Една префектура и шест окръга
Префектури | Администрация | Юрисдикция | Подчинение на държавата |
Префектура Хуейджоу | XiansheCountyEmblemTowns | TwoLeveladministrativedistrict,sincethesecondyearofWudeintheTangDynasty(619),itbecametheruleofПрефектура Хуейджоу | |
Shexian | |||
Shexian | HuichengTownofJinsheCounty,thesamecityofFuxianCountyinthe34thYearofJiajing(1555) | JinsheCounty,HuizhouDistrict,TangkouTowninHuangshanDistrict,Живописна зона Хуаншан,etc. | Setupinthe26thyearofEmperorQinShihuang(221BC),itbelongstoZhanCounty,thefirstcountyofthisprefecture |
XuningCounty | Днес XiuningHaiyangTown | TodayXiuningCounty(exceptHuangjianTownship,BanqiaoTownshipandHuaqiaoTownship),etc. | 13-та година на окръг HanJian’an (208) Xiangzhi, под юрисдикцията на този щат |
YixianCounty | Град Биянг, окръг Джини | JinyiCounty(exceptKecunTownship,MeixiTownshipandHongtanTownshipnorthoftheHuangshanMountains) | Setupinthe26thyearofQinShihuang(221BC),itbelongstoZangCountyandbelongstoHonshu |
JixiCounty | Град Хуаянг, окръг Джиси | NowJixiCounty(exceptsomevillagesinTantou,Dayuan,JinkengandXitouTownships) | AnalysisofSheCountyHuainthesecondyearofTangYongtai(766)Yangzhenislocatedinthisstate |
WuyuanCounty | Сега град Ziyang, окръг Wuyuan | NowWuyuanCounty,XiuningCountyBanqiaoTownshipandHuaqiaoTownship | Inthetwenty-eighthyearofKaiyuanofTangDynasty(740),ananalysisoftheHuaijinTownshipinHuiyuTownship,XiuningCountyandLepingCounty,neighboringcounty,belongedtothisprefecture |
Окръг Кимен | nowQishanTown,Qimen | TodayОкръг Кимен(exceptAnlingTowninthenorth) | InthesecondyearofTangYongtai(766),YixianCountyandRaozhouPoyangCountywereeachsetup,UnderthejurisdictionofHonzhou |
География
Природата
Провинциален пейзаж на Huizhou (9Zhang)
HuizhouXianghao"Halfhalfofthemountainsandhalfofthewater,halfofthefarmlandandmanor."Therearetoweringpeaks,hillsandrowsofridgesandvalleys,deepmountains,valleys,basinsandplains.Thewavesareclearandthestreamsarelooped.Everywhereisclearandmajestic,thewaterisbeautifulandthemountainsarebeautiful,likeapictureofbeautifulscenery.Manyliteratiandinkguestshavedevelopedafeelingofadmirationforher,andsometouristseven"loveherclearlandscapeandliveforalongtime."BecausethehillyterrainofHuizhouformsagapwiththeJinquBasinandHangjiahuPlain,mostofthestreamsheretendtogoeastward,whichinvisiblydeepenstheconnectionbetweenHuizhouandHangzhou.ThenorthsourceoftheQiantangRiver(Zhengyuan)Xin'anRiveroriginatedfromLiugujian,Huaiyushan,XiuningCounty,Huizhou,andNanyuanQujiangalsooriginatedfromQingzhidaijian,LongtianTownship,XiuningCounty,Huizhou.Therefore,XiuningcanberegardedastherealsourceofQianjiangRiver..
Терен
AncientHuizhouhas4mountainsonallsides,YishanonthewestisHuangshan,andBaijiMountainontheeastisthebirthplaceofSheCounty,andthemainpeakisthetipoftheship.Therearetwomountainsinblackandwhite,withdragonsflyingandphoenixdancing,formingapatternofblackandwhiteHuizhou.Thenorthisthebarriermountain,themainpeakisQingliangPeak(1787metersabovesealevel),andthesouthisGuniujiang(1728metersabovesealevel)standinginОкръг Кимен,locatedatthejunctionofWuyuanandXiuningDazhanMountain(1629.8metersabovesealevel),FengyouMountain(675metersabovesealevel)lyinginthesouthwestofWuyuan,andBaiyueQiyunMountain(585metersabovesealevel)risingfromthenorthwesternpartofXiuning,aremagnificentandmagicalheavenlypaintings.
ThemostfamousisHuangshan(thehighestpeak,LianhuaPeak,1860metersabovesealevel),whichstretchesbetweenSheCounty,HuangshanDistrict,Xiuning,andYiCounty.Ithassteeppeaks,sky-splittingskyscrapers,andheavyrocks.Hongboisrichandbeautiful,andisafamousscenicspotathomeandabroad.Two-thirdsofthepopulationofancientHuizhoulivedintheeasternpartoftheBaijiMountains,thebirthplaceofShexianCounty(commonlyknownasNanxiang).Therefore,itisalsoknownasthemothermountainofHuizhou.EmperorLiangWupraisedthe"Xin'angreatlandscape".ThemountainreferstotheBaijimountainrangethattraversestheentireNanxiang.
Почва
Хуейджоу (5 снимки)
MostofthemiddleandlowmountainsinHuizhouareyellowsoil,andthemountainisyellowbrownsoilwiththicksoillayer,Highgravelcontent,goodwaterpermeabilityandhighfertility,whichisconducivetothegrowthofwood,tea,mulberryandmedicinalmaterials.Thehillyareasaremostlyredsoilandpurplesoil,withheavytexture,acidityandpoorfertility,butgoodlightandheatconditions,suitableforthegrowthofQuercuspineandCamelliaoleifera.Thepiedmontbasinsandplainvalleysarerichinsandyloamandalluvialsoilonbothsidesofstreamsandrivers.Farminginagriculture.Климат
Huizhouscenery (77 снимки)
Huizhouislocatedinthenorthsubtropicalzone,andbelongstothehumidmonsoonclimate,withmildandrainy,fourdistinctseasons.Theannualaveragetemperatureis15°-16°C.Mostareashavenoseverecoldinwinterandthefrost-freeperiodis236days.Theaverageannualprecipitationis1670mm,andthehighestis2708mm.PrecipitationismostlyconcentratedinMay-August,withabundantwaterandheatresources,suitableforthegrowthofavarietyofforesttrees,tea,fruittreesandcrops.Huizhouhasfamousteasinceancienttimes,HuangshanMaofeng,Tunxigreentea,Qimenblacktea,Huizhoutributechrysanthemum.Историческа еволюция
Ясна конотация на емблемата.
Хуейджоу-ясна географска концепция.
Префектура ХуейджоуandHuizhouFuzhibothrefertoSheCounty,notTunxiDistrictofHuangshanCity.
Проследяване до източника
HuizhouwasborninShezhou,whichwassetupintheninthyearofEmperorWenKaihuang(589)intheSuiDynasty.
OntheninthdayofOctoberinthesecondyearofXuanhe(October1120),FangLaledtheuprisinginQixianVillage,SheCounty,andsuccessivelycaptured52countiesinsixstatesinthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver,whichhadgreatinfluence.
SongHuizongXuanhethreeyears(1121),aftertheFanglaUprisinginPingzhen,ShezhouwaschangedtoHuizhou,exceptthatitwasrenamedXing’anFu(1357-1367)attheendoftheYuanDynasty,anditwasabolishedaftertheRevolutionof1911.Duringthe790yearsofFuliuCounty,thenameofHuizhouhasbeenusedfor780years,andthesixcountiesunderitsjurisdictionhavenotchanged.ThishasplayedapositiveroleinthedevelopmentofarelativelyunifiedcultureinHuizhou,andalsoprovidedfortheriseofHuizhoumerchants.convenient.
HuizhouisanimportanteconomicandculturalplaceinChinesehistory."Anhui"isthenameoftheprovincetaking"An"fromAnqingPrefectureand"Hui"fromПрефектура Хуейджоу.Huizhouisageographicalconceptaswellasahistorical,cultural,andideologicalconcept.InancientChina,thethinkersinHuizhouwereprobablythemostconsciouslymakingtheirideasliveandsecular.Theyquietlyintroducedthosemoralandethicalprinciplesthatoriginallybelongedtotheupperclassintothepeople'slifeworld.Inthepasttime,thepeople,thingsandstoriesofHuizhouhavegraduallydriftedaway;andthosehistoricalandculturalmemorieshiddendeepinthefolkarestillvivid...
AncientHuizhouisthebirthplaceofHuizhoumerchants,theMingandQingDynastiesDuringtheperiod,HuizhoumerchantsdominatedtheChinesebusinesscommunityformorethan500years.HuizhouSchool,whichiscomposedofculturalandartisticformssuchasHuizhoumerchants,Huizhouopera,Huicuisine,Huicarving,Xin'anNeo-Confucianism,Xin'anmedicine,Xin'anpaintingschool,Hui-stylesealcutting,Hui-stylearchitecture,andHui-stylebonsai,isevenmoreextensiveandprofound.
Huizhouculture(abbreviatedasHuiculture,whichisanimportantpartofAnhui’smulticulturalism)isaregionalculturewithlocalcharacteristics.Itscontentisbroadandprofound,anditembracesChinesefeudalism.Thebasiccontentoffolkeconomy,society,lifeandcultureinthelaterperiodofsocietyishailedasatypicalspecimenofthelaterperiodofChinesefeudalsociety.Theacademicresearchonithasgonethroughatleasthalfacentury,andithasbecomemorepopularafterthe1980s,andhasgraduallybecomearelativelyindependentlocalscience"HuiXue".Greatplacetolearn.
Исторически промени
IfWuyuan’schangetoJiangxiin1934wasthebeginningofthedismembermentofHuizhou,thenthetwoadministrativedivisionsin1983and1987splitHuizhouagain:1983TaipingCountyintheHuizhouarea(notoneofHuizhou’ssixcounties,butformerlyunderthejurisdictionoftheMingandQingDynasties)andTangkouunderthejurisdictionoftheformerHuizhougovernment(nowShexian)areunderthedirectjurisdictionofПровинция Анхуей,andthecountyisestablished.HuangshanCity;thecounty-levelHuangshanCitywasrevokedin1987andmergedintoaprefecture-levelcityrenamedHuangshanCityfromthe"HuizhouRegion".Thetwozoningchangesareintrinsicallylinked,andthisistheso-calledHuizhourenamingincident.IntheHuizhourenamingincident,theestablishmentin1983atthefootofHuangshanMountain-ProvincialCounty-levelHuangshanCitywasrevoked,andtheoriginalHuizhouareawasmergedtoformtheprefecture-levelHuangshanCity.ThenameofHuangshanMountainreplacedtheplacenameofHuizhou.Fromthenon,Huizhounolongerexists.Atthesametime,Jixi,oneofHuizhou's"onegovernmentandsixcounties",wasplacedunderthejurisdictionofXuancheng.
Хронология
Huizhouhasalonghistoryandalonghistory.AccordingtothetextualresearchoftwoNeolithicsitesdiscoveredinJixiCountyin1955and1981,humanactivitiesexistedinthenorthandsouthofHuiling(ieHuiling)asearlyas6000yearsago.BeforetheWesternZhouDynasty,theworldwasdividedintoninestatesaccordingto"Yugong".ThisareabelongstoYangzhou,theplacewheretheso-called"barbarians"belong.
Древна история
По време на пролетния и есенния период, преди 473 г. пр. н. е., У е принадлежал на Ву; след 473 г. пр. н. е. У е паднал под Юе; след 306 г. пр. н. е. Юе е паднал под Чу. Всъщност Ву, Юе и Чуко са съществували по това време и войните са били чести.
