за кърпа: монети през периода на воюващите държави, включително кърпа, кърпа със специална форма, основна кърпа за крака, заострена кърпа за крака, кръгла кърпа за крака и т.н., основно разпространявани в щатите Санджин и Ян.

Twocurrenciesofbaht:referstothecurrencythatusedthebahtastheunitofweight,andtheweightisthenameofthecurrency,suchashalftwo,fivebaht,etc.,whichwerecastinChinabeforetheSuiDynasty.

Fivecents:WesternHanDynastyItisakindofhalf-and-twocoinsinthelastsixyearsofhighschool.

Threecents:ThecurrencyissuedbyEmperorWuoftheWesternHanDynastyinthefifthyearofthefoundingoftheYuanDynastyisakindofhalf-and-twocoins.

Билун: В Източната династия Джин са били използвани продадените монети на Сун и Ву и те са били и големи, и малки.

Fourarticles:Onecoinwasusedasfoursmallcoins,generallyreferringtotheEasternJinDynastySunWu’soldmoneywasusedatthetime.

Xiaopingmoney: като малки пари на стойност пени, наричани още плоски пари, малки пари, обикновено около 2,4 см в диаметър и 3,5 грама тегло.

Foldedmoney:Themoneyusedasasecondarticleisgenerallyabout2.8cmindiameterandweighsabout7grams.

Диаметърът е около 3,1 см. Тежи около 10 грама."И скоро"

BigMoney:Thegeneraltermforbigmoneyandbigmoney.IntheSixDynasties,thestandardsizeoffivebahtmoneywascalledbigmoney.

Текст: Името на основната парична единица, Asmallcoin, се нарича apen.

Guan:athousandthoriumiscalledaguan,andthesquarewoodenstripsworninthemoneyholeattheplacewherethemoneyiscastisalsocalledaguan

Sample:referstothosewhosemoneydiameterissmallerthanthesametypeofmoney.

Bigsample:Referstothosewhosemoneypathislargerthanthatofthesametypeofmoney.

Лице: Отнася се за лицевата страна на монетата.

Лице: Текстът отпред на монетата.

Гръб: Гърбът на монетата, известен също като завесата.

Рецитирайте текст:връщане на паритекст,известен също като добър,квадрат се нарича FangChuan,квадратна дупка,кръгла се нарича YuanChuan,кръгла дупка.

Широко носене: Отнася се за тези с по-големи дупки.

Тесен проход: отнася се за тези с по-малки дупки за пари.

Neiguo:ReferstotheprotrudingpartaroundQianKong,alsoknownasHaoGuo.

Guangguo: отнася се за тези с по-широк интериор

Xiaguo: отнася се за тези с по-тесен интериор.

Zhongguo:ReferstothetwoinnerGuos.

Juwen:Referstothepointofoneorseveralcornersofthesquareholeofthemoneybody.

FourJueWen:Referstothosewhohavethefourcornersofthesquareholeinthebodyofthemoney,alsoknownastheFourJue.

SuJiao: Това е специален тип есе с четири точки, с малки точки в края на квадратната дупка.

Fouressays:referstothefourcornersofQianshensquareholewithprotrudingwordsextendingtotheoutsideofGuo.

Външен Гуо: Отнася се за изпъкналата част от външната периферия на тялото на Qian, известна още като външен ръб, външно колело, месесто Гуо и Биан Гуо.

Широк ръб: външният ъгъл е по-широк, наричан също широко колело, широк ръб,

Стеснен ръб: външната страна е по-тесен, наричан още тясно колело, тесен ръб.

Zhonglun:ReferstoErdeWaiguo.

Theamountofwheel:referstotheouterhighandlowinside,morecommoninWangMangqian.

Cuttingedge:referstotheoutwardbevelingoftheoutercorner,whichistheoppositeofthefrontalwheel.

Edgedmoney:referstothemoneythatiswornawayfromtheouteredges.

Meat:referstothepartofthecoinwithnocharactersorpatternsbetweentheinnerandouterborders.Thethickoneiscalledthickflesh,andthethinoneiscalledthinflesh.

Day:referstotheraisedcircleonthebackofthemoney,alsoknownasJapanese

Месец: отнася се за лицевата страна на парите, изпъкналият дъх на гърба, известен също като месец, буквата, месецът Маркира, чашата нагоре се нарича Yangyue, надолу е Yanyue

Star:referstothemoneyfaceandtheraiseddotontheback,alsoknownasstartext.

Circlestar:referstotheconcavecircleonthebackofmoney.

Бременна звезда: отнася се за луната на гърба на звездата.

Lightback: препратка към Qian Wuwen, известен също като обикновен гръб, лайтбек, обикновен екран.

Closetheback:Referstothemisusedtwopiecesofmoneyforged.Moneyisavailableonbothsides.

Couple:Referstothemisuseoftwopiecesofmoneymadefromthebackfan,bothsidesaremoneyback.

Директно четене: паричните текстове са подредени в реда нагоре, надолу, наляво и надясно, наричани още последователно четене, четене по двойки.

Въртящо се четене: QianWeni подредени нагоре, надолу, наляво и надясно, наричано още четене на пръстен.

LeftReading:ReferstoQianWen чете отлявонадясно.

Biography:Referstocoinsmadeofinscribedcharactersengravedinorthographiccharacters,andtheinscriptionsonthecoinsarereversedcharacters,seenfromthepre-QintotheSixDynastiesperiod.

