Characterrelationship
CloseErrorCorrection
LoverXuGuangping Грешка 1362254 е получена обратна връзка
WifeZhuAn Error4777048hasbeenfeedback
SonZhouHaiying Error2492347hasbeenfeedback
FatherZhouBoyi Грешка 4944360 е получена обратна връзка
MotherLurui Отчетена е грешка 11007946
TheyoungerbrotherZhouJianren Има грешка768273Обратна връзка
BrotherZhouZuoren Error253877hasbeenfeedback
GrandfatherZhouJiefu Отчетена е грешка 3946336
GrandsonZhouLingfei YesError2601288hasbeenreported
Daughter-in-lawMaXinyun Грешка 82698 е докладвана
Great-granddaughterZhouJingxin Отчетена е грешка 1510604
Sister-in-lawYuTaixinzi Отчетена е грешка8722429
MyfriendZhaoJiabi Отчетена е грешка 2505801
FriendTaiJingnong Отчетена е грешка 1820138
FriendBernardShawp> Отчетена е грешка953235
ComradeFengNaichao Отчетена е грешка 1357943
TeacherZhangTaiyan Отчетена е грешка 119131
TeacherFujinoYanKuro Error148644hasbeenfeedbacked
StudentXiaoHong Error16911hasbeenfeedbacked
StudentSunFuyuan Отчетена е грешка 1844460
Характерен опит
Младост
LuXun'syouth (3 снимки)
OnthethirddayofAugust,Xinsiyear,theseventhyearofGuangxu(September25,1881),hewasborninShaoxing,ZhejiangDongchangfangXintaimenZhoujia.TheyoungnameisAZhang,Changgen,ChangGeng,andthescientificnameisZhouZhangshou.IntheeighteenthyearofGuangxu(1892),heenteredtheSanweiBookstoreandstudiedwithShouJingwu,takingpicturesafterclass.EstablishedfriendshipwithZhangRunshui.
Inthe19thyearofGuangxu(1893),hisgrandfatherZhouJiefuwasimprisonedbecauseofanaccident,andhisfatherZhouBoyibecameseriouslyill.Everydayforhisfatherinandoutofqualityshopsandpharmacies,hewascold-eyed.
През 22-та година на Гуансю (1896) баща му умира. Семейната ситуация се влошава. Започва да пише дневник тази година.
Inthetwenty-thirdyearofGuangxu(1897),thefamilyhadameetingtodividetheroomandgaveLuXunthepoorandsmallones.LuXunrefusedtosignandwasreprimandedbyhisuncles.
Проучване на стремежа
По време на престоя на LuXun в Япония (5 снимки)
InAprilofthe24thyearofGuangxu(1898),heenteredthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver.TeacherAcademy,renamedZhouShuren.InDecember,Iwasurgedbymyuncletotakethecountyexam.Afterwinningtheranking,hestoppedtakingthegovernmentexamonthegroundsthathisfourthbrotherwasill,andcontinuedtostudyinJiangning.Inthetwenty-fifthyearofGuangxu(1899),hewastransferredtotheMiningRailwaySchoolattachedtotheJiangnanLushiSchooltolearnaboutmining.Duringthisperiod,hecameintocontactwithHuxley's"TianYanLun",whichhadacertaininfluenceonhislaterthinking.Inadditiontoreadingnewbooks,heloveshorseridinganddarestocompetewiththechildrenofQirenonhorseback.
InJanuaryofthe28thyearofGuangxu(1902),IgraduatedfromtheMiningRoadSchool.InMarch,togetherwithLiSuizhiandQianJunfu,wenttoJapantostudyatpublicexpense.InApril,IenteredtheJiangnanClassofHongwenCollegeGeneralCourse(aJapaneselanguagelearningcrashclass),andthethreeofthemwereinthesameclassinthesamedormitory.
Putthepigtailsinthe29thyearofGuangxu(1903).Afterclass,Iliketoreadbooksonphilosophyandliterature,payingparticularattentiontoissuesofhumannatureandnationalnature.
През април 30-та година на Гуансю (1904) той завършва колеж Хонгуен. През юни дядо му Джи Фудид е на шестдесет и осем години. През септември постъпва в Медицински колеж Сендай (сега университет Тохоку, Япония), завършва и се запознава с Фуджино Янкуро.
InJanuaryofthethirty-secondyearofGuangxu(1906),watchingthe"Japanese-RussianWarEducationalFilm"duringthebreakwasdeeplystimulatedanddecidedtoabandonmedicineandgotoliterature.InJune,thestudentstatuswasincludedintheGermanlanguageschoolsetupbythe"TokyoSoleLanguageAssociation".Insummerandautumn,hewasdeceivedtoreturntoChinatomarryZhuAn.SoonhereturnedtoJapan.InJuly,hereturnedtoTokyofromSendai,nolongerenrolledinschool,andspecializedinliteraryandartistictranslationwork.Inthefollowingyears,helearnedGermanandRussianindifferentways.
През тридесет и четвъртата година на Гуансю (1908) той учи от г-н Джан Тайян, беше същият член на „Обществото за възстановяване“ и преведе „Колекция от чужди романи“ с втория си брат, писател. Живот.
През първата година на Xuantong (1909) са публикувани два тома от "Колекция от чуждестранни романи".
Объркан и разстроен
InAugustofthefirstyearofXuantong(1909),hereturnedtoChinaandservedasateacherofphysiologyandchemistryinHangzhouandZhejiangNormalSchoolsandaJapaneseteacherofSuzukiKanshou’sbotanytranslation.
През август на втората година на Xuantong (1910) той работи като учител и надзирател в средното училище Shaoxing. През 1911 г. той написва първия си роман „Носталгия“ на класически китайски.
InthefirstyearoftheRepublicofChina(1912),theProvisionalGovernmentwasestablishedinNanjing.AttheinvitationoftheDirectorofEducationCaiYuanpei,heservedastheChiefoftheFirstSectionoftheSocialEducationDepartmentoftheMinistryofEducation.InAugust,hewasappointedbythePresidentasamemberoftheMinistryofEducationoftheBeijingGovernment.Fromthisyearto1917,hecopiedalargenumberofancientsteles,compiledinscriptionsoninscriptionsonstonesteles,andproofreadtheancientbooks,amongwhichhealsoconductedcertainresearchonBuddhistthought.
InthesixthyearoftheRepublicofChina(1917),onJuly7th,ZhangXunresignedduetochaosandresigned.Onthe14th,hereturnedtotheMinistrywhenthechaoswassettled.
InJanuaryoftheseventhyearoftheRepublicofChina(1918),heparticipatedinthereorganizationof"NewМладост"andservedasaneditorialboardmember.
Пионер в литературния свят
Речта на LuXun "WhathappenedafterNoraisgone" (2 снимки)
MayintheseventhyearoftheRepublicofChina(1918),PublishedunderthepseudonymLuXun,thefirstvernacularshortstorywritteninamodernstyleinthehistoryofmodernChineseliterature,"TheDiaryofaMadman",whichwaspublishedin"NewМладост"Volume4,No.5.IntheninthyearoftheRepublicofChina(1920),hetaughtthehistoryofChinesenovelsatPekingUniversityandBeijingNormalSchool.InJune,hereadtheChineseversionoftheCommunistManifestoandpraisedthetranslator.InSeptember,publishedthenovel"Storm".
InAugustofthetwelfthyearoftheRepublicofChina(1923),thecollectionofnovels"Scream"waspublished;heseparatedfromhisyoungerbrotherZhouZuorenandmovedtoNo.61XisitaHutong.Thereasonfortheseparationisunknown.InDecember,hegaveaspeechon"WhathappenedafterNorawasgone",andconcurrentlyservedasateacherofWomen'sNormalUniversityandEsperantoSchool;thefirstvolumeof„Кратка история на китайските романи“waspublished.
През юли на тринадесетата година на Китайската република (1924 г.) отидох в Си'ант на лекция за "Историческите промени на китайските романи".
DemocracyFighter
Inthe14thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1925),the"WomenTeachers"wasfurtherescalated.LuXunwasrelievedofhispostbytheChiefEducationOfficerZhangShizhaoforsupportingthejuststruggleofprogressivestudents.Inthesameyear,LuXunsuedZhangShizhaotothePingzhengyuan.
InMarchofthe15thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1926),the"March18thMassacre"occurred.InApril,LuXun's"DeathPlace"and"RemembranceofLiuHezhen"criticizedDuanQirui'sgovernmentforslaughteringstudents.HewashunteddownandtookrefugeinYamamotoHospital.Duringtheasylumperiod,hecontinuedtoworkhard.InAugust,"Wandering"waspublishedandwenttoXiamenUniversityasaprofessorintheDepartmentofChineseLanguageandLiterature.ResignedinDecember.
Inthe16thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1927),hewenttoteachatSunYat-senUniversityinJanuary.InMarch,metwithChenYannian,secretaryoftheCPCGuangdongandGuangxidistrictcommittees.OnApril1,hewenttotheWhampoaMilitaryAcademytodeliveraspeech"LiteratureintheRevolutionaryEra".Onthe12th,the"April12counter-revolutionarycoup"tookplace.Onthe29th,therescuedprogressivestudentsresignedwithoutsuccess.InAugust,published"WeiJinStyleandtheRelationshipbetweenArticlesandMedicineandLiquor".InSeptember,hewrotetoTaiJingnong,refusingtobeacandidatefortheNobelPrizeinLiterature,leavingGuangzhouforShanghai,andbeganlivingtogetherwithXuGuangpinginShanghai.InDecember,therewasadisputewithLiangShiqiuandothersonthe"thirdperson"andthe"freeperson."