In221BC,EmperorQinShihuangunifiedthesixcountriesanddividedthecountryinto36counties.ThisdistricthasYiandShetwocounties,whichbelongtoKuijiCounty(zhiwucounty,nowSuzhou,Jiangsu).
IntheChuandHanDynasty,itbelongedtoZangCounty(zhiguzang,nowChangxingCounty,Zhejiang).SheCountyatthistimeincludesJinshe,Xiuning,Wuyuan,Jixi,Chun'an,Sui'anandotherplaces;YixianincludingtodayYixian,Qimen,Shitaiandotherplaces.DuringtheChu-HanWar,thisareawasonceoccupiedbyXiangYu.AsthetitleofhisheroMeiYun,itwassoonoccupiedbytheHangeneralChenYingandbelongedtotheHan.
През 6-ата година на император Гаозу от династията Хан (преди 201 години), Йи, тя принадлежи към държавата Дзин (управляваща днешния Хуайнан).
През дванадесетата година на император Хан Гаодзу (преди 195 години), Йи и Тя принадлежат към щата У (в момента управляващ Янджоу, Дзянсу).
През третата година на император HanJing (154 пр. н. е.), YiandShe принадлежи на кралство Jiangdu (в момента управляващо Yangzhou, Jiangsu).
InthesecondyearofEmperorWuoftheHanDynasty(121yearsago),DanyangCounty(Zhiwanling,nowXuancheng,Anhui)wasestablished,andSheandYiwerethetwocities.
През шестата година на Юаншоу (преди 117 години), Лю Сю, синът на император У, беше кралят на Гуанлинг. Тя и Йи принадлежаха към кралството Гуанлинг (чжигуанлинг, сега Янджоу).
InthefourthyearofEmperorWufengoftheHanDynasty(54yearsago),LiuXuwasconvictedandcommittedsuicide.
През втората година на император Хундзя от династията Хан (преди 19 години), Лиу Юнке, потомък на ЛиуШен, кралят на Дзин на Джонгшан, Лиюан, беше крал на Гуанде. Принадлежи на окръг Данянг.
InthefirstyearofYongshi(thefirst16years),LiuYunkediedandhadnochildren.Thecountrywaseliminated,andYixianCountywasrestoredtoDanyangCounty.
InthesecondyearofEmperorPingoftheHanDynasty(AD2),LiuYu,adescendantofLiuYue,KingofLiguangchuan,becameKingofGuangde,andYixianCountywasrestoredtoGuangde.WangMangusurpedtheHan.
InthesecondyearofthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina(AD10),thekingofHanGuangdewasdemotedasthepublic,andYixianCountywaschangedtoYanlu.
Inthe6thyearofEmperorGuangwuintheEasternHanDynasty(AD30),itwasrenamedYixianCountyandstillbelongedtoDanyangCounty.
InDecemberofthethirteenthyearofEmperorJian’an(208)oftheHanDynasty,SunQuansenttroopstoHeQitoeliminatetheso-called"bandits"inShedi.Cheng)Jinqi,Maogan,andYidiChenpu,etc.dividedtheoriginalShediintofive,namely:She,XiuyangCounty(thelandwestoftheoriginalSheisXinli),LiyangCounty(ZingXinliinanotherplacetothewestoftheoriginalShe),Xinding(ZingXinliinthesouthoftheoriginalShe,nowSui'an,Zhejiang)andShixin(ZingXinliintheeastoftheoriginalShe,nowChun'an,Zhejiang),Inaddition,atotalofsixcountieswereseparatedfromDanyangCountytoestablishXinduCountyandruleShixin(nowChun’an,Zhejiang).
XiuyangCountywaschangedtoHaiyangCountyinthefirstyearofWuYonganintheThreeKingdoms(258years)becauseofthetaboooftheLordWu,SunXiu.
InthefirstyearofJinTaikang(280years),JinextinguishedWuandXinduCountywasrenamedasXin'anCounty,whichstillbelongstoYangzhou.XindingCountywaschangedtoSui'anCounty,HaiyangCountywaschangedtoHainingCounty,plustheoriginalShixin,Liyang,She,andYi,itstillleadsthesixcounties.
През осмата година на император Xiaowu от династията Song в южните династии (464), Liyangwasin Haining. По това време провинция Xin'an управлява пет области, а именно: She, Yi, Haining, Sui'an и Shixin.
IntheSouthernDynastyEmperorLiangWu'sordinarythreeyears(522),ShouchangCounty(ieShouchangCounty,ZhejiangProvince,nowmergedwithJiandeCity,ZhejiangProvince),whichwasoriginallyunderthejurisdictionofWuJun,wasplacedunderXin'anCountyandXin'anFromthenon,thecountyregainedsixcounties,namelyHaining,Shixin,Sui'an,Shouchang,SheandYi.
През първата година от Датонг на император Лян У (535 години), град Хуаян, окръг Тя беше анализиран, окръг Лианг'ан (първи Лианг'ан) беше създаден и окръгът водеше седем окръга.
InthesecondyearofEmperorLiangWu'sreign(553years),theoriginalXin'anCountywasdividedintotwo,andthethreecountiesofSui'an,Shixin,andShouchangremainedXin'anCounty;Liyang,whichwasoriginallymergedinHaining,wasreclassifiedItwasrestoredtotwocounties,plusSheandYi,atotaloffourcounties,underthejurisdictionofthenewlybuiltXinningCounty(thatis,thebasicareaofthepresentdistrict),governingHaining,andtheoriginalXin'anCountyunderthesamejurisdictionasYangzhou.Atthistime,Xin'anCountyisnotthepresent"Huizhou",butthetimeisonlynineyears.
През третата година на Тиендзя (562) на император Чън Уенди в Южната династия (562), графство Лиянг отново беше обединено в графство Хейнинг, а графство Сининг отново беше обединено в графство Син'ан, което доведе до She, Yi, Haining, Shixin, Sui'an и ShouИма шест окръга в Чанг, който принадлежи на изток
Inthe9thyearofEmperorWen'sopeningoftheEmperorSuiDynasty(589),thecountywaschangedtoastate,andthecountywasgovernedbythestate.ThetwocountiesofSheandYiweremergedintoHainingasShezhou,andHainingwasestablishedundertheprefecture.;ShixinCountywaschangedtoXin'anCounty,theoriginalSui'anandShouchangweremergedintoXin'anCountyandplacedunderthejurisdictionofWuzhou(nowJinhua,Zhejiang).Shezhou'sjurisdictionisonlyhalfoftheoriginalXin'anCounty,whichisnowthebasicareaofHuizhou.Whatwascalled"Xin'an"inthenexttwodecadeswasnot"Huizhou"asitistoday.
IntheeleventhyearofEmperorWen’sopening(591),theoriginalSheCountywasrestored,andHuangdun,whichhadpreviouslybelongedtoHaining,wasplacedunderthejurisdictionofSheCounty.TheoriginalYiCountywasrestoredandthestatewasestablishedinYiCounty.TheprefectureleadsthethreecountiesofShe,YiandHaining.
IntheeighteenthyearofEmperorKaihuang(598years),HainingwaschangedtoXiuningandplacedunderthejurisdictionofWuzhou(nowJinhua,Zhejiang).Soonafter,XiuningwasplacedunderShezhou.
InthethirdyearofEmperorYangoftheSuiDynasty(607),thestatewaschangedtocounty,andShezhouwaschangedtoXin'ancounty,stillleadingthethreecountiesofXiuning,She,andYi,andthecountywasgovernedbyShe.Soonafterthewarbrokeout,WangHua,anativeofDengyuan(laterJixiCounty)inShexianCounty,raisedhisarmy,occupiedthecountyandnearbycounties,andcalledhimselfKingWu.Inthetwelfthyearofthegreatcause(616years),WangHuaqiangovernedthecountyinXiuning,andinthefollowingyear(617),WangHuareturnedtothecountygovernorinXiuning.
InthefourthyearofWudeofTangGaozu(621),Xin'anCountywaschangedtoShezhou.TheprefecturegovernsSheCountyandstillleadsthethreecountiesofShe,YiandXiuning.Inthesameyear,WangHuareturnedtotheTangDynastyandwasawardedthetitleoftheGrandDukeofYue.ShewasgiventhetitleofShizhouasthegovernor.TheenvoyswereinchargeofthesixarmiesofShe,Xuan,Hang,Mu,Wu(nowJinhua,Zhejiang)andRao(nowShangrao,Jiangxi)..IntheseventhyearofWude(624years),thegovernorofShezhouwaschangedtothegovernorofShezhou.InthefirstyearofZhenguan( 627), имението Dudu беше уволнено и Shezhou принадлежеше на Jiangnan Road.
InthefifthyearofEmperorGaozong'sYonghuiperiod(654),BeiyeCountywasplannedtobebuiltinpartoftheland.FourleadingcountiesinShezhou:She,Yi,Xiuning,Beiye.Inthe21styearofKaiyuan(733years),ShezhouwaschangedtoJiangnanDongdao.
Inthetwenty-eighthyearofEmperorXuanzongoftheTangDynasty(740years),HuiyuTownshipinXiuningCountyandHuaijinTownshipinLeping,aneighboringcounty(onetalkaboutYoujinTownshipinFuliang,neighboringcounty),werenewlybuiltWuyuanCountyisunderthejurisdictionofShezhou.ShezhouleadsthefivecountiesofShe,Yi,Xiuning,BeiyeandWuyuan.InthefirstyearofTianbao(742),ShezhouwaschangedtoXin'anCounty,andthegovernmentwasstillinShe.InthesixthyearofTianbao(747),YishanwaschangedtoHuangshan.
InthefirstyearofEmperorSuzongofTangDynasty(758),Fuzhouwasabolishedacrossthecountry,andXin'anCountywasrestoredtoShezhou,underthejurisdictionoftheJieduEnvoyofXidao,Zhejiang,andtheobservationenvoysofXuan,SheandRao.InthesecondyearofQianyuan(759),theambassadorsofXuan,She,andRaoofZhejiangXidaoJieduweredismissed,andShezhouwasplacedunderthejurisdiction.
InthesecondyearofZongYongtaiintheTangDynasty(766),thetwocountiesofSheandXiuningweredesignatedasGuideCounty;ChishanTownintheoriginalYiCountyandFuliangCountyofRaozhouweredesignatedasQiMenCounty;ShidaiCounty(Shitai)wasdesignatedaspartoftheoriginalYiCounty,andShidaiCountywasplacedunderthejurisdictionofChizhou;HuayangTown,SheCountywasalsodesignatedasJixiCounty.Shezhouleadseightcounties:She,Yi,Xiuning,Wuyuan,Beiye,Jixi,Guide,Qimen.ShezhouwaschangedtoXuan,She,andChiObservatory.InthefourthyearofDali(769),BeiyeCountywasabolished.InthefifthyearoftheDaliperiod(770years),DeCountywasabandonedandthelandwasmergedintoXiuning.Shezhouledsixcounties,layingthefoundationfortheestablishmentof"onegovernmentandsixcounties"formorethanathousandyears.InthefourteenthyearoftheDali(779),theobservingemissariesofXuan,SheandChiwereabolished,andShezhouwasunderthejurisdictionoftheobservingemissariesofZhejiangEastandWestRoads.
InthefirstyearofthefoundingofTangDezong(780),Zhejiangwasdividedintotworoads,andShezhouwasunderthejurisdictionofZhejiangWestRoadObservatory.InthesecondyearofJianzhong(781),hecompoundedwiththeObservationEnvoyoftheEastandtheWestofZhejiangProvince,setuptheJieduEnvoy,andgavethetitle"ZhenNavyJieduEnvoy",whichbelongedtoShezhou.InthethirdyearofZhenyuan(787),Xuan,She,andChiObservatoriesweresetup,andShezhouwasunderthejurisdiction.