LiGuo: Означава, че Qian We е далече от NeiGuo

JieGuo:MeansthatQianWenisconnectedtoNeiGuo.

Secondwheel:referstoQianWenstayingawayfromtheoutsideworldandnotconnected.

Lianlun:referstotheconnectionbetweenQianwenandWaiguo.

DeepWords: Препратка към Qianwen е особено дълбока.

HiddenQiwen: Отнася се за различната дебелина на парите.

JuTou:ReferstoQianWenzhi'sheadtoNeiGuo,alsoknownasJuShou.

Напълно: Отнася се до първия външен министър на Qian Wenzhi.

Повторен текст: Отнася се за повтарящ се текст върху тялото на Qian, известен също като клатене на глава, поради повтарящи се белези върху тялото на Fan.

Shengpit:referstothenewlyunearthedmoney,thesurfaceisseriouslyoxidized.

Laoshengkeng:Pointoutthatthelong-establishedcoppercoinandcopperrustisconcealedbythehandeddowncolor.

ShuKeng:Referstoancientcoinsthathavenotbeenputintotheearth.

Handeddown:referstothecoloronthesurfaceofmoneythathasnotbeenputintotheearthintheworld.Itisgenerallybrownandshiny,alsoknownasblackpaint.

Painted:referstothecolorofcoppercoinshandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration,inadditiontoblack,therearealsobrown,darkred,orangeandyellow.

Mercuryancient:asilver-whiteoxidelayeronthesurfaceofunearthedancientcoins,alsoknownasmercuryrust,mercuryqin.

Издълбана майка:модел на монета, издълбан от мед, калай, олово, зъби, кост, дърво и други термични материали, известни също като наследствени пари.

Mothermoney:Themoneyusedasamoldduringrecastingisusuallydirectlyrecastfromtheengravingmother.

Ironmother:referstothemothercoinofcastingironcoins,whichismadeofcopper.

TieFanCopper:Coppercoinsrecastintheshapeofironcoins.

Samplemoney:samplemoneyfortrialcastingandpreliminarycasting.

Samplemoneyissuedbytheministry:thecentralgovernmentandthetwoministriesofindustrywillsuperviseandissueeachprovinceasthestandardsamplemoney.Itiscalledmothermoney.

Samplemoneyforsubmission:Thelocalgovernmentsubmitsthesamplemoneyforreviewbytherelevantauthorities.

Cuttingmoney:Thegeneraltermofcutedgemoneyandextendedringmoney,whichistocutaroundcoinintotwopiecesinsideandoutside.

Cuttingmoney:Moneythathasbeencutoutoftheouterring.Alsoknownasthetextofthepair

Bingqian:thecommonnameofWangMangshi'sthick-shapedgoodsspring.LaterintheNorthernSongDynasty,theXianpingwithawidemarginandthickshape,Xiangfumoneywasalsocalledpiemoney.

Formoney:referstomoneywithsymmetricaltexts.Thetexts,rounds,size,thickness,andcopperarethesame,butdifferentscriptsareused,buttheglyphsandgesturesarestillconsistentwitheachother,alsoknownasHehemoney.ItbeganintheSouthernTangDynastyandflourishedintheSongDynasty.

Formulawomen'smoney:ThefivebahtmoneycoinedbyEmperorLiangWuintheSouthernDynasties,alsoknownaswomen'smoney.

Мъжки пари: общото име на WangMang за Buquan.

Redmoney:ThecoppercoinsofXinjiangfoundryintheQingDynastywerenamedaftertheHongtongMountain.

Правене на пари: монетите на първоначалната династия по време на феодалната ера.

Парите се използват: монетите се използват като официална валута.

Disgustingmoney:Itisnon-usemoneyofthenatureofsuppressingevilandtakingauspiciousness.Itismostlyusedforauspiciouscelebration,beaming,worship,hanging,andwearing.Itisalsocalledwinningmoneyandbettingmoney.

Palacemoney:specialmoneyforthefestivalcelebrationsintheimperialpalaceinthefeudaleraasareward.

Платени пари: монети, носени от древни орнаменти.

Survivalmoney:ThecoinsusedasofferingsintemplesandtemplesaregenerallyhiddeninthebellyoftheBuddhastatueorhungbesidetheBuddha'sniche,alsoknownasthedirtymoneyoftheBuddha.

Springmoney:asmallgoldandsilvercoinintheYuanDynasty,usedbywomenasjewelry.

Secretplaymoney:coinswithsimplepatternsofsexualintercoursebetweenmenandwomen.

Makingmoney:Thepawninthegameofplayinghorse,alsoknownashorsemoney.

Златни пари: Медни монети, изработени от мед с четири огъня (мед, топен четири пъти) по време на династията Мин.

Firelacquer:CoppercoinsmadeofsecondfirecopperintheMingDynasty.

Въртене: Използвайте въртящо се колело за смилане на монетата.

Evilmoney:ThenameofinferiorprivatemoneyintheTangDynasty.Therearenamessuchasirontin,coppersand,copperdang,andpiercingholes.

Fixedtinmoney:AkindoftinnedironmoneythatCaiJingheldduringtheWeiZongperiodoftheNorthernSongDynasty.

QianFan:Thecoinmodel,thefrontsideofthecoinisprintedonthefrontside,andthebacksideoftheprintedcoiniscalledthebackside.