InthespringoftheseventeenthyearoftheRepublicofChina(1928),heparticipatedintheChineseRevolutionaryMutualAidSociety.Thisyear,IstartedadebatewithmostmembersoftheCreationSocietyandtheSunSocietyontheissueof"revolutionaryliterature".Thisyear,IbegantocollectandtranslateMarxistworks.Atthesametime,hebegantoadvocaterevolutionaryartandthemodernwoodcutmovement.
OnSeptember27intheeighteenthyearoftheRepublicofChina(1929),XuGuangpinggavebirthtoason,andLuXunnamedhim"ZhouHaiying".Attheendoftheyear,withFengXuefengseveraltimestonegotiatetheformationofthe"ChineseLeft-wingWritersLeague."
LeftLeagueLeader
InFebruaryofthe19thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1930),theChinaFreedomMovementLeaguewasestablished.Asoneofthepromoters.OnMarch2,attendedtheinauguralmeetingoftheChineseLeft-wingWritersLeagueandwaselectedasastandingcommitteemembertogiveaspeechon"OpinionsontheLeft-wingWritersLeague".
OnJanuary20thinthe20thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1931),RouShiwasarrestedandLuXuntookrefugeinhisapartment.Returntotheoldapartmentonthe28th.
Погребението на г-н LuXun (9 снимки)
OnJanuary29,the21styearoftheRepublicofChina(1932),therewasawarinthelineoffire.ShetookrefugeintheUchiyamaBookstorethenextday.OnFebruary6,escortedbyafriendoftheNeishanBookstoretotheNeishanbranchintheBritishconcessionfortemporaryshelter.Initiatedthe"SpringFieldArtResearchInstitute"withAiQingandothers.InJanuaryofthe22ndyearoftheRepublicofChina(1933),CaiYuanpeiinvitedhimtojointhe"ChinaCivilRightsProtectionLeague"andwaselectedasanexecutivemember.OnFebruary17,CaiYuanpeiinvitedtoSoongChingLing'shousetowelcomeBernardShaw.ImissRouShias"ACommemorationforOblivion".
През януари на 23-тата година на Китайската република (1934 г.) е публикувана "Пекинската книга с анотации", редактирана съвместно с Джън Джъндуо. През май е публикувана дърворезбата с предговор "YinYuJi".
Преводът на "Мъртвата душа" на Гогол започна през февруари на 24-та година на Китайската република (1935). През юни интегрира "Поредица от нова литература · Вторият епизод от романи" и написа дълъг предговор.
InJanuaryofthe25thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1936),severepainsappearedintheshouldersandribs,andthelastinnovativework"NewStories"waspublished.InFebruary,begantotranslatethesecondpartof"Мъртви души".OnMay15hehadarelapse,thedoctordiagnosedastomachproblem,butthefeverhasnothealedsincethen.OnMay31,Ms.SmedleyinvitedtheAmericandoctorDengtomakeadiagnosis,butthesituationwasnotoptimistic.InJune,hisbodyimprovedslightly,andLuXunandthepeoplearoundhimthoughtthat"Mr.LuXuniswell".Iwrote"AnAnswertotheTrotskyites"onJune9th,"AnAnswertoXuMaoyongandQuestionsabouttheAnti-JapaneseUnitedFront"onAugust5th,and"TwoorThreeThingsRemindedbyMr.TaiYan"inOctober,October17Theolddiseaserelapsed,andthediseasebrokeoutbeforedawnonthe18th.
Персонажът почина
Той почина в 5:25 сутринта на 19 октомври 1936 г.
Личен живот
Членове на семейството
LuXunfamilymembers (9 снимки)
ZhouJiefu:LuXun'sgrandfather(1838—1904),therealnameZhifu,laterchangeditsnametoFuqing,thewordZhensheng,thenameisJiefu,thenumberoneMeixian.BorninHanlin,hewasonceexpatriatedasthemagistrateofJinxiCounty,JiangxiProvince,andwaslaterimprisonedduetoanimprisonmentcase,whichcausedtheZhoufamilytodecline.ZhouJiefu's"propositionandpracticeoffreereading"has"openedagapintheclosedsystemoftraditionaleducation"forLuXun.Jiang: доведената баба на LuXun (1842-1910), доведената съпруга на ZhouJiefu, доведената майка на ZhouBoyi, LuXun лично се погрижи за погребението за нея, когато тя почина. Тя изми хумористични и често разказвани народни истории на LuXun и му даде народна култура.
PanDafeng:LuXun'sgrandmother(orAuntPan),ZhouJiefu'sconcubine.
ZhouBoyi: Бащата на LuXun (1861-1896), чието истинско име е ZhouFengyi, се нарича Boyi. Той беше отворен и симпатизиращ на движението за западнячество. По-късно той беше объркан с болестта и болестта му накара LuXunt да изпита трудностите и трудностите на живота.
Неговото семейство: баба LuXun, от град Gaofu, окръг Kuaiji, редактирано от баща му He Yuanjie за Имперската академия.
LuRui: Майката на LuXun (1858—1943), тя беше кожа и решителна, любезна и смела и мислите й бяха сравнително отворени, което оказа голямо влияние върху LuXun.
ZhouZuoren: Вторият брат на LuXun (1885-1967), известен преди като ZhouXiashou, известен модерен есеист.
DuanGu:SisterLuXun,shediedbeforeshewasoneyearold,aboutoneyearolderthanZhouJianren.
ZhouJianren: Третият брат на LuXun (1888-1984), предишно име Zhou Songshou, абиолог.
ZhouChunshou: Четвъртият брат на LuXun (1892-1898) умира, когато той е на 6 години.
Zhuan: Luxun'slegalWife (1878—1947), AnativeFdingJialane, Shanyin, Zhejiang (Nowdingxianglane, ShaoxingCity), женен за 25 години.
XuGuangping:Словител на LuXun (1898-1968), родом от Panyu, Гуангдонг, беше ученик на LuXun. Тя се погрижи за живота на LuXun до края на живота й.
ZhouHaiying:SonofLuXunandXuGuangping(1929-2011),radioexpert.
Емоционално преживяване
BrothersDiscord
Inhispersonallife,twothingshithimhard.Oneishismarriedlife,andtheotherishisdisharmonywithhisyoungerbrotherZhouZuoren.LuXunandZhouZuorenhavealwaysbeenreluctanttotalkaboutthismattertoothers,whichhasmadethismattermoreandmoreconfusingandhasbecomethemostincomprehensibleeventinthehistoryofmodernChineseliterature.Overtheyears,theresearchcommunityhasformedthreeviewpoints:"economictheory","disrespecttheory",and"familydisputetheory".Thefirst"economictheory"isthatZhouZuoren'swifeYuTaixinzispenttoomuchmoney,causingthefamilytomakeendsmeet,andfinallycausinggapsbetweenthebrothers.ThesecondargumentisthatLuXunhadanaffairwithXinzi,whichcausedtheZhoubrotherstofeud.ThethirdargumentisthateveryoneintheZhoufamilyisdissatisfiedwithXinzi,causingtensioninthebrotherhood.Asfarasthedenialof"brothers'discord"isduetotheideologicaldifferencesbetweenthetwo,thesethreepointsofviewareconsistent.Butotherthanthat,theacademicresearchbasicallyhasn'tmademuchprogress,andthethreeviewpointscan'treallyconvincereaders.
Брак и любов
InLuXun’slife,hewasmarriedormarriedtotwowomen.Theloverelationship.First,whenhewas26yearsold,hereturnedtoShaoxingfromJapantomarryMs.ShanyinZhu'anundertheauspicesofhismother,LuRui;LuXundidnotreleaseitwithhersincehemarriedZhuAnuntilhisdeath.Thiskindofmaritalrelationship(LuXunknewthatoncehedivorcedhiswife,ZhuAnwouldsufferdeathorinhumanexperience,sohedidnotdivorce).DuringLuXun’stimeoutside,ZhuAnhasbeentakingcareofLuXun’smother’slifewithoutcomplaints;thesecondisWhenhewas47yearsold,hearrivedinShanghaifromGuangzhouandlivedwithXuGuangping,Panyu,whohadfollowedhimforalongtime.AfterLuXun'sdeath,Ms.ZhuAn,likeComradeXuGuangping,maintainednormalcontactwithsocietyasLuXun'ssurvivorformorethantenyears.