TangXianzongYuanhe6thyear(811),hewaschangedtoXuanzhouObservatory.InthefirstyearofTangZhaozong'sDashun(890),ShezhoubelongedtotheNingStateArmyJiedu.InthethirdyearofZhaozongTianfu(903),theNingStateArmyJieduEnvoywasabolishedandXuanzhouObservationEnvoywasrestored.
DuringtheFiveDynastiesandTenKingdomsperiod(907),theTangDynastydied,andtheHuainanJiedushiYangWowasstillcalledthereignofTangAizongTianyou,andShezhouattachedit.In919,ShezhouwasinchargeofWu.In937,WudiedandwasintheSouthernTangDynasty.
InthefirstyearofEmperorTaizong'sTaipingrejuvenation(976),Jiangnan(SouthernTangDynastywasrelegatedtoJiangnanin971inthefourthyearofEmperorTaizu'sopeningoftheSongDynasty),andShezhouwasattachedtoJiangnanWestRoadasatransshipmentagent.InthesecondyearofZhenzongTianxi(1018),ShezhoubelongedtothetransshipmentagentofJiangnanEastRoad.
SongHuizongXuanhethreeyears(1121),aftersuppressingthepeasantuprisingledbyFangla,ShezhouwaschangedtoHuizhou,Huizhougotitsname.Stillleadingsixcounties,governinginSheCounty.
Inthe4thyearofJianyanofEmperorGaozongoftheSouthernSongDynasty(1130),thetransferenvoyofLijiangnanRoadinHuizhou,thesoothingenvoyofJiankangfuRoad.InthefirstyearofGaozong'sShaoxingyear(1131),hewasattachedtothetransferenvoyofJiangnanEastRoad.
InthefourteenthyearoftheYuanDynasty(1277),HuizhouwaspromotedtoHuizhouRoad,andthecountyunderitsjurisdictionremainedunchanged.),ZhiHangzhouRoad.InthefirstyearofYuanChengzongYuanzhen(1295),WuyuanCountywaspromotedasaprefecture.HuizhouRoadleadsfivecounties,namelyShe,Yi,Xiuning,Qimen,andJixi;stateone,namelyWuyuan.Inthe16thyearofEmperorYuanShun'sZhengzheng(1356),XiaoMingWangHanLin'erwaspromotedtoZhuYuanzhangastheprovinceofZhongshuinJiangnanandotherplaces,andHuizhouRoadwasunderJiangnanandotherplacesintheprovinceofZhongshu.InJulyoftheseventeenthyearofEmperorShunYuan(1357),HuizhouRoadwaschangedtoXing'anMansion,anditstillledthecountyfiveandstateone.
Inthe27thyearofZhengzheng(1367),ZhuYuanzhangchangedXing'anPrefecturetoПрефектура Хуейджоу.
InthesecondyearofHongwu(1369),WuyuanPrefecturewasreducedtocounty,HuizhouПрефектуриtillledsixcounties,namely:She,Yi,Xiuning,Jixi,Wuyuan,Qimen.
InthesecondyearofEmperorShunzhioftheQingDynasty(1645),NanzhiliProvincewaschangedtoJiangnanProvince.TheHuizhougovernmentwaschangedtoJiangnanChengtodeclarethepoliticalenvoy,andstillleadthecountysix.
Inthe6thyearofKangxi(1667),JiangnanZuochengannouncedtheestablishmentofПровинция АнхуейastheChiefEnvoyofAnhui(takenthenameofAnqingandHuizhou).
ModernHistory
InJanuaryofthefirstyearoftheRepublicofChina(1912),thegovernmentwasabandonedandthecountywasleftinПровинция Анхуей.
Inthe23rdyearoftheRepublicofChina(1934),ChiangKai-shekassignedWuyuanCountytoJiangxiProvinceinordertofacilitatethe"suppressionoftheCommunists.",The"WuyuanBacktoAnhui"campaignlastingtwentymonths.
InJuneofthe36thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1947),duetothecontinuousresistanceofthepeopleofWuyuanandthestrongdemandsofthepeopleofotherHuizhoucounties,the23rdyearoftheRepublicofChina(1934)wasplacedinWuyuanCountyofJiangxiProvince.WasreclassifiedbacktoПровинция Анхуей.
DuringtheLiberationWarinthe37thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1948),theAnhuiProvincialGovernmentoftheNationalistGovernmentoncemovedtheprovincialcapitaltoTunxi.
In1949,sincetheliberationofWuyuanCountyandJiangxiProvincewerethefourfieldsofthePeople'sLiberationArmy,forthesakeofmanagement,WuyuanwasplacedunderJiangxiProvince.
OnApril13,1961,theПрефектура ХуейджоуwasresetandTaipingCountywasplacedunderthisdistrict.OnAugust16,Tunxiwaschangedtoamunicipality;
OnJuly7,1968,theHuizhouRegionalRevolutionaryCommitteewasestablished,andthecountyremainedunchanged.OnMarch29,1971,theHuizhouareawaschangedtotheHuizhouarea.
OnFebruary27,1979,theHuizhouRegionalRevolutionaryCommitteewaschangedtotheHuizhouRegionalAdministrativeOffice.
OnDecember1,1983,withtheapprovaloftheStateCouncil,HuangshanTownshipinShexianCounty,GuangyangTownshipinShitaiCounty,andTaipingCountywereestablishedasHuangshanCity(countylevel),whichisdirectlyunderthejurisdictionoftheprovince.
OnNovember27,1987,withtheapprovaloftheStateCouncil,theHuizhouareawaschangedtoprefecture-levelHuangshanCity,andtheoriginalcounty-levelHuangshanCitywaschangedtoHuangshanDistrict,whichbelongstoprefecture-levelHuangshanCity;TunxiCitywaschangedtoTunxiDistrict;PutJixiCountyundertheXuanchengarea.
InJuly1988,prefecture-levelHuangshanCitywasformallyestablished,governingthreedistrictsandfourcounties,namely:TunxiDistrict,HuizhouDistrict(Xinli,YansiTown,SheCounty),HuangshanDistrict,SheCounty,andYiCounty,XiuningCountyandОкръг Кимен.
Трафик
Железопътна линия | Anhui-JiangЖелезопътна линия,Beijing-FuzhouHigh-speedЖелезопътна линия(openedtotraffic),Huang(Hui)-HangzhouHigh-speedЖелезопътна линия(openedtotraffic),itisproposedtobuildAnhui-Jiangdoubleline,HuizhoutoJinhua,HuizhoutoQuzhou,TonglingtoTaiping,HuizhouToChizhouIntercityЖелезопътна линия.Existingstations:HuizhouHuangshanStation,HuizhouHuangshanNorthStation,ShexianStation,ShexianNorthStation,ShexianSanyangStation,JixiCountyStation,JixiNorthStation,WuyuanStation,QimenStation,DahuStation,YixianStationEtc. |
Магистрала | Huihang Expressway; Hetonghuang Expressway, Yangjihuang Expressway; Huangtatao Expressway; JingwuHuangchang Expressway; Huangqunan Expressway; Tunqijing Expressway (в процес на изграждане); Huangqian Expressway (в процес на изграждане); Jiqi Expressway (в процес на изграждане); Xuanhuang Expressway (в процес на изграждане), предложено WuhuangExpressway |
авиация | Международно летище HuizhouHuangshanTunxi |
Воден транспорт | PlantobuildashippingwharfnearHuashantorestoreXinanjiang-Shendu-Jiekouwatertransportation ShenduPort:ShendutoQiandaoLakeroute. |
образование
Ancientобразование
Huizhouhasarichhistoryandaprosperouswritingstyle.Alargepartofitisattributedtothetime.образованиеandschool.SincetheSongandYuanDynasties,Huizhouhasbuiltmorethan260academies.Thevastmajorityofacademiesaresponsoredbytheclanorfoundedbythechildrenoftheclan,andtherearealsoafewgovernment-runschools.AccordingtoLiaoTengxuan's"HaiyangJilue·ThePrefaceofZhanyunAcademy","therewereacademiesinthecounty,anditstartedintheSouthernTangDynasty".SincetheSongandYuandynasties,Huizhouacademieshavebeenverydeveloped,becomingtheareawiththemostacademiesinthecountry.
Tomorrow,inthesixthyearofQi(1626AD),YuShiZhangNesaid:"ThemostprosperousacademyintheworldhasnoexperienceinDonglin,Jiangyou,Guanzhong,andHuizhou."(Note1)Daoguang"Huizhou"FuZhi"Volume3"YingJianZhi·School"records:"Whenyouliveinthevalley,youcancultivatefieldsandcoveryourwidows.Thosewhoareeverywherearelearning,andthosewhoarewalkingarebusiness.Theplacesofstudyareoutsidetheprefecture,andmostofthemareinacademies.Therearedozensofacademies .,С Ziyangasthemajor."Wuyuan's"DongFamilyGenealogy·FengyouMountainBookHouseRecords"записва:"Древните хора имат училище,партията има училище,подредено,държавното училище,произходът е Shangqi.
MycountyoncebuiltZiyangAcademytoselectandrecruitscholars.Thefourtownshipsorinter-regionalacademiesprovidelecturesandessays."HuizhouAcademyhasamountainleadertopresideovertheworkoftheacademy.Mostofthemhirewell-educatedscholarsandfamousscholarstogivelectures.Theyuseacombinationofindividualresearch,mutualquestionandanswer,andclassroomlectures.TheyfocusonresearchingandlearningConfucianclassics,andsometimesdiscusscurrentaffairs.Theaimofitseducationistocultivatetalentsforself-cultivation,familyharmony,governance,andpeaceforthecountry.
Модерно образование
Inthecontemporaryera,educationisstillatopicthatneverends.In2012,thecitycompletedthestandardizedconstructionof146schools,rebuilt,strengthenedandrenovated346,000squaremetersofprimaryandsecondaryschoolbuildings,improvedtheschoolconditionsofTunxiNo.1MiddleSchool,ShexianMiddleSchoolandotherschools,andbuiltShexianXin'anMiddleSchoolandXiuningCountyMiddleSchool.Newcampuses,municipalspecialeducationschools,HuizhouNo.1MiddleSchoolandMunicipalExperimentalPrimarySchoolHigh-speedЖелезопътна линияNewDistrictSchool,etc.,havenewlybuilt,renovatedandexpanded48publickindergartens,andthequalityofeducationhasbeencontinuouslyimproved.HuangshanVocationalandTechnicalCollegewasformallyestablishedandrecruitedstudents.AnhuiXingzhiSchoolandHuangshanTourismManagementSchoolwereamongthenationalsecondaryvocationalreformanddevelopmentmodelschools.
