Индустриална революция (Индустриална революция)
Theemergenceandwidespreaduseofsteamengineshavealsopromotedthemechanizationofotherindustrialsectorsandcausedacomprehensivereformofengineeringtechnology.Inindustry,ithasledtothevigorousriseofmachinemanufacturing,steelindustry,andtransportationindustry,andinitiallyformedacompleteindustrialtechnologysystem;inscience,ithaspromotedtheestablishmentofthermodynamicstheory.Theindustrialrevolutionisasocialchangecenteredonthetechnologicalrevolution.Inthischange,scienceandtechnologyhaveplayedapivotalrole,resultingintremendousprogressinsocialproductivity,andforthefirsttimetheproductivityfunctionofscienceandtechnologyhasbeenhighlighted.
Theconceptualframeworksystemoftheindustrialrevolution
Therearemanydifferenttheoreticalframeworksystemsfortheanalysisoftheindustrialrevolution,themostimportantofwhichareТеорията за иновациите на ШумпетерandKondratyeHusband’slongwavetheoryandRostow’stakeofftheory.
Теорията за иновациите на Шумпетер
AworkpublishedbytheAmericanAustrianeconomistJosephAlosisSchumpeter(1883-1950)in1912In"TheoryofEconomicDevelopment",hefirstproposedhisfar-reachinginnovativetheory,andthenheusedtheopportunitytoreprintthebookandpublishotherworkstocontinuouslysupplementandimprovethetheory,makingthistheorythemostimportantinhiseconomictheorysystem.Importanttheoriesandformthebasisofmanyofhisothertheories.
Дълговълновата теория на Кондратиев
Kondratyev(NikolaiDimitrievichKondratiev,1892—1941)wasanactiveRussianscholarbeforeandaftertheOctoberRevolution.Awell-knowneconomist,hisreputationmainlycomesfromlongwavetheory.Theso-called"longwave"referstoacyclicalfluctuationthatalternatesbetweenriseanddeclineintheprocessofeconomicgrowth.SincethecycleobservedbyKondratievissignificantlylongerthantheothertwoeconomicfluctuationcyclesthatpeoplehaveobserved,the"UgraCycle"andthe"KitchenCycle",itiscalledalongwaveoralongcycle.
Теорията на Ростоу за етапите на икономическия растеж
In1960,theAmericaneconomistWaltWhitmanRostow(WaltWhitmanRostow)wrotein"StagesofEconomicGrowth"Heputforwardhis"economicgrowthstagetheory",whichdividedacountry'seconomicdevelopmentprocessintofivestages.In1971,headdedthesixthstageto"PoliticsandGrowthStages".Thesixstagesofeconomicdevelopmentarethetraditionalsocialstage,thereadytotakeoffstage,thetake-offstage,thematurestage,themassconsumptionstage,andthebeyondmassconsumptionstage.