PersonalWorks
Колекция от романи
„Писък“ през август 1923 г., публикувано от Beijing Xinchao NewsAgency
"Скитане" август 1926 г., Пекин BeixinBookstore
"Нови истории" 1936 г., Shanghai CulturalLife PublishingHouse
Колекция от есета
EachofthecompleteworksofLuXunListofkindsofeditions(5photos)
TheessayscreatedbyLuXunbeforehisdeathwerecompiledandpublishedbyCaiYuanpeiandXuGuangping.Afterhisdeath,theywereincludedinthefirsteditionofLuXun'scompleteworks.However,thetimeisrushed,anditisinevitabletobeleftbehind,1948In1952,TangTaocompiledandpublished"SupplementtotheCompleteWorksofLuXun"and"SupplementtotheCompleteWorksofLuXun".ThesearticleswerelaterincludedinvariousversionsofLuXun'scompleteworksindifferentclassifications.Therearemanynames,andthefollowingarebasedonthe2005editionof"TheCompleteWorksofLuXun"byPeople'sLiteraturePublishingHouse.NameofWork | Информация за първото издание | Име на работа | Информация за първото издание |
|---|---|---|---|
"Гроб" | Март 1927 г., Weiming Society | "Горещ вятър" | 1925 ноември 2008 г., Пекин Книжарница Beixin |
„TheHuagaiCollection“ | Август 1926 г., книжарница Beijing Beixin | „TheHuagaiCollectionSequel“ | May1927,BeijingBeixinBookstore |
Тези продължение към продължението | 1948 г., Шанхайска издателска компания | "JustCollection" | Октомври 1928 г., книжарница Shanghai Beixin |
"SanxianJi" | Септември 1932 г., Шанхайска книжарница Beixin | „Колекция Nanqiangbei“ | Април 1934 г., същата книжарница в Шанхай |
"TwoHeartsCollection" | |||
p> | 1932 г., Шанхайска книжарница Hezhong | "дантелена литература" | Юни 1936 г., книжарница Shanghai Lianhua |
"ПсевдоБезплатна книга" | Октомври 1933 г., Шанхайска книжарница Qingguang | "ZhunfengyueTan" | Декември 1934 г., книжарница Shanghai Lianhua |
„Есета на Qiejieting“ | July1937,ShanghaiSanxianBookstore | „QiejietingEssayTwoCollection“ | July1937,ShanghaiSanxianBookstore |
Последната компилация от есета на Qijieting | July1937,ShanghaiSanxianBookstore p> | 《Jiwaiji》 | 1935 През май, Shanghai MassBookCompany |
„Колекция Jiwaiji“ | 1938, The Complete Works of LuXun PublishingHouse | "SupplementtoJiwaiji" | 1952 г., Шанхайска издателска компания |
Горната информация е съставена от |
Преводачески работи
Преводачески работи | Информация за първото издание | Преводачески работи | Информация за първото издание | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
《WallNextTranslationCollection" | Април 1929 г., Шанхайска книжарница Beixin | „Колекция от модерни японски романи“ | Юни 1923 г., ShanghaiCommercialPress | |
"Въпроси на модерната нова литература" | ||||
p> | Април 1929 г., ShanghaiDajiangBookstore | "PeachyCloud" | July1923,BeijingXinchaoClub | |
"Теория на изкуството" | Юни 1929 г., книжарница ShanghaiDajiang | "Символ на депресия" | Декември 1924 г., Пекин Неназовано общество | |
Литература и критика | Юни 1929 г., книжарница ShanghaiShuimo | "OutoftheIvoryTower" | Декември 1925 г., Beijing Weiming Society | |
"Пътуване до Луната" | 1903, TokyoEvolutionSociety, Япония | "Малкият Джон" | Януари 1928 г., Beijing Weiming Society | |
"WorkerSuihuiluofu" | Май 1922 г., ShanghaiCommercialPress | „Мисли·Пейзаж·Герои》 | Май 1928 г., Пекин, Нова Зеландия, книжарница | |
„Превод на поредица от модерни романи“ | Юли 1922 г., ShanghaiCommercialPressLibrary | „Модерни тенденции в историята на изкуството“ | 1929, книжарница Beixin | |
"Приказките на Айрошенко" | Юли 1922 г., ShanghaiCommercialPress | "Малкият Петър" | Ноември 1929 г., книжарница Шанхай Чунчао | |
"Политика за литература и изкуство" | Юни 1930 г., книжарница ShanghaiShuimo | "Теория на изкуството" | July1930,ShanghaiGuanghuaBookstore | |
"разрушаване" | Септември 1931 г., ShanghaiDajiangBookstore | "арфа" | 1933 септември, Шанхай LiangyouBookCompany | |
"Октомври" | Февруари 1933 г., Shanghai ShenzhouGuoguangSociety | "OneDay'sWork" | Март 1933 г., ShanghaiLiangyouBookCompany | |
《表》 | Юли 1935 г., книжарница Shanghai CulturalLife | "Руски приказки" | Август 1935 г., книжарница Shanghai CulturalLife | |
"Мъртви души" | През 1938 г. Shanghai CulturalLife PublishingHouse | „Лоши деца и други анекдоти“ | Юни 1936 г., книжарница Shanghai Lianhua | |
растения и други" | Юни 1936 г., ShanghaiCommercialPress | "Планинско народно пастирско пеене" | p> | През 1938 г. Пълният сбор на произведенията на издателство LuXun |
„Допълнение за превод“ | Март 2008 г., FujianEducationPress | |||
"Пътуване под земята" | March1906,ShanghaiPopularBookstoreandNanjingQixinBookstore | |||
Колекцията от извънтериториални романи | март 1909 г., том първи; юли 1909 г., том втори, съставен и преведен от братята Джоу в Куайджи, публикуван от Джоу Шурен, неизвестен издател | |||
Горната информация е съставена от |
Академични монографии
„Кратка история на китайските романи“ | Декември 1923 г., том I; юни 1924 г., том II, PekingUniversityNewWavePublishingHouse |
„Очертание на историята на китайската литература“ | През 1938 г. Пълният сбор на произведенията на издателство LuXun,organizedbytheCommitteeoftheCompleteWorksofLuXun |
„Историческите промени на китайските романи“ | 1938TheCompleteWorksofLuXunPublishingHouseandtheCompleteWorksCommitteeofLuXunorganizeditin2009> |
Произведения на изкуството
Дизайн на корицата (избрано) | Емблема на училището на Пекинския университет (луксозна оригинална версия) | ThedesignofthenationalemblemintheearlyRepublicofChina |
|---|---|---|
Самосимвол (бухал) | Картина (бухал) | Копиране |
|---|---|---|
Други произведения
Име на работа | Информация за първото издание | Забележки |
|---|---|---|
"Дива трева" | July1927,BeijingXinchaoClub | Колекция от стихове в проза |
„Бирането на сутрешното цвете“ | September1928,BeipingWeimingSociety | ProseCollection |
„Колекция от предговор и послепис от древна книга“ | През 1938 г. Пълният сбор на произведенията на издателство LuXun | CompiledandcompiledbytheCommitteeoftheCompleteWorksofLuXun |
Предговорът и следният текст на преводите | През 1938 г. Пълният сбор на произведенията на издателство LuXun | LuXunCompiledandeditedbythecommitteeofthecompleteworks |
"Книга на две места" | 1933,ShanghaiМладостGuangshuBureau | Колекция от писма от LuXun и XuGuangping |
"LuXun'sLetters" | In1937,SanxianBookstore | XuGuangpingarrangedit |
"Дневникът на Луксун" | 1951 г., Шанхайска издателска компания | Събрано от XuGuangping |
Горното е организирано от |
Ръкописът на LuXun
"LuXun ManuscriptSeries" (15 тома), издателство "Народна литература", 2014;
CharacterEvaluation
Положителна оценка
MaoZedongClassrevolutionist):"LuXun'sbonesarethehardest,hedoesn'thavetheslightestsenseofslaveryorcharm.Thisisthemostpreciouscharacterofthecolonialandsemi-colonialpeople.LuXunisanationalheroontheculturalfront."LuXunisthemasteroftheChineseCulturalRevolution.Heisnotonlyagreatwriter,butalsoagreatthinkerandagreatrevolutionary.""
KimYangshou(Koreanliterarycritic):"ThewriterwhooccupiesthelargestterritoryonthemapofEastAsiancultureinthe20thcentury."
AlexanderAlexandrovichFadeyev,SovietUnionWriter):"LuXunisatrueChinesewriter.Becauseofthis,hehascontributedalotofnationalandinimitableworkstotheworld’sliterature.Hislanguageisinafolkstyle.AlthoughhisironyandhumorarecommontomankindHischaracter,butitalsohasnationalcharacteristicsthatcannotbeimitated."HealsocommentedonLuXunas"China’sGorky."
GuoMoruo(Poet,Scholar):"LuXunisarevolutionarythinkerandanepoch-makingliteratureandart.Awriterisahistorianwhoseekstruthfromfacts,aneducatorwholeadsbyexample,andaninternationalistwholongsfortheliberationofmankind."
ЙошимиТакеучи (ТакеучиЙошими, японски литературен критик): „LuXunisaсъвременен китайски гражданин, майката на културата.“
Неутрална оценка
HuShi(modernthoughtenlightenmentist):"LuXunisaliberalandwillneverbesuccumbedtoexternalforces.LuXunisourperson"
WangMeng(theformerMinisterofCultureoftheRepublic,afamouscontemporarywriter):"IsittoogoodforourwriterstobelikeLuXun?Notnecessarilyatall.ItisaverygreatthingtohaveLuXunintheliteraryworld.WhatiftherearefiftyLuXun?MyGod!"