[Kindergarten]ZonghengXiushuiKindergarten,ZonghengShazhouKindergarten,ZonghengShazhouKindergarten,ZonghengLotusPondKindergarten,UglyDuckKindergarten,Qisehuakindergarten,demonstrationkindergarten,etc. |
[Начално училище]Град Експериментално основно училище (Четвърто основно училище), Модерно експериментално основно училище, Chengdong Експериментално основно училище, Jiangnan Experimental Primary School, Hehuachi PrimarySchool (TenPrimarySchool), Xingzhi PrimarySchool, Chengguan PrimarySchool, Xin'anPrimary. |
[JuniorHighSchool]TunxiFourthZhong,TunxiNo.5MiddleSchool,TunxiNo.6MiddleSchool,Xin'anMiddleSchool,ChangqingMiddleSchool,GuilinMiddleSchool и др. |
【HighSchool】SheCountyMiddleSchool,TunxiNo.1MiddleSchool,XiuningMiddleSchool,SheCountyNo.2MiddleSchool,JixiMiddleSchool,TianyouMiddleSchool,TanduMiddleSchool,Bei'anMiddleSchool и др. |
[Частни начални и средни училища]ShezhouSchool, ZiyangSchool,YuhongSchoolYuchengMiddleSchool,HuangshanNewCenturySchool,HuangshanSchool,TianJiabingExperimentalMiddleSchool,YucaiSchool,HuizhouMiddleSchool и др. |
[Higherобразование]HuangshanCollege,HuangshanVocationalandTechnicalCollege,HuangshanCivilAviationVocationalandTechnicalCollege,AnhuiXingzhiSchool(XingzhiIntangibleHeritageCollege),HuizhouNormalUniversity,ModernVocationalSchool,YongjiaVocationalSchool |
[Others]FudanUniversityGolftrainingschool,HuangshanCityАдминистрацияCollege,HuangshanCityCommercialCadreSchool,ModernVocationalSchool,YongjiaVocationalSchool,HuangshanMunicipalPartySchool,HuangshanRadioandTelevisionUniversity,HuangshanCityHealthSchool,HuangshanCityJapaneseVocationalSchool,NewTechnologyVocationalSchoolHuangshanBranchschool,HuangshanZhonghuaVocationalSchool,HuangshanSnakeBreedingVocationalSchool,HuangshanContemporaryVocationalSchool,HuangshanZhonghuaVocationalSchool,HuangshanTourismEconomicSchool,HuangshanHuatongArtSchool,HuangshanTechnicalSchool, |
Исторически знаменитости
Талантливи хора излизат в големи количества
AncientHuizhouhasabeautifulclockandaverydeepculturalheritage.Sinceancienttimes,talentedpeoplehavecomeoutinlargenumbers.ComparedtoShandongQufuandZoucheng,whereConfuciusandMenciuswereborn,Huizhouiscalled"SoutheastZoulu".
Who'sWhoinHistory
WangHua(587-649),TangYueGuogong,ZiGuofu,fromDengyuan,HuayangTown,Shezhou(nowWangVillage,Damiao,YingzhouTown,JixiCounty)),HuizhoumasterProfessorYeXianencalledit"thefirstgreatmaninancientHuizhou"andwasreveredasthelocalorregionalgodofHuizhou.
FangLa (?-1121), водач на селското въстание в края на династията Северна Сун. Известен също като Fang Shisan, родом от Shexian и Qingxi, Muzhou.
ZhuXi (1130-1200), герой Hui, име Hui'an, родом от Wuyuan, Huizhou, е бил философ и педагог в династията Южна Сун на Китай.
ДжуШен (1299-1370), чието име е Юншен, е роден в Сикоу, Сюнин, Хуейджоу. В ранната династия Мин, той е бил ерген на Ханлин и Данун. За важен съветник на Джу Юанжан той предлага трите стратегии за „изграждане на висока стена, натрупване на зърно и бавно превръщане в крал“.
WangJi (1463-1539), името на провинцията, другото име е Shishanlayman, родом от Pushuin Qimen City, Huizhou, и основателят на Xin'an Medicine.
WangHong(1466-1536),anativeofWuyuan,Huizhou,hasservedintheofficialdomformorethan30years.Hehasservedseventeenpositionsthroughouthislife.HewastheofficialtotheprinceTaibao,theofficialsecretaryandtheofficialsecretaryoftheMinistryofWar.HewastheonlyofficialintheMingDynasty.TherightpersonoftheSecondArmy.ItfoughtagainstthePortugueseaggressiononthesoutheastcoastandwonthefirstvictoryagainstcolonialaggressioninChinesehistory.
WangZhi(?-1559),anativeofShexianCountyofПрефектура ХуейджоуinSouthernZhiliofMingDynasty,alsoknownasWufeng,ownerofWufengship;MingDynastyseatrader,famouspirate,intheincidentoftheintroductionofmusketstoJapanHasagreaterhistoricalreputationforkeyfigures.TheMinggovernment’smaritimebanpolicyinterruptedmaritimetrade.WangZhicalledagroupofgangsandJapaneseRonintoformasmugglingteam.HecalledhimselftheKingofHui,buteventuallycausedtheJapanesepiraterebellionbecauseoflossofcontrol.Booby.
HuZongxian (1512-1565), чието име е Ruzhen, е роден в Jixi, Huizhou. Той е бил учен от седемнадесетата година в Jiajing и е бил известен антияпонски генерал в династията Мин.
YinZhengmao(1513-1592),anativeofShexian,Huizhou,wasborninShexianCounty,Jiajing26thyear(1547).
WangDaokun(1525-1593),whosenameisBoyu,wasfromShexianCounty,Huizhou.JinshiinJiajingtwenty-sixyears,MingDynastywriter.HeisgoodatmartialartsandonceassistedQiJiguanginfightingagainstJapanesepirates.HewroteYuanZajusuchas"GaotangDream","FiveLakeTour","FarMountainOpera","LuoshuiTragedy"andsoon.
XuGuo (1527-1596), думата Weizhen, е роден в окръг Shee, Huizhou. Четиридесет и четирите години на JinshiinJiajing, управлявани в династиите Jiajing, Longqing и Wanli. Служи като втори помощник на кабинета.
ChengDawei (1533-1606), чиято дума е Rusi, е наречен Das Binqu и е родом от Xiuning, Huizhou. Математик от династията Мин.
HeRuchong(1569-1642),whosenameisKanghou,wasnamedZhiyue,wasborninTongcheng,andhisancestralhomewasWuyuan,Huizhou.Jinshiinthetwenty-sixthyearofEmperorShenzongoftheMingDynasty(1598),suchasfavoredofficialsandhonestandincorruptible,wonthetrustofofficialsinthedynasty,officialatleastBao,HubuShangshu,WuyingdianUniversityScholar(thefirstassistant,primeministerofthelateMingDynasty).
Hongren(Jianjiang)(1610-1664),anativeofShexian,Huizhou,founderofXin'anPaintingSchool.ThevulgarsurnameisJiang,thenameTao,thewordLiuqi,alsoknownasFang,thewordOumeng,afterthemonk,hetakestheDharmanameHongren,andthenameisJianjiangScholarandJianjiangMonk.
ZhangXiaoquan(1626-?),anativeofHuichangTownship,YiCounty,Huizhou,afamousHuizhoumerchant.Hisfather,ZhangSijia,hasbeenstudyingartinWuhu,famousforhis"threeknives"sincehewasachild.Later,ontheedgeofYixianCounty,openedaZhangDalong"scissorsshop,frontshopandbackhome.DuringtheMingChongzhenperiod,ZhangXiaoquanledZhangJingaotoHangzhouDajingxiangtoproduceancestralscissors.BecauseoftheuseofZhejiangLongquangoodsteelasrawmaterials,hepassedthroughThescissorsarecarefullycrafted,andthecuttingedgeisfastanddurable.TheyarenamedZhangDalongScissors.Theywererenamed"ZhangXiaoquan"ScissorsinthesecondyearofKangxiintheQingDynasty.
WangShishen (?-1759), думата е близка до хората, тогава на име най-Лин, известен също като XidongWaishi, родом от Xiuning, Huizhou (един от Zhejiang или Shexian), който живее в Yangzhou и един от Осемте ексцентрици на Yangzhou. Той е приятелски настроен с Jinnong. Той се познава с Jinnong.
JiangYong(1681-1762),thewordShenxiu,andthewordShenzhai,wasborninJiangwan,Wuyuan,Huizhou.AfamousQingdynastyscholar,phonologist,astronomerandmathematician,founderofAnhuiSchoolofClassics.
DaiZhen(1724-1777),namedDongyuan,anativeofLongfu,Xiuning,Huizhou.TextualresearcherandthinkerintheQingDynasty.
JinBang (1735-1801), допълнено с думи. Това е. Най-добрият шампион в 37-ата година на Qianlong, редактирано и редактирано от Hanlin.
CaoZhenyong (1755-1835), на име Lisheng, е роден в Shexian, Huizhou. През четиридесет и шестата година на Qianlong, той е избран за учен.
ZhengFuguang (1780-1862), ZiYuanfu, родом от окръг Шексян, Хуейджоу. Учен от династията Цин, опитен в математиката и механичното производство и автор на "Огледало и огледало Ленгджъ".
Уанг Маоин (1798-1865), паричен теоретик в династията Цин, учен от династията Даогуанг. Бил е министър, отговорен за парите в отдела по домакинствата. Делата на Фатанг, автор на "Записките на Уанг Шиланг" 11 тома. Цзи Чунян, родом от Кизили в окръг Шексян, само в "DasCMarxian'sion".
ZhangSongxian(1817-1892),thewordZhuzhai,anativeofXiuning,Huizhou,movedtoNanxun(nowNanxunTown,Huzhou)duringtheKangxiperiodoftheQingDynasty.ThegiantofwealthisknownasoneofthefourelephantsofNanxun.ItissaidthathiswealthissecondonlytotheLiufamily,accountingforfour.ZhangWeiyuestartedhiscareerinplayingcotton,andhisfatherZhangWeiyuestartedhisbusiness.HeopenedacakedumplingshopnearHuajiaqiaoinNanxun,andthenopenedasmallsaucegarden.ZhangWeiyuehastwosons,andZhangSongxianisthesecondchild.ZhangSongxianisagoodmanager.AftertheOpiumWar,heengagedinthesilkindustryanddevotedhimselftotheexportbusinessofJilisilk,andopenedthe"ZhangHengheSilkShop"inNanxunandShanghai.Afteroperatingsilkforafewyears,hebecameafortune.IntheeastofNanxun,hebuiltalargeresidence,AgardenwasbuiltontheformersiteoftheancientDongshuatthebackofthehouse,namedDongyuan,commonlyknownasZhangjiaGarden.
HuXueyan (1823-1885), на име Guangyong, с думата Xueyan, родом от Jixi, Huizhou, известен търговец на Huizhou, лично име „Red-top Merchant“.
XieZhengan(1838-1910),thewordJinghe,afamousHuizhoumerchant,anativeofShexian,Huizhou,thefounderofHuangshanMaofeng,foundedthe"XieYuda"teahouseThefirstofthefivemajorteashopsinHuizhou.XieZhenganfoundedthefirstYudateashoponCaoxiRoadinShanghai.Therefore,therealHuangshanMaofengproducingareaisHuangshanMaofeng,andHuangshanMaofengwasnamedbyhim.Later,forcommemoration,Shanghaihadit.CaoxiRoad.
ZhanTianyou (1861-1919), характерът е искрен, прародината на HuizhouWuyuan, железопътен инженер, първият строител на железопътна линия в Китай.
SaiJinhua(1864-1936),formerlyknownasZhengCaiyun,wasfromZhengVillage,Shangzhou,Erdu,YixianCounty,Huizhou,andwasafamousprostituteinthelateQingDynasty.
Huang Binhong (1865-1955), героите съществуват съвместно, псевдоним Honglu, от окръг Shexian, Huizhou. Съвременни известни пейзажисти и теоретици на живописта са изключителните майстори на съвременната китайска живопис и са съвременните представители на „Школата за живопис Xin'an“.
JiangQian(1876-1942),Ziyiyuan,HaoYangfu,anativeofWuyuan,Huizhou,afamouseducator,thefirstprincipalofNanjingNormalUniversity(thepredecessorofCentralUniversityandcurrentNanjingUniversity),nowNanjingThelyricsoftheuniversitysongarecomposedbyJiangQian.
ZhouYichun(1883-1958),ZiJimei,anativeofXiuning,Huizhou,afamouseducator,servedastheprincipalofTsinghuaSchoolfromOctober1913toJanuary1918.
WuChengshi(1884-1939),Zijianzhai,anativeofShexian,Huizhou.Confucianscholar,paleographer,andeducator.
JinBangzheng (1887-1946), на име Zhongfan, е роден в окръг Yixian, Huizhou, известен педагог и е служил като директор на училище Tsinghua от август 1920 до април 1922.
TaoXingzhi(1891-1946),anativeofShexian,Huizhou,wasborninShaoxing,Zhejiang,andwasaneducator.BorninShexianonOctober18,1891.
HuShi(1891-1962),anativeofShangzhuangVillage,Jixi,Huizhou,afamousscholar,formerlyknownasSirong,scientificnameHongsheng,wordXijiang,laterrenamedHuShi,wordShizhi,pennameTianfeng,Zanghui,etc.;.
WuJingchao (1901-1968), родом от Shexian, Huizhou, наречен Beihai, асоциолог, автор на "The WayOutfortheFourthState" и други социологически трудове.
LiGuoding(1910-2001),whoseancestralhomeisWuyuan(LikengVillage),Huizhou,wasborninNanjing.Heisapoliticianandeconomist.ServedasMinisteroftheMinistryofEconomyandFinanceoftheRepublicofChina.Duringhistenure,hepromotedmanyeconomicconstructionsandwashailedastheimportanteconomicmiracleofTaiwan.
LiJiren (1931-), родом от окръг Shexian, Huizhou. Професор в медицински колеж Wannan, магистър по традиционна китайска медицина.
FangJiaxiong (1939-), родом от SheCounty, Huizhou, експерт по оптична сензорна технология. Възпитаници на ShexianHigh School.
HuJintao (1942-), родом от Longchuan, Jixi, Huizhou, бивш лидер на Комунистическата партия на Китай, бивш президент на държавата и председател на Държавната военна комисия.
ZhangQicheng (1959-), родом от Shexian, Huizhou, известен китайски изследовател, експерт по здравеопазване, TCM културен експерт, литературен лиграф.
Xin'anMerchants
AsHuizhouhasbeensurroundedbymountainssinceancienttimes,thereisrelativelylittlearableland,anditisdifficultforagriculturalproductiontomakeafortune.Therefore,atraditionhasgraduallyformedinHuizhou,boysChoosingtobeanofficialordoingbusiness,Huizhouofficialsandbusinessmen,regardlessofscaleandinfluence,haveformedaveryimportanttorrentinChinesehistorythroughouttheages.Amongthem,HuimerchantsbecameoneofthefourmajormerchantgangsinancientChina,andtheymadeindeliblecontributionstothepromotionofancienteconomicdevelopment.
Anhuimerchants,alsoknownasXin'anmerchants,wereamerchantgroupthatwasasfamousasShanximerchantsduringtheMingandQingDynasties.Theyhadagreatinfluence.ThecitiesandtownsinthesouthoftheYangtzeRiveroftensaidthat"thereisnosuchthingasatownwithoutanemblem,"suchasthesaltofYangzhou.Amongthemerchants,Huizhoumerchantshavethegreatestinfluence.Suzhou,Hangzhou,andQuzhouarealsocitieswhereHuizhoumerchantsareconcentrated.
The"WuHeadandChuWei"inHuizhouisafringezonewithhighmountainsanddenseforests,changeabletopography,andlatedevelopment.BeforetheHanDynasty,thepopulationwasnotlarge,butthelateJin,thelateSong,thelateTangandthethreewavesofimmigrantsinChinesehistorysentalargenumberofpeopletoHuizhouinsouthernAnhui.Thepopulationwaslarge,thereweremanymountainsandtherewerefewplaces,andgoingabroadforbusinesswasawayout.Abundantresourcespromotedbusinessdevelopment.TheearliestbusinessesofHuizhoumerchantsweremountainproductsandgrainsfromotherplaces.Forexample,theabundantwoodresourcesareusedforconstruction,inkmaking,paint,tungoil,andpapermaking.Thesearebulkcommoditiesshippedabroad.TeahasfamousproductssuchasQimenredandWuyuangreen.Goingoutforbusinessmainlydealsinsalt,cotton(cloth),andgrain.
HuizhouculturehasshapedthecharacterofHuizhoumerchants-Confucianmerchants,usingConfucianculturetoguidebusiness.TheMingandQingDynastieswereaperiodwhenmycountry'scommodityeconomywasrelativelydeveloped,andcapitalismhadsproutedintheMingandQingDynasties.ThiswasthepeakofHuizhoumerchants.InthevillagesofXitouTownship,Wuyuan,therehasbeenasayingsinceancienttimes:"Don’tpanic,gotoYuhanginthreedays."ItreflectsthecloserelationshipbetweenHuizhouandHangzhou,JiangsuandZhejianginancienttimes.
Древният град Хуейджоу
Древният град ХуейджоуislocatedinShexian,anationalhistoricalandculturalcity.Itisthebirthplaceof"Huiology",oneofthethreemajorlocalschoolsinChina,andisknownasthe"SoutheastZouLu,theStateofEtiquette".TogetherwithLijiang,Yunnan,Pingyao,Shanxi,andLangzhong,Sichuan,theyarecalled"China'sFourAncientCities".ThescenicspotsofHuizhouAncientCityincludeHuiyuan,YuliangAncientPort,HuizhouFuya,XuGuoshifang,DoushanStreet,TaoXingzhiMemorialHall,Xin'anSteleGarden,TaibaiTowerandotherscenicspots,eachexhibitsdifferentconnotationsofancientHuizhouculture.Amongthem,theYuliangAncientPortwasthestartingpointforHuizhoumerchantstodominatetheMingandQingbusinesscirclesformorethan300years;XuGuoshifangisanoctagonalstructure,unparalleledintheworld;DoosanStreetisTheancientresidentialstreetsofHuizhoumerchants;HuiyuanisamasterpieceofancientHuizhouarchitecturesuchasarchways,ancientresidentialbuildings,andSongancestralhalls,brickcarvings,woodcarvings,andstonecarvings,suchasthe"HuizhouThreeДърворезбаs".
WalkintoSheCounty,walkintotheancientcityofHuizhou,youwillfullyappreciatethebreadthanddepthofHuizhouculture.YouwillarriveatShexian,afamoushistoricalandculturalcityinChina,afterleavingtheTangyuearchwaygroupanddrivingforabouttenminutes.ShexianislocatedinHangzhou,QiandaoLakeThecenterpointofthetouristroutesof,Huangshan,andJiuhuashan,wheretheHuihangandTunwuhighwaysintersect,andtheAnhui-JiangxiЖелезопътна линияpassesthrough.Herearebeautifulmountainsandbeautifulscenery.Thelayoutofancientresidentialgroupsintheterritoryiselegant,likeamagnificentbuildingHistoryMuseum.[1]
Архитектурно изкуство
Народни къщи
Intheolddays,Huizhou’surbanandruralresidencesweremostlybrick-woodbuildings.MingDynastyItischaracterizedbythespaciousupstairs.AftertheQingDynasty,thereweremostlythreeroomswithonebright(hall)andtwodark(leftandrightbedrooms)andonebrightandfourdarkquadranglehouses.Oneroomhadmoreentrances.Thedoorwasdecoratedwithlandscapedfiguresandstone-carvedbricks.Engraved.
Huizhouhasplentyofprecipitation.AllhousesareHuizhou-stylebuildingsofthe"patiopluscourtyard."Mingtang,calledtheFourWatersGuitang,inordertokeepmoneyfromflowingoutoftheauspiciousness.
Thepartitionwallissurroundedbyahighfirewall(horseheadwall).Fromadistance,itlookslikeanancientcastle.Generallyitisafamily’stetheredhouse.Themiddledoorisclosedandeachfamilylivesalone.Themiddledooropens,andonedoorentersandexits.Topayhomagetotheancestors.TheHuizhoumountainousareahasahumidclimate.Peopleregardtheupperfloorsastheirmainhabitatsfordailylife,andretaintheheritageoftheindigenousShanyuepeople’s"nestdwellings."Thereisalsoa"beautyback"onthepatio.
Northfacinghouse:Ifitisnotforthespecialterrain,thebestorientationofthehouseistositinthenorthfacingsouth.However,mostofthehousesbuiltinHuizhouduringtheMingandQingDynastiesareThegatefacesnorth.ItturnsoutthattherearemanytaboosinthelivinghabitsoftheancientHuipeople.IntheHanDynasty,therewasapopularsayingthat"merchantgatesshouldnotfacesouthandZhengjiagatesshouldnotfacenorth."Thereasonisthataccordingtothefiveelements:businessbelongstogold,andthesouthbelongstofire.Itisnotauspiciousforfiretoconquergold;levybelongstofire,andthenorthbelongstowater,whichisalsonotauspicious.DuringtheMingandQingDynastiesinHuizhou,Huizhoumerchantswereprosperous.Ifyoudon’tfacesouth,youwillformanorth-facingresidence.Therearestilltensofthousandsofnorth-facingancientdwellingsinHuizhou.Setuphallsforoccupants,hallsareinuseThedoorisseparatedfromthebackhall.Thebackhallisequippedwithonehallandtwobedrooms.Behindthehallisawalloffire.Apatioissetagainstthewallandwingroomsarebuiltonbothsides.Thisisthefirstentry.Thestructureofthesecondentranceisstilldividedintotwohallswithoneridge,twofrontandrearpatios,withpartitionsinthemiddle,fourbedroomsandtwohalls.
Мемориални арки
Memorialarchesarethehighesthonorsymbolinfeudalsociety.Theyareusedtoadvertisemeritandfeudaletiquette.TherearemanyarchwaysinShexianCounty,whichhasalong-standingrelationshipwiththedevelopmentandriseofHuizhoumerchantsandtheoriginandinfluenceofCheng-ZhuNeo-Confucianism.TheancientHuizhoupeoplewhotookConfucianismasthemaincontentoftheirspiritualworld,thenaturalconditionsthattherewasnotenoughlandtocultivatehavebecometheirmaindrivingforcetoexpandtheirlivingspace.InShexianCounty,asmallnumberofpeopleleavetheirhometowns,gooutforbusiness,andtravelallovertheworld.Goingoutforaslittleasthreeorfiveyears,aslongasdozensofyears,inordertohavesomeonetotakecareofGaotang'sparents,usuallymarriedfirstbeforeleaving.Ifyouarenotsuccessfulindoingbusinessabroad,youwillbeashamedtoseeyourhometownelders.Merchantsprosperedandwealthwasprominent.DuringtheMingandQingDynasties,Huizhoumerchantsreachedtheirpeak,andtherewasaprosperoussituationof"noemblemwithoutatown",andtheirfinancialresourceshavecontrolledthecountry'seconomiclifelineformorethanthreehundredyears.Ofcourse,thecourtlookedatHuimerchantswithadmirationandfavor,soHuimerchantsenteredthebenigndevelopmenttrackof"usingbusinesstoemphasizeliterature,usingliteraturetoenterofficialdom,andprotectingmerchantswithofficialdom".TheHuimerchantswhowanderedaroundtheworld,inordertoglorifytheirancestors,theyaskedtheemperor'sgracetoreturntotheirhometown,buildmemorialarchways,andsetupmonumentsforfame,longevity,chastity...TherearemanyarchwaysofMingandQingdynastiesinHuangshanCity.FamoussuchasTangyueArchwayGroupinSheCounty,XidiHuWenguangCishiArchwayinYixianCounty,XuGuoShifanginShexianCounty,andsoon.