XiaZhiqing (китайско-американски, известен литературен историк): „Като цяло, LuXunisatthe milostofhisera, не е ментор и сатира на времето.“
Отрицателна оценка
ChengFangwu(proletarianrevolutionist):"WeChinesehaveacommonproblem.Whennovelsbecomepopular,weusewhateverwordsareItiscalledanovel,whichiseasytomisunderstand.Theauthorisadmiredbythousandsofpeople,andhisinfluenceonordinaryyoungpeopleisgreat.Iamparticularlydissatisfiedwithhimlikethis."
JiangMenglin (бивш президент на Пекинския университет, модерен педагог): „Доколкото знам, ранните му произведения, като „Дневникът на лудия“ и „Истинската история на AhQ“, бяха наистина за забавление, танцуваха и използваха питие и сатиризираха старата етика и социалния статус.
WangShuo(contemporarywriter):"IhaveneverfeltthatLuXun’snovelsarewellwritten,andhisnovelsaretoodull.LuXun’skindofpositiveinthe1920sand1930sThevernaculartextthatisinitsinfancyandhasnotcompletelyseparatedfromtheinfluenceofclassicalChineseisalsoalittlelumpy,anditisalwaysabitambiguoustoread."
Художествени характеристики
Нови функции
"Дневникът на лудия" дърворезба, рисувана от ZhaoYannian (6 снимки)
LuXun'snovelsareuniqueintheirselectionofmaterials.Inthechoiceofsubjectmatter,LuXunonlyselects"thewarriorandthetactician,thethief,themonster,themonsterThemodelofgods,talentedmenandbeautifulwomen,laterprostitutesandclients,andrascalslaves”hasbeenreformed,withtheconceptof“forlifeThe"Enlightenment-style"creationpurposecreatedthetwomainthemesofmodernliterature"showingfarmersandintellectuals".Hismaterialsare"mostlytakenfromtheunfortunatepeopleinamorbidsociety."LuXunhasanextremelyuniqueperspectivewhendealingwiththesesubjects.Whenobservingandexpressinghisprotagonist,hehashisownuniqueperspective,thatis, healwayspaysattentiontothemental"sickness"ofintellectualsandfarmersin"pathologicalsociety".Therefore,in"Hometown",themostshockingthingisnotRuntu'slaterpoverty,butthenumbnessoftheheartshownbyhis"Master".Theexcavationofintellectualthemesalsofocusedontheirtraumaandcrisis.Forexample,"OntheRestaurant"sawthattheheroeswhofoughtaloneintheRevolutionof1911couldnotescapetheirlonelyfate,andunderthepressureofpowerfulfeudaltraditionsBacktotheorigin,consuminghislifeinthedepression.ThesereformsofLuXunin"Hell"and"Wandering"evolvedintotwoplotsandstructuralmodelsof"seeing/ да бъдеш наблюдаван" и "да се завърнеш у дома". В романа "Showing the Public", действията на всички са само "гледане", а връзката е само "наблюдаване" и "да бъдеш наблюдаван." Това формира бинарна опозиция между "наблюдаване" и "да бъдеш наблюдаван." "KongYiji", "Благословия" и други романи са показани. В "Завръщане у дома" mode,LuXunnotonlytellsthestoriesofothersbutalsotellshisownstories.Thetwopermeateandinfluenceeachothertoformapolyphony.Thetriplerelationshipof"LuTown".Thisrelationshipcontainsboththestoryof"I"and"LuTown",aswellasthestoryofMrs.XianglinandLuTown.However,readersoftenignoretheformer.Theformerspeaksofan"eternaldrifter".Story,thelattertellsastoryaboutcannibalisminfeudalsociety.Thetwostoriesareconnectedintandem,usingXianglin'swifetoquestionthesoulof"I",thusrevealingtheinnerconnectionbetween"I" и традиционния дух на Лъжен. Подобни на този модел романи включват "Роден град", "Самотният" и "В ресторанта".
Тези към "Нови истории" (12 снимки)
Inaddition,ontheonehand,LuXunhasbeenexploringtheformofthesubjectinfiltratingthenovel.In"OntheRestaurant"and"TheLonelyMan",thenarrator"I"andthecharactersinthenovelaretheexternalizationoftwodifferentsidesof"self"ortwosidesofinnercontradiction,sothewholestoryhasaselfsoulThenatureofdialogueandmutualrefutation.Ontheotherhand,LuXunisalsopursuingasubtleandrestrainedexpression,aswellasasimpleandcondensedlanguagestyle.Heoncesaid,"Itrytoavoidthenaggingofwriting.Ionlyaskforthemeaningtobepassedontoothers.Iwouldratherhavenofoil."Inthisregard,whenintroducinghisexperienceinwritingnovels,healsosaid,"Drawapersonsparingly.It’sbesttodrawhiseyes.”“InoldChinesedramas,thereisnobackground.ThereareonlyafewmainpeopleonthedecorativepapersoldtochildrenintheNewYear(butthedecorativepaperhasalotofbackground).IamconvincedthatFormypurpose,thismethodisappropriate.”ThisalsoshowsthatLuXunemphasizedthespiritualoutlookofthecharacterswhendescribingthecharacters,andpaidgreatattentiontotheartistictasteofthefarmersinthedescription.LuXunstudiedtheartisticcharacteristicsofolddramasandNewYearpaintingsthatfarmersliked,andusedtheminhisownartisticcreations,makinghisnovelsshowstrongnationalcharacteristics.Andhehasextensivelyborrowedfromtheartisticexperienceofpoetry,prose,music,art,andevendramatocreatenovels,andtriedtointegratethemintoonefurnace,so"poeticnovels"("SorrowsforthePast","SocialOpera",etc.)andprosestylesappeared.Novels("RabbitandCat","Duck'sComedy",etc.),even"dramaticnovels"("RiseofDeath",etc.),etc.Inthe1930s,LuXun’screativeenergywasmainlyfocusedonessays,buthedidnotforgetthecreationofnovelsandcontributedtohislastinnovativework"NewStories".ThiscollectionofnovelsstillshowsLuXun'suninhibitedimaginationandpowerfulcreativity:ithasanewimpactonthecreationnormsofmodernChinesenovelscreatedin"Scream"and"Wandering",lookingfornewbreakthroughs.In"NewStories",LuXunconsciouslybroketheboundariesoftimeandspace,andadoptedthe"mixtureofancientandmodern"methods:Inadditiontothehistoricalrecordsofthemaincharactersinthenovel,healsocreatedsomeminordramaticinterspersedcharacters.Alotofmodernlanguage,plotanddetailsareaddedtowordsanddeeds.Usemodernlanguagetoplayfreely,mockandexposerealityina"slick"posture.Atthesametime,therearetwocolorsandintonationmelodiesof"solemn"and"absurdity"inmanyarticles,whichcomplementeachotherandpermeatethedissolution.Forexample,in"MendingtheSky",Nuwawasyearningforthegrandeurandmagnificencewhenshecreatedhumanbeings.Attheend,posteritycampedonthebellyofdeadcorpsesunderthebannerof"creatingman,repairingthesky",whichisextremelyabsurd.ThisabsurdityThegreatnessofthepreviousarticlehasdisappeared,andtransformedintoakindofhistoricalsadness.
Характеристики на есетата
Inhislife,LuXundevotedmostofhislifeandeffortstothecreationofessays,especiallyinthelateryearsofhismostmaturethinking.Hisessaysareextremelycritical.LuXunoncedividedtheessaysinto"socialcriticism"and"civilizedcriticism",andwhatheemphasizedwastheconnotationandfunctionof"criticism".Readingthroughthe14collectionsofessayspublishedbyLuXunduringhislifetime,youcanseeachronicleofideologicalandculturalstrugglesthatconstantlycriticizes,debates,andcounterattacks...CriticismandcontroversywiththeRetroistscontinuedtotheprotestofthefascistdictatorshipoftheKuomintanggovernmentin"TheLastPartofQijieting'sEssays"andthecounterattackagainstthe"Left"lineoftheChineseCommunistParty.LuXun’sessaysshowtheunyieldingspiritof"don’tconquertheenemy,neverendthewar",whichisfundamentallycontrarytotheChinesecultureandthetraditionsof“forgiveness”and“thegoldenmean”ofChineseintellectualsandscholar-officialculture.TherebelliousnessandheterogeneityofLuXun'speopleandwritings.
LuXunessaycollection
LuXun’scriticismisdifferentfromordinarythoughtreviews.Healwaysfocuseshiscriticismonpeople,theirpsychologyandsoul:thisisakindofcarefromawriter.AsLuXunhimselfsaid:"Myhabitsarenotverygood,andwheneverIrefusetobelievewhatisonthesurface,"Ioftenhave"suspicions."Therefore,whathepaysmostattentiontoispeople'sconcealedmentalstate,andeventhementalstatethathecan'tconsciouslyrealizehimself.Forexample,intheessay"On"Fucking"",LuXunseesthedistortedandunavoidablementalityofresistancecausedbythefeudalhierarchyandfamilysystembehindthe"nationalcurse"thatChinesepeopleareaccustomedto.LuXunalsoproposedthe"push-back"wayofthinking,thatis,"lookatthepositiveandnegativeside".Basedonthis,hewrotesomeessays,suchas"XiaoZagan":"Ifyouclaimtobeathief,youdon'tneedtoguardagainstit,butyouareagoodperson;Therighteousgentlemanmustguardagainstit,theoppositeisthethieves":Thisissodeeptothepointthatitiscreepy,andnaturallyitisalso"venomous."LuXun’sessaythinkingisalsonon-standardized.Heoftengoesbeyondtheconventionalthinkinglinetofindnewwaysandingenuity,openingupnewideas,suchasinthefamousacademicessay"WeiJinStyleandtheRelationshipbetweenArticlesandMedicineandLiquor"Basedonthislineofthinking,adifferentconclusioncanbedrawn:JiandRuan’sdestructionofethicsisonlyasuperficialphenomenon,butinfactitisamanifestationofexcessivelove.LuXun’sessaysaresharpandvenomousandunacceptable.Italsoliesinhisimagination,whichalsoviolatesthe“conventional”(association).Ontheonehand,LuXunconnectspeopleandthingsthatseemtobethefurthestawayinappearanceandform,andseemtobeimpossibletoconnect.Together:Discovertheinterlinkageof"God"inthehugecontrastof"Shape";ontheotherhand,wecandiscoverandfeeltheuniqueconnectionbetweenhistoryandreality.In"TheCrisisoftheEssay","Thefireworkgirlcannolongerpullherbusinessinthelane,soshehastoapplygreaseandpowderandcomeontheroadatnight".Inthisway,oneendisthenoblemanandhishall,andtheotherendisthe"mostuncleanplace"ontheground.UnderLuXun'sinvolvement,the"sacred""joy"andthe"elegant""vulgarization"havebeenachieved.
Реликвите на LuXun (ShanghaiLuXunMemorialCollection)(8 снимки)
"Specificandindividualpeopleandthingsareexcludedfromindividuality,specificity,andparticularity,Makeageneralmeaning,understandtheoverallgeneralization,andaddabriefname,whichisupgradedtoa"specimen"of"thiskind"by"thisone",whileretainingtheimageandspecificcharacteristics,becomingtheunityof"one"and"kind""ThisisthebasicmethodusedbyLuXunwhenconductingcontroversies.InLuXun's14essaycollectionsduringhislifetime,manywonderfulandtypicalimageswerecreated,suchas"Ba'erDog","XiZai","ForemanoftheRevolution"andsoon.Theseimagesareoftenatypeofsocietyextractedbydissectingsomeone’swordsanddeedsatonetimeandoneplaceasatypicalphenomenon,"attackonepoint,butnottherest",andthusextractatypeofsociety.Theseimageshavethemeaningoftimeandspace,whichalsomakesThistypeof"commonname"haslong-termartisticvitality,justlikeAhQandXianglin'swifeinLuXun'snovels.Inlinewiththeunconstrainednatureofthought,thelanguageofLuXun'sessaysisalsounrestrainedandextremelycreative.LuXun'sessayscanbesaidtohavebroughttheexpressiveandlyricalfunctionsofChinesetotheextreme.Inhisessays:orthemixtureoforalandclassicalChinesesentencepatterns;orthecrossapplicationofparallelismandrepetitivesituations;ortheinterlacingoflongsentencesandshortsentences,declarativesentencesandrhetoricalquestions,mixingthesimplicityofproseandthebeautyandmomentumofparallelprose.Itcanbedescribedas"affectionateandprosperous."Forexample,in"RememberLiuHezhen":"Arealwarrior,daretofacethebleaklife,anddaretofacethedrippingblood."Heartyandimpressive.Ontheotherhand,thelanguageofLuXun’sessaysisanti-normative.Hedeliberatelydestroysgrammaticalrules,violatesconventionalusage,andcreatesaninharmonious"contradictorystyle"inordertobreakthebondageoflanguagetoideas,andatthesametimeachieveabsurdityandabsurdity.Qijun'saestheticeffect.Forexample,hesometimesorganizeswordswithoppositemeaningsorincompatiblewordstogether,whichisprofoundlyillogical:"reasonableoppression","kneelingrebellion","gallopingonyoungplants"andsoon.
Характеристики на прозата
BookShadows (6 снимки)
LuXunhasnotmanyessays,butitcanbesaidtobeexcellent.ThesechaptersContainedin"PickUptheFlowerintheEvening"and"Weeds"."ComeintheMorning"isLuXun’sreviewofhischildhoodandadolescence.Itisarecollectionoftheauthor’sadolescentlife,includinghischildhoodimpressionsofShaoxing,studyinginNanjing,studyinginJapan,andteachinginShaoxingafterreturningtoChina.Especiallythosewhodescribethelifeintheirhometownarethemost.Comparedwithhisessays,theseessaysaremoreclear,innocent,andcordial."CrossingFlowersintheEvening"focusesonthedepictionofworldlyhumanfeelings,notonlyonthevividnaturalsituations(suchas"FromtheBaicaoGardentotheSanweiBookHouse")andthetruerecollectionofyouthfulactionsfullofvigor,butalsoonthegraciousnessThefamilyaffectionportrayslivingcharacters,suchasMr.Fujino,FanAinong,andMr.ShouJingwuof"SanweiBookstore".Theauthordidnotwritethemrigidlyfromtheperspectiveofamoralist,butinsteadusedemotionstodriveTuanYi'spen.Themostrepresentativefigureistheeldestmother.In"AChangYu"andotherworks,LuXuntriedhisbesttoobjectivelynarrate,nottopraiseandcriticizeatwill,inthesimpletextandstory,thereaderwasdeeplymovedbythekind,simple,enthusiasticandbeautifulheartoftheeldermother.Incontrast,thedissatisfactionwiththeboring,ridiculous,andsillyworldoftheoldlifein"PickUptheMorningFlowersandEvening"doesnotappeartobeprominent.Thebeautyandloveoftheolddays.ItcanberegardedasaspiritualrefugeforLuXunwhenhisthoughtsaredepressed,anditcanalsoberegardedasaretreatforhistiredbodyandmind.Thecollectionofprosepoems"Дива трева",whichhasacompletelydifferent"gossip"stylefrom"ThePicksofMorningFlowersandEvenings",presentsanother"LuXunstyle".In"Дива трева",LuXun'swritingsburstintothehaziness,heavinessandweirdnessofdreams,thegloomandmysteryofghosts;magicalscenes,absurdplots;uncertainvagueideas,incomprehensibleabnormalfeelings;magnificence,Thecoldcolors,thestrangeimagination,thestrongpoeticsentiment...Oneofthemainreasonsforthese"strangevariations"isthepeculiarityofthelanguage-fromthevariationofdailylifelanguage,whichisacombinationofmagnificenceandarduousness.Ontheotherhand,thereasonisthevariantstyleof"Weeds":itclearlyshowsthepoetic,fictionalization("TremblingoftheDecliningLine")anddramatization("Passenger")oftheprose.Thegeneralartisticfeatureof"Дива трева"istheintrovertedlyricaltendency.Whatitrevealsisthe"truth"and"deepness"ofthesoul,andistheconsciousexperienceandbreakthroughofthepredicamentof"man".LuXunuseditforreferenceandsuccessfullyabsorbedit.Itusessymbolism,butitisobviouslymoreautonomousthanLiJinfa’srigidtransplantationinthesameperiod.Asaresult,ithasalsoachievedgreatsuccessintheexplorationofartisticexpressionmethods."Дива трева"expressestheuncertaintyofthethemeandalmostcontainsLuXun'semotions.,Personalityandevenallaspectsoftheentireinnerworld,itisthespiritualhistoryofthetransitionfromLuXun,aculturalcriticduringtheEnlightenmentperiod,toafighteraftertheEnlightenmentperiod.
Академична мисъл
LuXun’sthoughtsonliteraryhistoryareextremelyrichandprofound,emittingashiningbrilliancewiththecharacteristicsofthetimes.Hecreativelyengagedinthecompilationofliteraryhistory,leavingittotwoliteraryhistorymonographs-„Кратка история на китайските романи“and"AnOutlineoftheHistoryofChineseLiterature"",hasmadeagreatcontributiontothestudyofChineseliteraryhistory.Itisextremelyregrettablethat,duetotherealisticandobjectiveconditionsthatwerenotconducivetocreationatthattime,acompletehistoryofChineseliteraturethatheoriginallyplannedtowritecouldnotbecompletedinhislifetime.SupportLuXunTherearetwomajorconceptsforacademiccreation,oneistheliteraryhistoryviewoftheearlyevolutionism,andthesecondistheliteraryhistoryviewguidedbyMarx’smaterialisminthemiddleandlatestages.