Thearchwayisderivedfromthestargate.Thestaristheoriginalstar,andthestaristheAmadastar.TheruleoftheEmperorGaozuofHanDynasty:Sacrificetotheheavenandspiritstarfirst.InthesixthyearofEmperorRenzongoftheSongDynasty(1028),theouterwalloftheJiaotai(abuildingofferingsacrificestotheheavensandtheearth)wasbuilt,andtheLingxingGatewassetup.MovedbacktotheConfucianTemple,andrespectedConfuciuswiththeetiquetteofofferingsacrificestotheheavens.Later,peoplethoughtthatofferingsacrificestospiritstarsintheHanDynastywastoprayforgoodharvest,andithadnothingtodowiththeConfucianTemple.SeealsothechangeofLingxingtoLiaoxing.AfterthefirstyearoftheSong(SouthernSong),especiallyintheMingandQingDynasties,thiskindofarchitecturewasnotonlyplacedinthesuburbs,Confuciantemples,butalsobuiltintemples,mausoleums,ancestralhalls,governmentofficesandgardensorinfrontofstreets,fronts,andintersections.Itisalsousednotonlyforofferingsacrificestotheheavensandholes,butalsoforpraisingmerits,jingmingandviolent,etc.,sotheLingxingGatenotonlybecametheLiaoxingGate,butalsobecamethearchway.Intermsoftheirconstructionintentions,thearchwayscanbedividedintothreecategories:oneisthehallmark;thesecondisthemerithall;andthethirdistheachievementoftheimperialexamination.
Дърворезба
ThethreecarvingsinHuizhourefertothesixcountiesinoneprefectureandsixcountiesinancientHuizhou(nowYixian,Shexian,Qimen,Xiuning,Taiping,JixiandJiangxiprovincesofПровинция Анхуей)IntheareaofWuyuanCounty),therearethreefolkcarvingtechniquesofHuistylewoodcarving,stonecarvingandbrickcarving.Thethreesculptureshavealonghistory,superbskills,passedonfromgenerationtogeneration,andcompletetechnologicalprocesses.Theyenjoyahighreputationathomeandabroad,andwereincludedinthefirstbatchofnationalintangibleculturalheritagelists.
Съдържанието на Трите орела в Huizhou включва главно фолклор, опери, цветя, птици, пясъчни зверове, дракони, лъвове и благородни елени, живописни места, народни обичаи, риболов, гори, земеделие, светло и тъмно и Богу Джиту и др.
TheproductionproceduresoftheHuizhouthreeeaglesaredifferentduetodifferentmaterials,toolsandtechniques.Forexample,theproductionprocessofbrickcarvingincludesbrickrepair,lofting,blanking,thinning,polishing,repairing,etc.Thetraditionaltoolsmainlyincludecharcoalsticks,chisels,brickplaners,prying,mallets,grindstones,emerycloth,bowsaws,andbrownbrushes.,Pulldrill,etc.;theproductionprocessofwoodcarvingincludespicking,lofting,roughing, центриране, изтъняване, полиране, лакиране и т.н. Традиционните инструменти включват главно малки ножове, чукове за твърда дървесина, длета, резбарски ножове, триони, шлифовъчни камъни, шмиргел и др.; производствените процедури на каменорезба включват обработка на камък, чертане, изрязване, грубо изрязване, издълбаване и изтъняване. ,chopaxe,hazi,chop,grindinghead и др.
TherepresentativeworkoftheHuizhouThreeSculptures,thewoodcarvingsareChengzhiHallandWoodДърворезбаBuildinginYixianCounty,especiallythecarvedbeamsandwoodcarvingsinChengzhiHall"HundredsoftheLanternFestival";thestonecarvingsaretheTangyueArchwaysandYixianArchwaysinShexianCounty.Thestonesculpturesofthesistersof"Songshi"and"Zhumei"inXidiCounty,especiallythestonesculpturesofthesisters,areoneontheleftandtheright,inpairs,reachingtheartisticbeautyof"wordlesspoemsandpaintings."Thebrickcarvingisavillage.Thelarge-scalebricksculptureofthe"FiveHundredMilesofHuangshan"inthepromenadeoftheriversideriverisamasterpiecethathasreachedthepinnacleintermsofthenumberofscenicspots,thelargeareaofthepainting,thenumberofperspectivesandthefullrangeofcarvingtechniques.ThecombinationofthethreesculpturesinHuizhouandthebuildingasawholeisextremelytightandstable.Theworkmanshipofthelayout,theingenuityofthestructure,thebeautyofthedecoration,theprecisionoftheconstruction,andthedepthofconnotationarebreathtaking.Whetheritiswoodcarving,brickcarvingorstonecarving,multipletechniquessuchasreliefcarving,opencarving,roundcarving,linecarving,etc.canbeusedtogether.Itcanbeseenfromtheinheritanceofmycountry'sarchitecturaldecorativecarvingartsincetheHanandTangDynasties,anditalsoreflectsotherartsinHuizhouculture.TheinfluenceofartisticstylessuchasXin'anPaintingSchool,Huizhou Printmaking,HuizhouSealCutting,HuizhouInkstoneДърворезба,andInkMouldДърворезбаonthearchitecturaldecorationcarvingstyleofHuizhou.
Стенописи
TheHuizhoumuralsareHuizhouarchitecturalmurals.Theyareakindofmurals.Theso-calledmuralsarepaintingspaintedonthewalls.Theyareoneoftheearliestformsofpaintinginhumanhistory..
Туристически пейзаж
5А-ниво сценично място
Име | Провинция (сега) | Окръг и град (сега) |
Живописна зона Хуаншан | Провинция Анхуей | Област Хуаншан, град Хуаншан |
Древна зона за културен туризъм Хуейджоу | Провинция Анхуей | SheCounty, Huizhou District, Huangshan City |
AnancientvillageinsouthernAnhui,Xidi-Hongcun | Провинция Анхуей | YixianCounty,HuangshanCity |
Jiangwan ScenicArea p> | JiangxiProvince | WuyuanCounty,ShangraoCity |
Longchuan ScenicArea | Провинция Анхуей | XuanchengJixiCounty |
AncientRoadPass
[Hui'anAncientRoad]AncientRoadИме.FromHuizhouFuchengtoAnqingFucheng.Thewholejourneyis210kilometers.
[HuichangAncientRoad]Thenameoftheancientroad.FromtheancientcityofHuizhoutoChanghuaCounty,Zhejiang.62kilometersfromShechengtoYulingPass.Thisoldroadwasconvertedintoahighwayin1932.
[AncientHuifuRoad]Thenameofanancientroad.FromHuizhouFuchengtoFuliangCounty,Jiangxi.Thewholejourneyis200kilometers.MostsectionsofthisroadareusedbyCizhangМагистрала.
[HuijingAncientRoad]Thenameoftheancientroad.FromHuizhouFuchengtoJingxianCounty.Thetotaldistanceis94kilometers.TheShejisectionis30kilometers,theroadisflat,andtheroadis6to9feetwide.ItwasusedwhenconstructingtheCizhangМагистрала.
[AncientHuikaiRoad]Thenameofanancientroad.FromHuizhouCitytoKaihuaCounty,ZhejiangProvince.ThesectionfromTunxitoKaihuaisastonepavement,andmostofitiscurrentlyusedfortheconstructionoftheWutunМагистрала.
[HuiNingAncientRoad]Thenameofanancientroad.FromHuizhouFuchengtoNingguoCounty.Therewerepostshopsonthisroadinancienttimes,anditwasoneoftheofficialroadsforofficialstotraveltoandfromHuizhou.ThisroadisnowusedbytheCi-ZhangМагистрала.
[AncientHuiqingRoad]Thenameofanancientroad.FromHuizhouFuchengtoQingyangCounty.Thisroadismostlyastoneroadwithasmoothstonesurfaceandaroadwidthof3to6feet.
[AncientRoadinHuiwu]Thenameofanancientroad.FromHuizhouFuchengtoWuyuanCounty.MostoftheteaandotherlocalproductsinthesouthwestofXiuningarealsotransportedtoTunxiforexchange."
[Hui-RaoAncientRoad]ItwasbuiltintheTangDynastyfromHuizhouFuchengtoRaozhouFu.Thewholedistanceisabout15kilometers.Duetodisrepairforalongtime,ithasnotbeenfullydeveloped.Itissuitableforjunioroutdoorenthusiaststoexperiencethecrossing.
[JiangnanFirstPass]Thenameofthepass.AlsoknownasXiaoyaoRock.ItisthemainpassoftheancientroadfromHuizhoutoHangzhou.ItislocatedintheeastofFulingTownship,JixiCounty.Itis424metersabovesealevel.ThecustomsnamewastakenbyMingHuZongxian.
GardenShuikou
[HuizhouGarden]Thenameoftheregionalgarden.AsaHuizhougardenbuiltforrecreation,culturalentertainment,andlivingrequirements,therearedocumentsavailableJizhebeganintheNorthernSongDynasty.DuringtheSongZhengheyears,JixiXuRunbuiltLeshanAcademy,builtTianyuePavilion,Nanlouandothersmallbuildings,whichareoftenviewedonit.PoyuanZhu’sGardenhaspoolsandpavilions,andZhuWeizhaiwrote"FangTangYin""Waying,seewhalesandcarp".FromSongtoYuanDynasty,Huizhouprivategardenswerebuiltmore,amongwhichthefamousonesare:SongjixiLeshanAcademy,PoyuanZhu’sGarden,ShexianZuiyuan,Xianyuelou,XiuningBambooZhouWu’sGardenPavilion,Zhu’sGardenPavilioninShouVillage,DongyeMountainHouse,HuangyuanWu’sGardenPavilion,LongyuanZhao’sGardenPavilion,QianxianPeiyunGarden;XiuninginYuanDynastyhasLinquanFengyuePavilion,ZuijingtangandYueTanzhu’sGardenPavilion,QiujiangDiaoyueTower,etc.DuringtheMingandQingDynasties,Huizhoumerchantsinvestedalotofmoneyingardenconstruction,makingHuizhougardensflourish.TheprivategardenontherightsideoftheoldhousepavilioninXixinanVillage,HuizhouDistrict,coversanareaofonlymorethan400Squaremeters,thestructureisverysophisticated,thegardenisfullofflowersandtrees.Ontheleftisapond,called"fishingman’spond",wherethelotusandfishareraisedforpeopletowatchandfish.Inthegarden,theartisticconceptionisrefreshingandcomfortable.ThereareeightfamousgardensinYansiTown:SauluoGarden,Caiyuan,TanshanGarden,Xishu,HuixinGarden,MaolinXiuzhu,Xiangxuewo,FangshiGarden.ThevillageShuikouwasoriginallybuiltforFengShuiThroughpeople’soperations,buildings,platforms,pavilions,pavilions,towers,andbridgesloomedamongtheoldtreesandgreenery,andbecameplacesforordinaryvillagerstorelaxandentertain.ItwastheearliestformofparksinChina.
Shuikou]Shuikouname.LocatedinQiankouVillage,HuizhouDistrict,HuangshanCity.ZixiaPeakisthestartingpointonthesouthsideoftheHuangshanMountainRangeandiscalled"thefirstpeakofHuangshanMountain".Thestoneroadleadsdirectlytothecenterofthevillage,andthewatermouthislocatedhere.ZixiaPeakislessthan50metershighandissurrounded.Thetopofthemountainisdensewithancienttrees,dominatedbysweetmoundtreesandmapletrees.Bauhiniaisplantedonbothsidesofthestoneroad.TheGuanyinHallwasoriginallybuiltinthecorneroftheGuanyinstatue,andthereisspringwaterflowingoutbehindthestatueofGuanyin,whichissweetandcool.Inadditiontothemainhall,thereareattachedroomsinthesecondcompartmentformonkstostay.Thegroundinthecourtyardispavedwithstoneslabs.Wateralongthestream,acrossasmallbridge,andbuiltonthefrontLingguanHall.Thestonestepsgoroundandthereisascenicpavilion.