LuXunacceptedYanFu’s"TianYanLun"inhisearlyyears."Theinfluenceofthetheoryofevolutionisdeeplyingrainedanddirectlyaffectshisacademicresearch.Ontheonehand,LuXunbelievesthatliterature,asanartform,isconstantlychanginganddeveloping.Ithastheessenceofseekinginnovationandchange,anditschangeanddevelopmentareirresistible."Evolutionislikeaflyingarrow.Itdoesn'tstopfalling,itdoesn'tstopatthings,prayingtoflyandreturntothestring,it'simpossibleforreason."Humansocietyisconstantlyevolving.""Thenovel,oneoftheliterarystyles,"isalsolikeapoem.IthaschangedintheTangDynasty.Althoughitisstillinthesearchforstrangestories,thenarrativeiscircumstantial,andthewordsaregorgeous.Comparedwiththecrudeandcrudeoutlinesofthesixdynasties,theevolutionisveryclear."Andastheinitialformofthenovel,"Forcingtheevolutionofmythology,thecentralpersonisgraduallyapproachinghumannature,andeverythingisnarrated,whichisnowcalledalegend."Ontheotherhand,basedonthecontinuousevolutionanddevelopmentofliterature,LuXunbelievesthatliteraturestillItmustbeinnovated."Intheprocessofevolution,itmustbemetabolized.Sothenewoneshouldgoforwardhappily,thisisstrong,andtheoldoneshouldalsogoforwardhappily,thisisthewayofevolution."InthestudyofliteraryhistoryafteracceptingMarxism,LuXunhasalwaysadheredtomaterialism,proceedingfromtheobjectivityofscience,insistingontheprimacyofmatter,andthinkingthathumanconsciousnessisareflectionandimitationofobjectiveexistence.
TranslationThoughts
ListofthefirsteditioncoversofLuXun'stranslationworks(25photos)
LuXunisagreatpioneerofChinesetranslationliterature.Inhislife,translationAndtheintroductionofforeignliteraryworksoccupiesaveryimportantposition.Histranslationideasinvolveallimportantaspectsoftranslation,andhisuniqueinsightsstillhaveahugeguidingroleincurrenttranslationtheoryresearchandtranslationpractice.Comparedwithmanytranslationtheories,LuXun’stranslationHisthoughtsaresimpleandunpretentious,andmostofthemareexpressedthroughmetaphorsclosetolife.Histranslationthoughtsinvolvethefollowingaspects:First,LuXun’spurposeoftranslatingforeignliteraryworksistoservethetransformationofthesociety,nottopromoteordowhathewants.Translationandtranslation.Hesaidintheprefaceof"TheCollectionofForeignNovels":"WhenwewerestudyinginJapan,wehadadazedhope;thatliteratureandartcantransfertemperamentandtransformsociety.Becauseofthisopinion,henaturallythoughtofintroduction.Thismatterofforeignliterature."ItcanbeseenthatLuXunconnectstranslationwithsocialchangesandthedestinyofthepeople.Second,theenlightenmentviewoftranslationwithaudienceselectivity.LuXunexplicitlyincludes"translatedreaders"intotranslationstudies.Hementioned:"WeThetranslationofthebookcannotbeassimpleasthat.Firstofall,itisnecessarytodecidewhatkindofreaderstotranslatetothepublic.Thesepeoplearedividedroughly:A,someareveryeducated;B,someareliterate...".Here,LuXunclassifiedthetargetreadersandpointedoutthatdifferentreadersshouldbeusedindifferenttranslations.Method.Histranslationshouldbeaprinciplethatreadersshouldconsider,andithasthesameeffectastheWesternaestheticsofreception.Third,thetranslationmethodologyof"hardtranslation".LuXunproposedthe"hardtranslation"methodologyinthe1930s.AndinthedebatewithLiangShiqiu,heputforwardthetranslationprincipleof"preferringfaithratherthancompliance".LuXun'sviewisbynomeanstooppose"faith"and"compliance",onthecontrary,heemphasizestheneedtogiveconsiderationtoboth.It’sjustthat“faithfulness”and“shunness”cannotbeachievedatthesametime.Thereasonisthat“thetranslationisfaithfulbutnotsmoothbutnotunderstandable.Ifyouthinkaboutit,youmightunderstandit,butthetranslationissmoothandsmooth.Thosewhodonotbelievecanbemisleading,andtheywillnotunderstandhowtothink.Ifyouseemtohaveunderstood,thenyouarejustlost."The"unsatisfactory"hesaidistotoleratesomeunsatisfactory,notdeliberatelytomaintaintheunsatisfactory,butto"installthetranslationintoadifferentsyntax.""Butthesituationisofcoursenotpermanent.Partofitwillchangefrom"unsuccessful"to"satisfactory",andsomewillbeeliminatedandkickedoffbecauseof"unsuccessful"intheend.Themostimportantthingisourowncriticism.Inthepast100years,Chinesehascontinuouslyabsorbednewexpressions,andhasbeencontinuouslyimprovedanddeveloped,suchas"undertheleadershipof...","when...","just...said",and"strike"thatpeoplehavelongbeenusedto.Theexpressionssuchas"dropthecrocodiletears"and"armedtotheteeth"wereintroducedintoChinesethroughtranslation.ThefactsofthedevelopmentofmodernChinesehaveprovedthatLuXun’spropositionisinlinewiththetrendoflanguagedevelopment.
Характеристики на калиграфията
Скалиграфията на LuXun (6 снимки)
LuXunisnotonlyagreatwriterandthinker,butalsoanexcellentcalligraphyHome,becauseofhisideologicalandliteraryachievements,peopleoftenignorehiscalligraphyachievements.GuoMoruooncesaidthathiscalligraphy"farsurpassedtheSongandTangDynasties,andwentstraighttotheWeiandJinDynasties."LuXun'scalligraphywasmostlyinrunningscript.Takingacomprehensivelookatitsstyleandcharacteristics,whenYanZhenqing’s"ZhengZuoTie"emerges,theupperpartblendsthesealscriptandtheZhangCaoYi,thelowerpartmixestheSongpen,theMingandQingdynastywritingmethods,formingasimpleandvigorous,softontheoutside,strongontheinside,sparseandelegant,Freeandeasyartstyle.Thelarge-scalewritings,payingattentiontothecomposition,stablestructure,dignifiedandunpretentioususeofthepen,abandoningthedetailsandgreatbody,theslownessofthespirit,andthecharmstraightintotheWeiandJinDynasties,whichshowsthedepthofhiscalligraphyartaccomplishment.Smalllettersandmanuscriptsarehandyandfamiliar.Duetotimevariations,hastilyineffectiveandancientmethods,theyareofteninnocentandinnocent,whichshowshisearlycalligraphyskills.Inthisregard,thecriticWangJinyusaidthatMr.LuXunhasasolidcalligraphyskills,YuYanTiandBeibeiworkedthemostdiligent,andparticipatedinthesamādhi,buthecompletelyembodiedthebrushworkandcompositionindailynaturalwriting.Mostpeoplecan'tseeitbecauseoftheirpersonalvision,levelandotherreasons.LuXun'scalligraphycanbedividedintothreephases:early,middleandlate,eachwithitsowncharacteristics.Theearlyperiodwasbefore1901.ThemainpatriarchalpatriarchalworkswereTangandSongDynasties.Aglimpseofthewritingsofthetwokingsandthewritingstylesofthetwokings.Thebodycompositionismoredense.Duringthisperiod,theendofthepenissometimesfilledwithyouthfulblood,sothecharmisslightlyinferior.Themiddleperiodwasfrom1911to1927.ThewritingsweremainlybasedonWeiJinKaixing,combinedwithZhangCaoandSealLi,andthewritingstylechangedtosimple,concise,implicitandunpretentious.However,duringthisperiod,thewritingsandwritingsweremorediverse:somepreservedthewritinginWei-Jinlower-casescript;someweremixedwiththetwokingsmethodinYanXing;somestrokeswereroundandround,thecalligraphystylewassimple,andthecompositionwassparse;somewereintegratedintothesealscriptwritingwithacursivechapter.Bodystance;somearethecomebackofhisearlierstyleofwritingandsoon.Allthiscanberegardedasatransitionalperiodbook.Thelaterperiodwasfrom1927to1936,whenthecalligraphywasmature.BasedonLuXun'sstrongfoundationinhisearlyyearsandhismid-termaestheticchoicesaswellaslong-termworkandcopying,LuXun'scalligraphyforthepurposeofworkhasmaturedandstabilizedfromtechniquetoaesthetics,formingauniquestyle.Intermsoftechnique,thebrushisbasedontheround,hidden,butthicklinesofthecenter;thestructureischaracterizedbytheshapeofthecharacters,andtheshapeisdense;thecompositioniselegantandclean,theairisrelaxed,andthefreeandeasynatureisthemainstyle.Intermsofaesthetics,thepurposeissimple,elegant,naturalandancient.