[SongtanShuikouForest]LocatedinQihongTownship,Окръг Кимен,HuangshanCity,itisoneofthelargestexistingancientShuikouforestsinПровинция Анхуей.Itismorethan140acres,likeagreenbarrier,shelteringSongtanVillageforgenerations.InJuly2010,SongtanShuikouForestwaslistedasoneofthe“Top100PhotographySpots”byHuangshanCity.
Народни обичаи
Диалект
HuiZhoudialectisalsoknownasHuiyu,whichisanewChinesedialectclassifiedintheAtlasofChineseLanguage.SomescholarstendtoclassifyHuiyuintoWudialect.HuizhoudialectisWudialectinabroadsense,anditcanbelongtoHuiyanfilmofWudialect.
ItistheoldПрефектура ХуейджоуlocatedinthesouthernpartofПровинция АнхуейintheXin’anRiverBasin(includingTunxiDistrict,XiuningCounty,YiCounty,Окръг Кимен,SheCounties,HuizhouDistrict,HuangshanDistrict(onlyTangkouTownandTanjiaqiaoTowninthesouth),JixiCounty,andWuyuanCounty),theoldYanzhouPrefectureinnorthwesternZhejiangProvince(includingtoday'sChun'an,Sui'an,Jiande,butnotIncludingthedialectsofGantanTown,QintangTownship,andWuyuDistrictofDaciyanTown)andtheoldRaozhouPrefecture(DexingCounty,FuliangCounty)innorthernJiangxiProvince.HuizhouisspokeninHuizhouShexian,Jixi,Jingde,Tunxi,Xiuning,Yixian,Qimen,Ningguo(limitedtoHongmenTownshipinthesouth),Dongzhi(limitedtoLangmutaareainthesoutheast),Shitai(LimitedtoOccupiedRegions)andothercitiesandcounties.
Класификация на Huilanguage
JishhenpianHuiyu(ShexianДиалект,JixiДиалект,etc.)
JingzhanpianHuiyu(JingdeXixiangdialect,Zhandadialect,etc.)
XiuyiPianHuidialect(Tunxidialect,Xiuningdialect,Yixiandialect,etc.)
QiwuPianHuilanguage(Qimendialect,Wuyuandialect,etc.;andincludingFuliang,Dexing)
YanzhouPianHuilanguage(AnhuilanguageoftheoriginalYanzhouPrefectureinZhejiangProvince,includingJian(German,Chun'an,Sui'an,etc.)
Характеристики на езика Anhui
AnhuilanguageretainsmanygrammaticalrulesandpronunciationofancientChinese.Itscharacteristicsaresoftandsoothing,mellowandfrustrated.Sinceancienttimes,becauseHuizhouislocatedinamountainousareawithinconvenienttransportation,peopleinvariousdistrictsandcountieshavelimitedcommunication,andthepronunciationcannotbeunified.ThepronunciationofSouthernAnhuiHuidialectcanbedescribedasvastlydifferent.Eveninacounty,peopleoftencannotcommunicatenormallyintheirHuidialect.
TheHuizhoudialectissomewhatrelatedtotheWudialect,andthedialectsofthecountiesintheHuizhouregionaredifferentfromeachother.The"HuizhouFuzhi"ofJiajingoftheMingDynastycontained:"ThelanguageofLiuyicannotbecommunicated.ItisnotlikeWupeople,andtheirdialectsaremostlysimilar."TheterrainofHuizhouisdominatedbyhillsandmountains."Anextremelyimportantfactorinthelocaldialect.Inaddition,HuizhouislocatedontheborderofAnhui,Zhejiang,andJiangxiprovinces,andvariousdialectsareeasytopenetrate,especiallythefrequentexchangesbetweenHuizhoumerchants,whichhasbroughtcomplicatedinfluencesontheformationofHuizhoudialects.Butafterall,Huizhoudialectisawholedialectofasinglesystem.Regardlessofphonetics,vocabulary,andgrammar,ithasitsownlawsandcommoncharacteristics.Inphonetics,mostofthemhaveacute;thenasalinitialg,whichiscombinedwithkandx,isthestandardrootofthetongue;thereisno"日[z]"motherbuta"[n]"mother;therhymeofnisserious,suchasXiu"Cat"inNingdialectispronouncedas"Min";"cat"inQimendialectispronouncedas"cotton";"Cat"inYixiandialectispronouncedas"Ming".Thistypeofwordwithann-tailissimilartoMandarinintermsofnatureandfunction.ThedifferencebetweenErhuawordsisnon-tonguesound;Huizhoudialecthasanenteringtone.ExceptforXiuningdialect,itdoesnotdistinguishbetweenYinandYang.TheenteringtoneissimilartothethroatpluginWudialect,butitisnottherealthroatplug.TherearemanyuniquedialectwordsinHuizhoudialect,buttheyvaryfromcountytocountyandcomefromdifferentsources.Somewordsarestillusedinancientmeanings,suchas"Xian"means"Mr.";"various"means"shortandchaoticbeard";"goodfortune"means"lucky"andsoon.Huizhoudialecthassomeuniquemorphemeswithgrammaticalfunctions,amongwhich"ren"and"everyone"areexpressedintheplural.Somehaveastructuralcombinationfunction,whichmeansacertainaspectoftheperson,suchas"仂".Someindicatetheaffiliation,suchas"person".Someuniqueintroduction(verb)wordshavemanymeanings,buttheyarenotvagueinthesentence.Forexample,"di"hasthemeaningsof"dao","zai","bei"and"ba".Itisclearhowtouseitinasentence.Itmeansthattheactionisrepeated.Inadditiontoaddingtheadverb"Zai"infrontofthepredicateasanadverbial,sometimesitalsoadds"Ti"attheendofthesentence,suchas:"EatabowlofTim".
Huizhouwasgovernedbysixcountiesinhistory.HuizhoudialectactuallyreferstoShexiandialect,Jixidialect,Xiuningdialect,Yixiandialect,Qimendialect,Wuyuandialect.AsfortheJingdeCounty,TaipingCounty,andShitaiCountythatwereonceplacedundertheHuizhouregionaftertheliberation,mostoftheirlanguagesbelongedtotheXiajiangMandarin,andtheyweregenerallynotincludedintheHuizhoudialect.Inhistory,ShexianCountywasgovernedbythestateandthecountyforalongtime,governingXiuning,Jixiandotherplaces,theso-calledHuizhoudialectshouldberepresentedbyShexiandialect.However,duringtheWarofResistanceAgainstJapaneseAggression,peoplefromthecoastandotherplacesmovedtoTunxioneafteranother,sothepopulationofTunxisurged,anditwasonceknownas"LittleShanghai".Aftertheliberation,Tunxihasbeentheseatoftheregionforalongtime.Toacertainextent,TunxidialectcanalsobetherepresentativeofHuizhoudialect.
NuoDance
NuoOpera(Pinyin:nuóxì),alsoknownasNuoDance,isatraditionaldancepopularintheYangtzeRiverBasininmycountry.ThedancerswearavarietyofsimpleandTheexaggeratedmask,withadistinctivewitchcraftcolor,wasoriginallyaritualofblessingandprayer.Itisrecordedin"TheAnalectsofConfucius","TheCompleteBookofAncientandModernEvents"and"TheHistoryofEtiquetteintheBookoftheLaterHanDynasty".OnMay20,2006,theNuodancewasapprovedbytheStateCounciltobeincludedinthefirstbatchofnationalintangibleculturalheritagelists.
HuizhouisoneoftheregionswithveryrichNuoculture.TheHanDynastybegantohavethenamesof"FangxiangDance"and"TwelveGodDances",especiallyWuyuanNuoDanceandQimenNuoDance.
WuyuanNuoDance,commonlyknownas"GhostDance"or"DancingGhost",hasalonghistory,numerousprograms,anduniquestyle.Itisa"livingfossil"inthestudyofthehistoryofancientChinesedanceart,andhasattractedtheattentionofexpertsandscholarsathomeandabroad..NuodanceisquitepopularinQingyuanVillage,XinTownship,QiukouTownship,andLikengVillageinWuyuanSection.
TherearefortytofiftykindsoffacesinNuodance,usuallywoodcarvings,withvividfacialmakeup,loyalty,traitor,virtuousandfoolish,joy,anger,sorrow,andjoy.ThetraditionalprogramsofNuodanceinclude"OpeningtheWorld","LiuHaiPlaystheGoldenToad","TwoMonkeysCatchLice","HouYiShootstheSun","ZhangFeiSacrificetheSpear","TheJudgeDrunk","TheMonkeyKingReducesMouseJing"Waitingfordozens,thedancemovesareroughandsimple.TherearemorethanonehundredNuodanceprogramsinWuyuanandmorethantwohundredNuonoodles.Thereare19actorsandmorethan30masksintheexisting"QuenuoGodClass"inChangjingVillage,QiukouTown.Amongthem,thereare4primitivewood-carvedmasks,whichcanperform24performances.Theperformanceisverysimple,rough,exaggeratedandconcise.Forexample,in"OpeningtheWorld",thedancersweara"Pangu"maskontheirheadsandholdalargeaxe,slashingonallsides,demonstratingtheheroicspiritofPanguwhopioneeredtheuniverseandmarchedforwardbravelyandinvincibly."TheJudgeDrunk"showsthedrunkenstateofthejudgeandthekidplayingandfighting,andthecharactersarebrightandfulloflife."DancingFlowers"isagroupoflarge-scaledancedramas,showingthehistoricalstoryofQinIIHuHaiusurpingthethrone,magnificent.
Школа по рисуване в Син'ан
InthelateMingandearlyQingdynasties,thegroupofpaintersinHuizhouandthemainHuizhoupainterswholivedinotherplacesatthattimeusedpenandinktodescribethemountainsandexpresstheiremotionsthroughscenery.,Toexpresstheecstasyofone'sownsoul,thepaintingtheoryadvocatesthecharacterandintegrityofthepainter,thepaintingstyletendstobedryandcold,withadistinctliteratieccentricity,itshinesintheChinesepaintingcircleoftheseventeenthcentury.Becausethegeographicalrelationship,lifebeliefsandpaintingstyleofthisgroupofpaintersareofthesamenature,theywerecalled"Школа по рисуване в Син'ан"atthetime.
TheXin'anPaintingSchoolhasmanymembersandstrongstrength.Therearenearly80peoplewithimpressivepaintingskills.Amongthem,thereareabout20peopleinZhuoran'sownfamily.Theyaredividedintofourlevels:pioneerChengJiasui,LiYongchang,andLiLiufang;paintingschoolleaderSengJianjiang;themainmembersoftheheydayperiodYuYu,WangYansu,WuShantao,ChengXi,WangJiazhen,DaiBenxiao,WuLong,ShunTiansheng,ChengZhengkui,ZhengMin,WangZhirui,SunYi,ZhaShibiao,WangHongdu,Xuezhuang;modernsuccessorHuangBinhong.
Huizhou Printmaking
isaprintmakinggenrethatemergedinHuizhouinthemiddleoftheMingDynasty.TheHui-styleprintsoriginatedfrombook-cutting,beganintheSouthernSongDynasty,flourishedinthemiddleoftheMingDynasty,andgraduallydeclinedintheearlyQingDynasty.HuizhouprintswerethemostprosperousduringtheWanliperiodoftheMingDynasty,andtheperiodfromWanlitoShunzhioftheQingDynastywastheheydayofHuizhouprints.IthasgraduallyformedacompleteHuizhouprintmakingsystemfromitsrise,prosperity,innovation,anddissemination.
The1930stothe1980swerethepreparatoryperiodforthebirthanddevelopmentof"NewHuizhou Printmaking".TheseleadingfiguresbelongedtoLaiShaoqi,ZhengZhen,andShiSongling.Afterthemid-1980s,thecreationofAnhuiNewHuizhouprintmakingenteredadiversifiedperiod,andagroupofyoungprintmakerscametothefore.Amongthem,ZhangGuolinwastherepresentative.Anewgenerationofprintmakershasmovedforwardcourageouslyalongthepathofthe"NewHuiSchool"pioneeredbyolderprintmakers.
Фестивали
Laba:TheeighthdayoftheDecemberinthelunarcalendaristheLabaFestival,whichiscalledthe"twelfthlunarmonth"becauseofthenameofthe12thlunarmonth.Assoonasthe"Laba"isoverandtheSpringFestivalisapproaching,everyhouseholdmustcleanupthedustfromthehousestartingfromLaba.IwilleatLabaporridgethatday.AfterLabaisover,everyfamilystartstoslaughtertheNewYearpigs.Theyaskeachothertoeatpigwine,wrapglutinousricedumplings,makericenoodles,friedtofu,friedpeanutsandbroadbeans,makesesamesugar,frozenricesugarandsoon.Peoplehavetoarrangetheweddingceremonytobeheldonthisday,sothereisafolksongsaying:"LabaLabaisagoodday,howmanyauntschangetheirsistersinlaw".
LittleNewYear’sEve:December24ofthelunarcalendar,commonlyknownas"LittleNewYear’sEve".Inthemiddleofthenightbefore,everyhouseholdofferedsacrificestothestoveforthe"JiutianEastChefMingStoveLord",commonlyknownas"SongStove".PrayforMr.ZaotospeakmoregoodwordsbeforetheJadeEmperorandblessthefamilyandanimals.Onthisdayofthenewyear,paintingsofancestorsarehunginfrontofeveryhouse,recordingthenamesofancestorsinthepastdynasties,orpaintingportraitsofancestors.Setupacandlestickincensecase,setuptributes,andtaketheancestorstocomehomefortheNewYear.Fromthisdayon,everyhouseholdcleansfurniture,disassemblesandwashesbedding,sweepsawaydust,andwelcomestheNewYearcleanly.
February2:ThesecondmonthofthelunarcalendaristhebirthdayofLordDi,andancientHuizhoucalledit"thedragonraisesitshead."Itisprobablybecausetherainisgettingmoreandmoreinthemidsummerseasonandthundercanbeheard,sothereissuchasaying.Inthecountryside,farmersarenotallowedtogotothelandonthisday,andwomenarenotallowedtospendadayleisurelywithneedlesandthreads.AccordingtotheruleofJixiCounty,therearestillzongziwrappedupwithaliterofglutinousricetobecookedtoworshipthegodoftheearth.February2isthebirthdayofHundredFlowers,soitisalsocalledthe"FlowerDynastyFestival."
ChongyangTempleFair:AtraditionaltemplefairinLinxiTownontheoutskirtsofJixi.Itwillbeheldfor3days,andthe9thdayoftheninthmonthofthelunarcalendaristhefirstday.WorshipmenandwomenfromalloverthetownsandtownscameingroupstoworshipBodhisattvaZhou,setupastagetosing,andfromsunsettosunrise,allnightlong,itwasreallylively.AfterthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,templefairsbecameafairforauthenticagriculturalandsidelineproductsandhandicraftproducts.
ПроизводствоМитници
Intheolddays,variousproductionindustriesinHuizhou,suchasfarming,Congyi,andbusiness,hadtheirownrulesandcustoms.Inruralareas,wemustoffersacrificestothe"GodofFiveGrains"andprayfortheprosperityofthecrops;inthedrought,weshould"seekingrain",fastingvegetarianfood,andworshiptheDragonGirlBodhisattvaasadojo;"Dropping"meansthatneitherbuyernorsellercangoback.Whenbrickswerebuildingahouse,theyhadtoslaughtertheroosters,putthechickenbloodonthedoor,called"thegodofthedoor,"andreadthesacrificialwords"chickenbloodsoakedtotheeast,congratulationstothefatherandgrandchildren;chickenbloodtothewest,congratulationstothehostforaddingmorechildren."."Everyoneechoedeachother,seekingauspiciousness.Woodworkingisdedicatedto"MasterLuban".Itismosttabootositonatoolbenchinthemorning,whichmeanssittingonacoldbench,thatis,thereisnobusinesstodo.Thestorehasa"GodofWealthSeat",whichenshrinesthe"GrandMarshal"alltheyearroundinordertoprosperbusiness,makemoney,andsoon.
ReceivingtheGodofWealth:HuizhoutakesthefifthmonthofthelunarcalendarastheGodofWealthDay,andmostindustrialandcommercialworkersreceivetheGodofWealthonthisday.
Openingceremony:OntheopeningdayofthenewstoreinHuizhou,itisnecessarytoputaredknotattheentranceofthestore,hanggoldsigns,setofffirecrackers,andsomeevenplaymusictocelebrate.
Живи обичаи
HuizhouMarriage:Intheolddays,Huizhouweddingsfollowedtheordersoftheirparentsandthewordsofmatchmakers.Therearegenerallynineprocedures:mediation,employment,appointmentperiod,relocation,openingface,welcomingrelatives,visitingthebridalchamber,andreturningtothedoor.Thematchmakersaregenerallyolderwomen,called"matchmakers".Hiringiscommonlyknownas"sendaburden",andthewomanwillreturnthegiftonthesamedayafterreceivingthegift,andthemarriagewillbedetermined.Afterthemarriageisset,themanwillnotifythewomanofthedateoftheendofthemarriage,whichiscalled"thedateofrequest."Pleasemovetomarryaftertheperiod.Onthedayofthewedding,theauntorauntusestwosilkthreadstotwistoffthehaironthebride'sforehead,whichiscalled"openface"or"ramen."Thencamewelcomingrelatives,worshipping,andmakingabridalchamber.Onthethirddayaftermarriage,XinTanaccompaniedthebridebacktoworshiphisparents,whichhecalled"returningtothedoor".Thisis"MingMediaisgettingmarried".Therearealsospecialformsofmarriagesuchaschildmarriage,concubinemarriage,snatchingrelatives,marriagemarriage,chongxi,andpre-spiritualmarriage.Afterthe1950s,parentsarrangedmarriagesweregraduallyreplacedbyfreelove,andmarriagesweresimplified.Afterthe1980s,thereweresomeformsoftourismandgroupweddings.
ShangjiuTempleFair:TheninthdayofthefirstlunarmonthisthedayofthemartyrdomofZhangXunandXuYuan,ZhonglietoftheTangDynasty.YansiTown,HuizhouDistrictishereeveryyearAtemplefairwillbeheldonSundaytocommemorateit,commonlyknownasthe"ShangNinthMeeting".Themeetinglastsforthreedays,startingonthe8thdayofthefirstdayandendingonthe10thdayoftheday.Duringthetemplefair,activitiestovisitthegodsandworshipthegods,setupastagetosing,andvendorsfromallovertheworldalsocametothefairandsetupstalls,allkindsofagriculturalandsidelineproducts,farmtools,anddailynecessities.Nowthe"ShangNineConference"haslosttheoriginalmeaningofcommemoratingZhangXunandXuYuan,andtheactivityoftravelingtothegodshasbeencancelledandithasbecomeanannualmaterialexchangemeeting.
Throwinghydrangea:AfolktourismactivityheldinXidiVillage,YiCounty.Thevillage’sresidenceintheQingDynasty,"Dafudi",isonthesidefacingthestreet,andasmall,exquisite,simpleandelegant"embroideredbuilding"issuspendedintheair.ThiswasoriginallyusedbyHuWenzhao,theoriginalhomeowneranddoctorofChaoLie,forhiswifeandyoungladiestotakeacoollookatthescenery.Nowadays,peopleregarditasanembroideredbuildingforthrowingcolorfulballs,whichhasaspecialtaste.
MulianOpera:AnancientoperagenreinHuizhou,circulatedthroughoutHuangshanCityandneighboringcounties,especiallypopularinQimenandShitai.TheplaywascompiledbyZhengZhizhenfromQimenintheMingDynasty.Itisdividedintothreevolumes(100%off).ThestoryismainlyaboutFuXiang’swifeLiuQingti,whoblasphemedthegodsandwasthrownintohell.HissonFuLuobusavedhismother.Diligently,traversedthetentemplesofhell,andfinallymotherandsonwerereunited.Intheolddays,duringtheleapmonthoftheXiacalendar,Huizhoufolksoftenperformedthisplayinordertodriveawayevilspiritsandavoiddisasters.LiftingthepavilionisafolkentertainmentpopularinXiuningandTunxi,alsoknownas"jiaojiao".Theliftingpavilionisdividedintoupper,middleandlowerlevels.Thehandsomechildrenaredressedupasadramastoryandplacedonthethirdfloorliftingpavilion.Thechassisiscarriedbyfourtoeightbigmen.Thesurroundingareaofthepavilionispiercedwithpaperlanternssuchasdragons,phoenixes,cranes,auspiciousclouds,watersplashes,etc.Duringtheparade,candlesarelitinthelanterns,reflectingthebrightly-dressedchildren,lookingfromadistance,itlookslikeafairytale.
StackedArhats:AfolkentertainmentpopularinYeVillage,SheCounty.Duringtheperformance,theactorwearsredcoloredtrousers,hisupperbodyisshirtlessandshirtless,andhisfaceispaintedwithfacialmakeup.Theactorsareallmale,andtheperformancesaresimpleandrough.Beforetheperformance,theremustbeanaltarceremony,burningpaperandincense,andLuohansweepingthehall,andthenalltheactorswillsteponthestageorperforminthesquare.Actorsdonottalkorsing.Underthesimplerhythmofdrumbeats,theyperformrespectivelytheboyworshipGuanyin,theobliqueangleflag,thefairybridge,thestonemonkeyoutofthemountain,thesix-pillararchway,theLiangxinwaterpavilion,thewatercurtaincave,andtheLiuhaiplaygoldentoad.Modeling.
DrumDance:AfolkdancepopularintheWucheng,Yucun,andTunxiLiyangareasofXiuning,alsoknownasthe"DrumofVictory".ThelegendistocommemoratethevictoryoftheTangDynastygeneralsZhangXunandXuYuanagainsttheAnluChongshanrebels,andcelebratedwithdrums.Thisdanceisperformedbydozensofpeople.Thedrummersaredressedassamurai,shortandtight-fitted,cross-dressedinred,andtheneckisslungwithadrum(flatroundleatherdrum).Themarchingpacemadeacrispsound.Thereisapairofbigredlanternsinfrontofthequeue,onepersonholdsascorpion,writesthewords"victorydrum",andthenateamofcentipedeflagbanners.
DancingZhongkui:Afolkdance,alsoknownas"playingZhongkui",ispopularinYansiTown,HuizhouDistrictandZhujiaVillageinSheCounty.Accordingtoreports,therewasthiscustomduringtheWanliperiod.EveryyearduringtheDragonBoatFestival,theseareasplaywith"ZhongKui"withpuppetsontheirshoulders.Later,peopleplayZhongKuiandplayaroundinthevillage.歙县郑村镇的堨田村，每年端午节都要举行这项活动，煞是热闹。