Художествена мисъл
Дизайнерските работи на LuXun (5 снимки)
LuXun’slifehasaverycloserelationshipwithart.Henotonlyhasaprofoundartisticaccomplishmentandin-depthresearchonfinearts,butalsoactivelyadvocatespopularart,personallyparticipatedinalargenumberoffineartspracticeactivities,andwroteagloriouspageinthehistoryofmodernChineseart.ThethoughtoftransformingnationalcharacterbasedonthespiritofpatriotismistherootfoundationoftheformationofLuXun'sartthought.Themainthemeis:toaffirmthesocialutilityoffinearts,emphasizethecloseconnectionbetweenfineartsandsociety,thetimes,andthepeople,andusefineartsasaweapontofightagainstalldark,backward,anddecadentforces,therebychangingthespiritofthepeople.TherichcontentofLuXun'sartthoughtreflectsthetwomostbasicspirits:oneistopayattentiontoandpromotetheartofthemasses,andtheotheristopromotethespiritofrealism.LuXunadvocatedmodernpopularartandpaidattentiontotheancientpopularart—folkart,toshowthatonlybyrespectingthepubliccanfineartshaveendlessvitality.LuXun'srealismspiritisconcentratedinhistreatmentofartheritageas"usedism"inhistreatmentofartcreationitself.Itismanifestedasemphasizingtheideologicalandspiritualconnotationofthework.Advocatingmassartandadvocatingthespiritofrealismcomplementeachother.StrungtogethertherichcontentofLuXun'sartthought.Характеристики на стиховете
LuXunalsowrotemanyexcellentpoemsinhiscreativecareer.Althoughtheoverallnumberisnotverylarge,therearemanypraiseworthyandin-depthresearchesonitsartisticcharacteristics.GuoMoruooncecommented:"Mr.LuXunhasnointentionofcomposingpoems,andoccasionally,hewillsingeveryperfectsong.Eithertherhino-horncandleisstrange,orthelivershines."LuXun'spoemsareparticularlyprominentinthecreationofarchaicpoems,andthesepoemsarenotonlycontent.Richandcatchy,withhighartisticbeautyandideologicalcharacteristics,itisagoodcombinationofrevolutionaryrichemotionsandperfectartisticcharacteristics.
Стиховете на LuXun (2 снимки)
TheartisticcharacteristicsofLuXun'sclassicalpoetrymainlyhavethefollowingpoints:First,ithasadistinctivepersonalityandarealimage.InLuXun'sancientstylepoems,readerscanoftenreallyfeeltheemotionstheauthorwantstoexpressthroughthevariousnaturalscenerieshedescribesorsomespecificcharacters.Thesesceneriesareextremelywideinscopeandhavedeepmeaning,suchas"ThousandForests","HeronShadows","YellowSheep"andsoon.Thecharactersinclude"XuFu","Mother","Husband","Hero"andsoon.Sometimes,theauthoroftenuseshimselfasthesubjectofthepoemintheformofaself-portrait,expressingwhathethinksstraightforwardly,andlettingtheworldrealizethesubjecthewantstocriticizeandpraisewithhisbroadmind.Forexample,inthepoem"Untitled·UsedtoLongNightsinSpring",theauthoruses"thetearsoflovingmothersarefaintindreams,andthecityheadchangestheking'sflag."Asimpleandclearsentencesurroundsoneselfinwhitesurroundedbyfamilymembers'thoughtsofthemselvesandwarlordsandthepeoplearenotliving.Thesceneisvividlyoutlined.Theauthordidn'tusetoomuchlanguagetopavetheway,butonlyreliedonthetwoimagesof"Mother'sTears"and"Dawangqi"toexpressitinafascinatingmanner.Second,thelanguageissimpleandtheintentionisprofound.ThelanguageofLuXun'spoemsissimpleandnatural,withouttoomuchdecorationandrendering,anditiskindandnaturaltoread.However,whenyoucarefullysavorit,youcanimmediatelydiscovertheintentionofitsexpression,buttheemotionitpromotesisfarfromthat.Plain.Forexample,inthepoem"TheGengziSendstheStoveIsaMatter",onecanclearlyfindakindofemotionimplicitinLuXun'spoem-theironyandlashingoffeudalsuperstition.Theauthorchoosesthismattertoreflectthepovertyinthefamily.Theimplicitcontentisthatthekitchengoddoesnotexist.Worshipingthekitchengodwillonlymakethepovertyathomeworse.Ifyouwanttogetridofyourfate,youcanonlyrelyonyourselfandrelyonpersonalstruggleinexchangefortomorrow.Happiness.Third,richrhetoricanddiverseforms.Intermsofrhetoric,LuXun’scommonlyusedrhetoricincludesmetaphor,exaggeration,allusion,irony,andantithesis.TheserhetoricaltechniqueswithdifferentfunctionsanddistinctivefeatureshavebecomeverygoodweaponsforpropagatingthoughtsandventingemotionsinLuXun'swriting,andalsoletreadersdeeplyrealizeLuXun'sprofoundknowledgeandwisemind.Inaddition,LuXun'sancientstylepoemsarealsoveryrich,includingfive-characterverses,seven-characterquatrains,andseven-characterverses.Forexample,thefivewordsinclude"TheGengziGivestheStove"and"Title"Wandering"",etc.,andthesevenwordsinclude"AnswertotheGuest"and"Self-InscribedSmallPortrait".Влияние на героите
Влияние на литературата и изкуството
LuXunisaculturalgiantinthe20thcentury.Hehasworkedonnovels,essays,essays,woodcuts,modernpoems,old-stylepoems,translationsofclassics,andancientbooks.Manyfieldssuchascollationandmodernacademicshavemadegreatcontributions.AsthegreatfounderofmodernChineseliterature,LuXun’sfewnovelscreatedanewformofChinesenovels;hisprose“showstheachievementsoftheliteraryrevolution”;theessayshecreatedarefullofmodernity,Liberal,critical,andcombativearethe"criticalweapons"mostcommonlyusedbywritersoflatergenerations.HisessaysaremoreaboutChinesesociety,politics,history,law,religion,morals,philosophy,literature,artandevenculturalpsychology,civilsociety,andcivilsociety.Anencyclopediaofsex,folklore,folklore...AlmostallChinesewritershavedevelopeddifferentliterarystylesonthebasisofLuXun'screation.Asatranslator,hetranslatedalargenumberofforeignliteraryworks,scientificandnaturalworks,andmadeahugecontributiontounlockingthepeople'swisdomandintroducingadvancedscientificandculturalideas.Asanartlover,LuXunintroducedalargenumberofWesternwoodcutsandprints,andsupportedyoungpeopletolearnwoodcutsandprintsinthetheoreticalandspiritualaspects,whichgreatlypromotedthespreadanddevelopmentofmodernwoodcutsandprintsinmodernChina.ModernChina'sfineartshavemadeoutstandingcontributions.
Академично влияние
Asanacademicresearcher,ontheonehand,LuXunusedWesternliteraryconceptstostudyChineseclassicalnovelsandwrote„Кратка история на китайските романи“,whichnotonlyended"TheerawhenChinesenovelshavenohistory"hasalsocreatedatypicalexampleofliteraryhistoryworks,"showingcountlesswaysforlaterlearners".GuoMoruoandWangGuowei's"TheHistoryofSongandYuanOperas"arebothreferredtoasmodernChineseShuangbiinacademichistory.Ontheotherhand,hecollatedandcorrecteddozensofancientbookssuchas"AncientNovels","JiKangCollection","HanPortraitCollection","HuijiCountyAncientBooksMiscellaneousCollection"andotherdozensofancientbooks.wealth.
Духовно влияние
LuXuncanbecalledthenationalsoulofmodernChina.Hisspirithasprofoundlyinfluencedhisreaders,researchers,andevengenerationsofmodernChinesewritersandintellectuals..LuXunwasalsooneoftheworld'sculturalgiantsinthe20thcentury.Hecreated"bothinsideandoutside,bothmergedwiththecontemporarytrendsoftheworld,withoutdamagingChina'snationalcharacter",andhasauniquepersonalstyleof"theChinesewhowanttoparticipateinthecauseoftheworldtoday"literature.Liketheworld'soutstandingthinkersandwritersofthesameperiod,whilepayingattentiontohisownnation,healsopaidattentiontotheproblemsfacedbymankindandmadehisownuniquecontribution.
Политическо влияние
LuXunpursueddemocracythroughouthislife.HedeclaredwaronfeudalandoldcultureasearlyasthebeginningoftheNewLiteratureMovement,constantlystrugglingwiththeoldideasandculturethatoppressedthepeople.Afterthe"WomenTeachersUniversityTide"occurred,hearguedwiththewarlordswhopersecutedthestudents.LuXunwasnotafraidofrapeandwrotetofight,showingthespiritofanuprightliterati.Afterwards,undertheruleoftheKuomintang,itboldlydiscloseditsdarkrule.Inthe1930s,theystruggledwiththewrongleft-leaningliteraryandartisticlineoftheCommunistParty.Later,incooperationwithliteraryandartisticworkersundertheleadershipoftheparty,theyestablishedtheLeagueofLeft-wingWritersledbytheproletarianliteraryandideologicalthoughts.AstheleaderoftheLeftLeague,LuXunledtheLeftLeaguetocrushtheKuomintangreaction.Theconspiracyofliteratureandarttostrangletheproletarianliteratureandartinvain.
Характерни анекдоти
AsthemostcontributorywriterinthehistoryofmodernChineseliterature,LuXunhasbeenfabricatedmanyanecdotesafterhisdeath.Becauseitisdifficulttodistinguishbetweentrueandfalse,theyareoftencirculatedwidelyandunknown.Itstrueandfalse.Themorefamousofthesefalserumorsis"TheStoryofLuXun'sHaircut",whichisprovedtograftthestoryoftheshavedheadinthebook"LaughsandSmiles"compiledbyQingdynastyscholars.Inaddition,"LuXunLostCottonTrousers"and"ACloseFriendInformedtoHelpLuXunEvacuate"haveallbeenverifiedasfalse.AnotheranecdoteofLuXun'soppositiontoacertainbookstore's"non-paymentofpunctuationandblanks"isstillinconclusive.Regardingthequestionoftrueandfalsetextualresearch,pleaserefertothepaperswrittenbyLuXunresearchexpertsfordetailedinformation.
Отлични оценки
WhenLuXunwasintheMiningRoadSchool,hisacademicperformancewasoutstanding.Theschool’sdirectorQianDepeioncepraisedhim:"ZhouShurenisreallyknowledgeable."Atthattime,everytimehetookanexamTherearebonuses.TheChineselanguageisonceaweek,andtheotherquizzesareonceamonth,andthebestonesaregiventhird-classsilvermedals.Accordingtotheregulations:everyfourthird-classchaptersareallowedtobeexchangedforasecond-classone,afewsecond-classonesareexchangedforafirst-classone,andafewfirst-classonesareexchangedforagoldone.Inthewholeclass,onlyLuXunreceivedthiskindofgoldenmedal.
Подпомагане на младежите
WhenLuXunwasinGuangzhou,ayoungmanwasinfluencedbyhimandfollowedhimtoShanghai.AfterarrivinginShanghai,LuXunenthusiasticallystayedinhisapartmentinJingyun,andlaterthemanaskedLuXuntofindhimajobinShanghai.LuXunfoundYuDafuinadifficultsituationandsaidthattherewasnoway.Hehadtoaskabookstorenewspapertoaskhimtodothingsinname.ThemonthlysalaryofthirtytofortyyuanwastakenoutbyLuXunhimself,andDafutransferredittothebookstorenewspaperasamonthlysalary.he.TheextentofLuXun'ssupportandassistancetotheyouthcanbeseen.
Познаването на врата
LuXunandthefamousmodernmedicalscientistandfounderofZhejiangMedicalUniversityLiSuizhiandQianXuesen’sfatherQianJunfuaretheacquaintancesoftheneck.ThethreeofthemwenttoJapantostudytogetherin1902,andtheysharedthesamebedroominthesameclass.LuXun'smedicalgraduationthesisongeneticswaswrittenbyLiSuizhi'shelp.Thenamesofthetwowerealsolistedinthe"Who'sWhoinJapan"atthetime.AlthoughLuXun,LiSuizhi,andQianJunfuwereindifferentuniversities,theystillgatheredtogethertodiscusstheworldandexpressthegrandplanofnationalsalvation.Aftertheyreturnedtothecountry,theyoftenwentbacktoeachother,andthefriendshipremainedthesame.
Малък бял и червен слон
LinYutangoncewroteinanarticlethatMr.LuXuniscommendableinChina,andheisknownasthe"WhiteElephant".Becauseelephantsaremostlygray,whenyouencounterawhiteone,itisregardedasanationaltreasure.XuGuangpingoftenreferredtohimasthe"littlewhiteelephant"whenhewasseparatedfromLuXunandexchangedletters,andLuXunoccasionallyreferredtohimselfashimselfinhisletters.AfterthebirthofhissonZhouHaiying,LuXunuseditasagifttohissonasthe"littleredelephant",whichcanbedescribedas"awhiteelephantandaredelephantandafatherandson."Littleelephant,redred,littleredelephant;littleelephant,littlered,littleredelephant,littlered,littleelephant,littleredred.”Thewarmthofthehusband’spitycanbeseen.
Няма тежки ръкописи
LuXundidn’tcareaboutthepreservationofmanuscripts.Heoftenlitteredthemanuscripts,andsometimesdistributedthemtovisitinggueststowipetheirhands,orevensoldthemasscraps.AwriterXiaoHongboughtfrieddoughsticksonLaduRoadinShanghaitoeat,butfoundoutthatthesheetoffrieddoughstickswasactuallythemanuscriptpaperofLuXun’stranslationof"Мъртви души".XiaoHongwassurprisedandwrotetoLuXun,butwhenLuXunknewaboutitNotsurprising.XiaoHonghadnochoicebuttotruthfullytellXuGuangpingthisknowledge,andXuGuangpingseverelycriticizedLuXunforthis.
Учене от будизма и даоизма
Inthemindsofscholar-officials,BuddhismishigherthanTaoism.Thechangesinthemodernideologicalworldhavefurtherstrengthenedscholars’goodwilltowardsBuddhism.LuXunonceaskedforalargenumberofpurchasesandstudiedBuddhistscriptures.LuXunoncesaid:"Shakyamuniisreallyagreatphilosopher.Iusuallyhavemanydifficultproblemsinlife,andhehasalreadyunderstoodmostoftheenlightenment.Itisagreatphilosopher!"AboutTaoismInrelationtoChinesesociety,themostfamousassertionisprobablywhatLuXunsaid:"ChinaisrootedinTaoism."Intheeyesofmanyintellectuals,TaoismisthesourceofthemaladiesinChinesesocietyandculture.LuXunalsoclaimedthattheTaoist"stoletheBuddhistscripturesandmadetheTaoistscripturesindiscriminately,andthisscripturecametocursetheBuddhistscriptures,andontheotherhand,heusednastymethodstoharmthemonks,causingthemtobesmokyandchaotic."
Взаимоотношение учител-ученик
DuringhisstudiesinJapan,LuXunandhisteacherYankuroFujino'sdayandnightgettingalongwitheachotherhadanimportantinfluenceonhisgoingtotheworld.FujinograduatedfromtheAichiPrefecturalMedicalSchool(nowNagoyaUniversity),andhewaspromotedtoprofessortwomonthsbeforeLuXunenrolled.WhenFujinospokewithanaccentfromhishometownofFukuiCounty,LuXunwasnotusedtoit,butfeltcordial.LuXun,whowasdeterminedtoabandonthedoctorandgotoschool,finallyappliedtoFujinotowithdrawfromschool."Mr.Fujino"isLuXun'smemoriesoflifeinSendai.Later,FujinolearnedthatZhouShuren,aformerChinesestudentstudyingabroad,becameawriterLuXun,andwrotehisstoryinprose.
Възпоменание на по-късните поколения
Литературна награда LuXun
SponsoredbytheChineseWritersAssociation,theЛитературна награда LuXunisoneofChina’shighestliteraryawards.Itisselectedonceayear.Itaimstorewardthecreationofexcellentnovellas,shortstories,reportage,poems,essays,andliterarytheoryreviews,rewardthetranslationofChineseandforeignliteraryworks,andpromotetheprosperityanddevelopmentofChineseliterature.
Мемориални места
Бившата резиденция на LuXun (4 снимки)
AsofSeptember2013,thereare11LuXunmemorialplacesinChina:theyarerespectivelyBeijingLuXunMuseum,BeijingLuXun’sFormerResidence;ShanghaiLuXunMemorial,ShanghaiLuXun’sFormerResidence,andLuXun’sTomb;XiamenLuXunMemorialinXiamen;GuangzhouLuXunMemorialinGuangzhou;NanjingLuXunMemorialinNanjing;ShaoxingLuXunMemorialinShaoxing,ShaoxingLuXunTheformerresidenceandLinhaiLuxunExhibitionHallinLinhaiCounty,ZhejiangProvince.ExceptfortheprivateLuXunmemorialhallsponsoredbytheZhejiangLinhaiLuXunExhibitionHall,theothersareallofficiallysponsored.ThelargeronesareShanghai,BeijingandShaoxing.Мемориална зала Шаоксинг
TheShaoxingLuXunMemorialHallwasestablishedinJanuary1953.ItislocatedontheeastsideofLuXun’sformerresidence.ItisadjacenttoLuXun'sancestralresidenceintheeast,ZhoujiaxintaiGateinthewest,ZhujiataiGateinthenorth,Dongchangfangkouinthesouth,andShoujiataiGateacrosstheriver.LuXunlivedinhisformerresidencenexttothismemorialwhenhewasadolescent,andLuXunhasmentionedthismanytimesinhisworkssincethen.
Пекински музей
BeijingLuxunMuseumislocatedinFuchengmenInnerStreet,XichengDistrict,BeijingGongmenkouErTiaoNo.19,October1,1949,justafterthefoundingofNewChina,XuGuangpingarrangedtheformerresidenceofLuXunatNo.21XisantiaoHutongasitwas,andopeneditonOctober19,1949onLuXun’s13thanniversaryofhisdeath.FromMay1924toAugust1926,LuXunlivedhere.HereLuXuncompletedhiscollectionsof„TheHuagaiCollection“,„TheHuagaiCollectionSequel“,"Weeds"andsomearticlesin"Wandering","Гроб",and"ComeontheFlowerintheEvening".
Мемориална зала в Шанхай
ShanghaiLuXunMemorialHallisthefirstmemorialhallinthecountryafterthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina(Museum),foundedin1950,islocatedatNo.200Tian'aiRoad,HongkouDistrict,Shanghai.Themuseumwasnamedthefirstbatchof"nationalfirst-classmuseums"bytheStateAdministrationofCulturalHeritagein2008.Today,theLuXunMemorialHallinShanghaihasformedatrinityofmemorialbuildingsthatdisplaythelifeofLuXun'sformerresidence,LuXun'stomb,andLuXun'smemorialhall.